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Bereswill S, Grundmann U, Alutis ME, Fischer A, Kühl AA, Heimesaat MM. Immune responses upon Campylobacter jejuni infection of secondary abiotic mice lacking nucleotide-oligomerization-domain-2. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:33. [PMID: 28592996 PMCID: PMC5461728 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni infections are of rising importance worldwide. Given that innate immune receptors including nucleotide-oligomerization-domain-2 (Nod2) are essentially involved in combating enteropathogenic infections, we here surveyed the impact of Nod2 in murine campylobacteriosis. Methods and results In order to overcome physiological colonization resistance preventing from C. jejuni infection, we generated secondary abiotic Nod2−/− and wildtype (WT) mice by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. Mice were then perorally infected with C. jejuni strain 81-176 on 2 consecutive days and could be stably colonized by the pathogen at high loads. Notably, Nod2 deficiency did not affect gastrointestinal colonization properties of C. jejuni. Despite high intestinal pathogenic burdens mice were virtually uncompromised and exhibited fecal blood in single cases only. At day 7 postinfection (p.i.) similar increases in numbers of colonic epithelial apoptotic cells could be observed in mice of either genotype, whereas C. jejuni infected Nod2−/− mice displayed more distinct regenerative properties in the colon than WT controls. C. jejuni infection was accompanied by increases in distinct immune cell populations such as T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells in mice of either genotype. Increases in T lymphocytes, however, were less pronounced in large intestines of Nod2−/− mice at day 7 p.i. when compared to WT mice, whereas colonic numbers of B lymphocytes were elevated in WT controls only upon C. jejuni infection. At day 7 p.i., colonic pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide, TNF, IFN-γ and IL-22 increased more distinctly in Nod2−/− as compared to WT mice, whereas C. jejuni induced IL-23p19 and IL-18 levels were lower in the large intestines of the former. Converse to the colon, however, ileal concentrations of nitric oxide, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 were lower in Nod2−/− as compared to WT mice at day 7 p.i. Even though MUC2 was down-regulated in C. jejuni infected Nod2−/− mice, this did not result in increased pathogenic translocation from the intestinal tract to extra-intestinal compartments. Conclusion In secondary abiotic mice, Nod2 signaling is involved in the orchestrated host immune responses upon C. jejuni infection, but does not control pathogen loads in the gastrointestinal tract. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-017-0182-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Grundmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie E Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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102
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Xue M, Zhao J, Ying L, Fu F, Li L, Ma Y, Shi H, Zhang J, Feng L, Liu P. IL-22 suppresses the infection of porcine enteric coronaviruses and rotavirus by activating STAT3 signal pathway. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:68-75. [PMID: 28322925 PMCID: PMC7113769 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22), a member of the IL-10 superfamily, plays essential roles in fighting against mucosal microbial infection and maintaining mucosal barrier integrity within the intestine. However, little knowledge exists on the ability of porcine IL-22 (pIL-22) to fight against viral infection in the gut. In this study, we found that recombinant mature pIL-22 (mpIL-22) inhibited the infection of multiple diarrhea viruses, including alpha coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine rotavirus (PoRV), in the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2) cells. mpIL-22 up-regulated the expression of the antimicrobial peptide beta-defensin (BD-2), cytokine IL-18 and IFN-λ. Furthermore, we found that mpIL-22 induced phosphorylation of STAT3 on Ser727 and Tyr705 in IPEC-J2 cells. Inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation by S3I-201 abrogated the antiviral ability of mpIL-22 and the mpIL-22-induced expression of BD-2, IL-18, and IFN-λ. Together, mpIL-22 inhibited the infection of PoRV and enteric coronaviruses, and up-regulated the expression of antimicrobial genes in IPEC-J2, which were mediated by the activation of the STAT3 signal pathway. The significant antiviral activity of IL-22 to curtail multiple enteric diarrhea viruses in vitro suggests that pIL-22 could be a novel therapeutic against devastating viral diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810003, China
| | - Lan Ying
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810003, China
| | - Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yanlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Jiaoer Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
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Appelbaum T, Santana E, Aguirre GD. Strong upregulation of inflammatory genes accompanies photoreceptor demise in canine models of retinal degeneration. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177224. [PMID: 28486508 PMCID: PMC5423635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the complex pattern of the inflammatory response in early-onset canine models of human retinitis pigmentosa, rcd1, xlpra2 and erd, as well as late-onset xlpra1, in comparative manner. The time course of immune response genes and proteins expression was examined along the timeline of photoreceptors degeneration. Gene expression analysis of the early-onset models prior to and after the peak of photoreceptors death identified the involvement of multiple immune response genes including those encoding constituents of the NLRP3 inflammasome, its substrates, pro-IL1B, pro-IL18, and common components of IL1B, IL18 and TLR4 pathways. Out of two activated caspase-1 cleavage products, IL1B and IL18, only IL1B was detected in rcd1 and xlpra2 while precursor IL18 remained unprocessed in the same protein extract highlighting prominence of IL1B pathway. An overall immune response was most prominent in rcd1 followed by xlpra2 and least prominent in erd. Noticeably, in rcd1 and xlpra2, but not in erd, early induction of the immune response was accompanied by sustained intraretinal migration and activation of retinal microglia. Lastly, delayed activation of the anti-inflammatory factors in all early-onset models was insufficient to counterbalance rapidly progressing inflammation. In contrast to early-onset models, in late-onset xlpra1 retinas a subset of the pro-inflammatory genes was highly upregulated long before any disease-related structural changes occurred, but was counterbalanced by an adequate anti-inflammatory response. Results point out to upregulated immune response accompanying disease progression in animal models of retinal degeneration, and to potential benefits of early anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Appelbaum
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Evelyn Santana
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gustavo D. Aguirre
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Lu JT, Xu AT, Shen J, Ran ZH. Crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cell and adaptive immune cell in intestinal mucosal immunity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:975-980. [PMID: 28072910 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Constantly challenged by luminal bacteria, intestinal epithelium forms both a physical and biochemical defense against pathogens. Besides, intestinal epithelium senses dynamic and continuous changes in luminal environment and transmits signals to subjacent immune cells accordingly. It has been long accepted that adaptive immune cells fulfill their roles partly by modulating function of intestinal epithelial cells. Recent studies have brought up the proposal that intestinal epithelial cells also actively participate in the regulation of adaptive immunity, especially CD4+ adaptive T cells, which indicates that there is reciprocal crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cells and adaptive immune cells, and the crosstalk may play important role in intestinal mucosal immunity. This Review makes a comprehensive summary about crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cells and CD4+ adaptive T cells in intestinal immunity. Special attention would be given to their implications in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - An Tao Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Hua Ran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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105
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NLRP6: A Multifaceted Innate Immune Sensor. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:248-260. [PMID: 28214100 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
NLRP6, a member of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) innate immune receptor family, regulates inflammation and host defense against microorganisms. Similar to other NLRs, NLRP6 not only participates in inflammasome formation, but is also involved in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling regulation and facilitation of gastrointestinal antiviral effector functions. Additionally, NLRP6 contributes to the regulation of mucus secretion and antimicrobial peptide production, thereby impacting intestinal microbial colonization and associated microbiome-related infectious, autoinflammatory, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases. However, several of the mechanisms attributed to the functions of NLRP6 remain debatable, leaving open questions as to the relevant molecular mechanisms and interacting partners, and putative human relevance. We herein discuss recent findings related to NLRP6 activity, while highlighting outstanding questions and future perspectives in elucidating its roles in health and disease.
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106
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Alam R, Good J, Rollins D, Verma M, Chu H, Pham TH, Martin RJ. Airway and serum biochemical correlates of refractory neutrophilic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1004-1014.e13. [PMID: 28163052 PMCID: PMC5540819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite progress in the diagnosis and management of asthma, many patients have poorly controlled or refractory asthma (RA). The mechanism of this RA is not well understood. Objective We sought to explore the relationship between neutrophils and other biomarkers of RA. Method Sixty patients with RA, 30 patients with nonrefractory asthma (NRA), and 20 healthy subjects were enrolled. We performed a comprehensive characterization of these study subjects, which included laboratory and pulmonary function studies, chest computed tomography, and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). We analyzed BAL fluid and serum for a total of 244 biomolecules using a multiplex assay and correlated them with clinical and other laboratory parameters. Results RA was significantly different from NRA with regard to pulmonary function indices, bronchial basement membrane thickness, and BAL fluid neutrophil and lymphocyte counts but not eosinophil counts. BAL fluid neutrophil counts negatively and positively correlated with forced vital capacity and age, respectively. Of the 244 biomolecules studied, 52 and 14 biomolecules from BAL fluid and serum, respectively, were significantly different among the study groups. Thirteen of these 52 molecules correlated with BAL fluid neutrophil counts. BAL fluid from 40% of patients with RA was positive for a pathogenic microbe. Infection-negative neutrophilic RA was associated with an increase in levels of select biomarkers of inflammation in the serum, suggesting the presence of systemic inflammation. Conclusions RA was associated with increased numbers of neutrophils and proneutrophilic biomolecules in the airways. Subclinical infection was present in 40% of patients with RA, which likely contributed to neutrophilic inflammation. A subgroup of patients with noninfected neutrophilic RA was associated with systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafeul Alam
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo.
| | - James Good
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Donald Rollins
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Mukesh Verma
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - HongWei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
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107
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Dzutsev A, Badger JH, Perez-Chanona E, Roy S, Salcedo R, Smith CK, Trinchieri G. Microbes and Cancer. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:199-228. [PMID: 28142322 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microorganisms (the microbiota) live on all the surface barriers of our body and are particularly abundant and diverse in the distal gut. The microbiota and its larger host represent a metaorganism in which the cross talk between microbes and host cells is necessary for health, survival, and regulation of physiological functions locally, at the barrier level, and systemically. The ancestral molecular and cellular mechanisms stemming from the earliest interactions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes have evolved to mediate microbe-dependent host physiology and tissue homeostasis, including innate and adaptive resistance to infections and tissue repair. Mostly because of its effects on metabolism, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and immunity, the microbiota regulates cancer at the level of predisposing conditions, initiation, genetic instability, susceptibility to host immune response, progression, comorbidity, and response to therapy. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the interaction of the microbiota with cancer and the evidence suggesting that the microbiota could be targeted to improve therapy while attenuating adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
| | - Ernesto Perez-Chanona
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
| | - Soumen Roy
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
| | - Rosalba Salcedo
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
| | - Carolyne K Smith
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
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108
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Bereswill S, Grundmann U, Alutis ME, Fischer A, Heimesaat MM. Campylobacter jejuni infection of conventionally colonized mice lacking nucleotide-oligomerization-domain-2. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:5. [PMID: 28127403 PMCID: PMC5251327 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The nucleotide-binding oligomerisaton protein 2 (NOD2) constitutes a pivotal sensor of bacterial muramyl dipeptide and assures expression of distinct antimicrobial peptides and mediators produced by enterocytes and immune cells directed against pathogens including Campylobacter jejuni. We here elucidated the role of NOD2 during murine C. jejuni infection in more detail. Results Conventionally colonized NOD2 deficient (NOD2−/−) mice and corresponding wildtype (WT) counterparts were perorally infected with C. jejuni strain 81–176 on three consecutive days. The pathogen colonized both WT and NOD2−/− mice only sporadically until day 14 post infection (p.i.). However, the slightly higher prevalence of C. jejuni in NOD2−/− mice was accompanied by higher intestinal Escherichia coli loads known to facilitate C. jejuni colonization. Neither overt macroscopic (clinical) nor microscopic sequelae (such as colonic epithelial apoptosis) could be observed upon murine C. jejuni infection of either genotype. Innate immune responses were less distinctly induced in C. jejuni infected NOD2−/− versus WT mice as indicated by lower colonic numbers of neutrophils in the former. Conversely, adaptive immune cell counts including T lymphocytes were higher in large intestines of NOD2−/− as compared to WT mice that were paralleled by increased colonic IL-6 secretion and higher TNF and IL-18 mRNA expression levels in large intestines of the former. Only in NOD2−/− mice, however, colonic IL-22 mRNA expression was down-regulated at day 14 p.i. Whereas viable commensal intestinal bacteria could exclusively be detected in mesenteric lymph nodes and livers of NOD2−/− mice, bacterial translocation rates to kidneys and spleen were NOD2 independent. Notably, large intestinal mRNA expression levels of mucin-2, constituting a pivotal factor involved in epithelial barrier integrity, were comparable in naive and C. jejuni infected mice of either genotype. Conclusion NOD2 is involved in the well-balanced regulation of innate and adaptive pro-inflammatory immune responses of conventional mice upon C. jejuni infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-017-0155-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Grundmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie E Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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109
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Acute ileitis facilitates infection with multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human microbiota-associated mice. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:4. [PMID: 28115993 PMCID: PMC5241993 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rising incidence of multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become a serious issue in prevention of its spread particularly among hospitalized patients. It is, however, unclear whether distinct conditions such as acute intestinal inflammation facilitate P. aeruginosa infection of vertebrate hosts. Methods and results To address this, we analysed P. aeruginosa infection in human microbiota-associated (hma) mice with acute ileitis induced by peroral Toxoplasma gondii challenge. When perorally infected with P. aeruginosa at day 3 post ileitis induction, hma mice displayed higher intestinal P. aeruginosa loads as compared to hma mice without ileitis. However, the overall intestinal microbiota composition was not disturbed by P. aeruginosa (except for lowered bifidobacterial populations), and the infection did not further enhance ileal immune cell responses. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ and IL-12p70 were similarly increased in ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes of P. aeruginosa infected and uninfected hma mice with ileitis. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased multifold upon ileitis induction, but interestingly more distinctly in P. aeruginosa infected as compared to uninfected controls. Immune responses were not restricted to the intestines as indicated by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in liver and kidney upon ileitis induction. However, except for hepatic TNF-α levels, P. aeruginosa infection did not result in more distinct pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in liver and kidney of hma mice with ileitis. Whereas viable intestinal bacteria were more frequently detected in systemic compartments such as spleen and cardiac blood of P. aeruginosa infected than uninfected mice at day 7 following ileitis induction, P. aeruginosa infection did not exacerbate systemic pro-inflammatory sequelae, but resulted in lower IL-10 serum levels. Conclusion Acute intestinal inflammation facilitates infection of the vertebrate host with MDR bacteria including P. aeruginosa and might also pose particularly hospitalized patients at risk for acquisition. Since acute T. gondii induced inflammation might mask immunopathology caused by P. aeruginosa, a subacute or chronic inflammation model might be better suited to investigate the potential role of P. aeruginosa infection in the aggravation of intestinal disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-017-0154-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Inflammation affects all stages of tumorigenesis. A key signaling pathway leading to acute and chronic inflammation is through activation of the caspase-1 inflammasome. Inflammasome complexes are assembled on activation of certain nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLR), AIM2-like receptors, or pyrin. Of these, NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP6, and AIM2 influence the pathogenesis of cancer by modulating innate and adaptive immune responses, cell death, proliferation, and/or the gut microbiota. Activation of the inflammasome and IL18 signaling pathways is largely protective in colitis-associated colorectal cancer, whereas excessive inflammation driven by the inflammasome or the IL1 signaling pathways promotes breast cancer, fibrosarcoma, gastric carcinoma, and lung metastasis in a context-dependent manner. The clinical relevance of inflammasomes in multiple forms of cancer highlights their therapeutic promise as molecular targets. In this review, we explore the crossroads between inflammasomes and the development of various tumors and discuss possible therapeutic values in targeting the inflammasome for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(2); 94-99. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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111
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Diamanti MA, Gupta J, Bennecke M, De Oliveira T, Ramakrishnan M, Braczynski AK, Richter B, Beli P, Hu Y, Saleh M, Mittelbronn M, Dikic I, Greten FR. IKKα controls ATG16L1 degradation to prevent ER stress during inflammation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:423-437. [PMID: 28082356 PMCID: PMC5294863 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the IκB kinase complex (IKK) has been implicated in the therapy of several chronic inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study, using mice with an inactivatable IKKα kinase (IkkαAA/AA), we show that loss of IKKα function markedly impairs epithelial regeneration in a model of acute colitis. Mechanistically, this is caused by compromised secretion of cytoprotective IL-18 from IKKα-mutant intestinal epithelial cells because of elevated caspase 12 activation during an enhanced unfolded protein response (UPR). Induction of the UPR is linked to decreased ATG16L1 stabilization in IkkαAA/AA mice. We demonstrate that both TNF-R and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain stimulation promote ATG16L1 stabilization via IKKα-dependent phosphorylation of ATG16L1 at Ser278. Thus, we propose IKKα as a central mediator sensing both cytokine and microbial stimulation to suppress endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby assuring antiinflammatory function during acute intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A Diamanti
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jalaj Gupta
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Moritz Bennecke
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tiago De Oliveira
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mallika Ramakrishnan
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne K Braczynski
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University Hospital, Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University School of Medicine, Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yinling Hu
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Maya Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University Hospital, Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University School of Medicine, Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian R Greten
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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112
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Nowarski R, Jackson R, Flavell RA. The Stromal Intervention: Regulation of Immunity and Inflammation at the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Barrier. Cell 2017; 168:362-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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113
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Toxoplasma gondii: One Organism, Multiple Models. Trends Parasitol 2016; 33:113-127. [PMID: 27988095 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intensely studied protozoan parasite. It is also used as a model organism to research additional clinically relevant human and veterinary parasites due to ease of in vitro culture and genetic manipulation. Recently, it has been developed as a model of inflammatory bowel disease, due to their similar pathologies. However, researchers vary widely in how they use T. gondii, which makes study comparisons and interpretation difficult. The aim of this review is to provide researchers with a tool to: (i) determine the appropriateness of the different T. gondii models to their research, (ii) interpret results from the wide range of study conditions, and (iii) consider new advances in technology which could improve or refine their experimental setup.
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Valeri M, Raffatellu M. Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in the host response to infection. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw111. [PMID: 27915228 PMCID: PMC5975231 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 play pivotal roles in host defense against microbes and in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. These cytokines are produced by cells that are often located in epithelial barriers, including subsets of T cells and innate lymphoid cells. In general, IL-17 and IL-22 can be characterized as important cytokines in the rapid response to infectious agents, both by recruiting neutrophils and by inducing the production of antimicrobial peptides. Although each cytokine induces an innate immune response in epithelial cells, their functional spectra are generally distinct: IL-17 mainly induces an inflammatory tissue response and is involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, whereas IL-22 is largely protective and regenerative. In this review, we compare IL-17 and IL-22, describing overlaps and differences in their cellular sources as well as their regulation, signaling, biological functions and roles during disease, with a focus on the contribution of these cytokines to the gut mucosal barrier during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeri
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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115
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When Insult Is Added to Injury: Cross Talk between ILCs and Intestinal Epithelium in IBD. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9765238. [PMID: 27578924 PMCID: PMC4989064 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9765238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by an impairment of the integrity of the mucosal epithelial barrier, which causes exacerbated inflammation of the intestine. The intestinal barrier is formed by different specialized epithelial cells, which separate the intestinal lumen from the lamina propria. In addition to its crucial role in protecting the body from invading pathogens, the intestinal epithelium contributes to intestinal homeostasis by its biochemical properties and communication to underlying immune cells. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently described population of lymphocytes that have been implicated in both mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. Recent findings indicate a critical feedback loop in which damaged epithelium activates these innate immune cells to restore epithelial barrier function. This review will focus on the signalling pathways between damaged epithelium and ILCs involved in repair of the epithelial barrier and tissue homeostasis and the relationship of these processes with the control of IBD.
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116
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Misiorek JO, Lähdeniemi IAK, Nyström JH, Paramonov VM, Gullmets JA, Saarento H, Rivero-Müller A, Husøy T, Taimen P, Toivola DM. Keratin 8-deletion induced colitis predisposes to murine colorectal cancer enforced by the inflammasome and IL-22 pathway. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:777-786. [PMID: 27234655 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins (K) are intermediate filament proteins important in protection from cellular stress. K8, K18 and K19 are the main components of keratin filaments in colonic epithelia but their role in intestinal diseases remains ambiguous. A function for keratins in intestinal health is supported by the K8-knock-out (K8(-/-)) mouse which manifests an early chronic ulcerative colitis-like inflammatory bowel disease and epithelial hyperproliferation. We tested whether K8(-/-) mice are more susceptible to colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to K8 wild type (K8(+/+)), and K8 heterozygote (K8(+/-)) mice showing increased proliferation but no inflammation. K8(-/-) mice did not develop CRC spontaneously, but had dramatically increased numbers of tumors in the distal colon in the azoxymethane (AOM) and Apc(Min/+) CRC models while neither K8(+/+) nor K8(+/-) mice were susceptible. Upregulation of IL-22 in combination with a complete loss of its negative regulator IL-22BP, and increased downstream STAT3-signaling in K8(-/-) and K8(-/-)Apc(Min/+) colonic epithelia confirmed that the IL-22 pathway, important in inflammation, proliferation and tissue regeneration, was activated. The nearly total loss of IL-22BP correlated with an activated inflammasome leading to increased cleaved caspase-1, and the putative IL-22BP inhibitor, IL-18, as well as a decrease in ALDH1/2. Ablation of K8 in a colorectal cancer cell line similarly resulted in increased IL-18 and decreased ALDH1/2. K8/K18 co-immunoprecipitated with pro-caspase-1, a component of the inflammasome in the colon, which suggests that keratins modulate inflammasome activity and protect the colon from inflammation and tumorigenesis. The K8-null mouse models also provide novel epithelial-derived robust colon-specific CRC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia O Misiorek
- Biosciences, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Iris A K Lähdeniemi
- Biosciences, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Joel H Nyström
- Biosciences, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Valeriy M Paramonov
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Josef A Gullmets
- Biosciences, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Helena Saarento
- Biosciences, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Trine Husøy
- Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0403, Norway
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland and
| | - Diana M Toivola
- Biosciences, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
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Heimesaat MM, Grundmann U, Alutis ME, Fischer A, Göbel UB, Bereswill S. The IL-23/IL-22/IL-18 axis in murine Campylobacter jejuni infection. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:21. [PMID: 27385977 PMCID: PMC4934010 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human Campylobacter jejuni infections are worldwide on the rise. Information about the distinct molecular mechanisms underlying campylobacteriosis, however, are scarce. In the present study we investigated whether cytokines including IL-23, IL-22 and IL-18 sharing pivotal functions in host immunity were involved in mediating immunopathological responses upon C. jejuni infection. Results To address this, conventionally colonized IL-23p19−/−, IL-22−/− and IL-18−/− mice were perorally infected with C. jejuni strain ATCC 43431. Respective gene-deficient, but not wildtype mice were susceptible to C. jejuni infection and could be readily colonized with highest pathogenic loads in the terminal ileum and colon at day 14 postinfection (p.i.). In IL-23p19−/−, IL-22−/− and IL-18−/− mice viable C. jejuni were detected in MLNs, but did not translocate to spleen, liver, kidney and blood in the majority of cases. Susceptible IL-22−/−, but neither IL-23p19−/−, nor IL-18−/− mice harbored higher intestinal commensal E. coli loads when compared to resistant wildtype mice. Alike C. jejuni, commensal E. coli did not translocate from the intestinal to extra-intestinal tissue sites. Despite C. jejuni infection, mice lacking IL-23p19, IL-22 or IL-18 exhibited less apoptotic cells, but higher numbers of proliferating cells in their colonic epithelium as compared to wildtype mice at day 14 p.i. Less pronounced apoptosis was parallelled by lower abundance of neutrophils within the colonic mucosa and lamina propria of infected IL-23p19−/− and IL-22−/− as compared to wildtype control mice, whereas less distinct colonic TNF secretion could be measured in IL-22−/− and IL-18−/− than in wildtype mice at day 14 p.i. Notably, in infected IL-22−/− mice, colonic IL-23p19 mRNA levels were lower, whereas the other way round, colonic IL-22 expression rates were lower in IL-23p19−/− mice as compared to wildtype controls. Moreover, IL-18 mRNA was less distinctly expressed in large intestines of naive and infected IL-22−/− mice, but not vice versa, given that IL-22 mRNA levels did not differ between in IL-18−/− and wildtype mice. Conclusion Cytokines belonging to the IL-23/IL-22/IL-18 axis mediate immunopathological responses upon murine C. jejuni infection in a differentially orchestrated manner. Future studies need to further unravel the underlying regulatory mechanisms orchestrating pathogenic-host interaction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0106-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Grundmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie E Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Gronke K, Kofoed-Nielsen M, Diefenbach A. Innate lymphoid cells, precursors and plasticity. Immunol Lett 2016; 179:9-18. [PMID: 27394700 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) have only recently been recognized as a separate entity of the lymphoid lineage. Their subpopulations share common characteristics in terms of early development and major transcriptional circuitry with their related cousins of the T cell world. It is currently hypothesized that ILCs constitute an evolutionary older version of the lymphoid immune system. They are found at all primary entry points for pathogens such as mucosal surfaces of the lung and gastrointestinal system, the skin and the liver, which is the central contact point for pathogens that breach the intestinal barrier and enter the circulation. There, ILC contribute to the first line defense as well as to organ homeostasis. However, ILC are not only involved in classical defense tasks, but also contribute to the organogenesis of lymphoid organs as well as tissue remodeling and even stem cell regeneration. ILC may, therefore, implement different functions according to their emergence in ontogeny, their development and their final tissue location. We will review here their early development from precursors of the fetal liver and the adult bone marrow as well as their late plasticity in adaptation to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Gronke
- Research Centre Immunology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kofoed-Nielsen
- Research Centre Immunology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Research Centre Immunology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Bessman NJ, Sonnenberg GF. Emerging roles for antigen presentation in establishing host-microbiome symbiosis. Immunol Rev 2016; 272:139-50. [PMID: 27319348 PMCID: PMC4916850 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trillions of beneficial bacteria inhabit the intestinal tract of healthy mammals from birth. Accordingly, mammalian hosts have evolved a series of complementary and redundant pathways to limit pathologic immune responses against these bacteria, while simultaneously protecting against enteric pathogen invasion. These pathways can be generically responsive to the presence of any commensal bacteria and innate in nature, as for IL-22-related pathways. Alternatively, specific bacterial antigens can drive a distinct set of adaptive immune cell responses, including IgA affinity maturation and secretion, and a recently described pathway of intestinal selection whereby MHCII(+) ILC3 deletes commensal bacteria-reactive CD4 T cells. These pathways can either promote or inhibit colonization by specific subsets of commensal bacteria, and cooperatively maintain intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we will highlight recent developments in understanding how these diverse pathways complement each other to cooperatively shape the symbiotic relationship between commensal bacteria and mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bessman
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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120
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Bereswill S, Alutis ME, Grundmann U, Fischer A, Göbel UB, Heimesaat MM. Interleukin-18 Mediates Immune Responses to Campylobacter jejuni Infection in Gnotobiotic Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158020. [PMID: 27322540 PMCID: PMC4913948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Campylobacter jejuni infections are progressively rising worldwide. Information about the molecular mechanisms underlying campylobacteriosis, however, are limited. In the present study we investigated whether cytokines such as IL-23, IL-22 and IL-18, which share pivotal functions in host immunity, were involved in mediating intestinal and systemic immunopathological responses upon C. jejuni infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To assure stable infection, gnotobiotic (i.e. secondary abiotic) IL-23p19-/-, IL-22-/- and IL-18-/- mice were generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. Following peroral C. jejuni strain 81-176 infection, mice of all genotypes harbored comparably high pathogenic loads in their intestines. As compared to wildtype controls, however, IL-18-/- mice displayed less distinct C. jejuni induced sequelae as indicated by less pronounced large intestinal shrinkage and lower numbers of apoptotic cells in the colonic epithelial layer at day 8 postinfection (p.i.). Furthermore, lower colonic numbers of adaptive immune cells including regulatory T cells and B lymphocytes were accompanied by less distinct secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IFN-γ and lower IL-17A mRNA expression levels in colonic ex vivo biopsies of infected IL-18-/- as compared to wildtype mice. Upon C. jejuni infection, colonic IL-23p19 expression was up-regulated in IL-18-/- mice only, whereas IL-22 mRNA levels were lower in uninfected and infected IL-23p19-/- as well as infected IL-18-/- as compared to respective wildtype control mice. Remarkably, not only intestinal, but also systemic infection-induced immune responses were less pronounced in IL-18-/- mice as indicated by lower TNF, IFN-γ and IL-6 serum levels as compared to wildtype mice. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We here show for the first time that IL-18 is essentially involved in mediating C. jejuni infection in the gnotobiotic mouse model. Future studies need to further unravel the underlying regulatory mechanisms orchestrating pathogen-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie E. Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Grundmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Perusina Lanfranca M, Lin Y, Fang J, Zou W, Frankel T. Biological and pathological activities of interleukin-22. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:523-34. [PMID: 26923718 PMCID: PMC4860114 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22, a member of the IL-10 family, is a cytokine secreted by several types of immune cells including IL-22(+)CD4(+) T cells (Th22) and IL-22 expressing innate leukocytes (ILC22). Recent studies have demonstrated that IL-22 is a key component in mucosal barrier defense, tissue repair, epithelial cell survival, and proliferation. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has defined both protective and pathogenic properties of IL-22 in a number of conditions including autoimmune disease, infection, and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the expression and signaling pathway and functional characteristics of the IL-22 and IL-22 receptor axis in physiological and pathological scenarios and discuss the potential to target IL-22 signaling to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Perusina Lanfranca
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yanwei Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumor Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Timothy Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Heimesaat MM, Grundmann U, Alutis ME, Fischer A, Göbel UB, Bereswill S. Colonic Expression of Genes Encoding Inflammatory Mediators and Gelatinases During Campylobacter Jejuni Infection of Conventional Infant Mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2016; 6:137-46. [PMID: 27429796 PMCID: PMC4936336 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within 1 week following peroral Campylobacter jejuni infection, infant mice develop acute enteritis resolving thereafter. We here assessed colonic expression profiles of mediators belonging to the IL-23/IL-22/IL-18 axis and of matrix-degrading gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 at day 6 post C. jejuni strain 81-176 infection. Whereas the pathogen readily colonized the intestines of infant IL-18–/– mice only, colonic mucin-2 mRNA, a pivotal mucus constituent, was downregulated in IL-22–/– mice and accompanied by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF, IL-17A, and IL-1β. Furthermore, in both naive and infected IL-22–/– mice, colonic expression of IL-23p19 and IL-18 was lower as compared to wildtype mice, whereas, conversely, colonic IL-22 mRNA levels were lower in IL-18–/– and colonic IL-18 expression lower in IL-23p19–/– as compared to wildtype mice. Moreover, colonic expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 were lower in IL-22–/– as compared to wildtype mice at day 6 postinfection. In conclusion, mediators belonging of the IL-23/IL-22/IL-18 axis as well as the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 are involved in mediating campylobacteriosis of infant mice in a differentially regulated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Grundmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie E Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 is an important effector of innate and adaptive immunity, but its expression must also be tightly regulated because it can potentiate lethal systemic inflammation and death. Healthy and septic human neonates demonstrate elevated serum concentrations of IL-18 compared with adults. Thus, we determined the contribution of IL-18 to lethality and its mechanism in a murine model of neonatal sepsis. We find that IL-18-null neonatal mice are highly protected from polymicrobial sepsis, whereas replenishing IL-18 increased lethality to sepsis or endotoxemia. Increased lethality depended on IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) signaling but not adaptive immunity. In genome-wide analyses of blood mRNA from septic human neonates, expression of the IL-17 receptor emerged as a critical regulatory node. Indeed, IL-18 administration in sepsis increased IL-17A production by murine intestinal γδT cells as well as Ly6G(+) myeloid cells, and blocking IL-17A reduced IL-18-potentiated mortality to both neonatal sepsis and endotoxemia. We conclude that IL-17A is a previously unrecognized effector of IL-18-mediated injury in neonatal sepsis and that disruption of the deleterious and tissue-destructive IL-18/IL-1/IL-17A axis represents a novel therapeutic approach to improve outcomes for human neonates with sepsis.
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Heimesaat MM, Alutis ME, Grundmann U, Fischer A, Göbel UB, Bereswill S. The Role of IL-23, IL-22, and IL-18 in Campylobacter Jejuni Infection of Conventional Infant Mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2016; 6:124-36. [PMID: 27429795 PMCID: PMC4936335 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that, within 1 week following peroral Campylobacter jejuni infection, conventional infant mice develop self-limiting enteritis. We here investigated the role of IL-23, IL-22, and IL-18 during C. jejuni strain 81-176 infection of infant mice. The pathogen efficiently colonized the intestines of IL-18(-/-) mice only, but did not translocate to extra-intestinal compartments. At day 13 postinfection (p.i.), IL-22(-/-) mice displayed lower colonic epithelial apoptotic cell numbers as compared to wildtype mice, whereas, conversely, colonic proliferating cells increased in infected IL-22(-/-) and IL-18(-/-) mice. At day 6 p.i., increases in neutrophils, T and B lymphocytes were less pronounced in gene-deficient mice, whereas regulatory T cell numbers were lower in IL-23p19(-/-) and IL-22(-/-) as compared to wildtype mice, which was accompanied by increased colonic IL-10 levels in the latter. Until then, colonic pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6, and MCP-1 increased in IL-23p19(-/-) mice, whereas IL-18(-/-) mice exhibited decreased cytokine levels and lower colonic numbers of T and B cell as well as of neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes as compared to wildtype controls. In conclusion, IL-23, IL-22, and IL-18 are differentially involved in mediating C. jejuni-induced immunopathology of conventional infant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie E Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Grundmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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Lamarthée B, Malard F, Saas P, Mohty M, Gaugler B. Interleukin-22 in Graft-Versus-Host Disease after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:148. [PMID: 27148267 PMCID: PMC4836046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potential curative treatment for hematologic malignancies and non-malignant diseases. Because of the lower toxicity of reduced intensity conditioning, the number of transplants is in constant increase. However, allo-HSCT is still limited by complications, such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is associated with important morbidity and mortality. Acute GVHD is an exacerbated inflammatory response that leads to the destruction of healthy host tissues by donor immune cells. Recently, the contribution of innate immunity in GVHD triggering has been investigated by several groups and resulted in the identification of new cellular and molecular effectors involved in GVHD pathogenesis. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is produced by both immune and adaptive cells and has both protective and inflammatory properties. Its role in GVHD processes has been investigated, and the data suggest that its effect depends on the timing, the target tissue, and the origin of the producing cells (donor/host). In this review, we discuss the role of IL-22 in allo-HSCT and GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Lamarthée
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR 938, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Florent Malard
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR 938, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM UMR1098, Besançon, France; UMR 1098, SFR FED 4234, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; UMR 1098, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR 938, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Gaugler
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR 938, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Reyes JL, Fernando MR, Lopes F, Leung G, Mancini NL, Matisz CE, Wang A, McKay DM. IL-22 Restrains Tapeworm-Mediated Protection against Experimental Colitis via Regulation of IL-25 Expression. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005481. [PMID: 27055194 PMCID: PMC4824453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22, an immune cell-derived cytokine whose receptor expression is restricted to non-immune cells (e.g. epithelial cells), can be anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory. Mice infected with the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta are protected from dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis. Here we assessed expulsion of H. diminuta, the concomitant immune response and the outcome of DNBS-induced colitis in wild-type (WT) and IL-22 deficient mice (IL-22-/-) ± infection. Interleukin-22-/- mice had a mildly impaired ability to expel the worm and this correlated with reduced or delayed induction of TH2 immunity as measured by splenic and mesenteric lymph node production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 and intestinal Muc-2 mRNA and goblet cell hyperplasia; in contrast, IL-25 increased in the small intestine of IL-22-/- mice 8 and 12 days post-infection compared to WT mice. In vitro experiments revealed that H. diminuta directly evoked epithelial production of IL-25 that was inhibited by recombinant IL-22. Also, IL-10 and markers of regulatory T cells were increased in IL-22-/- mice that displayed less DNBS (3 mg, ir. 72h)-induced colitis. Wild-type mice infected with H. diminuta were protected from colitis, as were infected IL-22-/- mice and the latter to a degree that they were almost indistinguishable from control, non-DNBS treated mice. Finally, treatment with anti-IL-25 antibodies exaggerated DNBS-induced colitis in IL-22-/- mice and blocked the anti-colitic effect of infection with H. diminuta. Thus, IL-22 is identified as an endogenous brake on helminth-elicited TH2 immunity, reducing the efficacy of expulsion of H. diminuta and limiting the effectiveness of the anti-colitic events mobilized following infection with H. diminuta in a non-permissive host.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Reyes
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria R. Fernando
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gabriella Leung
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole L. Mancini
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chelsea E. Matisz
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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127
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Gölz G, Alter T, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Toll-Like Receptor-4 Dependent Intestinal Gene Expression During Arcobacter Butzleri Infection of Gnotobiotic Il-10 Deficient Mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2016; 6:67-80. [PMID: 27141316 PMCID: PMC4838987 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Arcobacter butzleri infection induces Toll-like receptor (TLR) -4 dependent immune responses in perorally infected gnotobiotic IL-10–/– mice. Here, we analyzed TLR-4-dependent expression of genes encoding inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading gelatinases MMP-2 and -9 in the small and large intestines of gnotobiotic TLR-4-deficient IL-10–/– mice that were perorally infected with A. butzleri strains CCUG 30485 or C1, of human and chicken origin, respectively. At day 6 following A. butzleri infection, colonic mucin-2 mRNA, as integral part of the intestinal mucus layer, was downregulated in the colon, but not ileum, of IL-10–/– but not TLR-4–/– IL-10–/– mice. CCUG 30485 strain-infected TLR-4-deficient IL-10–/– mice displayed less distinctly upregulated IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-1β mRNA levels in ileum and colon, which was also true for colonic IL-22. These changes were accompanied by upregulated colonic MMP-2 and ileal MMP-9 mRNA exclusively in IL-10–/– mice. In conclusion, TLR-4 is essentially involved in A. butzleri mediated modulation of gene expression in the intestines of gnotobiotic IL-10–/– mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Free University Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Free University Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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128
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Heimesaat MM, Alter T, Bereswill S, Gölz G. Intestinal Expression of Genes Encoding Inflammatory Mediators and Gelatinases During Arcobacter Butzleri Infection of Gnotobiotic Il-10 Deficient Mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2016; 6:56-66. [PMID: 27141315 PMCID: PMC4838986 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Arcobacter butzleri induces intestinal, extra-intestinal, and systemic immune responses in perorally infected gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice in a strain-dependent fashion. Here, we present a comprehensive survey of small and large intestinal expression profiles of inflammatory and regulatory mediators as well as of the matrix-degrading gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 following murine A. butzleri infection. Gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice were infected with A. butzleri strains CCUG 30485 or C1 of human and chicken origin, respectively. At day 6 following A. butzleri infection, mucin-2 mRNA, an integral part of the intestinal mucus layer, was downregulated in the colon, whereas TNF and IL-23p19 mRNA were upregulated in the ileum. Furthermore, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-1β, and IL-22 mRNA were upregulated in both colonic and ileal ex vivo biopsies at day 6 post strain CCUG 30485 infection. These changes were accompanied by downregulated colonic MMP-9 levels, whereas both MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA were upregulated in the ileum. In conclusion, these data indicate that A. butzleri infection induces changes in the expression of genes involved in pro-inflammatory and regulatory immune responses as well as in tissue degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Free University Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Free University Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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129
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Gonçalves P, Di Santo JP. An Intestinal Inflammasome - The ILC3-Cytokine Tango. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:269-271. [PMID: 26965960 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The inflammasome is a key regulator of immune responses in the gut. Two recent studies in the journal Cell demonstrate that epithelial inflammasome activation and IL-18 secretion can control intestinal homeostasis or induce autoinflammation. ILC3 cells are triggered to secrete IL-22, regulating IL-18 expression in epithelial cells, in turn modulating homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gonçalves
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1223, Paris, France.
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1223, Paris, France
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130
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Parks OB, Pociask DA, Hodzic Z, Kolls JK, Good M. Interleukin-22 Signaling in the Regulation of Intestinal Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 3:85. [PMID: 26793707 PMCID: PMC4710696 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines that has been extensively studied since its discovery in 2000. This review article aims to describe the cellular sources and signaling pathways of this cytokine as well as the functions of IL-22 in the intestine. In addition, this article describes the roles of IL-22 in the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal diseases, including inhibition of inflammation and barrier defense against pathogens within the intestine. Since many of the functions of IL-22 in the intestine are incompletely understood, this review is meant to assess our current understanding of the roles of IL-22 and provide new opportunities for inquiry to improve human intestinal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia B Parks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Derek A Pociask
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zerina Hodzic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
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131
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Bostick JW, Zhou L. Innate lymphoid cells in intestinal immunity and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:237-52. [PMID: 26459449 PMCID: PMC11108440 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a new and distinct family of innate immune cells that play an important role in immunity and inflammation. In this review, we focus on the role of ILCs in mucosal tissues, especially in the gut, in health and disease. ILCs support intestinal homeostasis by protecting the intestine from pathogens, contributing to the development of gut lymphoid tissue, and helping to repair injuries. By cooperating with epithelial cells and other innate and adaptive immune cells, ILCs participate in the control of pathogens and tolerance of commensal bacteria. The development and maintenance of ILCs are influenced by nutrients and metabolites sourced from diet and/or gut bacteria. ILCs have been shown to be involved in host metabolism and to participate in various diseases of the intestine including infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Thus, the elucidation of ILC biology provides an exciting potential for development of novel therapeutic means to modulate immune responses in various disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Bostick
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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132
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Voronov E, Apte RN. IL-1 in Colon Inflammation, Colon Carcinogenesis and Invasiveness of Colon Cancer. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2015; 8:187-200. [PMID: 26686225 PMCID: PMC4715003 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-015-0177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a major "alarm" upstream pro-inflammatory cytokine that mainly acts by inducing cascades of cytokine and inflammation-promoting mediators. In the tumor arena, IL-1 is produced by both malignant and microenvironmental cells. IL-1α and IL-1β are the major agonists of IL-1, while IL-1Ra is a physiological inhibitor of pre-formed IL-1. IL-1α and IL-1β differ in their compartmentalization and in the producing cells. IL-1β is only active in its inflammasome dependent processed and secreted form and has been considered as the major mediator of inflammation. On the other hand, IL-1α is mainly cell-associated in tissue resident cells, being also active in its precursor form. The role of the IL-1 molecules in the unique microenvironment in the colon is largely unknown. Here, we described the role of IL-1α and IL-1β in colon homeostasis, colon inflammation, colon carcinogenesis and invasiveness of colorectal cancer. Understanding of the integrative role of IL-1α and IL-1β in these processes will facilitate the application of novel IL-1 modulating approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Voronov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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133
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Erben U, Pawlowski NN, Heimesaat MM, Loddenkemper C, Doerfel K, Spieckermann S, Siegmund B, Kühl AA. Preventive Anti-CD2 Treatment does not Impair Parasite Control in a Murine Toxoplasmosis Model. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:306-15. [PMID: 26716019 PMCID: PMC4681358 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting human CD2 with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) CB.219 reduces intestinal inflammation in a colitis model where T cells carry human CD2. Here, we asked whether this mAb has adverse effects on infection control. Mice expressing human CD2 on T cells (huCD2tg) were orally infected with Toxoplasma (T.) gondii and treated with the human CD2-specific mAb CB.219 in a preventive setting. The intestinal T. gondii loads in CB.219 treated mice did not differ from the control group. Histologically, huCD2tg mice showed moderate ileal inflammation that did not change with CB.219 treatment. In the ileum, CB.219 treatment reduced the protein levels of interferon-γ, transforming growth factor β and interleukin-6, whereas interleukin-18 mRNA was slightly increased. The infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells into the ileum was unaffected by CB.219 treatment. However, CB.219 treatment decreased the numbers of forkhead box P3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in ileum and liver of huCD2tg mice. This was confirmed in vitro using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Taken together, targeting CD2+ T cells by the human CD2 mAb CB.219 does not prevent beneficial immune reactions necessary for pathogen control. Further experiments will address gut specificity, underlying mechanisms, and general applicability of CB.219 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Erben
- Medical Department (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Chari té - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Research Center ImmunoSciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M M Heimesaat
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , Berlin, Germany
| | - C Loddenkemper
- Pathotres Joint Practice for Pathology , Berlin, Germany
| | - K Doerfel
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - S Spieckermann
- Medical Department (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Chari té - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - B Siegmund
- Medical Department (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Chari té - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Research Center ImmunoSciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - A A Kühl
- Medical Department (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Chari té - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Research Center ImmunoSciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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134
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Alutis ME, Grundmann U, Fischer A, Hagen U, Kühl AA, Göbel UB, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. The Role of Gelatinases in Campylobacter Jejuni Infection of Gnotobiotic Mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:256-67. [PMID: 26716014 PMCID: PMC4681353 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 (also referred to gelatinases-A and -B, respectively) are upregulated in the inflamed gut of mice and men. We recently demonstrated that synthetic gelatinase blockage reduced large intestinal pro-inflammatory immune responses and apoptosis following murine Campylobacter (C.) jejuni infection. In order to address which gelatinase mediates C. jejuni-induced immune responses, gnotobiotic MMP-2(-/-), MMP-9(-/-), and wildtype (WT) mice were generated by broadspectrum antibiotic treatment and perorally infected with C. jejuni strain 81-176. The pathogen stably colonized the murine intestinal tract irrespective of the genotype but did not translocate to extra-intestinal compartments. At days 8 and 14 postinfection (p.i.), less pronounced colonic histopathological changes were observed in infected MMP-2(-/-) mice, less distinct epithelial apoptosis, but more epithelial proliferation in both MMP-2(-/-) and MMP-9(-/-) mice, as compared to WT controls. Reduced immune responses in gelatinase-deficient mice were characterized by lower numbers of effector as well as innate and adaptive immune cells within the colonic mucosa and lamina propria. The expression of IL-22, IL-18, IL-17A, and IL-1β mRNA was higher in the colon of MMP-2(-/-) as compared to WT mice. In conclusion, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 are differentially involved in mediating C. jejuni-induced intestinal immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Grundmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hagen
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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135
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Song C, Lee JS, Gilfillan S, Robinette ML, Newberry RD, Stappenbeck TS, Mack M, Cella M, Colonna M. Unique and redundant functions of NKp46+ ILC3s in models of intestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1869-82. [PMID: 26458769 PMCID: PMC4612098 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 3 ILCs (ILC3s) are innate sources of IL-22 and IL-17 and include lymphoid tissue-inducer (LTi)-like and NKp46(+) subsets. Both depend on RORγt and aryl hydrocarbon receptor, but NKp46(+)ILC3s also require Notch and T-bet for their development and are transcriptionally distinct. The extent to which these subsets have unique functions, especially in the context of T cell- and B cell-sufficient mice, remains largely unclear. To investigate the specific function of NKp46(+)ILC3s among other ILC3 subsets and T cells, we generated mice selectively lacking NKp46(+)ILC3s or all ILC3s and crossed them to T cell-deficient mice, thus maintaining B cells in all mice. In mice lacking T cells, NKp46(+)ILC3s were sufficient to promote inflammatory monocyte accumulation in the anti-CD40 innate colitis model through marked production of GM-CSF. In T cell-competent mice, lack of NKp46(+)ILCs had no impact on control of intestinal C. rodentium infection, whereas lack of all ILC3s partially impaired bacterial control. Thus, NKp46(+)ILC3s have a unique capacity to promote inflammation through GM-CSF-induced accumulation of inflammatory monocytes, but are superseded by LTi-like ILC3s and T cells in controlling intestinal bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Song
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jacob S Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michelle L Robinette
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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136
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Lee JS, Tato CM, Joyce-Shaikh B, Gulen MF, Gulan F, Cayatte C, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, Judo M, Ayanoglu G, McClanahan TK, Li X, Cua DJ. Interleukin-23-Independent IL-17 Production Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Permeability. Immunity 2015; 43:727-38. [PMID: 26431948 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Whether interleukin-17A (IL-17A) has pathogenic and/or protective roles in the gut mucosa is controversial and few studies have analyzed specific cell populations for protective functions within the inflamed colonic tissue. Here we have provided evidence for IL-17A-dependent regulation of the tight junction protein occludin during epithelial injury that limits excessive permeability and maintains barrier integrity. Analysis of epithelial cells showed that in the absence of signaling via the IL-17 receptor adaptor protein Act-1, the protective effect of IL-17A was abrogated and inflammation was enhanced. We have demonstrated that after acute intestinal injury, IL-23R(+) γδ T cells in the colonic lamina propria were the primary producers of early, gut-protective IL-17A, and this production of IL-17A was IL-23 independent, leaving protective IL-17 intact in the absence of IL-23. These results suggest that IL-17-producing γδ T cells are important for the maintenance and protection of epithelial barriers in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Lee
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | | | | | - Fatih Gulan
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Yi Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Michael Judo
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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137
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Giacomin PR, Moy RH, Noti M, Osborne LC, Siracusa MC, Alenghat T, Liu B, McCorkell KA, Troy AE, Rak GD, Hu Y, May MJ, Ma HL, Fouser LA, Sonnenberg GF, Artis D. Epithelial-intrinsic IKKα expression regulates group 3 innate lymphoid cell responses and antibacterial immunity. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1513-28. [PMID: 26371187 PMCID: PMC4577836 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical for maintaining epithelial barrier integrity at mucosal surfaces; however, the tissue-specific factors that regulate ILC responses remain poorly characterized. Using mice with intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletions in either inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK)α or IKKβ, two critical regulators of NFκB activation, we demonstrate that IEC-intrinsic IKKα expression selectively regulates group 3 ILC (ILC3)-dependent antibacterial immunity in the intestine. Although IKKβ(ΔIEC) mice efficiently controlled Citrobacter rodentium infection, IKKα(ΔIEC) mice exhibited severe intestinal inflammation, increased bacterial dissemination to peripheral organs, and increased host mortality. Consistent with weakened innate immunity to C. rodentium, IKKα(ΔIEC) mice displayed impaired IL-22 production by RORγt(+) ILC3s, and therapeutic delivery of rIL-22 or transfer of sort-purified IL-22-competent ILCs from control mice could protect IKKα(ΔIEC) mice from C. rodentium-induced morbidity. Defective ILC3 responses in IKKα(ΔIEC) mice were associated with overproduction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by IECs, which negatively regulated IL-22 production by ILC3s and impaired innate immunity to C. rodentium. IEC-intrinsic IKKα expression was similarly critical for regulation of intestinal inflammation after chemically induced intestinal damage and colitis. Collectively, these data identify a previously unrecognized role for epithelial cell-intrinsic IKKα expression and TSLP in regulating ILC3 responses required to maintain intestinal barrier immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Giacomin
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ryan H Moy
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mario Noti
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Bigang Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Kelly A McCorkell
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Amy E Troy
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gregory D Rak
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yinling Hu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Michael J May
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hak-Ling Ma
- Inflammation and Immunology-Pfizer Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02140
| | - Lynette A Fouser
- Inflammation and Immunology-Pfizer Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02140
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
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138
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Deciphering the crosstalk among IL-1 and IL-10 family cytokines in intestinal immunity. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:471-8. [PMID: 26184648 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The IL-1 and IL-10 family cytokines are important regulators of intestinal immunity. Whereas these cytokines have protective roles in response to mucosal damage or infection, they also contribute to pathology in certain settings. How these cytokines function to maintain intestinal homoeostasis, and under what circumstances they contribute to disease is poorly understood. Recent studies have revealed a multi-layered regulatory network wherein IL-1 and IL-10 family cytokines impact each other's production. The workings of this network vary in different intestinal regions, reflecting the influence of resident microbiota and the distribution of distinct immune cell populations in different regions of the intestine. We review these findings here, and discuss them in the context of the current understanding of the functions of these cytokine families in health and disease. We further highlight important areas of future investigation.
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139
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Sellin ME, Maslowski KM, Maloy KJ, Hardt WD. Inflammasomes of the intestinal epithelium. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:442-50. [PMID: 26166583 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While the functional importance of inflammasomes in blood-derived cell types is well established, it remains poorly understood how inflammasomes in nonhematopoietic cells contribute to mucosal immunity. Recent studies have revealed functional roles of inflammasomes - particularly NAIP/NLRC4, NLRP6, and noncanonical caspase-4 (caspase-11) - within epithelial cells of the gut in mucosal immune defense, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Here, we review and discuss these findings in the broader context of tissue compartment-specific mucosal immunity. We propose several models whereby activities of the intestinal epithelial inflammasomes converge on mechanisms to remove compromised epithelial cells, maintain host-microbiota mutualism, and communicate with immune cells of the underlying lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael E Sellin
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Kendle M Maslowski
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kevin J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
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140
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Hernández PP, Mahlakoiv T, Yang I, Schwierzeck V, Nguyen N, Guendel F, Gronke K, Ryffel B, Hoelscher C, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Suerbaum S, Staeheli P, Diefenbach A. Interferon-λ and interleukin 22 act synergistically for the induction of interferon-stimulated genes and control of rotavirus infection. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:698-707. [PMID: 26006013 PMCID: PMC4589158 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium is the main entry point for many viruses, but the processes that protect barrier surfaces against viral infections are incompletely understood. Here we identified interleukin 22 (IL-22) produced by innate lymphoid cell group 3 (ILC3) as an amplifier of signaling via interferon-λ (IFN-λ), a synergism needed to curtail the replication of rotavirus, the leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis. Cooperation between the receptor for IL-22 and the receptor for IFN-λ, both of which were 'preferentially' expressed by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), was required for optimal activation of the transcription factor STAT1 and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These data suggested that epithelial cells are protected against viral replication by co-option of two evolutionarily related cytokine networks. These data may inform the design of novel immunotherapy for viral infections that are sensitive to interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P. Hernández
- Research Centre Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tanel Mahlakoiv
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Virology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19A, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ines Yang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany and DZIF – German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vera Schwierzeck
- Research Centre Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nam Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Guendel
- Research Centre Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Research Training Group (GRK1104) of Organogenesis, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Gronke
- Research Centre Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INEM - UMR7355, Molecular Immunology, University and CNRS, F-45071 Orleans, France and Institute of Infectious Disease, University of Cape Town, RSA
| | - Christoph Hoelscher
- Infection Immunology Research, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Inflammation at Interfaces (Borstel-Kiel-Lübeck-Plön)
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany and DZIF – German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Virology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Research Centre Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Research Training Group (GRK1104) of Organogenesis, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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141
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Innate lymphoid cells in the initiation, regulation and resolution of inflammation. Nat Med 2015; 21:698-708. [PMID: 26121198 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A previously unappreciated cell type of the innate immune system, termed innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), has been characterized in mice and humans and found to influence the induction, regulation and resolution of inflammation. ILCs have an important role in these processes in mouse models of infection, inflammation and tissue repair. Further, disease-association studies in defined patient populations have identified significant alterations in ILC responses, suggesting a potential role for these cell populations in human health and disease. In this review we discuss the emerging family of ILCs, the role of ILCs in inflammation, and how current or novel therapeutic strategies could be used to selectively modulate ILC responses and limit chronic inflammatory diseases.
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142
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Abstract
The organism needs to tailor the intestinal inflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria and to pathobionts that are only occasionally pathogenic. In this issue of Immunity, Seo et al. (2015) show that the pathobiont Proteus mirabilis induces NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release from CCR2(+) Ly6C(high) inflammatory monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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143
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Wagage S, Harms Pritchard G, Dawson L, Buza EL, Sonnenberg GF, Hunter CA. The Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cell Defect in Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Deficient Mice Is Associated with T Cell Hyperactivation during Intestinal Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128335. [PMID: 26010337 PMCID: PMC4444139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal infection with the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii results in the translocation of commensal bacteria to peripheral organs and the development of a T cell response specific to the microbiota. In naïve mice, the recently described RORγt+ group 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC) population plays a critical role in promoting intestinal barrier function and limiting responses to gut-resident commensal bacteria. Given this role for group 3 ILCs, studies were performed to evaluate whether these cells might influence the immune response to mucosal infection with T. gondii. Phenotypic characterization of RORγt+ ILCs in T. gondii infected mice revealed that this population decreased following challenge but the population that remained expressed costimulatory molecules and IL-22. One factor that influences the maintenance of RORγt+ ILCs is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, and Ahr-/- mice have a marked defect in the lamina propria group 3 ILC population. When Ahr-/- mice were challenged with T. gondii, they lost more weight than wild type controls. This disease course in Ahr-/- animals was associated with increased T cell responses to Toxoplasma antigen and crude commensal antigen preparations. Together, these data suggest that group 3 ILCs have a role in limiting T cell activation during intestinal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagie Wagage
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gretchen Harms Pritchard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lucas Dawson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Buza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory F. Sonnenberg
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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