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Freire RM, Montero GA, Vesprini JL, Barberis IM. Review of the interactions of an ecological keystone species, Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae), with the associated fauna. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1902010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M. Freire
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A. Montero
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - José L. Vesprini
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - Ignacio M. Barberis
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Zavalla, Argentina
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Short-Term Selection to Diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis Var. Israelensis Differentially Affects the Winter Survival of Culex pipiens f. Pipiens and Culex pipiens f. Molestus (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060527. [PMID: 34204105 PMCID: PMC8228153 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In Europe, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito, the prime vector of West Nile virus, consists of two forms, named pipiens and molestus, that exhibit substantial differences in their biology, including overwintering behavior. Diflubenzuron (DFB) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) are among the most widely used larvicides which pose major concerns for resistance development. In temperate areas, winter represents a very challenging period for the survival of many insects, including mosquitoes, and therefore potential fitness costs associated with insecticide selection may reduce their overwintering success. In this context, we investigated how short-term selection of Cx. pipiens f. pipiens and molestus forms to DFB and Bti affect their overwintering success. Our findings revealed that selection to both larvicides induced a high fitness cost in terms of reduced winter survival of Cx. pipiens f. molestus but not of pipiens form, suggesting potential differences in the persistence of the selected individuals in the wild from year to year. Abstract The Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito is of high medical importance as it is considered the prime vector of West Nile virus. In Europe, this species consists of two forms, named pipiens and molestus, that exhibit substantial differences in their overwintering biology. Diflubenzuron (DFB) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) are two of the most used larvicides in mosquito control, including that of Culex pipiens. The high dependency on these two larvicides poses major concerns for resistance development. The evolution and stability of resistance to insecticides has been associated with fitness costs that may be manifested under stressful conditions, such as the winter period. This study investigated how short-term selection of pipiens and molestus forms to both larvicides affect their overwintering success. Larvae from each form were subjected to the same selective pressure (80% mortality) for three successive generations with DFB and Bti. At the end of this process, the winter survival between the selected populations and the controls (colonies without selection) was determined for each form. Selection to both larvicides significantly reduced the winter survival rates of molestus but not of pipiens form, indicating potential differences in the persistence of the selected individuals from year to year between the two forms.
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Kim D, Rusch TW, Lee DK. Response of Culex pipiens pallens to Visual and Olfactory Stimuli from a Mosquito Trap. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2021; 37:76-82. [PMID: 34184047 DOI: 10.2987/20-6966.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined Culex pipiens pallens responses to different combinations of colors and chemicals employed via a mosquito trap under semifield conditions. Our results indicated that Cx. p. pallens has color and chemical concentration preferences. Culex p. pallens had a 38.0% greater response to white than black color treated traps. Further, Cx. p. pallens showed differences in olfactory attraction depending on the chemical and concentration. Culex p. pallens was 107.6% more attracted to traps employing 500 ppm ammonia than control (i.e., unscented). Similarly, Cx. p. pallens was 117.5%, 128.8%, and 140.3% more attracted to traps employing, respectively, 1,000, 10,000, and 20,000 ppm of ammonia hydrogen carbonate compared to controls. And the response to lactic acid showed that Cx. p. pallens was most attracted to concentrations of 100 and 500 ppm (135.7% and 142.9%, respectively) compared to controls.
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Repellency of Veratraldehyde (3,4-Dimethoxy Benzaldehyde) against Mosquito Females and Tick Nymphs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne infectious diseases cause many deaths and a major economic burden worldwide. Repellents play an important role in protecting people from infectious biting arthropods. The repellency of veratraldehyde, a known food additive, and the WJ-1041 formulation containing 10% veratraldehyde was tested against Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens females and Haemaphysalis longicornis nymphs using arm-in-cage, indoor or filter paper tests. Veratraldehyde exhibited repellency similar to or lower than that of n,n-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) against A. albopictus, but in H. longicornis, the activity of veratraldehyde was better than that of DEET. The repellency of the 10% veratraldehyde solution was comparable to that of 20% DEET against the two mosquitoes. When comparing repellency between the WJ-1041 formulation (10% veratraldehyde) and 10% DEET against C. pipiens pallens, A. Albopictus and H. longicornis, the two showed similar repellency and complete protection time (CPT) values. However, there was a small difference depending on the tested insects. The absorption of veratraldehyde via skin was minimal, if at all. The pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax and Tmax) of veratraldehyde in blood samples of rats were not different from those of the control group. Based on these results, veratraldehyde has high potential to be commercialized as a repellent agent against infectious disease-borne pests in the near future.
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105
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Hernandez-Colina A, Gonzalez-Olvera M, Lomax E, Townsend F, Maddox A, Hesson JC, Sherlock K, Ward D, Eckley L, Vercoe M, Lopez J, Baylis M. Blood-feeding ecology of mosquitoes in two zoological gardens in the United Kingdom. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:249. [PMID: 34016159 PMCID: PMC8139098 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoological gardens contain unique configurations of exotic and endemic animals and plants that create a diverse range of developing sites and potential sources of blood meals for local mosquitoes. This may imply unusual interspecific pathogen transmission risks involving zoo vertebrates, like avian malaria to captive penguins. Understanding mosquito ecology and host feeding patterns is necessary to improve mosquito control and disease prevention measures in these environments. METHODS Mosquito sampling took place in Chester Zoo for 3 years (2017, 2018, and 2019) and for 1 year in Flamingo Land (2017) using different trapping methods. Blood-fed mosquitoes were identified and their blood meal was amplified by PCR, sequenced, and blasted for host species identification. RESULTS In total, 640 blood-fed mosquitoes were collected [Culex pipiens (n = 497), Culiseta annulata (n = 81), Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (n = 7), An. claviger (n = 1), and unidentifiable (n = 55)]. Successful identification of the host species was achieved from 159 blood-fed mosquitoes. Mosquitoes fed on birds (n = 74), non-human mammals (n = 20), and humans (n = 71). There were mixed blood meals from two hosts (n = 6). The proportions of blood-fed mosquitoes varied across sampling seasons and sites within the zoos. The use of resting traps and aspiration of vegetation were more efficient techniques for capturing blood-fed mosquitoes than traps for host-seeking or gravid mosquitoes. By relating the locations of zoo vertebrates to where fed mosquitoes were trapped, the minimum travelling distances were calculated (13.7 to 366.7 m). Temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, proximity to zoo vertebrate exhibits, and vegetation level were found to be significantly associated with the proportion of captured blood-fed mosquitoes by generalized linear modelling. CONCLUSIONS Mosquito feeding behaviour in zoos is mainly influenced by time, location (sampling area), temperature, and host availability, which highlights the value of mosquito monitoring in complex settings to plan control strategies and potentially reduce inherent disease transmission risks for humans and threatened zoo vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernandez-Colina
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
- North of England Zoological Society (Chester Zoo), Caughall Road, Chester, CH2 1LH, UK.
| | - Merit Gonzalez-Olvera
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
- North of England Zoological Society (Chester Zoo), Caughall Road, Chester, CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Emily Lomax
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Freya Townsend
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Amber Maddox
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Jenny C Hesson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Sherlock
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Dawn Ward
- Flamingo Land, Kirby Misperton, Malton, YO17 6UX, UK
| | - Lindsay Eckley
- North of England Zoological Society (Chester Zoo), Caughall Road, Chester, CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Mark Vercoe
- North of England Zoological Society (Chester Zoo), Caughall Road, Chester, CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Javier Lopez
- North of England Zoological Society (Chester Zoo), Caughall Road, Chester, CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Feng X, López Del Amo V, Mameli E, Lee M, Bishop AL, Perrimon N, Gantz VM. Optimized CRISPR tools and site-directed transgenesis towards gene drive development in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2960. [PMID: 34017003 PMCID: PMC8137705 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex mosquitoes are a global vector for multiple human and animal diseases, including West Nile virus, lymphatic filariasis, and avian malaria, posing a constant threat to public health, livestock, companion animals, and endangered birds. While rising insecticide resistance has threatened the control of Culex mosquitoes, advances in CRISPR genome-editing tools have fostered the development of alternative genetic strategies such as gene drive systems to fight disease vectors. However, though gene-drive technology has quickly progressed in other mosquitoes, advances have been lacking in Culex. Here, we develop a Culex-specific Cas9/gRNA expression toolkit and use site-directed homology-based transgenesis to generate and validate a Culex quinquefasciatus Cas9-expressing line. We show that gRNA scaffold variants improve transgenesis efficiency in both Culex quinquefasciatus and Drosophila melanogaster and boost gene-drive performance in the fruit fly. These findings support future technology development to control Culex mosquitoes and provide valuable insight for improving these tools in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Feng
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Víctor López Del Amo
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Enzo Mameli
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Lee
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alena L Bishop
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- HHMI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valentino M Gantz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Ebrahimnejad P, Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Payman Ziapour S, Farmoudeh A, Babaei A, Enayati A. Preparation, characterisation and comparative toxicity of nanopermethrin against Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:982-992. [PMID: 33837621 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of nanopermethrin as a potential new formulation for pest and vector control. METHODS Permethrin nanoparticles were prepared by the ionic gelation method and its structure and the formulations were designed using Box-Behnken statistical technique. The effect of independent variables (Chitosan/Permethrin ratio, tripolyphosphate quantity, sonication time) on the properties of nanoparticles was investigated to determine the optimal formulation. RESULTS The size of the nanoparticles ranged from 135.27 ± 5.88 to 539.5 ± 24.01 nm and the insecticide entrapment efficiency per cent (EE%) ranged from 7.72 ± 1.36 to 63.59 ± 3.17%. Anopheles stephensi larvae were then bioassayed with the nanopermethrin and compared with the results of the bioassay with the mother molecule of permethrin using a standard WHO-recommended mosquito larval bioassay kit. LC50 with permethrin and nanopermethrin on larvae of An. stephensi were 0.125 and 0.026 ppm showing a 4.8 times difference. The LC50 for permethrin and nanopermethrin on Culex pipiens were 0.003 and 0.00032 ppm, respectively, showing a 9.4-fold difference. CONCLUSION Nanopermethrin is much more potent than its mother molecule against larvae of An. stephensi and Cx. pipiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute and School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute and School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Payman Ziapour
- Department of Parasitology, Zoonosis Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Ali Farmoudeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Babaei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Medical Entomology Department, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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108
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Konopka JK, Task D, Afify A, Raji J, Deibel K, Maguire S, Lawrence R, Potter CJ. Olfaction in Anopheles mosquitoes. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6246230. [PMID: 33885760 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As vectors of disease, mosquitoes are a global threat to human health. The Anopheles mosquito is the deadliest mosquito species as the insect vector of the malaria-causing parasite, which kills hundreds of thousands every year. These mosquitoes are reliant on their sense of smell (olfaction) to guide most of their behaviors, and a better understanding of Anopheles olfaction identifies opportunities for reducing the spread of malaria. This review takes a detailed look at Anopheles olfaction. We explore a range of topics from chemosensory receptors, olfactory neurons, and sensory appendages to behaviors guided by olfaction (including host-seeking, foraging, oviposition, and mating), to vector management strategies that target mosquito olfaction. We identify many research areas that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Konopka
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Darya Task
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Ali Afify
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Joshua Raji
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Katelynn Deibel
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Sarah Maguire
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Randy Lawrence
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Potter
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
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Pontremoli C, Forni D, Clerici M, Cagliani R, Sironi M. Alternation between taxonomically divergent hosts is not the major determinant of flavivirus evolution. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab040. [PMID: 33976907 PMCID: PMC8093920 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses display diverse epidemiological and ecological features. Tick-borne and mosquito-borne flaviviruses (TBFV and MBFV, respectively) are important human pathogens that alternate replication in invertebrate vectors and vertebrate hosts. The Flavivirus genus also includes insect-specific viruses (ISFVs) and viruses with unknown invertebrate hosts. It is generally accepted that viruses that alternate between taxonomically different hosts evolve slowly and that the evolution of MBFVs and TBFVs is dominated by strong constraints, with limited episodes of positive selection. We exploited the availability of flavivirus genomes to test these hypotheses and to compare their rates and patterns of evolution. We estimated the substitution rates of CFAV and CxFV (two ISFVs) and, by taking into account the time-frame of measurement, compared them with those of other flaviviruses. Results indicated that CFAV and CxFV display relatively different substitution rates. However, these data, together with estimates for single-host members of the Flaviviridae family, indicated that MBFVs do not display relatively slower evolution. Conversely, TBFVs displayed some of lowest substitution rates among flaviviruses. Analysis of selective patterns over longer evolutionary time-frames confirmed that MBFVs evolve under strong purifying selection. Interestingly, TBFVs and ISFVs did not show extremely different levels of constraint, although TBFVs alternate among hosts, whereas ISFVs do not. Additional results showed that episodic positive selection drove the evolution of MBFVs, despite their high constraint. Positive selection was also detected on two branches of the TBFVs phylogeny that define the seabird clade. Thus, positive selection was much more common during the evolution of arthropod-borne flaviviruses than previously thought. Overall, our data indicate that flavivirus evolutionary patterns are complex and most likely determined by multiple factors, not limited to the alternation between taxonomically divergent hosts. The frequency of both positive and purifying selection, especially in MBFVs, suggests that a minority of sites in the viral polyprotein experience weak constraint and can evolve to generate new viral phenotypes and possibly promote adaptation to new hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini 23842, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan 20121, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini 23842, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini 23842, Italy
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110
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Cagliani R, Mozzi A, Pontremoli C, Sironi M. Evolution and Origin of Human Viruses. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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111
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Kirik H, Burtin V, Tummeleht L, Kurina O. Friends in All the Green Spaces: Weather Dependent Changes in Urban Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Abundance and Diversity. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040352. [PMID: 33920956 PMCID: PMC8071238 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Many female mosquitoes require vertebrate blood for egg production. Cities are becoming increasingly important points of contact between mosquitoes and their prey, as large-scale urbanization continues. Human settlements represent unique but fragmented habitats that are permanently warmer than rural areas. Because of this, there is a growing demand to better understand urban mosquito populations and the factors affecting them in various circumstances. The aim of this study was to investigate the weather conditions influencing mosquito species and abundance in a Northern European town. Thus, a three-year-long mosquito collection effort was undertaken in Estonia. Results indicated that the number of active mosquitoes decreased with wind and higher temperatures. Interestingly, there was a significant negative correlation between temperature and humidity. Furthermore, while mosquitoes belonging to the Culex pipiens/Culex torrentium group were consistently abundant during the end of the warm season, other dominant species varied considerably between the months and the three study years. Overall, springtime hydrological conditions seemed to greatly influence the mosquito season. Urbanization could generate both higher temperatures and drier environments, resulting in fewer mosquitoes in some areas. This study also revealed the mosquito species most likely to contribute to disease transmission in Estonian towns. Abstract Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are universally recognized as troublesome pests and vectors of various pathogens and parasites. Understandably, the species makeup and diversity of individual populations depends on local and broad scale environmental trends, especially on temperature and hydrological variations. Anthropogenic landscapes make for unique habitats, but their effect on insects likely varies across climatic regions. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and seasonal patterns of urban mosquitoes in the boreal region. Specimens were collected with an insect net from May to September during three years and determined to species or species group level. Weather information was added to each data point and results analyzed using multivariate regression models. Fieldwork yielded 1890 mosquitoes from four genera. Both abundance and the effective number of species (ENS) significantly decreased during the study period. The number of collected mosquitoes had a negative correlation with wind speed and temperature, latter of which exhibited a negative association with humidity. Species succession followed predictable patterns, but with some variation between years. Still, Culex pipiens/Culex torrentium were the most abundant throughout the study. Importantly, all dominant species were known disease vectors. Our work showed that higher temperatures could result in fewer mosquitoes in boreal towns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Kirik
- Inst of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 5D, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-5649-6490
| | | | - Lea Tummeleht
- Inst of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Olavi Kurina
- Inst of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 5D, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
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Talipouo A, Mavridis K, Nchoutpouen E, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Fotakis EA, Kopya E, Bamou R, Kekeunou S, Awono-Ambene P, Balabanidou V, Balaska S, Wondji CS, Vontas J, Antonio-Nkondjio C. High insecticide resistance mediated by different mechanisms in Culex quinquefasciatus populations from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7322. [PMID: 33795804 PMCID: PMC8017000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Culex mosquitoes particularly Culex quinquefasciatus are important arboviral and filariasis vectors, however despite this important epidemiological role, there is still a paucity of data on their bionomics. The present study was undertaken to assess the insecticide resistance status of Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from four districts of Yaoundé (Cameroon). All Culex quinquefasciatus populations except one displayed high resistance to bendiocarb and malathion with mortalities ranging from 0 to 89% while high resistance intensity against both permethrin and deltamethrin was recorded. Molecular analyses revealed high frequencies of the ACE-1 G119S mutation (ranging from 0 to 33%) and kdr L1014F allele (ranging from 55 to 74%) in all Cx. quinquefasciatus populations. Significant overexpression was detected for cytochrome P450s genes CYP6AA7 and CYP6Z10, as well as for Esterase A and Esterase B genes. The total cuticular hydrocarbon content, a proxy of cuticular resistance, was significantly increased (compared to the S-lab strain) in one population. The study confirms strong insecticide resistance mediated by different mechanisms in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from the city of Yaoundé. The expansion of insecticide resistance in Culex populations could affect the effectiveness of current vector control measures and stress the need for the implementation of integrated vector control strategies in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Talipouo
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Emmanouil Alexandros Fotakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Sévilor Kekeunou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Vasileia Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sofia Balaska
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Charles Sinclair Wondji
- Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
- Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Differential Gene Expression in the Heads of Behaviorally Divergent Culex pipiens Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030271. [PMID: 33806861 PMCID: PMC8005152 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Host preferences of Cx. pipiens, a bridge vector for West Nile virus to humans, have the potential to drive pathogen transmission dynamics. Yet much remains unknown about the extent of variation in these preferences and their molecular basis. We conducted host choice assays in a laboratory setting to quantify multi-day human and avian landing rates for Cx. pipiens females. Assayed populations originated from five above-ground and three below-ground breeding and overwintering habitats. All three below-ground populations were biased toward human landings, with rates of human landing ranging from 69-85%. Of the five above-ground populations, four had avian landing rates of >80%, while one landed on the avian host only 44% of the time. Overall response rates and willingness to alternate landing on the human and avian hosts across multiple days of testing also varied by population. For one human- and one avian-preferring population, we examined patterns of differential expression and splice site variation at genes expressed in female heads. We also compared gene expression and splice site variation within human-seeking females in either gravid or host-seeking physiological states to identify genes that may regulate blood feeding behaviors. Overall, we identified genes with metabolic and regulatory function that were differentially expressed in our comparison of gravid and host-seeking females. Differentially expressed genes in our comparison of avian- and human-seeking females were enriched for those involved in sensory perception. We conclude with a discussion of specific sensory genes and their potential influence on the divergent behaviors of avian- and human-seeking Cx. pipiens.
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114
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Kern O, Valenzuela Leon PC, Gittis AG, Bonilla B, Cruz P, Chagas AC, Ganesan S, Ribeiro JMC, Garboczi DN, Martin-Martin I, Calvo E. The structures of two salivary proteins from the West Nile vector Culex quinquefasciatus reveal a beta-trefoil fold with putative sugar binding properties. Curr Res Struct Biol 2021; 3:95-105. [PMID: 34235489 PMCID: PMC8244437 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Female mosquitoes require blood meals for egg development. The saliva of blood feeding arthropods contains biochemically active molecules, whose anti-hemostatic and anti-inflammatory properties facilitate blood feeding on vertebrate hosts. While transcriptomics has presented new opportunities to investigate the diversity of salivary proteins from hematophagous arthropods, many of these proteins remain functionally undescribed. Previous transcriptomic analysis of female salivary glands from Culex quinquefasciatus, an important vector of parasitic and viral infections, uncovered a 12-member family of putatively secreted proteins of unknown function, named the Cysteine and Tryptophan-Rich (CWRC) proteins. Here, we present advances in the characterization of two C. quinquefasciatus CWRC family members, CqDVP-2 and CqDVP-4, including their enrichment in female salivary glands, their specific localization within salivary gland tissues, evidence that these proteins are secreted into the saliva, and their native crystal structures, at 2.3 Å and 1.87 Å, respectively. The β-trefoil fold common to CqDVP-2 and CqDVP-4 is similar to carbohydrate-binding proteins, including the B subunit of the AB toxin, ricin, from the castor bean Ricinus communis. Further, we used a glycan array approach, which identifies carbohydrate ligands associated with inflammatory processes and signal transduction. Glycan array 300 testing identified 100 carbohydrate moieties with positive binding to CqDVP-2, and 77 glycans with positive binding to CqDVP-4. The glycan with the highest relative fluorescence intensities, which exhibited binding to both CqDVP-2 and CqDVP-4, was used for molecular docking experiments. We hypothesize that these proteins bind to carbohydrates on the surface of cells important to host immunology. Given that saliva is deposited into the skin during a mosquito bite, and acts as the vehicle for arbovirus inoculation, understanding the role of these proteins in pathogen transmission is of critical importance. This work presents the first solved crystal structures of C. quinquefasciatus salivary proteins with unknown function. These two molecules are the second and third structures reported from salivary proteins from C. quinquefasciatus, an important, yet understudied disease vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kern
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Brian Bonilla
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Phillip Cruz
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch. Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jose M C Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
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115
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Amer NR, Lawler SP, Zohdy NM, Younes A, ElSayed WM, Connon RE. Effect of long-term exposure to copper on survival and development of two successive generations of Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:351-360. [PMID: 33566271 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02358-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic invertebrates can be exposed to copper from various sources, including agricultural applications. For example, concentrations up to 1000 µg L-1 are found within rice fields, where copper-containing formulations are used as fungicides and algaecides. We conducted toxicity tests to study lethal and sublethal effects of copper sulfate pentahydrate on all immature stages across two generations of Culex pipiens mosquitoes as our model organism. Mortality was dose-dependent at concentrations of 500 µg L-1 and above in the first generation, and 125 µg L-1 and above in the second generation. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of copper sulfate pentahydrate for larval Cx. pipiens were 476 ± 30.60 µg L-1 and 348.67 ± 23.20 µg L-1 for the first and second generations, respectively. Generation one pupation decreased from 96% in controls to 48% at 500 µg L-1, while the second-generation pupation decreased from 96% in controls to 17.5% at 500 µg L-1. Mortality during the pupal stage varied from 2 to 10% at 500 µg L-1 of first and second generations, respectively. Higher levels also delayed development to adulthood in both generations. The duration of the immature period was 14.8 days in controls in both generations, but when exposed at 500 µg L-1 it increased to 18.8 days in the first generation and to 20.5 days in the second generation. The chronic, multi-generation exposures in this study showed greater toxicity than reported for shorter exposures of Cx. pipiens, and confamilial taxa like Culex hortensis and Anopheles hispaniola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen R Amer
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 11311, Egypt.
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Sharon P Lawler
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nawal M Zohdy
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 11311, Egypt
| | - Aly Younes
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 11311, Egypt
| | - Wael M ElSayed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 11311, Egypt
| | - Richard E Connon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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116
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Arich S, Assaid N, Taki H, Weill M, Labbé P, Sarih M. Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1178-1186. [PMID: 33009878 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are the vectors of several arboviruses and are thus subjected to insecticide control worldwide. However, overuse of insecticides selects for resistance. While assessing the resistance status of the vectors is required for effective and sustainable disease control, resistance has so far only been sparsely studied in Morocco. In this study, we establish a first countrywide assessment of the levels of resistance to various insecticides and the potential responsible mechanisms involved. Cx. pipiens larvae were collected from natural populations of five regions of Morocco, and their taxonomic status was determined (molecular forms). The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed by single-diagnostic-dose bioassays. Molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target-site mutations. RESULTS This study confirms that Moroccan populations are an interbreeding mix of pipiens and molestus forms, with large gene flow for the resistance alleles. We also found that Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco: resistance is high for insecticides used in mosquito control, but also present for other pesticides. Resistance alleles are similarly more frequent for mosquito control insecticides. However, their distribution is heterogeneous in the five regions, with significant genetic differentiation between populations, revealing the crucial role of local insecticide treatment practices. CONCLUSION This study provides reference countrywide data that highlight the need for further research to refine the distribution of resistance in Morocco and to understand the role of agriculture/urban residuals in its spread. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Arich
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, URAC 34, Hassan II University-Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Najlaa Assaid
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hassan Taki
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, URAC 34, Hassan II University-Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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117
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Bakhshi H, Fazlalipour M, Dadgar-Pakdel J, Zakeri S, Raz A, Failloux AB, Dinparast Djadid N. Developing a Vaccine to Block West Nile Virus Transmission: In Silico Studies, Molecular Characterization, Expression, and Blocking Activity of Culex pipiens mosGCTL-1. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020218. [PMID: 33671430 PMCID: PMC7921969 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito galactose-specific C-type lectins (mosGCTLs), such as mosGCTL-1, act as ligands to facilitate the invasion of flaviviruses like West Nile virus (WNV). WNV interacts with the mosGCTL-1 of Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) and facilitates the invasion of this virus. Nevertheless, there is no data about the role of mosGCTL-1 as a transmission-blocking vaccine candidate in Culex pipiens, the most abundant Culicinae mosquito in temperate regions. METHODS Adult female Cx. pipiens mosquitoes were experimentally infected with a WNV infectious blood meal, and the effect of rabbit anti-rmosGCTL-1 antibodies on virus replication was evaluated. Additionally, in silico studies such as the prediction of protein structure, homology modeling, and molecular interactions were carried out. RESULTS We showed a 30% blocking activity of Cx. pipiens mosGCTL-1 polyclonal antibodies (compared to the 10% in the control group) with a decrease in infection rates in mosquitoes at day 5 post-infection, suggesting that there may be other proteins in the midgut of Cx. pipiens that could act as cooperative-receptors for WNV. In addition, docking results revealed that WNV binds with high affinity, to the Culex mosquito lectin receptors. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the idea that mosGCTL-1 of Cx. pipiens primarily interacts with WNV to promote viral infection, suggesting that other mosGCTLs may act as primary infection factors in Cx. pipiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Bakhshi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 1316943551, Iran; (H.B.); (J.D.-P.); (S.Z.)
| | - Mehdi Fazlalipour
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Ref Lab), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Javad Dadgar-Pakdel
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 1316943551, Iran; (H.B.); (J.D.-P.); (S.Z.)
- Trauma Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Hassan Abad Square, Imam Khomeini Avenue, Tehran 1136746911, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 1316943551, Iran; (H.B.); (J.D.-P.); (S.Z.)
| | - Abbasali Raz
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 1316943551, Iran; (H.B.); (J.D.-P.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.-B.F.); (N.D.D.); Tel.: +98-(0)21-64-11-24-62 (A.R.); +33-(0)1-40-61-36-17 (A.-B.F.); +98-(0)21-64-11-24-62 (N.D.D.)
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, 25 rue Dr. Roux, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.-B.F.); (N.D.D.); Tel.: +98-(0)21-64-11-24-62 (A.R.); +33-(0)1-40-61-36-17 (A.-B.F.); +98-(0)21-64-11-24-62 (N.D.D.)
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 1316943551, Iran; (H.B.); (J.D.-P.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.-B.F.); (N.D.D.); Tel.: +98-(0)21-64-11-24-62 (A.R.); +33-(0)1-40-61-36-17 (A.-B.F.); +98-(0)21-64-11-24-62 (N.D.D.)
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118
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Ye Z, Liu F, Liu N. Three-dimensional structure of the antennal lobe in the Southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:93-102. [PMID: 32091165 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus relies on its olfactory system to locate the human hosts for blood meals, by which several deadly diseases are transmitted. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) housed in the sensilla on the olfactory appendages send their axons into the antennal lobes (ALs), the primary olfactory center in the brain, where the OSNs expressing the same olfactory receptors converge upon the same spherical structures known as glomeruli in the AL. The structure of the antennal lobe, that is, the spatial organization of the glomeruli, governs the insect's odor identification and discrimination. Drosophila studies have demonstrated the specific connections between receptors and glomeruli based on the 3D structure of the antennal lobe, deepening our understanding of the relationships between glomerular activities and behaviors, but as yet the structure of the Cx. quinquefasciatus antennal lobe remains unknown. We therefore constructed a 3D model of the Cx. quinquefasciatus antennal lobe using nc82 antibody staining, identifying 62 and 44 glomeruli in the female and male mosquito antennal lobe, respectively, with a significant sexual dimorphism in terms of the antennal lobe volume and glomerulus number. These results demonstrate the structural basis of mosquito odor coding and provide a platform for future studies of the mosquito olfactory signal processing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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119
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Huck DT, Klein MS, Meuti ME. Determining the effects of nutrition on the reproductive physiology of male mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 129:104191. [PMID: 33428881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition affects multiple aspects of insect physiology such as body size and fecundity, but we lack a detailed understanding of how nutrition influences the reproductive physiology of male insects such as mosquitoes. Given that female mosquitoes are vectors of many deadly diseases and can quickly proliferate, understanding how male nutrition impacts female fecundity could be of critical importance. To uncover the relationship between nutrition in adult male mosquitoes and its impacts on reproductive physiology, we reared larvae of the Northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens, on a standard lab diet and divided adult males among three different dietary treatments: low (3%), moderate (10%), and high (20%) sucrose. We found that although overall body size did not differ among treatments, one-week-old males raised on the 3% sucrose diet had significantly smaller male accessory glands (MAGs) compared to males that consumed the 10% and the 20% sucrose diets. Diet affected whole-body lipid content but did not affect whole-body protein content. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we found that diet altered the metabolic composition of the MAGs, including changes in lactic acid, formic acid, and glucose. We also observed changes in protein and lipid abundance and composition in MAGs. Females who mated with males on the 3% diet were found to produce significantly fewer larvae than females who had mated with males on the 10% diet. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the diet of adult male mosquitoes clearly affects male reproductive physiology and female fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T Huck
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Matthias S Klein
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Megan E Meuti
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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120
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Fyie LR, Gardiner MM, Meuti ME. Artificial light at night alters the seasonal responses of biting mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 129:104194. [PMID: 33482172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban light pollution caused by artificial light at night (ALAN) profoundly affects the ecology, behavior, and physiology of plants and animals. Further, this widespread environmental pollutant has the potential to negatively impact human and animal health by changing the seasonal dynamics of disease-transmitting insects. In response to short days, females of the Northern house mosquito enter an overwintering dormancy, or diapause. While in diapause, female mosquitoes divert energy away from reproduction, cease blood-feeding, and no longer transmit disease. We demonstrate that exposure to dim ALAN (~4 lx) causes female mosquitoes to avert diapause and become reproductively active, as these females acquired less fat content, developed larger egg follicles, imbibed vertebrate blood, and produced viable eggs and larvae. Our findings suggest that mosquitoes in highly light-polluted areas such as cities may be actively reproducing and biting later in the season, thereby extending the period of disease risk for urban residents. Our results suggest that ALAN should be considered when modeling mosquito abundance, disease risk, and when deciding how long mosquito surveillance and control should persist in temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia R Fyie
- The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Mary M Gardiner
- The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Megan E Meuti
- The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Dorrah M, Bensaoud C, Mohamed AA, Sojka D, Bassal TTM, Kotsyfakis M. Comparison of the hemolysis machinery in two evolutionarily distant blood-feeding arthropod vectors of human diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009151. [PMID: 33539385 PMCID: PMC7888641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Host blood protein digestion plays a pivotal role in the ontogeny and reproduction of hematophagous vectors. The gut of hematophagous arthropods stores and slowly digests host blood and represents the primary gateway for transmitted pathogens. The initial step in blood degradation is induced lysis of host red blood cells (hemolysis), which releases hemoglobin for subsequent processing by digestive proteolytic enzymes. The activity cycles and characteristics of hemolysis in vectors are poorly understood. Hence, we investigated hemolysis in two evolutionarily distant blood-feeding arthropods: The mosquito Culex pipiens and the soft tick Argas persicus, both of which are important human and veterinary disease vectors. Hemolysis in both species was cyclical after blood meal ingestion. Maximum digestion occurs under slightly alkaline conditions in females. Hemolytic activity appears to be of lipoid origin in C. pipiens and enzymatic activity (proteolytic) in A. persicus. We have assessed the effect of pH, incubation time, and temperature on hemolytic activity and the hemolysin. The susceptibility of red blood cells from different hosts to the hemolysin and the effect of metabolic inhibition of hemolytic activity were assessed. We conclude that in C. pipiens and A. persicus midgut hemolysins control the amplitude of blood lysis step to guarantee an efficient blood digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataza Dorrah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Chaima Bensaoud
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Amr A. Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Taha T. M. Bassal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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Chathuranga WGD, Fernando BR, Weereratne TC, Karunaratne SHPP, De Silva WAPP. Blood parasites of bird communities in Sri Lanka and their mosquito vectors. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:693-703. [PMID: 33452590 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Avian blood parasites have been shown to have significant health effects on avifauna worldwide. Sri Lanka, a tropical island rich with resident and migratory birds, has not been properly evaluated for avian blood parasites or their vectors. We investigated the presence of avian haemoparasites in Sri Lankan birds and the potential mosquito vectors of those pathogens. Blood samples were collected from local/migratory birds captured by standard mist nets from Anawilundawa bird sanctuary, Hanthana mountain range, and the University of Peradeniya park. Mosquitoes were collected from Halgolla forest reserve and the forest patches in Kurunegala and Gampola areas in addition to the above mist-netting localities. Part of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene was amplified and sequenced to detect the presence of haemoparasites from avian blood samples (86) and mosquito samples (480). Blood parasites of the two genera, i.e., Haemoproteus (4 species; Haemoproteus sp. 1-4) and Plasmodium (5 species; Plasmodium sp. 1-5) were identified from seven bird species (four resident and three migratory). Among these, three bird species (Red-vented bulbul (3/16), Asian Brown flycatcher (1/1), and India pitta (1/1)) were positive for Plasmodium spp., while four (Yellow-browed bulbul (1/4), oriental white-eye (1/4), brown-headed Barbet (1/4), and Indian blue robin (1/1)) were positive for Haemoproteus spp. Two mosquito species were also positive for Plasmodium (3) and Haemoproteus (1) species. Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype networks created using positive sequences of haemoparasites showed that a Plasmodium clade was shared by Cx nigropunctatus mosquitoes and the migratory bird, Indian pitta. The majority (85%) of the Plasmodium and Haemoproteus sequences of this study were not linked to the well-characterized species suggesting the distinct nature of the lineages. Associations between mosquito species and blood parasites of birds suggest the possible vector status of these mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G D Chathuranga
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - B R Fernando
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - T C Weereratne
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - S H P P Karunaratne
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Talaga S, Duchemin JB, Girod R, Dusfour I. The Culex Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of French Guiana: A Comprehensive Review With the Description of Three New Species. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:182-221. [PMID: 33269802 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomically intricate genus Culex Linnaeus includes numerous known vector species of parasites and viruses to humans. The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the Culex species which occur in French Guiana to provide a stronger taxonomic foundation for future studies on this genus in South America. The occurrence of Culex species was investigated in light of current taxonomic knowledge through an extensive examination of voucher specimens deposited in the entomological collections of four French depositories and additional specimens recently collected at various localities in French Guiana. Based on this review, 104 Culex species classified in eight subgenera are confirmed to occur in French Guiana. Compared to the most recent checklist, 18 species are added, and 10 species excluded, resulting in a total number of 242 valid mosquito species known to occur in French Guiana. Three nominal species are synonymized, three others are newly described, and a last one is transferred to another informal infrasubgeneric group. Overall, this review also highlights the limits of the use of only bibliographic data when dealing with taxonomically complex groups of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Talaga
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romain Girod
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Li XR, Huang MS, Leng PE, Lu XY, Xiao B. Coagulation-flocculation: a potential application for mosquito Larval Source Management (LSM). Acta Trop 2021; 213:105748. [PMID: 33160956 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Larval mosquitoes have a more limited home range and lower resistance to adverse environment than adults, thus can be ideal targets for vector control in some cases. Coagulation-flocculation technology, which could be used for water treatment in breeding sites of several vector mosquito species, can significantly change both the distribution of organic particles and surface sediment characteristics in water environment. The aim of this study was to explore the effect, principle and possibility of using coagulation-flocculation technology in immature mosquitoes killing. In this study, dechlorinated water was treated with Poly Aluminum Chloride (PACl, sewage treatment using), and we observed the impacts of PACl treatment on the development and survival of immature Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes. When exposed to PACl treatment, physical effect is believed to be a main reason of coagulation-flocculation caused high larvae mortality: Ⅰ) alum floc layer increases the difficulty of larvae foraging, leads larvae starving to death; (Ⅱ) the little floc particles could attach to the lateral hair of larvae, which impede floatation process and then surface respiration by larval mosquitoes. The alum floc layer had a good killing effect on the mosquito larvae, presented the half lethal time (LT50) of 2d, the 90% lethal time (LT90) of 8.7±7.3 ∼ 14±4.5 d, and the pupation rate of 0 ∼ (6.5±0.5)%, respectively. Our results indicates alum floc, produced by PACl coagulation-flocculation, was shown to be highly active against 1st∼2nd instar larvae, the high mortality rate of immature mosquitoes as a result of physical effect. The observations suggest that coagulation-flocculation technology offers a novel potential approach to a sustainable and low-impact mosquito control method.
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Moosa-Kazemi S, Sedaghat M, Asgarian T, Dehghani R, Mirolyaei A. Monitor mosquito activity using standard ovitraps in Kashan County, Central Iran (April to Late September 2019). INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/iahs.iahs_75_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Mosquito-borne parasites in the Great Plains: searching for vectors of nematodes and avian malaria parasites. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105735. [PMID: 33159896 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases in the United States have recently increased as a result of the changing nature of vectors, hosts, reservoirs, parasite/pathogens, and the ecological and environmental conditions. While most focus has been on mosquito-borne pathogens affecting humans, little is known regarding parasites of companion animal, livestock and wildlife and their potential mosquito hosts in the United States. This study assessed the prevalence of mature infections of Dirofilaria immitis and avian malaria parasites (Haemosporida) within urban mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) communities in Oklahoma. 2,620 pools consisting of 12,686 mosquitoes from 13 species collected over two summers were tested for the presence of filarioid and haemosporidian DNA. Dirofilaria immitis-infected mosquitoes were detected only in Aedes albopictus (MIR=0.18-0.22) and Culex pipiens complex (MIR=0.12) collected in cities in central and southern Oklahoma. Two other filarioid nematode species with 91-92% similarity with Onchocerca spp. and Mansonella spp. were also detected. Haemosporidian DNA was detected in 13 mosquito pools (0.9% of pools tested) from seven mosquito species out of 13 species tested. Plasmodium DNA in four species (Cx. coronator, Cx. pipiens complex, Cx. tarsalis, and Psorophora columbiae) had high homology with published sequences of avian Plasmodium species while DNA in four other species (Cx. nigripalpus, Ps. columbiae, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and An. punctipennis) were closely related to Plasmodium species from deer. One pool of Cx. tarsalis was positive with a 100% sequence identity of Haemoproteus sacharovi. This study provides a baseline concerning the diversity of parasites in different mosquito species present in the southern Great Plains. These studies provide important information for understanding the factors of transmission involving the mosquito community, potential hosts, and different mosquito-borne parasites in this important region involved in livestock management and wildlife conservation.
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Ruiz-López MJ. Mosquito Behavior and Vertebrate Microbiota Interaction: Implications for Pathogen Transmission. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:573371. [PMID: 33362732 PMCID: PMC7755997 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota is increasingly recognized for its ability to influence host health and individual fitness through multiple pathways, such as nutrient synthesis, immune system development, and even behavioral processes. Most of these studies though focus on the direct effects microbiota has on its host, but they do not consider possible interactions with other individuals. However, host microbiota can change not only host behavior but also the behavior of other individuals or species toward the host. For example, microbes can have an effect on animal chemistry, influencing animal behaviors mediated by chemical communication, such as mosquito attraction. We know that host skin microbes play a major role in odor production and thus can affect the behavior of mosquitoes leading to differences in attraction to their hosts. Ultimately, the vector feeding preference of mosquitoes conditions the risk of vertebrates of coming into contact with a vector-borne pathogen, affecting its transmission, and thus epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. In this mini review, I provide an overview of the current status of research on the interaction between mosquito behavior and host skin microbiota, both in humans and other vertebrates. I consider as well the factors that influence vertebrate skin microbiota composition, such as sex, genetic makeup, and infection status, and discuss the implications for pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Ruiz-López
- Departamento de Humedales, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
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Agha SB, Alvarez M, Becker M, Fèvre EM, Junglen S, Borgemeister C. Invasive Alien Plants in Africa and the Potential Emergence of Mosquito-Borne Arboviral Diseases-A Review and Research Outlook. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010032. [PMID: 33375455 PMCID: PMC7823977 DOI: 10.3390/v13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) as linked to land-use changes, especially the growing agricultural intensification and expansion efforts in rural parts of Africa, is of growing health concern. This places an additional burden on health systems as drugs, vaccines, and effective vector-control measures against arboviruses and their vectors remain lacking. An integrated One Health approach holds potential in the control and prevention of arboviruses. Land-use changes favour invasion by invasive alien plants (IAPs) and investigating their impact on mosquito populations may offer a new dimension to our understanding of arbovirus emergence. Of prime importance to understand is how IAPs influence mosquito life-history traits and how this may affect transmission of arboviruses to mammalian hosts, questions that we are exploring in this review. Potential effects of IAPs may be significant, including supporting the proliferation of immature and adult stages of mosquito vectors, providing additional nutrition and suitable microhabitats, and a possible interaction between ingested secondary plant metabolites and arboviruses. We conclude that aspects of vector biology are differentially affected by individual IAPs and that while some plants may have the potential to indirectly increase the risk of transmission of certain arboviruses by their direct interaction with the vectors, the reverse holds for other IAPs. In addition, we highlight priority research areas to improve our understanding of the potential health impacts of IAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila B. Agha
- Centre for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscheralle 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Miguel Alvarez
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (M.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Mathias Becker
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (M.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christian Borgemeister
- Centre for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscheralle 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
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Navarro-Payá D, Flis I, Anderson MAE, Hawes P, Li M, Akbari OS, Basu S, Alphey L. Targeting female flight for genetic control of mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008876. [PMID: 33270627 PMCID: PMC7714197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti Act4 is a paralog of the Drosophila melanogaster indirect flight muscle actin gene Act88F. Act88F has been shown to be haploinsufficient for flight in both males and females (amorphic mutants are dominant). Whereas Act88F is expressed in indirect flight muscles of both males and females, expression of Act4 is substantially female-specific. We therefore used CRISPR/Cas9 and homology directed repair to examine the phenotype of Act4 mutants in two Culicine mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. A screen for dominant female-flightless mutants in Cx. quinquefasciatus identified one such mutant associated with a six base pair deletion in the CxAct4 coding region. A similar screen in Ae. aegypti identified no dominant mutants. Disruption of the AeAct4 gene by homology-dependent insertion of a fluorescent protein marker cassette gave a recessive female-flightless phenotype in Ae. aegypti. Reproducing the six-base deletion from Cx. quinquefasciatus in Ae. aegypti using oligo-directed mutagenesis generated dominant female-flightless mutants and identified additional dominant female-flightless mutants with other in-frame insertions or deletions. Our data indicate that loss of function mutations in the AeAct4 gene are recessive but that short in-frame deletions produce dominant-negative versions of the AeAct4 protein that interfere with flight muscle function. This makes Act4 an interesting candidate for genetic control methods, particularly population-suppression gene drives targeting female viability/fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilona Flis
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippa Hawes
- Bioimaging, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Li
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Omar S. Akbari
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Basu
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Alphey
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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A patent review on strategies for biological control of mosquito vector. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:187. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02960-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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131
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de Araújo WS, Vieira TM, de Souza GA, Bezerra IC, Corgosinho PHC, Borges MAZ. Nocturnal Mosquitoes of Pará State in the Brazilian Amazon: Species Composition, Habitat Segregation, and Seasonal Variation. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1913-1919. [PMID: 32484514 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are one of the most important disease vector species in the world. Many species have a high degree of anthropophilia and are often found in human habitations. In the present study, we have inventoried the nocturnal mosquito assemblage in intra-, peri-, and extradomicile environments in four municipalities in Pará, Brazil. At each municipality, a residence was selected and the mosquitoes were sampled using the protected human attraction capture and Shannon trap methods in April (rainy season) and August 2018 (dry season). We have collected a total of 696 mosquito specimens belonging to 8 genera and 17 species. The most abundant species were Mansonia (Mansonoides) titillans (Walker) (366/696, 52.6%), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis Lynch-Arribálzaga (97/696, 13.9%), and Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say (93/696, 13.4%). Mosquito richness, abundance, and composition did not differ between intra-, peri-, and extradomicile environments suggesting limited habitat segregation among the different species. However, mosquito species richness and mosquito species abundance were significantly higher during the rainy season than during the dry season, suggesting increased mosquito activity during the rainy season. We detected several important vector species of human diseases including Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root, Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar and Shannon), Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) venezuelensis (Theobald), and Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus which are the main transmitters of dengue, malaria, yellow fever, mayaro, and oropouche fever, respectively. As inventories of disease-carrying mosquitoes in the region are very scarce, mainly in residential environments, our results suggest high potential for mosquito-borne disease transmission in Pará State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Santos de Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thallyta Maria Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Antunes de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isaque Clementino Bezerra
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Januária, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Aedes Albopictus and Culex Pipiens along an Urban-Natural Gradient in the Ventotene Island, Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228300. [PMID: 33182683 PMCID: PMC7696970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of mosquitos and their corresponding hosts is critical in public health to determine the risk of transmission for vector-borne diseases. In this pilot study conducted in the small Mediterranean island of Ventotene, a known stopover site for migratory birds, the spatio-temporal distribution of two major mosquito vectors is analyzed from the natural to urban environment. The results show that Aedes albopictus aggregates mostly near areas with a human presence and the urban landscape, while Culex pipiens is more spatio-temporally spread, as it can also be found in wilder and less anthropized areas where the availability of human hosts is limited. Culex pipiens is also active earlier in the year. From a microgeographical perspective, our results confirm the anthropophilic spatial distribution of Ae. Albopictus, while suggesting that the circulation of bird zoonosis, such as West Nile, could be favored by the Cx. pipiens distribution. The results highlight the different ecology of the vectors and the interplay with their hosts, even at a small scale. The current evidence may help in forecasting the risk of pathogen transmission and surveillance planning.
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133
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Santiago-Alarcon D, Ferreira FC. Does Plasmodium Infection Affect Mosquito Attraction? Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.582943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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González MA, Dilger E, Ronderos MM, Spinelli GR, Courtenay O, Hamilton JGC. Significant reduction in abundance of peridomestic mosquitoes (Culicidae) and Culicoides midges (Ceratopogonidae) after chemical intervention in western São Paulo, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:549. [PMID: 33160407 PMCID: PMC7648319 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the impact of two sand fly insecticide interventions (insecticide spraying and insecticide-impregnated dog collars) on the peridomestic abundance and distribution of mosquitoes (Culicidae) and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) in western São Paulo (Brazil) in a long-term (42-month) evaluation. Both of these dipteran groups are vectors of diseases of medical and veterinary relevance to humans and domestic animals in Brazil. METHODS The interventions in the 3-arm stratified randomised control trial were: pheromone + insecticide (PI) (chicken roosts were sprayed with microencapsulated lambda-cyhalothrin; pheromone lure has no effect on the Diptera pests studied here); dog-collars (DC) (dogs fitted with deltamethrin-impregnated collars); and control (C) (unexposed to pyrethroids) were extended by 12 months. During that time, adult mosquitoes and midges were sampled along 280 households at three household locations (inside human dwellings, dog sleeping sites and chicken roosts). RESULTS We collected 3145 culicids (9 genera, 87.6% Culex spp.) distributed relatively uniformly across all 3 arms: 41.9% at chicken roosts; 37.7% inside houses; and 20.3% at dog sleeping sites. We collected 11,464 Culicoides (15 species) found mostly at chicken roosting sites (84.7%) compared with dog sleeping sites (12.9%) or houses (2.4%). Mosquitoes and Culicoides were most abundant during the hot and rainy season. Increased daytime temperature was marginally associated with increased mosquito abundance (Z = 1.97, P = 0.049) and Culicoides abundance (Z = 1.71, P = 0.087). There was no significant association with daily average rainfall for either group. Household-level mosquito and midge numbers were both significantly reduced by the PI intervention 56% [incidence rate ratio, IRR = 0.54 (95% CI: 0.30-0.97), P ≤ 0.05] and 53% [IRR = 0.47 (95% CI: 0.26-0.85), P ≤ 0.05], respectively, compared to the control intervention. The abundance of both dipteran groups at dog sleeping sites was largely unaffected by the PI and DC interventions. The PI intervention significantly reduced abundance of mosquitoes inside houses (41%) and at chicken roosting sites (48%) and reduced midge abundance by 51% in chicken roosting sites. CONCLUSIONS Sprayed insecticide at chicken roosting sites reduced the abundance of mosquitoes and midges at the peridomestic level while dog collars had no effect on numbers for any group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A. González
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, LA1 4YG Lancashire UK
- Present Address: Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (NEIKER), Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Erin Dilger
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - María M. Ronderos
- División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gustavo R. Spinelli
- División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, LA1 4YG Lancashire UK
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Culicidae evolutionary history focusing on the Culicinae subfamily based on mitochondrial phylogenomics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18823. [PMID: 33139764 PMCID: PMC7606482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are insects of medical importance due their role as vectors of different pathogens to humans. There is a lack of information about the evolutionary history and phylogenetic positioning of the majority of mosquito species. Here we characterized the mitogenomes of mosquito species through low-coverage whole genome sequencing and data mining. A total of 37 draft mitogenomes of different species were assembled from which 16 are newly-sequenced species. We datamined additional 49 mosquito mitogenomes, and together with our 37 mitogenomes, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of 86 species including representatives from 15 genera and 7 tribes. Our results showed that most of the species clustered in clades with other members of their own genus with exception of Aedes genus which was paraphyletic. We confirmed the monophyletic status of the Mansoniini tribe including both Coquillettidia and Mansonia genus. The Aedeomyiini and Uranotaeniini were consistently recovered as basal to other tribes in the subfamily Culicinae, although the exact relationships among these tribes differed between analyses. These results demonstrate that low-coverage sequencing is effective to recover mitogenomes, establish phylogenetic knowledge and hence generate basic fundamental information that will help in the understanding of the role of these species as pathogen vectors.
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Rumbos CI, Athanassiou CG. Assessment of selected larvicides for the control of Culex pipiens biotype pipiens and Culex pipiens biotype molestus under laboratory and semi-field conditions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3568-3576. [PMID: 32533802 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insecticidal efficacy of selected mosquito larvicides [teflubenzuron, S-methoprene, diflubenzuron, temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)], applied alone or in combination, against two Culex pipiens biotypes, Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus, was compared under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Registered larvicides were evaluated at the label dose, whereas those not registered for mosquito control were tested at the label dose per area, i.e. as plant protection products. Teflubenzuron and temephos were also evaluated at half the label dose, alone or in combination with a non-ionic surfactant. Larval mortality and adult emergence were assessed after 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 16 and 20 days of exposure. RESULTS In all cases, PDMS showed complete (100%) larval control after 3 days of exposure against both biotypes. With temephos, all larvae were dead after 1 day of exposure, even at half the label dose. For teflubenzuron, mortality reached 100% at the end of the bioassays and adult emergence was avoided completely, whereas for diflubenzuron, mortality was close to 100% at the end of the trials. By contrast, in S-methoprene-treated water, control was below the 90% mortality threshold for both biotypes. In semi-field trails, in all treatments with Bti, all larvae of both biotypes were dead after 1 day of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Based on our data, and with the exception of S-methoprene, the larvicides tested remained below the threshold for effective treatment against larvae of Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus for the entire duration of the study. Most of the larvicides tested showed high levels of efficacy against Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus larvae in laboratory and semi-field bioassays. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos I Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
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137
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de Souza ALDS, Multini LC, Marrelli MT, Wilke ABB. Wing geometric morphometrics for identification of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of neglected epidemiological importance. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105593. [PMID: 32569588 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Culicidae comprises more than 3500 species, some of which are responsible for the spread of various human diseases, causing millions of deaths worldwide. Correct identification of these species is essential for the development of surveillance and control strategies. The most common method of mosquito identification is based on specific traits of the external morphology of species. However, identification of mosquitoes by morphological characters can be inaccurate or even unfeasible if the specimen is damaged or there is a lack of distinguishing features, as in the case of cryptic species complexes. Wing geometric morphometrics is a reliable, affordable tool for the identification of mosquito species, including sibling species. More importantly, it can be used in addition to both traditional morphologic identification methods as well as genetic approaches. Here, wing geometric morphometrics was used to identify sixteen mosquito species from eight genera: Aedes, Coquillettidia, Culex, Limatus, Mansonia, Psorophora, Runchomyia, and Wyeomyia. The 390 specimens used here were collected in São Paulo, Brazil using CDC traps, aspiration, and Shannon traps. Allometry was assessed by multivariate regression of the Procrustes coordinates on centroid size followed by canonical variate analysis and a pairwise cross-validated reclassification test. A Neighbor-Joining tree based on Mahalanobis distances was constructed with 1,000 bootstrap replicates using MorphoJ 1.02 and Past 2.17c. The canonical variate analysis of genera resulted in distinct clusters for Culex, Limatus, and Psorophora and partial overlapping between Aedes, Coquilettidia, and Mansonia, and between Runchomyia and Wyeomyia. Pairwise cross-validated reclassification tests indicated that genera were identified with an accuracy of at least 99% and subgenera with a mean accuracy of 96% and that in 160 of the 240 possible comparisons species were identified with an accuracy of 100%. Our results show that the eight genera in the study were correctly distinguished by wing shape, as were subgenera and most species, demonstrating that wing geometric morphometrics can be used for the identification of the mosquito species studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Cristina Multini
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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138
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Ferreira-de-Freitas L, Thrun NB, Tucker BJ, Melidosian L, Bartholomay LC. An Evaluation of Characters for the Separation of Two Culex Species (Diptera: Culicidae) Based on Material From the Upper Midwest. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5956134. [PMID: 33147340 PMCID: PMC7641446 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Culex pipiens complex play a key role in the transmission and therefore epidemiology of a number of human and animal pathogens globally. These mosquitoes, and sympatric species of the genus Culex Linnaeus that are not within the Cx. pipiens complex, are often considered 'impossible' to distinguish by morphology in the adult female stage. In the United States, this is particularly true for Culex pipiens s.l. and Culex restuans Theobald, both of which are competent vectors of West Nile virus, but likely play different roles in the transmission cycle. Therefore, we undertook an in-depth morphological evaluation of matched larval exuviae and adult specimens that revealed five useful morphological characters that are informative to distinguish Cx. pipiens s.l. from Cx. restuans in the adult stage. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on these species of interest, and four additional, morphologically similar, Culex species, and a proposed key to adult female specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas B Thrun
- Pathobiological Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bradley J Tucker
- Pathobiological Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lauren Melidosian
- Pathobiological Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Pathobiological Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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139
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Gutiérrez-López R, Bourret V, Loiseau C. Is Host Selection by Mosquitoes Driving Vector Specificity of Parasites? A Review on the Avian Malaria Model. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.569230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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140
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Long-Term Mosquito culture with SkitoSnack, an artificial blood meal replacement. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008591. [PMID: 32941432 PMCID: PMC7523998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reliance on blood is a limiting factor for mass rearing of mosquitoes for Sterile-Insect-Technique (SIT) and other mosquito-based control strategies. To solve this problem, we have developed SkitoSnack, a formulated diet for Aedes aegypti (L) mosquitoes, as an alternative for vertebrate blood. Here we addressed the question if long-term yellow fever mosquito culture with SkitoSnack resulted in changed life history traits and fitness of the offspring compared to blood-raised mosquitoes. We also explored if SkitoSnack is suitable to raise Asian tiger mosquitos, Aedes albopictus (L.), and the human bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L). We measured life history traits for 30th generation SkitoSnack-raised Ae. aegypti and 11th generation SkitoSnack-raised Ae. albopictus, and compared them with control mosquitoes raised on blood only. We compared meal preference, flight performance, and reproductive fitness in Ae. aegypti raised on SkitoSnack or blood. We also offered SkitoSnack to bed bug nymphs. We found that long-term culture with SkitoSnack resulted in mosquitoes with similar life history traits compared to bovine blood-raised mosquitoes in both species we studied. Also, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes raised on SkitoSnack had similar flight performance compared to blood raised mosquitoes, were still strongly attracted by human smell and had equal mating success. Minimal feeding occurred in bed bugs. Our results suggest that long-term culture with the blood-meal replacement SkitoSnack results in healthy, fit mosquitoes. Therefore, artificial diets like SkitoSnack can be considered as a viable alternative for vertebrate blood in laboratory mosquito culture as well as for mosquito mass production for Sterile-Insect-Technique mosquito control interventions. SkitoSnack was not suitable to induce engorgement of bed bugs.
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141
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Shocket MS, Verwillow AB, Numazu MG, Slamani H, Cohen JM, El Moustaid F, Rohr J, Johnson LR, Mordecai EA. Transmission of West Nile and five other temperate mosquito-borne viruses peaks at temperatures between 23°C and 26°C. eLife 2020; 9:e58511. [PMID: 32930091 PMCID: PMC7492091 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature-dependence of many important mosquito-borne diseases has never been quantified. These relationships are critical for understanding current distributions and predicting future shifts from climate change. We used trait-based models to characterize temperature-dependent transmission of 10 vector-pathogen pairs of mosquitoes (Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefascsiatus, Cx. tarsalis, and others) and viruses (West Nile, Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Sindbis, and Rift Valley Fever viruses), most with substantial transmission in temperate regions. Transmission is optimized at intermediate temperatures (23-26°C) and often has wider thermal breadths (due to cooler lower thermal limits) compared to pathogens with predominately tropical distributions (in previous studies). The incidence of human West Nile virus cases across US counties responded unimodally to average summer temperature and peaked at 24°C, matching model-predicted optima (24-25°C). Climate warming will likely shift transmission of these diseases, increasing it in cooler locations while decreasing it in warmer locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Shocket
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - Mailo G Numazu
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Hani Slamani
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)BlacksburgUnited States
| | - Jeremy M Cohen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South FloridaTampaUnited States
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
| | - Fadoua El Moustaid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)BlacksburgUnited States
| | - Jason Rohr
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South FloridaTampaUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute of Global Health, Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre DameSouth BendUnited States
| | - Leah R Johnson
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)BlacksburgUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)BlacksburgUnited States
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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Liu B, Gao X, Zheng K, Ma J, Jiao Z, Xiao J, Wang H. The potential distribution and dynamics of important vectors Culex pipiens pallens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in China under climate change scenarios: an ecological niche modelling approach. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3096-3107. [PMID: 32281209 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intense studies have been carried out on the effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases and vectors. Culex pipiens pallens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus are two medically concerned mosquito species in temperate and tropical areas, which serve as important disease-transmitting pests of a variety of diseases. The ongoing geographical expansion of these mosquitoes has brought an increasing threat to public health. RESULTS Based on mosquito occurrence records and high-resolution environmental layers, an ecological niche model was established to model their current and future potential distribution in China. Our model showed that the current suitable area for Cx. p. pallens is distributed in the central, eastern and northern parts of China, while Cx. p. quinquefasciatus is distributed in vast areas in southern China. Under future climate change scenarios, both species are predicted to expand their range to varying degrees and RCP 8.5 provides the largest expansion. Northward core shifts will occur in ranges of both species. Environmental variables which have significant impact on the distribution of mosquitoes were also revealed by our model. CONCLUSION Severe habitat expansion of vectors is likely to occur in the future 21st century. Our models mapped the high-risk areas and risk factors which needs to be paid attention. The results of our study can be referenced in further ecological surveys and will guide the development of strategies for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Keren Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Jiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
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143
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Gangoso L, Aragonés D, Martínez-de la Puente J, Lucientes J, Delacour-Estrella S, Estrada Peña R, Montalvo T, Bueno-Marí R, Bravo-Barriga D, Frontera E, Marqués E, Ruiz-Arrondo I, Muñoz A, Oteo JA, Miranda MA, Barceló C, Arias Vázquez MS, Silva-Torres MI, Ferraguti M, Magallanes S, Muriel J, Marzal A, Aranda C, Ruiz S, González MA, Morchón R, Gómez-Barroso D, Figuerola J. Determinants of the current and future distribution of the West Nile virus mosquito vector Culex pipiens in Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109837. [PMID: 32798954 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Changes in environmental conditions, whether related or not to human activities, are continuously modifying the geographic distribution of vectors, which in turn affects the dynamics and distribution of vector-borne infectious diseases. Determining the main ecological drivers of vector distribution and how predicted changes in these drivers may alter their future distributions is therefore of major importance. However, the drivers of vector populations are largely specific to each vector species and region. Here, we identify the most important human-activity-related and bioclimatic predictors affecting the current distribution and habitat suitability of the mosquito Culex pipiens and potential future changes in its distribution in Spain. We determined the niche of occurrence (NOO) of the species, which considers only those areas lying within the range of suitable environmental conditions using presence data. Although almost ubiquitous, the distribution of Cx. pipiens is mostly explained by elevation and the degree of urbanization but also, to a lesser extent, by mean temperatures during the wettest season and temperature seasonality. The combination of these predictors highlights the existence of a heterogeneous pattern of habitat suitability, with most suitable areas located in the southern and northeastern coastal areas of Spain, and unsuitable areas located at higher altitude and in colder regions. Future climatic predictions indicate a net decrease in distribution of up to 29.55%, probably due to warming and greater temperature oscillations. Despite these predicted changes in vector distribution, their effects on the incidence of infectious diseases are, however, difficult to forecast since different processes such as local adaptation to temperature, vector-pathogen interactions, and human-derived changes in landscape may play important roles in shaping the future dynamics of pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gangoso
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, C/ Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Seville, Spain.
| | - D Aragonés
- Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Laboratory (LAST-EBD), Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, C/ Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - J Martínez-de la Puente
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, C/ Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Seville, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Lucientes
- Animal Health Department, The AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Delacour-Estrella
- Animal Health Department, The AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R Estrada Peña
- Animal Health Department, The AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - T Montalvo
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Consorci Sanitari de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps 8, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Bueno-Marí
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D), Laboratorios Lokímica, Polígono Industrial El Bony, C/42, n°4, 46470, Catarroja, Valencia, Spain
| | - D Bravo-Barriga
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - E Frontera
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - E Marqués
- Service of Mosquito Control (Badia de Roses i del Baix Ter), Plaça del Bruel 1, Castelló d'Empúries, 17486, Empuriabrava, Girona, Spain
| | - I Ruiz-Arrondo
- Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, C/ Piqueras 98, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - A Muñoz
- Quimera Biological Systems S.L., Pol. Malpica-Alfindén, C/ Olivo 14, Nave 6, 50171, La Puebla de Alfindén, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J A Oteo
- Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, C/ Piqueras 98, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - M A Miranda
- Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - C Barceló
- Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - M S Arias Vázquez
- Zoonoses and Public Health. COPAR Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Av. Carvallo Calero, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - M I Silva-Torres
- Zoonoses and Public Health. COPAR Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Av. Carvallo Calero, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - M Ferraguti
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University of Extremadura, Av. de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - S Magallanes
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University of Extremadura, Av. de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - J Muriel
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University of Extremadura, Av. de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, IPE (CSIC), Av. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16, 22700, Jaca, Spain
| | - A Marzal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University of Extremadura, Av. de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - C Aranda
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Servei de Control de Mosquits, Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, N-340, 08980, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Ruiz
- Service of Mosquito Control de la Diputación Provincial de Huelva, Ctra. Hospital Infanta Elena s/n, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - M A González
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Berreaga 1, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - R Morchón
- Group of Animal and Human dirofilariosis. University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Miguel Unamuno, C/ Lic. Méndez Nieto, s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - D Gómez-Barroso
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid. Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Figuerola
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, C/ Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Seville, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Martínez-de la Puente J, Soriguer R, Senar JC, Figuerola J, Bueno-Mari R, Montalvo T. Mosquitoes in an Urban Zoo: Identification of Blood Meals, Flight Distances of Engorged Females, and Avian Malaria Infections. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:460. [PMID: 32974390 PMCID: PMC7472536 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoological gardens are home to a large number of vertebrate species and as such are suitable sites for both mosquito breeding and maintenance. They are excellent places for entomological studies of mosquito phenology, diversity, and blood-feeding patterns, as well as for xenomonitoring. During 2016, we sampled mosquitoes in Barcelona Zoo and used molecular methods to determine their blood-feeding patterns and the prevalence and diversity of avian malaria parasites. We also estimated the flight distance of engorged mosquitoes in the area. Overall, 1,384 adult Culex pipiens s.l., Culiseta longiareolata, and Aedes albopictus were captured. Birds dominated the diet of Cx. pipiens s.l. (n = 87) and Cs. longiareolata (n = 6), while humans were the only blood-meal source of Ae. albopictus (n = 3). Mosquitoes had a mean flight distance of 95.67 m after feeding on blood (range 38.71–168.51 m). Blood parasites were detected in the abdomen of 13 engorged Cx. pipiens s.l., eight of which had fed on magpies. Four Plasmodium lineages and a single lineage of the malaria-like parasite Haemoproteus were identified. These results suggest that Cx. pipiens s.l. is involved in the local transmission of avian Plasmodium, which potentially affects the circulation of parasites between and within wildlife and enclosed animals. Vigilance regarding possible mosquito breeding sites in this zoo is thus recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Senar
- Evolutionary and Behavioural Ecology Research Unit, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Bueno-Mari
- Laboratorios Lokímica, Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tomás Montalvo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, Consorci Sanitari de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hameed M, Khan S, Xu J, Zhang J, Wang X, Di D, Chen Z, Naveed Anwar M, Wahaab A, Ma X, Nawaz M, Liu K, Li B, Shao D, Qiu Y, Wei J, Ma Z. Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes from Xinjiang during next-generation sequencing arboviral surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:467-476. [PMID: 32614516 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 548 mosquitoes were collected from different animal farms located near to highly populated cities in Xinjiang and were subjected to metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). The mNGS data demonstrated that 18,842 (XJ1 strain) and 1,077 (XJ2 strain) of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-related reads were detected in XJ1 and XJ2 mosquito samples collected from Wushi and Wensu counties of Aksu area, which accounted for 0.032% and 0.006% of the total clean reads generated from XJ1 and XJ2 samples, respectively. The Bayesian molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that XJ1 and XJ2 strains belonged to JEV genotype III and were clustered with JEV strains isolated in China. Notably, Bayesian molecular time line phylogeny revealed that XJ1 strain shared its MRCA with JEV GSS strain about 67 YA, suggesting that XJ1 strain likely originated from linages closely related to GSS strain and spread to Xinjiang later. Overall, these findings suggest that Xinjiang was probably not free from JEV, and thus, a further surveillance of JEV is required in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Di Di
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
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146
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Chapman GE, Sherlock K, Hesson JC, Blagrove MSC, Lycett GJ, Archer D, Solomon T, Baylis M. Laboratory transmission potential of British mosquitoes for equine arboviruses. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:413. [PMID: 32787904 PMCID: PMC7425075 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been no evidence of transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses of equine or human health concern to date in the UK. However, in recent years there have been a number of outbreaks of viral diseases spread by vectors in Europe. These events, in conjunction with increasing rates of globalisation and climate change, have led to concern over the future risk of mosquito-borne viral disease outbreaks in northern Europe and have highlighted the importance of being prepared for potential disease outbreaks. Here we assess several UK mosquito species for their potential to transmit arboviruses important for both equine and human health, as measured by the presence of viral RNA in saliva at different time points after taking an infective blood meal. RESULTS The following wild-caught British mosquitoes were evaluated for their potential as vectors of zoonotic equine arboviruses: Ochlerotatus detritus for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and Ross River virus (RRV), and Culiseta annulata and Culex pipiens for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Production of RNA in saliva was demonstrated at varying efficiencies for all mosquito-virus pairs. Ochlerotatus detritus was more permissive for production of RRV RNA in saliva than VEEV RNA. For RRV, 27.3% of mosquitoes expectorated viral RNA at 7 days post-infection when incubated at 21 °C and 50% at 24 °C. Strikingly, 72% of Cx. pipiens produced JEV RNA in saliva after 21 days at 18 °C. For some mosquito-virus pairs, infection and salivary RNA titres reduced over time, suggesting unstable infection dynamics. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the number of Palaearctic mosquito species that demonstrate expectoration of viral RNA, for arboviruses of importance to human and equine health. This work adds to evidence that native mosquito species should be investigated further for their potential to vector zoonotic mosquito-borne arboviral disease of equines in northern Europe. The evidence that Cx. pipiens is potentially an efficient laboratory vector of JEV at temperatures as low as 18 °C warrants further investigation, as this mosquito is abundant in cooler regions of Europe and is considered an important vector for West Nile Virus, which has a comparable transmission ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E. Chapman
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ken Sherlock
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jenny C. Hesson
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marcus S. C. Blagrove
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gareth J. Lycett
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Debra Archer
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Solomon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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147
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Liu B, Ma J, Jiao Z, Gao X, Xiao J, Wang H. Risk assessment for the Rift Valley fever occurrence in China: Special concern in south-west border areas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:445-457. [PMID: 32568445 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease. Since its first outbreak in 1930, RVF epidemics have caused huge economic losses and public health impacts in Africa. In 2000, RVF became a disease of global concern as it spread to the Arabian Peninsula. In our study, a Geographic Information System-based risk assessment for the occurrence of Rift Valley fever in China was established by means of ecological niche modelling. Based on occurrence records (RVF records from FAO EMPRES-i, vector records from literatures and GBIF) and high-resolution environmental layers, the prediction maps of RVF occurrence probability and distribution of five potential RVF vectors in China were modelled using Maxent. An internal validation was adopted for model verification, and high AUC values were obtained (0.918 for RVF and 0.837-0.992 for vectors). By overlaying the RVF prediction map with the combined RVF vector prediction map using Fuzzy overlay tool ('AND' operator) of ArcMap 10.2, we got the first risk map of possible RVF vector transmission. This map was further overlaid with the latest livestock distribution map ('AND' operator) to generate the second risk map of possible RVF threat to domestic livestock. The south-west border provinces in China, Yunnan, Guangxi and Tibet were predicted to have a high possibility of RVF occurrence. Conditions conducive to the local amplification of RVF also exist in these areas. Temperature seasonality, mean temperature of dry season and precipitation of the driest month were considered as key environmental variables for RVF, and common environmental conditions were found conductive for vectors. It is suggested to establish proper surveillance systems in south-west border areas to minimize the possibility of RVF invasion. Our findings can serve as a valuable reference for prevention measures to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhihui Jiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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148
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Taieb L, Ludwig A, Ogden NH, Lindsay RL, Iranpour M, Gagnon CA, Bicout DJ. Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124517. [PMID: 32585999 PMCID: PMC7344584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in WNV transmission in the greater Montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from WNV surveillance in wild birds (2002–2015); (ii) blood meal analysis of Culex pipiens–restuans (CPR), the primary enzootic vectors of WNV in the region, collected from surveillance in 2008 and 2014; (iii) literature review on the sero-prevalence/host competence of resident birds. Each of these data sources yielded 18, 23 and 53 species, and overall, 67 different bird species were identified as potential WNV amplifiers/reservoirs. Of those identified from CPR blood meals, Common starlings, American robins, Song sparrows and House sparrows ranked the highest and blood meal analysis demonstrated a seasonal shift in feed preference from birds to mammals by CPR. Our study indicates that there are broad similarities in the ecology of WNV between our region and the northeastern US, although the relative importance of bird species varies somewhat between regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Taieb
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (L.T.); (N.H.O.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Antoinette Ludwig
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (L.T.); (N.H.O.)
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (D.J.B.); Tel.: +33-673-267-496 (D.J.B.)
| | - Nick H. Ogden
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (L.T.); (N.H.O.)
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Robbin L. Lindsay
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (R.L.L.); (M.I.)
| | - Mahmood Iranpour
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (R.L.L.); (M.I.)
| | - Carl A. Gagnon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Dominique J. Bicout
- Biomathématiques et Épidémiologie, EPSP-TIMC, UMR CNRS 5525, Université Grenoble-Alpes, VetAgro Sup, 38700 La Tronche, France
- Laue-Langevin Institute, Theory Group, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (D.J.B.); Tel.: +33-673-267-496 (D.J.B.)
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149
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Alahmadi S, Ibrahim R, Messali M, Ali M. Effect of aminopyridinium-based ionic liquids against larvae of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1782601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alahmadi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Economic Entomology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mouslim Messali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Medhat Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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150
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Forced Zika Virus Infection of Culex pipiens Leads to Limited Virus Accumulation in Mosquito Saliva. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060659. [PMID: 32575394 PMCID: PMC7354520 DOI: 10.3390/v12060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that caused a large outbreak in the Americas in 2015 and 2016. The virus is currently present in tropical areas around the globe and can cause severe disease in humans, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and congenital microcephaly. The tropical yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is the main vector in the urban transmission cycles of ZIKV. The discovery of ZIKV in wild-caught Culex mosquitoes and the ability of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to transmit ZIKV in the laboratory raised the question of whether the common house mosquito Culex pipiens, which is abundantly present in temperate regions in North America, Asia and Europe, could also be involved in ZIKV transmission. In this study, we investigated the vector competence of Cx. pipiens (biotypes molestus and pipiens) from the Netherlands for ZIKV, using Usutu virus as a control. After an infectious blood meal containing ZIKV, none of the tested mosquitoes accumulated ZIKV in the saliva, although 2% of the Cx. pipiens pipiens mosquitoes showed ZIKV–positive bodies. To test the barrier function of the mosquito midgut on virus transmission, ZIKV was forced into Cx. pipiens mosquitoes by intrathoracic injection, resulting in 74% (molestus) and 78% (pipiens) ZIKV–positive bodies. Strikingly, 14% (molestus) and 7% (pipiens) of the tested mosquitoes accumulated ZIKV in the saliva after injection. This is the first demonstration of ZIKV accumulation in the saliva of Cx. pipiens upon forced infection. Nevertheless, a strong midgut barrier restricted virus dissemination in the mosquito after oral exposure and we, therefore, consider Cx. pipiens as a highly inefficient vector for ZIKV.
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