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Bokiniec P, Shahbazian S, McDougall SJ, Berning BA, Cheng D, Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Burke PGR, McMullan S, Mühlenhoff M, Hildebrandt H, Braet F, Connor M, Packer NH, Goodchild AK. Polysialic Acid Regulates Sympathetic Outflow by Facilitating Information Transfer within the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6558-6574. [PMID: 28576943 PMCID: PMC6596603 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0200-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the large extracellular glycan, polysialic acid (polySia), is restricted in the adult, to brain regions exhibiting high levels of plasticity or remodeling, including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The NTS, located in the dorsal brainstem, receives constant viscerosensory afferent traffic as well as input from central regions controlling sympathetic nerve activity, respiration, gastrointestinal functions, hormonal release, and behavior. Our aims were to determine the ultrastructural location of polySia in the NTS and the functional effects of enzymatic removal of polySia, both in vitro and in vivo polySia immunoreactivity was found throughout the adult rat NTS. Electron microscopy demonstrated polySia at sites that influence neurotransmission: the extracellular space, fine astrocytic processes, and neuronal terminals. Removing polySia from the NTS had functional consequences. Whole-cell electrophysiological recordings revealed altered intrinsic membrane properties, enhancing voltage-gated K+ currents and increasing intracellular Ca2+ Viscerosensory afferent processing was also disrupted, dampening low-frequency excitatory input and potentiating high-frequency sustained currents at second-order neurons. Removal of polySia in the NTS of anesthetized rats increased sympathetic nerve activity, whereas functionally related enzymes that do not alter polySia expression had little effect. These data indicate that polySia is required for the normal transmission of information through the NTS and that changes in its expression alter sympathetic outflow. polySia is abundant in multiple but discrete brain regions, including sensory nuclei, in both the adult rat and human, where it may regulate neuronal function by mechanisms identified here.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT All cells are coated in glycans (sugars) existing predominantly as glycolipids, proteoglycans, or glycoproteins formed by the most complex form of posttranslational modification, glycosylation. How these glycans influence brain function is only now beginning to be elucidated. The adult nucleus of the solitary tract has abundant polysialic acid (polySia) and is a major site of integration, receiving viscerosensory information which controls critical homeostatic functions. Our data reveal that polySia is a determinant of neuronal behavior and excitatory transmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract, regulating sympathetic nerve activity. polySia is abundantly expressed at distinct brain sites in adult, including major sensory nuclei, suggesting that sensory transmission may also be influenced via mechanisms described here. These findings hint at the importance of elucidating how other glycans influence neural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Bokiniec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 New South Wales, Australia
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, Berlin, 13092, Germany
| | - Shila Shahbazian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDougall
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Britt A Berning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Delfine Cheng
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ida J Llewellyn-Smith
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042 South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter G R Burke
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, 2031 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon McMullan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institut für Zelluläre Chemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institut für Zelluläre Chemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Filip Braet
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 New South Wales, Australia, and
| | - Ann K Goodchild
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 New South Wales, Australia,
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102
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Early Social Isolation Stress and Perinatal NMDA Receptor Antagonist Treatment Induce Changes in the Structure and Neurochemistry of Inhibitory Neurons of the Adult Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0034-17. [PMID: 28466069 PMCID: PMC5411163 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0034-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure to aversive experiences during early life influences brain development and leads to altered behavior. Moreover, the combination of these experiences with subtle alterations in neurodevelopment may contribute to the emergence of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Recent hypotheses suggest that imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) neurotransmission, especially in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, may underlie their etiopathology. In order to understand better the neurobiological bases of these alterations, we studied the impact of altered neurodevelopment and chronic early-life stress on these two brain regions. Transgenic mice displaying fluorescent excitatory and inhibitory neurons, received a single injection of MK801 (NMDAR antagonist) or vehicle solution at postnatal day 7 and/or were socially isolated from the age of weaning until adulthood (3 months old). We found that anxiety-related behavior, brain volume, neuronal structure, and the expression of molecules related to plasticity and E/I neurotransmission in adult mice were importantly affected by early-life stress. Interestingly, many of these effects were potentiated when the stress paradigm was applied to mice perinatally injected with MK801 ("double-hit" model). These results clearly show the impact of early-life stress on the adult brain, especially on the structure and plasticity of inhibitory networks, and highlight the double-hit model as a valuable tool to study the contribution of early-life stress in the emergence of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia.
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103
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Monzo HJ, Coppieters N, Park TIH, Dieriks BV, Faull RLM, Dragunow M, Curtis MA. Insulin promotes cell migration by regulating PSA-NCAM. Exp Cell Res 2017; 355:26-39. [PMID: 28341445 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular interactions with the extracellular environment are modulated by cell surface polysialic acid (PSA) carried by the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). PSA-NCAM is involved in cellular processes such as differentiation, plasticity, and migration, and is elevated in Alzheimer's disease as well as in metastatic tumour cells. Our previous work demonstrated that insulin enhances the abundance of cell surface PSA by inhibiting PSA-NCAM endocytosis. In the present study we have identified a mechanism for insulin-dependent inhibition of PSA-NCAM turnover affecting cell migration. Insulin enhanced the phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase leading to dissociation of αv-integrin/PSA-NCAM clusters, and promoted cell migration. Our results show that αv-integrin plays a key role in the PSA-NCAM turnover process. αv-integrin knockdown stopped PSA-NCAM from being endocytosed, and αv-integrin/PSA-NCAM clusters co-labelled intracellularly with Rab5, altogether indicating a role for αv-integrin as a carrier for PSA-NCAM during internalisation. Furthermore, inhibition of p-FAK caused dissociation of αv-integrin/PSA-NCAM clusters and counteracted the insulin-induced accumulation of PSA at the cell surface and cell migration was impaired. Our data reveal a functional association between the insulin/p-FAK-dependent regulation of PSA-NCAM turnover and cell migration through the extracellular matrix. Most importantly, they identify a novel mechanism for insulin-stimulated cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector J Monzo
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natacha Coppieters
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I H Park
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Birger V Dieriks
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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104
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Orts-Del’Immagine A, Trouslard J, Airault C, Hugnot JP, Cordier B, Doan T, Kastner A, Wanaverbecq N. Postnatal maturation of mouse medullo-spinal cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons. Neuroscience 2017; 343:39-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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105
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Kreuzmann D, Horstkorte R, Kohla G, Kannicht C, Bennmann D, Thate A, Bork K. Increased Polysialylation of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Sialuria. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1188-1193. [PMID: 27966821 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sialuria is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of mammalian metabolism, caused by defective feedback inhibition of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE), the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis. Sialuria is characterized by overproduction of free sialic acid in the cell cytoplasm. Patients exhibit vastly increased urinary excretion of sialic acid and show differently pronounced developmental delays. The physiopathology of sialuria is not well understood. Here we established a transgenic mouse line that expresses GNE containing the sialuria mutation R263L, in order to investigate the influence of an altered sialic acid concentration on the organism. The transgenic mice that expressed the mutated RNA excreted up to 400 times more N-acetylneuraminic acid than wild-type mice. Additionally, we found higher sialic acid concentration in the brain cytoplasm. Analyzing the (poly)sialylation of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) revealed increased polysialylation in brains of transgenic mice compared to wild-type. However, we found only minor changes in membrane-bound sialylation in various organs but, surprisingly, a significant increase in surface sialylation on leukocytes. Our results suggest that the intracellular sialic acid concentration regulates polysialylation on NCAM in vivo; this could play a role in the manifestation of the developmental delays in sialuria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Kreuzmann
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Guido Kohla
- Octapharma Biopharmaceuticals GmbH, Molecular Biochemistry, Walther-Nernst-Strasse 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Kannicht
- Octapharma Biopharmaceuticals GmbH, Molecular Biochemistry, Walther-Nernst-Strasse 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorit Bennmann
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Annett Thate
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Kaya Bork
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle/Saale, Germany
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106
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Mitrović N, Zarić M, Drakulić D, Martinović J, Sévigny J, Stanojlović M, Nedeljković N, Grković I. 17β-Estradiol-Induced Synaptic Rearrangements Are Accompanied by Altered Ectonucleotidase Activities in Male Rat Hippocampal Synaptosomes. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:412-422. [PMID: 27981418 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) rapidly, by binding to membrane estrogen receptors, activates cell signaling cascades which induce formation of new dendritic spines in the hippocampus of males as in females, but the interaction with other metabolic processes, such as extracellular adenine nucleotides metabolism, are currently unknown. Extracellular adenine nucleotides play significant roles, controlling excitatory glutamatergic synapses and development of neural circuits and synaptic plasticity. Their precise regulation in the synaptic cleft is tightly controlled by ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase)/ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN) enzyme chain. Therefore, we sought to clarify whether a single systemic injection of E2 in male rats is accompanied by changes in the expression of the pre- and postsynaptic proteins and downstream kinases linked to E2-induced synaptic rearrangement as well as alterations in NTPDase/eN pathway in the hippocampal synaptosomes. Obtained data showed activation of mammalian target of rapamycin and upregulation of key synaptic proteins necessary for spine formation, 24 h after systemic E2 administration. In E2-mediated conditions, we found downregulation of NTPDase1 and NTPDase2 and attenuation of adenine nucleotide hydrolysis by NTPDase/eN enzyme chain, without changes in NTPDase3 properties and augmentation of synaptic tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity. Despite reduced NTPDase activities, increased TNAP activity probably prevents toxic accumulation of ATP in the extracellular milieu and also hydrolyzes accumulated ADP due to unchanged NTPDase3 activity. Thus, our initial evaluation supports idea of specific roles of different ectonucleotidases and their coordinated actions in E2-mediated spine remodeling and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Marina Zarić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Dunja Drakulić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Jelena Martinović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Miloš Stanojlović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Nadežda Nedeljković
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia.
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107
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Wieraszko A, Ahmed Z. Direct Current-Induced Calcium Trafficking in Different Neuronal Preparations. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2823735. [PMID: 28074161 PMCID: PMC5198193 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2823735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of direct current (DC) stimulation on radioactive calcium trafficking in sciatic nerve in vivo and in vitro, spinal cord, and synaptosomes was investigated. The exposure to DC enhanced calcium redistribution in all of these preparations. The effect was dependent on the strength of the stimulation and extended beyond the phase of exposure to DC. The DC-induced increase in calcium sequestration by synaptosomes was significantly reduced by cobalt and rupture of synaptosomes by osmotic shock. Although both anodal and cathodal currents were effective, the experiments with two electrodes of different areas revealed that cathodal stimulation exerted stronger effect. The exposure to DC induced not only relocation but also redistribution of calcium within segments of the sciatic nerve. Enzymatic removal of sialic acid by preincubation of synaptosomes with neuroaminidase, or carrying out the experiments in sodium-free environment, amplified DC-induced calcium accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wieraszko
- Department of Biology, The College of Staten Island/City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Zaghloul Ahmed
- Department of Physical Therapy, The College of Staten Island/City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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108
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Mehrabian M, Hildebrandt H, Schmitt-Ulms G. NCAM1 Polysialylation: The Prion Protein's Elusive Reason for Being? ASN Neuro 2016; 8:8/6/1759091416679074. [PMID: 27879349 PMCID: PMC5122176 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416679074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Much confusion surrounds the physiological function of the cellular prion protein (PrPC). It is, however, anticipated that knowledge of its function will shed light on its contribution to neurodegenerative diseases and suggest ways to interfere with the cellular toxicity central to them. Consequently, efforts to elucidate its function have been all but exhaustive. Building on earlier work that uncovered the evolutionary descent of the prion founder gene from an ancestral ZIP zinc transporter, we recently investigated a possible role of PrPC in a morphogenetic program referred to as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). By capitalizing on PrPC knockout cell clones in a mammalian cell model of EMT and using a comparative proteomics discovery strategy, neural cell adhesion molecule-1 emerged as a protein whose upregulation during EMT was perturbed in PrPC knockout cells. Follow-up work led us to observe that PrPC regulates the polysialylation of the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM1 in cells undergoing morphogenetic reprogramming. In addition to governing cellular migration, polysialylation modulates several other cellular plasticity programs PrPC has been phenotypically linked to. These include neurogenesis in the subventricular zone, controlled mossy fiber sprouting and trimming in the hippocampal formation, hematopoietic stem cell renewal, myelin repair and maintenance, integrity of the circadian rhythm, and glutamatergic signaling. This review revisits this body of literature and attempts to present it in light of this novel contextual framework. When approached in this manner, a coherent model of PrPC acting as a regulator of polysialylation during specific cell and tissue morphogenesis events comes into focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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109
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Sullivan CS, Kümper M, Temple BS, Maness PF. The Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) Promotes Clustering and Activation of EphA3 Receptors in GABAergic Interneurons to Induce Ras Homolog Gene Family, Member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)-mediated Growth Cone Collapse. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26262-26272. [PMID: 27803162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.760017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of a proper balance of excitatory and inhibitory connectivity is achieved during development of cortical networks and adjusted through synaptic plasticity. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA3 regulate the perisomatic synapse density of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in the mouse frontal cortex through ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse. In this study, it was demonstrated that binding of NCAM and EphA3 occurred between the NCAM Ig2 domain and EphA3 cysteine-rich domain (CRD). The binding interface was further refined through molecular modeling and mutagenesis and shown to be comprised of complementary charged residues in the NCAM Ig2 domain (Arg-156 and Lys-162) and the EphA3 CRD (Glu-248 and Glu-264). Ephrin-A5 induced co-clustering of surface-bound NCAM and EphA3 in GABAergic cortical interneurons in culture. Receptor clustering was impaired by a charge reversal mutation that disrupted NCAM/EphA3 association, emphasizing the importance of the NCAM/EphA3 binding interface for cluster formation. NCAM enhanced ephrin-A5-induced EphA3 autophosphorylation and activation of RhoA GTPase, indicating a role for NCAM in activating EphA3 signaling through clustering. NCAM-mediated clustering of EphA3 was essential for ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse in cortical GABAergic interneurons, and RhoA and a principal effector, Rho-associated protein kinase, mediated the collapse response. This study delineates a mechanism in which NCAM promotes ephrin-A5-dependent clustering of EphA3 through interaction of the NCAM Ig2 domain and the EphA3 CRD, stimulating EphA3 autophosphorylation and RhoA signaling necessary for growth cone repulsion in GABAergic interneurons in vitro, which may extend to remodeling of axonal terminals of interneurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Sullivan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
| | - Maike Kümper
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
| | - Brenda S Temple
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
| | - Patricia F Maness
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
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110
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Li JH, Chen ZX, Zhang XG, Li Y, Yang WT, Zheng XW, Chen S, Lu L, Gu Y, Zheng GQ. Bioactive components of Chinese herbal medicine enhance endogenous neurogenesis in animal models of ischemic stroke: A systematic analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4904. [PMID: 27749547 PMCID: PMC5059049 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been used to treat stroke for thousands of years. The objective of the study is to assess the current evidence for bioactive components of CHM as neurogenesis agent in animal models of ischemic stroke. METHODS We searched PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database, and VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals published from the inception up to November 2015. The primary measured outcome was one of neurogenesis biomarker, including Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), Nestin, doublecortin (DCX), polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). RESULTS Thirty eligible studies were identified. The score of quality assessment ranged from 2 of 10 to 7 of 10. Compared with controls, 10 studies conducting neurobehavioral evaluation showed significant effects on bioactive components of CHM for improving neurological deficits score after ischemic insults (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); 6 studies in Morris water-maze test showed bioactive components of CHM significantly decreased escape latency and increased residence time (P < 0.05); 5 studies demonstrated that bioactive components of CHM significantly reduced infarct volume after ischemic stroke (P < 0.05); 25 of 26 studies showed that bioactive components of CHM significantly increased the expression of BrdU and/or Nestin markers in rats/mice brain after ischemic injury (P < 0.05, or P < 0.01); 4 of 5 studies for promoting the expression of PSA-NCAM or DCX biomarker (P < 0.05); 5 studies for improving the expression of NeuN biomarker (P < 0.05); 6 of 7 studies for promoting the expression of GFAP biomarker in brain after ischemic stroke (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that bioactive components of CHM may improve neurological function, reduce infarct volume, and promote endogenous neurogenesis, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural stem cells after ischemic stroke. However, evidences are supported but limited because only a few studies were available for each descriptive analysis. Further rigor study is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Huang Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Zi-Xian Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Xiao-Guang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Wen-Ting Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Xia-Wei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence: Yong Gu, Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China (e-mail: ); Guo-Qing Zheng, Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China (e-mail: )
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
- Correspondence: Yong Gu, Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China (e-mail: ); Guo-Qing Zheng, Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China (e-mail: )
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Ray GJ, Siekmann J, Scheinecker R, Zhang Z, Gerasimov MV, Szabo CM, Kosma P. Reaction of Oxidized Polysialic Acid and a Diaminooxy Linker: Characterization and Process Optimization Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2071-80. [PMID: 27506297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Joseph Ray
- Baxter International Inc., 25212
West Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, Illinois 60073, United States
| | - Jürgen Siekmann
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, now part of Shire, Industriestraße 67, Vienna, A-1221, Austria
| | - Richard Scheinecker
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, now part of Shire, Industriestraße 67, Vienna, A-1221, Austria
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Mikhail V. Gerasimov
- Baxter International Inc., 25212
West Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, Illinois 60073, United States
| | - Christina M. Szabo
- Baxter International Inc., 25212
West Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, Illinois 60073, United States
| | - Paul Kosma
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, A-1190, Austria
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112
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Ballout N, Frappé I, Péron S, Jaber M, Zibara K, Gaillard A. Development and Maturation of Embryonic Cortical Neurons Grafted into the Damaged Adult Motor Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:55. [PMID: 27536221 PMCID: PMC4971105 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the human central nervous system can lead to devastating consequences due to its poor ability to self-repair. Neural transplantation aimed at replacing lost neurons and restore functional circuitry has proven to be a promising therapeutical avenue. We previously reported in adult rodent animal models with cortical lesions that grafted fetal cortical neurons could effectively re-establish specific patterns of projections and synapses. The current study was designed to provide a detailed characterization of the spatio-temporal in vivo development of fetal cortical transplanted cells within the lesioned adult motor cortex and their corresponding axonal projections. We show here that as early as 2 weeks after grafting, cortical neuroblasts transplanted into damaged adult motor cortex developed appropriate projections to cortical and subcortical targets. Grafted cells initially exhibited characteristics of immature neurons, which then differentiated into mature neurons with appropriate cortical phenotypes where most were glutamatergic and few were GABAergic. All cortical subtypes identified with the specific markers CTIP2, Cux1, FOXP2, and Tbr1 were generated after grafting as evidenced with BrdU co-labeling. The set of data provided here is of interest as it sets biological standards for future studies aimed at replacing fetal cells with embryonic stem cells as a source of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissrine Ballout
- Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1084Poitiers, France; Pole Biologie Sante, Université de Poitiers, U1084Poitiers, France; Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon; ER045 - Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, DSSTBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle Frappé
- Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1084Poitiers, France; Pole Biologie Sante, Université de Poitiers, U1084Poitiers, France
| | - Sophie Péron
- Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1084Poitiers, France; Pole Biologie Sante, Université de Poitiers, U1084Poitiers, France
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1084Poitiers, France; Pole Biologie Sante, Université de Poitiers, U1084Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de PoitiersPoitiers, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon; ER045 - Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, DSSTBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Afsaneh Gaillard
- Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1084Poitiers, France; Pole Biologie Sante, Université de Poitiers, U1084Poitiers, France
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113
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Murray HC, Low VF, Swanson ME, Dieriks BV, Turner C, Faull RL, Curtis MA. Distribution of PSA-NCAM in normal, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease human brain. Neuroscience 2016; 330:359-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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114
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Castillo-Gómez E, Pérez-Rando M, Vidueira S, Nacher J. Polysialic Acid Acute Depletion Induces Structural Plasticity in Interneurons and Impairs the Excitation/Inhibition Balance in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Organotypic Cultures. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:170. [PMID: 27445697 PMCID: PMC4925659 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is affected in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and major depression. Recent studies suggest that imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory activity (E/I) may be responsible for this cortical dysfunction and therefore, may underlie the core symptoms of these diseases. This E/I imbalance seems to be correlated with alterations in the plasticity of interneurons but there is still scarce information on the mechanisms that may link these phenomena. The polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is a good candidate, because it modulates the neuronal plasticity of interneurons and its expression is altered in schizophrenia and major depression. To address this question, we have developed an in vitro model using mPFC organotypic cultures of transgenic mice displaying fluorescent spiny interneurons. After enzymatic depletion of PSA, the spine density of interneurons, the number of synaptic puncta surrounding pyramidal neuron somata and the E/I ratio were strongly affected. These results point to the polysialylation of NCAM as an important factor in the maintenance of E/I balance and the structural plasticity of interneurons. This may be particularly relevant for better understanding the etiology of schizophrenia and major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Castillo-Gómez
- Neurobiology Unit/BIOTECMED, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM): Spanish National Network for Research in Mental HealthMadrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Rando
- Neurobiology Unit/BIOTECMED, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Vidueira
- Neurobiology Unit/BIOTECMED, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit/BIOTECMED, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM): Spanish National Network for Research in Mental HealthMadrid, Spain; Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVAValencia, Spain
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115
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Dyer AH, Vahdatpour C, Sanfeliu A, Tropea D. The role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in brain development, maturation and neuroplasticity. Neuroscience 2016; 325:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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116
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Evers J, Devane L, Carrington EV, Scott SM, Knowles CH, O'Connell PR, Jones JFX. Reversal of sensory deficit through sacral neuromodulation in an animal model of fecal incontinence. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:665-73. [PMID: 26821877 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a treatment option for intractable fecal incontinence. The mechanism of action is unclear, however, increasing evidence for afferent somatosensory effects exists. This study's aim was to elucidate effects of acute SNM on the cerebral cortex in a rodent model of pudendal nerve injury. METHODS The effects of 14 Hz and 2 Hz SNM on sensory cortical activation were studied. In 32 anesthetized rats, anal canal evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded over the primary somatosensory cortex. Pudendal nerve injury was produced by 1-hour inflation of two intra-pelvic balloons. Four groups were studied: balloon injury, balloon injury plus either 14 Hz or 2 Hz SNM, sham operation. Immunohistochemistry for the neural plasticity marker polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) positive cells (numerical density and location) in the somatosensory cortex was performed. KEY RESULTS Anal EP amplitudes diminished during balloon inflation; 14 Hz SNM restored diminished anal EPs to initial levels and 2 Hz SNM to above initial levels. Evoked potential latencies were prolonged during balloon inflation. The numerical density of PSA-NCAM positive cells increased in the SNM groups, but not in sham or balloon injury without SNM. Stimulated cortices showed clusters of PSA-NCAM positive cells in layers II, IV, and V. Post SNM changes were similar in both SNM groups. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Sacral neuromodulation augments anal representation in the sensory cortex and restores afferent pathways following injury. PSA-NCAM positive cell density is increased in stimulated cortices and positive cells are clustered in layers II, IV, and V.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Evers
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Devane
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E V Carrington
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation and GI Physiology Unit, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - S M Scott
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation and GI Physiology Unit, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - C H Knowles
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation and GI Physiology Unit, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - P R O'Connell
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J F X Jones
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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117
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Sato C, Hane M, Kitajima K. Relationship between ST8SIA2, polysialic acid and its binding molecules, and psychiatric disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1739-52. [PMID: 27105834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia, PSA) is a unique and functionally important glycan, particularly in vertebrate brains. It is involved in higher brain functions such as learning, memory, and social behaviors. Recently, an association between several genetic variations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ST8SIA2/STX, one of two polysialyltransferase genes in vertebrates, and psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), was reported based on candidate gene approaches and genome-wide studies among normal and mental disorder patients. It is of critical importance to determine if the reported mutations and SNPs in ST8SIA2 lead to impairments of the structure and function of polySia, which is the final product of ST8SIA2. To date, however, only a few such forward-directed studies have been conducted. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying polySia-involved brain functions remain unknown, although polySia was shown to have an anti-adhesive effect. In this report, we review the relationships between psychiatric disorders and polySia and/or ST8SIA2, and describe a new function of polySia as a regulator of neurologically active molecules, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine, which are deeply involved in psychiatric disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Sato
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Masaya Hane
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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118
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Mahmoud R, Wainwright SR, Galea LAM. Sex hormones and adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Regulation, implications, and potential mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:129-52. [PMID: 26988999 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus is modulated by endogenous and exogenous factors. Here, we review the role of sex hormones in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in males and females. The review is framed around the potential functional implications of sex hormone regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, with a focus on cognitive function and mood regulation, which may be related to sex differences in incidence and severity of dementia and depression. We present findings from preclinical studies of endogenous fluctuations in sex hormones relating to reproductive function and ageing, and from studies of exogenous hormone manipulations. In addition, we discuss the modulating roles of sex, age, and reproductive history on the relationship between sex hormones and neurogenesis. Because sex hormones have diverse targets in the central nervous system, we overview potential mechanisms through which sex hormones may influence hippocampal neurogenesis. Lastly, we advocate for a more systematic consideration of sex and sex hormones in studying the functional implications of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Mahmoud
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Steven R Wainwright
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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119
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Effects of Chronic Dopamine D2R Agonist Treatment and Polysialic Acid Depletion on Dendritic Spine Density and Excitatory Neurotransmission in the mPFC of Adult Rats. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1615363. [PMID: 27110404 PMCID: PMC4821975 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1615363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are key players in the etiology and therapeutics of schizophrenia. The overactivation of these receptors contributes to mPFC dysfunction. Chronic treatment with D2R agonists modifies the expression of molecules implicated in neuronal structural plasticity, synaptic function, and inhibitory neurotransmission, which are also altered in schizophrenia. These changes are dependent on the expression of the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), a plasticity-related molecule, but nothing is known about the effects of D2R and PSA-NCAM on excitatory neurotransmission and the structure of mPFC pyramidal neurons, two additional features affected in schizophrenia. To evaluate these parameters, we have chronically treated adult rats with PPHT (a D2R agonist) after enzymatic removal of PSA with Endo-N. Both treatments decreased spine density in apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons without affecting their inhibitory innervation. Endo-N also reduced the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter-1. These results indicate that D2R and PSA-NCAM are important players in the regulation of the structural plasticity of mPFC excitatory neurons. This is relevant to our understanding of the neurobiological basis of schizophrenia, in which structural alterations of pyramidal neurons and altered expression of D2R and PSA-NCAM have been found.
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120
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Murthy RV, Bharate P, Gade M, Sangabathuni S, Kikkeri R. Effect of Transition Metals on Polysialic Acid Structure and Functions. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:667-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Vasudeva Murthy
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411021 India
| | - Priya Bharate
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411021 India
| | - Madhuri Gade
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411021 India
| | - Sivakoti Sangabathuni
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411021 India
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411021 India
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121
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López-Hidalgo R, Ballestín R, Vega J, Blasco-Ibáñez JM, Crespo C, Gilabert-Juan J, Nácher J, Varea E. Hypocellularity in the Murine Model for Down Syndrome Ts65Dn Is Not Affected by Adult Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:75. [PMID: 26973453 PMCID: PMC4773601 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of the chromosome 21 and it is the most common aneuploidy producing intellectual disability. Neural mechanisms underlying this alteration may include defects in the formation of neuronal networks, information processing and brain plasticity. The murine model for DS, Ts65Dn, presents reduced adult neurogenesis. This reduction has been suggested to underlie the hypocellularity of the hippocampus as well as the deficit in olfactory learning in the Ts65Dn mice. Similar alterations have also been observed in individuals with DS. To determine whether the impairment in adult neurogenesis is, in fact, responsible for the hypocellularity in the hippocampus and physiology of the olfactory bulb, we have analyzed cell proliferation and neuronal maturation in the two major adult neurogenic niches in the Ts656Dn mice: the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Additionally, we carried out a study to determine the survival rate and phenotypic fate of newly generated cells in both regions, injecting 5'BrdU and sacrificing the mice 21 days later, and analyzing the number and phenotype of the remaining 5'BrdU-positive cells. We observed a reduction in the number of proliferating (Ki67 positive) cells and immature (doublecortin positive) neurons in the subgranular and SVZ of Ts65Dn mice, but we did not observe changes in the number of surviving cells or in their phenotype. These data correlated with a lower number of apoptotic cells (cleaved caspase 3 positive) in Ts65Dn. We conclude that although adult Ts65Dn mice have a lower number of proliferating cells, it is compensated by a lower level of cell death. This higher survival rate in Ts65Dn produces a final number of mature cells similar to controls. Therefore, the reduction of adult neurogenesis cannot be held responsible for the neuronal hypocellularity in the hippocampus or for the olfactory learning deficit of Ts65Dn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa López-Hidalgo
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Raul Ballestín
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Jessica Vega
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - José M. Blasco-Ibáñez
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Carlos Crespo
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Javier Gilabert-Juan
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVAValència, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental HealthValència, Spain
- Genetics Department, CIBERSAM, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Juan Nácher
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVAValència, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental HealthValència, Spain
- Genetics Department, CIBERSAM, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Emilio Varea
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
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122
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Kuhn HG, Eisch AJ, Spalding K, Peterson DA. Detection and Phenotypic Characterization of Adult Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:a025981. [PMID: 26931327 PMCID: PMC4772100 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies of adult neurogenesis have greatly expanded in the last decade, largely as a result of improved tools for detecting and quantifying neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize and critically evaluate detection methods for neurogenesis in mammalian and human brain tissue. Besides thymidine analog labeling, cell-cycle markers are discussed, as well as cell stage and lineage commitment markers. Use of these histological tools is critically evaluated in terms of their strengths and limitations, as well as possible artifacts. Finally, we discuss the method of radiocarbon dating for determining cell and tissue turnover in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Georg Kuhn
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Amelia J Eisch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070
| | - Kirsty Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Daniel A Peterson
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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123
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Luke MPS, LeVatte TL, O'Reilly AM, Smith BJ, Tremblay F, Brown RE, Clarke DB. Effect of NCAM on aged-related deterioration in vision. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 41:93-106. [PMID: 27103522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is involved in developmental processes and age-associated cognitive decline; however, little is known concerning the effects of NCAM in the visual system during aging. Using anatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral assays, we analyzed age-related changes in visual function of NCAM deficient (-/-) and wild-type mice. Anatomical analyses indicated that aging NCAM -/- mice had fewer retinal ganglion cells, thinner retinas, and fewer photoreceptor cell layers than age-matched controls. Electroretinogram testing of retinal function in young adult NCAM -/- mice showed a 2-fold increase in a- and b-wave amplitude compared with wild-type mice, but the retinal activity dropped dramatically to control levels when the animals reached 10 months. In behavioral tasks, NCAM -/- mice had no visual pattern discrimination ability and showed premature loss of vision as they aged. Together, these findings demonstrate that NCAM plays significant roles in the adult visual system in establishing normal retinal anatomy, physiology and function, and in maintaining vision during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Po-Shan Luke
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Terry L LeVatte
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amanda M O'Reilly
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Smith
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - François Tremblay
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Science Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David B Clarke
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Mione J, Manrique C, Duhoo Y, Roman FS, Guiraudie-Capraz G. Expression of polysialyltransferases (STX and PST) in adult rat olfactory bulb after an olfactory associative discrimination task. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 130:52-60. [PMID: 26844880 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis occur in the adult hippocampus and in other brain structures such as the olfactory bulb and often involve the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM. During an olfactory associative discrimination learning task, NCAM polysialylation triggers neuronal plasticity in the adult hippocampus. The PST enzyme likely modulates this polysialylation, but not STX, a second sialyltransferase. How the two polysialyltransferases are involved in the adult olfactory bulb remains unknown. We addressed this question by investigating the effect of olfactory associative learning on plasticity and neurogenesis. After a hippocampo-dependent olfactory associative task learning, we measured the expression of both PST and STX polysialyltransferases in the olfactory bulbs of adult rats using quantitative PCR. In parallel, immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate both NCAM polysialylation level and newly-born cells, with or without learning. After learning, no changes were observed neither in the expression level of PST and NCAM polysialylation, nor in STX gene expression level and newly-born cells number in the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mione
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN, UMR 7259, 13344 Marseille, France
| | - C Manrique
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, FR 3512, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Y Duhoo
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN, UMR 7259, 13344 Marseille, France
| | - F S Roman
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN, UMR 7259, 13344 Marseille, France
| | - G Guiraudie-Capraz
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN, UMR 7259, 13344 Marseille, France.
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125
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Guirado R, La Terra D, Bourguignon M, Carceller H, Umemori J, Sipilä P, Nacher J, Castrén E. Effects of PSA Removal from NCAM on the Critical Period Plasticity Triggered by the Antidepressant Fluoxetine in the Visual Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:22. [PMID: 26903807 PMCID: PMC4743432 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity peaks during critical periods of postnatal development and is reduced towards adulthood. Recent data suggests that windows of juvenile-like plasticity can be triggered in the adult brain by antidepressant drugs such as Fluoxetine. Although the exact mechanisms of how Fluoxetine promotes such plasticity remains unknown, several studies indicate that inhibitory circuits play an important role. The polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecules (PSA-NCAM) has been suggested to mediate the effects of Fluoxetine and it is expressed in the adult brain by mature interneurons. Moreover, the enzymatic removal of PSA by neuroaminidase-N not only affects the structure of interneurons but also has been shown to play a role in the onset of critical periods during development. We have here used ocular dominance plasticity in the mouse visual cortex as a model to investigate whether removal of PSA might influence the Fluoxetine-induced plasticity. We demonstrate that PSA removal in the adult visual cortex alters neither the baseline ocular dominance, nor the fluoxetine-induced shift in the ocular dominance. We also show that both chronic Fluoxetine treatment and PSA removal independently increase the basal FosB expression in parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the primary visual cortex. Therefore, our data suggest that although PSA-NCAM regulates inhibitory circuitry, it is not required for the reactivation of juvenile-like plasticity triggered by Fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Guirado
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Danilo La Terra
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mathieu Bourguignon
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto UniversityHelsinki, Finland; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and LanguageDonostia, Spain
| | - Hector Carceller
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, CIBERSAM, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Universitat de Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Juzoh Umemori
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Sipilä
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland; Max Planck Institute for NeurobiologyMartinsried, Germany
| | - Juan Nacher
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, CIBERSAM, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Universitat de Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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126
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Petrelli F, Bezzi P. Novel insights into gliotransmitters. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 26:138-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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127
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Lu L, Zhang XG, Zhong LL, Chen ZX, Li Y, Zheng GQ, Bian ZX. Acupuncture for neurogenesis in experimental ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19521. [PMID: 26786869 PMCID: PMC4726177 DOI: 10.1038/srep19521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture has been used for patients with stroke and post-stroke rehabilitation for thousands of years. Previous studies reported that acupuncture enhanced stroke recovery through neurogenesis. Hence, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis for preclinical studies to assess the current evidence for acupuncture effect on neurogenesis in treating ischaemic stroke. Studies were obtained from six databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP information database, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Ultimately, 34 studies containing 1617 animals were identified. Neurogenesis markers of Brdu, Nestin, PSA-NCAM, NeuN and GFAP were selected as major outcomes. The pooled results of 15 studies marked with Brdu showed significant effects of acupuncture for improving proliferation when compared with control groups (P < 0.01); 13 studies marked with Nestin showed significant effects of acupuncture for increasing proliferation when compared with control groups (P < 0.01); 4 studies marked with PSA-NCAM showed significant effects of acupuncture for enhancing migration when compared with control groups (P < 0.01); 4 studies marked with NeuN showed significant effects of acupuncture for stimulating differentiation when compared with control groups (P < 0.01). The findings suggest that acupuncture is a prospective therapy targeting neurogenesis for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiao-guang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Linda L.D. Zhong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zi-xian Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Guo-qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhao-xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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128
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Pischedda F, Piccoli G. The IgLON Family Member Negr1 Promotes Neuronal Arborization Acting as Soluble Factor via FGFR2. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 8:89. [PMID: 26793057 PMCID: PMC4710852 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IgLON proteins are GPI anchored adhesion molecules that control neurite outgrowth. In particular, Negr1 down-regulation negatively influences neuronal arborization in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we found that the metalloprotease ADAM10 releases Negr1 from neuronal membrane. Ectodomain shedding influences several neuronal mechanisms, including survival, synaptogenesis, and the formation of neurite trees. By combining morphological analysis and virus-mediated selective protein silencing in primary murine cortical neurons, we found that pharmacologically inhibition of ADAM10 results in an impairment of neurite tree maturation that can be rescued upon treatment with soluble Negr1. Furthermore, we report that released Negr1 influences neurite outgrowth in a P-ERK1/2 and FGFR2 dependent manner. Together our findings suggest a role for Negr1 in regulating neurite outgrowth through the modulation of FGFR2 signaling pathway. Given the physiological and pathological role of ADAM10, Negr1, and FGFR2, the regulation of Negr1 shedding may play a crucial role in sustaining brain function and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pischedda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Di Neuroscienze-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, San Raffaele Scientific Park Milano, Italy
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Sajo M, Sugiyama H, Yamamoto H, Tanii T, Matsuki N, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. Neuraminidase-Dependent Degradation of Polysialic Acid Is Required for the Lamination of Newly Generated Neurons. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146398. [PMID: 26731280 PMCID: PMC4701216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal granule cells (GCs) are generated throughout the lifetime and are properly incorporated into the innermost region of the granule cell layer (GCL). Hypotheses for the well-regulated lamination of newly generated GCs suggest that polysialic acid (PSA) is present on the GC surface to modulate GC-to-GC interactions, regulating the process of GC migration; however, direct evidence of this involvement is lacking. We show that PSA facilitates the migration of newly generated GCs and that the activity of N-acetyl-α-neuraminidase 1 (NEU1, sialidase 1) cleaves PSA from immature GCs, terminating their migration in the innermost GCL. Developing a migration assay of immature GCs in vitro, we found that the pharmacological depletion of PSA prevents the migration of GCs, whereas the inhibition of PSA degradation with a neuraminidase inhibitor accelerates this migration. We found that NEU1 is highly expressed in immature GCs. The knockdown of NEU1 in newly generated GCs in vivo increased PSA presence on these cells, and attenuated the proper termination of GC migration in the innermost GCL. In conclusion, this study identifies a novel mechanism that underlies the proper lamination of newly generated GCs through the modulation of PSA presence by neuronal NEU1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Sajo
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamamoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanii
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Matsuki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Loers G, Saini V, Mishra B, Gul S, Chaudhury S, Wallqvist A, Kaur G, Schachner M. Vinorelbine and epirubicin share common features with polysialic acid and modulate neuronal and glial functions. J Neurochem 2016; 136:48-62. [PMID: 26443186 PMCID: PMC4904230 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA), a large, linear glycan composed of 8 to over 100 α2,8-linked sialic acid residues, modulates development of the nervous system by enhancing cell migration, axon pathfinding, and synaptic targeting and by regulating differentiation of progenitor cells. PSA also functions in developing and adult immune systems and is a signature of many cancers. In this study we identified vinorelbine, a semi-synthetic third generation vinca alkaloid, and epirubicin, an anthracycline and 4'-epimer of doxorubicin, as PSA mimetics. Similar to PSA, vinorelbine and epirubicin bind to the PSA-specific monoclonal antibody 735 and compete with the bacterial analog of PSA, colominic acid in binding to monoclonal antibody 735. Vinorelbine and epirubicin stimulate neurite outgrowth of cerebellar neurons via the neural cell adhesion molecule, via myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, and via fibroblast growth factor receptor, signaling through Erk pathways. Furthermore, the two compounds enhance process formation of Schwann cells and migration of cerebellar neurons in culture, and reduce migration of astrocytes after injury. These novel results show that the structure and function of PSA can be mimicked by the small organic compounds vinorelbine and epirubicin, thus raising the possibility to re-target drugs used in treatment of cancers to nervous system repair. Vinorelbine and epirubicin, identified as PSA mimetics, enhance, like PSA, neuronal migration, neuritogenesis, and formation of Schwann cell processes, and reduce astrocytic migration. Ablating NCAM, inhibiting fibroblast growth factor (FGFR) receptor, or adding the effector domain of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) minimize the vinorelbine and epirubicin effects, indicating that they are true PSA mimetics triggering PSA-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vedangana Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, GT Road, 143005 Amritsar, India
| | - Bibhudatta Mishra
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology ScreeningPort (Fraunhofer-IME SP), Schnackenburgalle114, D-22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, GT Road, 143005 Amritsar, India
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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131
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Laurent D, Vinet L, Lamprianou S, Daval M, Filhoulaud G, Ktorza A, Wang H, Sewing S, Juretschke HP, Glombik H, Meda P, Boisgard R, Nguyen DL, Stasiuk GJ, Long NJ, Montet X, Hecht P, Kramer W, Rutter GA, Hecksher-Sørensen J. Pancreatic β-cell imaging in humans: fiction or option? Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:6-15. [PMID: 26228188 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a growing worldwide epidemic disease, currently affecting 1 in 12 adults. Treatment of disease complications typically consumes ∼10% of healthcare budgets in developed societies. Whilst immune-mediated destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells is responsible for Type 1 diabetes, both the loss and dysfunction of these cells underly the more prevalent Type 2 diabetes. The establishment of robust drug development programmes aimed at β-cell restoration is still hampered by the absence of means to measure β-cell mass prospectively in vivo, an approach which would provide new opportunities for understanding disease mechanisms and ultimately assigning personalized treatments. In the present review, we describe the progress towards this goal achieved by the Innovative Medicines Initiative in Diabetes, a collaborative public-private consortium supported by the European Commission and by dedicated resources of pharmaceutical companies. We compare several of the available imaging methods and molecular targets and provide suggestions as to the likeliest to lead to tractable approaches. Furthermore, we discuss the simultaneous development of animal models that can be used to measure subtle changes in β-cell mass, a prerequisite for validating the clinical potential of the different imaging tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Laurent
- Biomarker Department, Clinical Imaging, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Vinet
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Lamprianou
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Daval
- Metabolic Diseases Department, Servier Research Institute, Suresnes, France
| | - G Filhoulaud
- Metabolic Diseases Department, Servier Research Institute, Suresnes, France
| | - A Ktorza
- Metabolic Diseases Department, Servier Research Institute, Suresnes, France
| | - H Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Sewing
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H-P Juretschke
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H Glombik
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - P Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R Boisgard
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Equipe d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Orsay, France
| | - D L Nguyen
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Equipe d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Orsay, France
| | - G J Stasiuk
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - N J Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - X Montet
- Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Hecht
- IMIDIA Project Office, Graz, Austria
| | - W Kramer
- Scientific Consultant for Sanofi Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - G A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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132
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Colombo F, Meldolesi J. L1-CAM and N-CAM: From Adhesion Proteins to Pharmacological Targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:769-781. [PMID: 26478212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1-CAM) and neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), key members of the immunoglobulin-like CAM (Ig-CAM) family, were first recognized to play critical roles in surface interactions of neurons, by binding with each other and with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Subsequently, adhesion was recognized to include signaling due to both activation of β-integrin, with the generation of intracellular cascades, and integration with the surface cytoskeleton. The importance of the two Ig-CAMs was revealed by their activation of the tyrosine kinase receptors of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF). Based on these complex signaling properties, L1-CAM and N-CAM have become of great potential pharmacological interest in neurons and cancers. Treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive deficits of neurons is aimed to increase the cell Ig-CAM tone, possibly provided by synthetic/mimetic peptides. In cancer cells, where Ig-CAMs are often overexpressed, the proteins are employed for prognosis. The approaches to therapy are based on protein downregulation, antibodies, and adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Colombo
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Meldolesi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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133
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Sulf1 and Sulf2 Differentially Modulate Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Sulfation during Postnatal Cerebellum Development: Evidence for Neuroprotective and Neurite Outgrowth Promoting Functions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139853. [PMID: 26448642 PMCID: PMC4598108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sulf1 and Sulf2 are cell surface sulfatases, which remove specific 6-O-sulfate groups from heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, resulting in modulation of various HS-dependent signaling pathways. Both Sulf1 and Sulf2 knockout mice show impairments in brain development and neurite outgrowth deficits in neurons. Methodology and Main Findings To analyze the molecular mechanisms behind these impairments we focused on the postnatal cerebellum, whose development is mainly characterized by proliferation, migration, and neurite outgrowth processes of precursor neurons. Primary cerebellar granule cells isolated from Sulf1 or Sulf2 deficient newborns are characterized by a reduction in neurite length and cell survival. Furthermore, Sulf1 deficiency leads to a reduced migration capacity. The observed impairments in cell survival and neurite outgrowth could be correlated to Sulf-specific interference with signaling pathways, as shown for FGF2, GDNF and NGF. In contrast, signaling of Shh, which determines the laminar organization of the cerebellar cortex, was not influenced in either Sulf1 or Sulf2 knockouts. Biochemical analysis of cerebellar HS demonstrated, for the first time in vivo, Sulf-specific changes of 6-O-, 2-O- and N-sulfation in the knockouts. Changes of a particular HS epitope were found on the surface of Sulf2-deficient cerebellar neurons. This epitope showed a restricted localization to the inner half of the external granular layer of the postnatal cerebellum, where precursor cells undergo final maturation to form synaptic contacts. Conclusion Sulfs introduce dynamic changes in HS proteoglycan sulfation patterns of the postnatal cerebellum, thereby orchestrating fundamental mechanisms underlying brain development.
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134
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Piras F, Schiff M, Chiapponi C, Bossù P, Mühlenhoff M, Caltagirone C, Gerardy-Schahn R, Hildebrandt H, Spalletta G. Brain structure, cognition and negative symptoms in schizophrenia are associated with serum levels of polysialic acid-modified NCAM. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e658. [PMID: 26460482 PMCID: PMC4930132 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is a glycoprotein implicated in cell-cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. Polysialic acid (polySia) is mainly attached to NCAM (polySia-NCAM) and has an essential role in regulating NCAM-dependent developmental processes that require plasticity, that is, cell migration, axon guidance and synapse formation. Post-mortem and genetic evidence suggests that dysregulation of polySia-NCAM is involved in schizophrenia (SZ). We enrolled 45 patients diagnosed with SZ and 45 healthy individuals who were submitted to polySia-NCAM peripheral quantification, cognitive and psychopathological assessment and structural neuroimaging (brain volumes and diffusion tensor imaging). PolySia-NCAM serum levels were increased in SZ patients, independently of antipsychotic treatment, and were associated with negative symptoms, blunted affect and declarative memory impairment. The increased polySia-NCAM levels were associated with decreased volume in the left prefrontal cortex, namely Brodmann area 46, in patients and increased volume in the same brain area of healthy individuals. As this brain region is involved in the pathophysiology of SZ and its associated phenomenology, the data indicate that polySia-NCAM deserves further scrutiny because of its possible role in early neurodevelopmental mechanisms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Piras
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - M Schiff
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Chiapponi
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - P Bossù
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - M Mühlenhoff
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy,Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - R Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - H Hildebrandt
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Spalletta
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy,Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, 00179 Rome, Italy. E-mail:
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135
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Yang SY, Huh IS, Baek JH, Cho EY, Choi MJ, Ryu S, Kim JS, Park T, Ha K, Hong KS. Association between ST8SIA2 and the Risk of Schizophrenia and Bipolar I Disorder across Diagnostic Boundaries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139413. [PMID: 26418860 PMCID: PMC4587961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Findings from family studies and recent genome-wide association studies have indicated overlap in the risk genes between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD). After finding a linkage between the ST8SIA2 (ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2, 8-sicalyltransferase 2 gene) locus (15q26) and mixed families with schizophrenia and BD, several studies have reported a significant association between this gene and schizophrenia or BD. We investigated the genetic association between ST8SIA2 and both schizophrenia and BD in the Korean population. Methods A total of 582 patients with schizophrenia, 339 patients with BD, and 502 healthy controls were included. Thirty-one tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the ST8SIA2 region and three other SNPs showing significant associations in previous studies were genotyped. The associations were evaluated by logistic regression analysis using additive, dominant, and recessive genetic models. Results Fourteen of 34 SNPs showed a nominally significant association (p < 0.05) with at least one diagnostic group. These association trends were strongest for the schizophrenia and combined schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder (BD-I) groups. The strongest association was observed in rs11637898 for schizophrenia (p = 0.0033) and BD-I (p = 0.0050) under the dominant model. The association between rs11637898 and the combined schizophrenia and BD-I group (p = 0.0006, under the dominant model) remained significant after correcting for multiple testing. Discussion We identified a possible role of ST8SIA2 in the common susceptibility of schizophrenia and BD-I. However, no association trend was observed for bipolar II disorder. Further efforts are needed to identify a specific phenotype associated with this gene crossing the current diagnostic categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yung Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ik Soo Huh
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Ji Choi
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Sun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyooseob Ha
- Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
| | - Kyung Sue Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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136
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Paredes MF, Sorrells SF, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Brain size and limits to adult neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:646-64. [PMID: 26417888 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The walls of the cerebral ventricles in the developing embryo harbor the primary neural stem cells from which most neurons and glia derive. In many vertebrates, neurogenesis continues postnatally and into adulthood in this region. Adult neurogenesis at the ventricle has been most extensively studied in organisms with small brains, such as reptiles, birds, and rodents. In reptiles and birds, these progenitor cells give rise to young neurons that migrate into many regions of the forebrain. Neurogenesis in adult rodents is also relatively widespread along the lateral ventricles, but migration is largely restricted to the rostral migratory stream into the olfactory bulb. Recent work indicates that the wall of the lateral ventricle is highly regionalized, with progenitor cells giving rise to different types of neurons depending on their location. In species with larger brains, young neurons born in these spatially specified domains become dramatically separated from potential final destinations. Here we hypothesize that the increase in size and topographical complexity (e.g., intervening white matter tracts) in larger brains may severely limit the long-term contribution of new neurons born close to, or in, the ventricular wall. We compare the process of adult neuronal birth, migration, and integration across species with different brain sizes, and discuss how early regional specification of progenitor cells may interact with brain size and affect where and when new neurons are added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes F Paredes
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jose M Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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137
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Capilla-Gonzalez V, Herranz-Pérez V, García-Verdugo JM. The aged brain: genesis and fate of residual progenitor cells in the subventricular zone. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:365. [PMID: 26441536 PMCID: PMC4585225 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the adult mammalian brain through life. The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the largest source of stem cells in the nervous system, and continuously generates new neuronal and glial cells involved in brain regeneration. During aging, the germinal potential of the SVZ suffers a widespread decline, but the causes of this turn down are not fully understood. This review provides a compilation of the current knowledge about the age-related changes in the NSC population, as well as the fate of the newly generated cells in the aged brain. It is known that the neurogenic capacity is clearly disrupted during aging, while the production of oligodendroglial cells is not compromised. Interestingly, the human brain seems to primarily preserve the ability to produce new oligodendrocytes instead of neurons, which could be related to the development of neurological disorders. Further studies in this matter are required to improve our understanding and the current strategies for fighting neurological diseases associated with senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Capilla-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, CIBERNED Valencia, Spain ; Department of Stem Cells, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seville, Spain
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, CIBERNED Valencia, Spain ; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroregeneration Mixed Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, CIBERNED Valencia, Spain ; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroregeneration Mixed Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe Valencia, Spain
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138
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Feliciano DM, Bordey A, Bonfanti L. Noncanonical Sites of Adult Neurogenesis in the Mammalian Brain. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a018846. [PMID: 26384869 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two decades after the discovery that neural stem cells (NSCs) populate some regions of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), deep knowledge has been accumulated on their capacity to generate new neurons in the adult brain. This constitutive adult neurogenesis occurs throughout life primarily within remnants of the embryonic germinal layers known as "neurogenic sites." Nevertheless, some processes of neurogliogenesis also occur in the CNS parenchyma commonly considered as "nonneurogenic." This "noncanonical" cell genesis has been the object of many claims, some of which turned out to be not true. Indeed, it is often an "incomplete" process as to its final outcome, heterogeneous by several measures, including regional location, progenitor identity, and fate of the progeny. These aspects also strictly depend on the animal species, suggesting that persistent neurogenic processes have uniquely adapted to the brain anatomy of different mammals. Whereas some examples of noncanonical neurogenesis are strictly parenchymal, others also show stem cell niche-like features and a strong link with the ventricular cavities. This work will review results obtained in a research field that expanded from classic neurogenesis studies involving a variety of areas of the CNS outside of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). It will be highlighted how knowledge concerning noncanonical neurogenic areas is still incomplete owing to its regional and species-specific heterogeneity, and to objective difficulties still hampering its full identification and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Feliciano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Angélique Bordey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin 10095, Italy Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin 10043, Italy
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139
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Mehrabian M, Brethour D, Wang H, Xi Z, Rogaeva E, Schmitt-Ulms G. The Prion Protein Controls Polysialylation of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 during Cellular Morphogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133741. [PMID: 26288071 PMCID: PMC4546001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its multi-faceted role in neurodegenerative diseases, the physiological function of the prion protein (PrP) has remained elusive. On the basis of its evolutionary relationship to ZIP metal ion transporters, we considered that PrP may contribute to the morphogenetic reprogramming of cells underlying epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT). Consistent with this hypothesis, PrP transcription increased more than tenfold during EMT, and stable PrP-deficient cells failed to complete EMT in a mammalian cell model. A global comparative proteomics analysis identified the neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) as a candidate mediator of this impairment, which led to the observation that PrP-deficient cells fail to undergo NCAM1 polysialylation during EMT. Surprisingly, this defect was caused by a perturbed transcription of the polysialyltransferase ST8SIA2 gene. Proteomics data pointed toward β-catenin as a transcriptional regulator affected in PrP-deficient cells. Indeed, pharmacological blockade or siRNA-based knockdown of β-catenin mimicked PrP-deficiency in regards to NCAM1 polysialylation. Our data established the existence of a PrP-ST8SIA2-NCAM signaling loop, merged two mature fields of investigation and offer a simple model for explaining phenotypes linked to PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Brethour
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhengrui Xi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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140
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Koyama S, Soini HA, Wager-Miller J, Alley WR, Pizzo MJ, Rodda C, Alberts J, Crystal JD, Lai C, Foley J, Novotny MV. Cross-generational impact of a male murine pheromone 2-sec-butyl-4,5- dihydrothiazole in female mice. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:rspb.2015.1074. [PMID: 26136453 PMCID: PMC4528559 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current understanding of the activity of mammalian pheromones is that endocrine and behavioural effects are limited to the exposed individuals. Here, we demonstrate that the nasal exposure of female mice to a male murine pheromone stimulates expansion of mammary glands, leading to prolonged nursing of pups. Subsequent behavioural testing of the pups from pheromone-exposed dams exhibited enhanced learning. Sialic acid components in the milk are known to be involved in brain development. We hypothesized that the offspring might have received more of this key nutrient that promotes brain development. The mRNA for polysialyltransferase, which produces polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecules related to brain development,was increased in the brain of offspring of pheromone-exposed dams at post-natal day 10, while it was not different at embryonic stages, indicating possible differential brain development during early post-natal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Helena A. Soini
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - James Wager-Miller
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - William R. Alley
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Matthew J. Pizzo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cathleen Rodda
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jeffrey Alberts
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jonathon D. Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cary Lai
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - John Foley
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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141
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Hane M, Matsuoka S, Ono S, Miyata S, Kitajima K, Sato C. Protective effects of polysialic acid on proteolytic cleavage of FGF2 and proBDNF/BDNF. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1112-24. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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142
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Bosler O, Girardet C, Franc JL, Becquet D, François-Bellan AM. Structural plasticity of the circadian timing system. An overview from flies to mammals. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 38:50-64. [PMID: 25703789 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The circadian timing system orchestrates daily variations in physiology and behavior through coordination of multioscillatory cell networks that are highly plastic in responding to environmental changes. Over the last decade, it has become clear that this plasticity involves structural changes and that the changes may be observed not only in central brain regions where the master clock cells reside but also in clock-controlled structures. This review considers experimental data in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems, mainly flies and mammals, illustrating various forms of structural circadian plasticity from cellular to circuit-based levels. It highlights the importance of these plastic events in the functional adaptation of the clock to the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bosler
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France.
| | - Clémence Girardet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Franc
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France
| | - Denis Becquet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France
| | - Anne-Marie François-Bellan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France
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143
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Taguchi R, Minami A, Matsuda Y, Takahashi T, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Suzuki T. Preferential Accumulation of 14C-N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid over 14C-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid in the Rat Brain after Tail Vein Injection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131061. [PMID: 26098915 PMCID: PMC4476740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The two main molecular species of sialic acid existing in nature are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Neu5Ac is abundant in mammalian brains and plays crucial roles in many neural functions. In contrast, Neu5Gc is present only at a trace level in vertebrate brains. The brain-specific suppression of Neu5Gc synthesis, which is a common feature in mammals, suggests that Neu5Gc has toxicity against brain functions. However, in vivo kinetics of Neu5Gc in the whole body, especially in the brain, has not been studied in sufficient detail. To determine the in vivo kinetics of Neu5Gc, 14C-Neu5Gc was enzymatically synthesized and injected into rat tail veins. Although most of 14C-Neu5Gc was excreted in urine, a small amount of 14C-Neu5Gc was detected in the brain. Brain autoradiography indicated that 14C-Neu5Gc was accumulated predominantly in the hippocampus. 14C-Neu5Gc transferred into the brain was incorporated into gangliosides including GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b and GQ1b. Reduction of 14C-Neu5Gc after intracerebroventricular infusion was slower than that of 14C-Neu5Ac in the brain and hippocampus. The results suggest that Neu5Gc is transferred from blood into the brain across the blood brain barrier and accumulates in the brain more preferentially than does Neu5Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Taguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Minami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukino Matsuda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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144
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Nacher J, Bonfanti L. New neurons from old beliefs in the adult piriform cortex? A Commentary on: "Occurrence of new neurons in the piriform cortex". Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:62. [PMID: 26052272 PMCID: PMC4440910 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València Valencia, Spain ; CIBERSAM: Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health Spain ; Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA Valencia, Spain
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Orbassano, Italy ; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin Torino, Italy
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145
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Codagnone MG, Podestá MF, Uccelli NA, Reinés A. Differential Local Connectivity and Neuroinflammation Profiles in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus in the Valproic Acid Rat Model of Autism. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:215-31. [DOI: 10.1159/000375489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of developmental disabilities characterized by impaired social interaction, communication deficit and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Neuroinflammation and synaptic alterations in several brain areas have been suggested to contribute to the physiopathology of ASD. Although the limbic system plays an important role in the functions found impaired in ASD, reports on these areas are scarce and results controversial. In the present study we searched in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus of rats exposed to the valproic acid (VPA) model of ASD for early structural and molecular changes, coincident in time with the behavioral alterations. After confirming delayed growth and maturation in VPA rats, we were able to detect decreased exploratory activity and social interaction at an early time point (postnatal day 35). In mPFC, although typical cortical column organization was preserved in VPA animals, we found that interneuronal space was wider than in controls. Hippocampal CA3 (cornu ammonis 3) pyramidal layer and the granular layer of the dentate gyrus both showed a disorganized spatial arrangement in VPA animals. Neuronal alterations were accompanied with increased tomato lectin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostainings both in the mPFC and hippocampus. In the latter region, the increased GFAP immunoreactivity was CA3 specific. At the synaptic level, while mPFC from VPA animals showed increased synaptophysin (SYN) immunostaining, a SYN deficit was found in all hippocampal subfields. Additionally, both the mPFC and the hippocampus of VPA rats showed increased neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) immunostaining together with decreased levels of its polysialylated form (PSA-NCAM). Interestingly, these changes were more robust in the CA3 hippocampal subfield. Our results indicate that exploratory and social deficits correlate with region-dependent neuronal disorganization and reactive gliosis in the mPFC and hippocampus of VPA rats. While microgliosis is spread in these two limbic areas, astrogliosis, although extended in the mPFC, is circumscribed to the CA3 hippocampal subfield. Our work indicates that neuroinflammation and synaptic alterations do coexist in VPA rats, making this model suitable for studying novel aspects of neuron-glia interactions. Moreover, it suggests that the mPFC and hippocampus might behave differently in the context of the local hyperconnectivity and synaptic hypotheses of autism.
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146
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Ahmed Z, Wieraszko A. Pulsed magnetic stimulation modifies amplitude of action potentials in vitro via ionic channels-dependent mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:386-97. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaghloul Ahmed
- Department of Physical Therapy; The Program for Developmental Neuroscience; The College of Staten Island, Staten Island, and Graduate Center/The City University of New York; New York NY
| | - Andrzej Wieraszko
- The Department of Biology; The Program for Developmental Neuroscience; The College of Staten Island, Staten Island, and Graduate Center/The City University of New York; New York NY
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147
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Migaud M, Butrille L, Batailler M. Seasonal regulation of structural plasticity and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain: focus on the sheep hypothalamus. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 37:146-57. [PMID: 25462590 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To cope with variations in the environment, most mammalian species exhibit seasonal cycles in physiology and behaviour. Seasonal plasticity during the lifetime contributes to seasonal physiology. Over the years, our ideas regarding adult brain plasticity and, more specifically, hypothalamic plasticity have greatly evolved. Along with the two main neurogenic regions, namely the hippocampal subgranular and lateral ventricle subventricular zones, the hypothalamus, which is the central homeostatic regulator of numerous physiological functions that comprise sexual behaviours, feeding and metabolism, also hosts neurogenic niches. Both endogenous and exogenous factors, including the photoperiod, modulate the hypothalamic neurogenic capacities. The present review describes the effects of season on adult morphological plasticity and neurogenesis in seasonal species, for which the photoperiod is a master environmental cue for the successful programming of seasonal functions. In addition, the potential functional significance of adult neurogenesis in the mediation of the seasonal control of reproduction and feeding is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Migaud
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France; Haras Nationaux, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Lucile Butrille
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France; Haras Nationaux, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Martine Batailler
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France; Haras Nationaux, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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Hassan SF, Zumut S, Burke PG, McMullan S, Cornish JL, Goodchild AK. Comparison of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in mediating the tachycardic and thermogenic effects of methamphetamine in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2015; 295:209-20. [PMID: 25813709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant that disrupts monoaminergic neurotransmission to evoke profound behavioral and physiological effects. Rapidly distributing to forebrain regions to increase synaptic concentrations of three monoamines (dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA)), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is important in METH-altered behavioral and psychological profiles. Activation of the ventral mPFC can modify physiological variables, however, METH-evoked autonomic changes from this region are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the respiratory, metabolic and cardiovascular effects of microinjection of METH, DA, 5-HT and NA into the ventral mPFC in urethane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. METH and NA microinjection evoked dose-related increases in heart rate, interscapular brown adipose tissue temperature and expired CO2, a pattern of response characteristic of non-shivering thermogenesis. NA and 5-HT microinjection elicited pressor and depressor responses, respectively, with matching baroreflex adjustments in sympathetic nerve activity while METH and DA evoked no change in vasomotor outflow. Low doses of METH and DA may evoke respiratory depression. These data suggest that METH's actions in the ventral mPFC, likely via adrenergic receptors, evoke non-shivering thermogenesis which may contribute to the increased body temperature and tachycardia seen in those that abuse METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Hassan
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - S Zumut
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - P G Burke
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - S McMullan
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - J L Cornish
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - A K Goodchild
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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149
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Smith I, Silveirinha V, Stein JL, de la Torre-Ubieta L, Farrimond JA, Williamson EM, Whalley BJ. Human neural stem cell-derived cultures in three-dimensional substrates form spontaneously functional neuronal networks. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1022-1033. [PMID: 25712225 DOI: 10.1002/term.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated human neural stem cells were cultured in an inert three-dimensional (3D) scaffold and, unlike two-dimensional (2D) but otherwise comparable monolayer cultures, formed spontaneously active, functional neuronal networks that responded reproducibly and predictably to conventional pharmacological treatments to reveal functional, glutamatergic synapses. Immunocytochemical and electron microscopy analysis revealed a neuronal and glial population, where markers of neuronal maturity were observed in the former. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis revealed substantial differences in gene expression conferred by culturing in a 3D vs a 2D environment. Notable and numerous differences were seen in genes coding for neuronal function, the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton. In addition to producing functional networks, differentiated human neural stem cells grown in inert scaffolds offer several significant advantages over conventional 2D monolayers. These advantages include cost savings and improved physiological relevance, which make them better suited for use in the pharmacological and toxicological assays required for development of stem cell-based treatments and the reduction of animal use in medical research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Smith
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK
| | - Vasco Silveirinha
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK
| | - Jason L Stein
- Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luis de la Torre-Ubieta
- Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth M Williamson
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK
| | - Benjamin J Whalley
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK
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150
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Neuraminidase inhibition primes short-term depression and suppresses long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:908190. [PMID: 25802763 PMCID: PMC4329761 DOI: 10.1155/2015/908190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NEU) is a key enzyme that cleaves negatively charged sialic acid residues from membrane proteins and lipids. Clinical and basic science studies have shown that an imbalance in NEU metabolism or changes in NEU activity due to various pathological conditions parallel with behavior and cognitive impairment. It has been suggested that the decreases of NEU activity could cause serious neurological consequences. However, there is a lack of direct evidences that modulation of endogenous NEU activity can impair neuronal function. Using combined rat entorhinal cortex/hippocampal slices and a specific inhibitor of NEU, 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (NADNA), we examined the effect of downregulation of NEU activity on different forms of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA3-to-CA1 network. We show that NEU inhibition results in a significant decrease in long-term potentiation (LTP) and an increase in short-term depression. Synaptic depotentiation restores LTP in NADNA-pretreated slices to the control level. These data suggest that short-term NEU inhibition produces the LTP-like effect on neuronal network, which results in damping of further LTP induction. Our findings demonstrate that downregulation of NEU activity could have a major impact on synaptic plasticity and provide a new insight into the cellular mechanism underlying behavioral and cognitive impairment associated with abnormal metabolism of NEU.
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