101
|
Gamage S, Peddibhotla S, Reddy PH, Dhurandhar NV, Hegde V. Improvement in Glycemic Control in Mice of Different Age Groups. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 129:519-527. [PMID: 31340394 DOI: 10.1055/a-0961-7804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND METHODS The declining ability to control blood glucose with advancement of age is an important health risk factor and may lead to insulin resistance, type-2-diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Adenovirus 36(Ad36) improves glycemic control independent of insulin signaling(insulin sparing effect) as evidenced by cell, animal and observational human studies. This property of Ad36 may be useful in correcting aging-related glucose intolerance and related health conditions. Therefore, we determined the effect of Ad36 on glycemic control in older mice, to identify the age group that best responds to Ad36. Six, 12 or 20-month old C57Bl/6 mice on chow diet were each divided into weight-matched groups(mock-infected or Ad36-infected). Body weight was recorded weekly post infection (p.i.) and fasting glucose measured(week 0, 4, 8 and 20 p.i.). Blood glucose and serum insulin were measured during glucose tolerance test(week 0 and 16 p.i.). At week 20 p.i., animals were sacrificed, blood and tissues collected. RESULTS Mice from all age groups showed improvement in glucose clearance post Ad36 infection, but a more profound effect was observed in 6-month old mice compared with mock-infected mice. Under fed conditions though there was no difference in blood glucose at 20 wk p.i., interestingly, Ad36 reduced serum insulin in age groups old mice, compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest Ad36 infected animals improve glycemic control and clear post-prandial gluco00000se increase without increasing insulin secretion in an insulin sparing manner. These beneficial effects provide strong evidence for developing Ad36-based approaches as a novel tool to attenuate age associated glucose intolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhadinie Gamage
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Swetha Peddibhotla
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Neuroscience/Pharmacology and Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Pu S, Wu X, Yang X, Zhang Y, Dai Y, Zhang Y, Wu X, Liu Y, Cui X, Jin H, Cao J, Li R, Cai J, Cao Q, Hu L, Gao Y. The Therapeutic Role of Xenobiotic Nuclear Receptors Against Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:15-22. [PMID: 29886826 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180611083155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes, with an increased prevalence and various progressive complications, has become a significant global health challenge. The concrete mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes still remain incompletely unknown, although substantial researches have been conducted to search for the effective therapeutic targets. This review aims to reveal the novel roles of Xenobiotic Nuclear Receptors (XNRs), including the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR), the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), the Liver X Receptor (LXR), the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), in the development of diabetes and provide potential strategies for research and treatment of metabolic diseases. METHODS We retrieved a large number of original data about these five XNRs and organized to focus on their recently discovered functions in diabetes and its complications. RESULTS Increasing evidences have suggested that PPAR, FXR, LXR ,PXR and CAR are involved in the development of diabetes and its complications through different mechanisms, including the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin and inflammation response and related others. CONCLUSION PPAR, FXR, LXR, PXR, and CAR, as the receptors for numerous natural or synthetic compounds, may be the most effective therapeutic targets in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Pu
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yunzhan Zhang
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunkai Dai
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaona Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Haiyong Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Cao
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruliu Li
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhong Cai
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qizhi Cao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ling Hu
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Gao
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Cardiac Insulin Resistance in Heart Failure: The Role of Mitochondrial Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143552. [PMID: 31330848 PMCID: PMC6678249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) frequently coexists with conditions associated with glucose insufficiency, such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and patients with T2DM have a significantly high incidence of HF. These two closely related diseases cannot be separated on the basis of their treatment. Some antidiabetic drugs failed to improve cardiac outcomes in T2DM patients, despite lowering glucose levels sufficiently. This may be, at least in part, due to a lack of understanding of cardiac insulin resistance. Basic investigations have revealed the significant contribution of cardiac insulin resistance to the pathogenesis and progression of HF; however, there is no clinical evidence of the definition or treatment of cardiac insulin resistance. Mitochondrial dynamics play an important role in cardiac insulin resistance and HF because they maintain cellular homeostasis through energy production, cell survival, and cell proliferation. The innovation of diagnostic tools and/or treatment targeting mitochondrial dynamics is assumed to improve not only the insulin sensitivity of the myocardium and cardiac metabolism, but also the cardiac contraction function. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the correlation between cardiac insulin resistance and progression of HF, and discussed the role of mitochondrial dynamics on the pathogenesis of cardiac insulin resistance and HF. We further discuss the possibility of mitochondria-targeted intervention to improve cardiac metabolism and HF.
Collapse
|
104
|
Shen L, Rørth R, Cosmi D, Kristensen SL, Petrie MC, Cosmi F, Latini R, Køber L, Anand IS, Carson PE, Granger CB, Komajda M, McKelvie RS, Solomon SD, Staszewsky L, Swedberg K, Huynh T, Zile MR, Jhund PS, McMurray JJV. Insulin treatment and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21:974-984. [PMID: 31271255 PMCID: PMC7079555 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Insulin causes sodium retention and hypoglycaemia and its use is associated with worse outcomes in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction. We have investigated whether this is also the case in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods and results We examined the association between diabetes/diabetes treatments and the risk of the primary composite of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, as well as other outcomes in adjusted analyses in CHARM‐Preserved (left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 45%), I‐Preserve and TOPCAT (Americas) pooled. Of 8466 patients, 2653 (31%) had diabetes, including 979 (37%) receiving insulin. Patients receiving insulin were younger, had a higher body mass index, prevalence of ischaemic aetiology, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide and use of diuretics, worse New York Heart Association class and signs and symptoms, and worse quality of life and renal function, compared to patients with diabetes not on insulin. Among the 1398 patients with echocardiographic data, insulin use was associated with higher left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure and more diastolic dysfunction than in other participants. The primary outcome occurred at a rate of 6.3 per 100 patient‐years in patients without diabetes, and 10.2 and 17.1 per 100 patient‐years in diabetes patients without and with insulin use, respectively [fully adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) insulin‐treated diabetes vs. other diabetes: 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–1.63, P < 0.001]. The adjusted HR is 1.67 (95% CI 1.20–2.32, p = 0.002) for sudden death (insulin‐treated diabetes vs. other diabetes). Conclusions Insulin use is associated with poor outcomes in HFpEF. Although we cannot conclude a causal association, the safety of insulin and alternative glucose‐lowering treatments in HF needs to be evaluated in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rasmus Rørth
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Deborah Cosmi
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Gubbio, Gubbio, Italy
| | - Søren Lund Kristensen
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark C Petrie
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Franco Cosmi
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Cortona, Cortona, Italy
| | - Roberto Latini
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Lars Køber
- Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inder S Anand
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School and VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter E Carson
- Department of Cardiology, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Michel Komajda
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Saint Joseph, Paris, France
| | | | - Scott D Solomon
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lidia Staszewsky
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Karl Swedberg
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thao Huynh
- McGill Health University Center, Division of Cardiology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael R Zile
- Medical University of South Carolina and Ralph H. Johnston Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Pardeep S Jhund
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Dunlay SM, Givertz MM, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Chan M, Desai AS, Deswal A, Dickson VV, Kosiborod MN, Lekavich CL, McCoy RG, Mentz RJ, Piña IL. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America: This statement does not represent an update of the 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA heart failure guideline update. Circulation 2019; 140:e294-e324. [PMID: 31167558 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for incident heart failure and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with established disease. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and heart failure forecast a growing burden of disease and underscore the need for effective therapeutic strategies. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the shared pathophysiology between diabetes mellitus and heart failure, the synergistic effect of managing both conditions, and the potential for diabetes mellitus therapies to modulate the risk of heart failure outcomes. This scientific statement on diabetes mellitus and heart failure summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and impact of diabetes mellitus and its control on outcomes in heart failure; reviews the approach to pharmacological therapy and lifestyle modification in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure; highlights the value of multidisciplinary interventions to improve clinical outcomes in this population; and outlines priorities for future research.
Collapse
|
106
|
Dunlay SM, Givertz MM, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Chan M, Desai AS, Deswal A, Dickson VV, Kosiborod MN, Lekavich CL, McCoy RG, Mentz RJ, PiÑa IL. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure, A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and Heart Failure Society of America. J Card Fail 2019; 25:584-619. [PMID: 31174952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for incident heart failure and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with established disease. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and heart failure forecast a growing burden of disease and underscore the need for effective therapeutic strategies. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the shared pathophysiology between diabetes mellitus and heart failure, the synergistic effect of managing both conditions, and the potential for diabetes mellitus therapies to modulate the risk of heart failure outcomes. This scientific statement on diabetes mellitus and heart failure summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and impact of diabetes mellitus and its control on outcomes in heart failure; reviews the approach to pharmacological therapy and lifestyle modification in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure; highlights the value of multidisciplinary interventions to improve clinical outcomes in this population; and outlines priorities for future research.
Collapse
|
107
|
Arnold SV, Inzucchi SE, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Tang F, Lam CS, Sperling LS, Kosiborod M. Understanding Contemporary Use of Thiazolidinediones. Circ Heart Fail 2019; 12:e005855. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.118.005855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne V. Arnold
- Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute (S.V.A., F.T., M.K.)
- University of Missouri-Kansas City (S.V.A., F.T., M.K.)
| | | | | | - Fengming Tang
- Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute (S.V.A., F.T., M.K.)
- University of Missouri-Kansas City (S.V.A., F.T., M.K.)
| | - Carolyn S.P. Lam
- Duke-National University of Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore (C.S.P.L.)
- University Medical Centre Groningen (C.S.P.L.)
| | | | - Mikhail Kosiborod
- Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute (S.V.A., F.T., M.K.)
- University of Missouri-Kansas City (S.V.A., F.T., M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Conversely, CV disease is responsible for a majority of the deaths in patients with diabetes. Many drug trials have concentrated on blood glucose (hemoglobin A1c) reduction. This strategy, while reducing microvascular outcomes like nephropathy and neuropathy, has little or no effect on reducing macrovascular events like heart attack, stroke, and heart failure. It has been postulated that hypoglycemia may counterbalance some of the beneficial effects of anti-hyperglycemic agents, but this is not proven. Further, trial evidence for thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) showed increased risk of heart failure and raised concerns about increased myocardial infarction. This heightened awareness of potentially harmful CV effects of otherwise effective hypoglycemic drugs resulted in regulatory mandates for CV outcome trials to ascertain the safety of newer anti-hypoglycemic agents appearing on the market. Three new classes of anti-hyperglycemic agents have been introduced in recent years. While dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors exhibited increased heart failure hospitalization in the SAVOR-TIMI 53 trial evaluating saxagliptin and in the secondary analysis of the EXAMINE trial for alogliptin, the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on CV outcomes in diabetes have largely been positive. The LEADER and SUSTAIN-6 trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of the GLP-1 analogs liraglutide and semaglutide, respectively, showed a statistically significant reduction in the primary outcome (major adverse cardiac events [MACE]: CV death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) and the secondary combined outcome when compared to placebo. Results of the TECOS trial for sitagliptin were, however, neutral (no net CV benefit or harm), questioning the class effect of GLP-1 analogs. Results of the SGLT2 inhibitor trials were more uniform. While EMPA-REG (evaluating empagliflozin) and CANVAS (evaluating canagliflozin) showed a reduction in the MACE end point, dapagliflozin had a net neutral effect on MACE in DECLARE-TIMI 58. All three SGLT2 inhibitors, however, showed a significant reduction in heart failure hospitalizations. Although initially designed to keep potentially harmful anti-hyperglycemic agents off the market, the CV outcome trials have provided clinicians with a new set of anti-hyperglycemic drugs with proven CV benefit in patients with diabetes and CV disease, thus expanding the field of CV secondary prevention. There is a need to inculcate GLP-1 analogs and SGLT2 inhibitors that reduce major CV events and heart failure hospitalizations (alongside lifestyle management and metformin) in the treatment of patients with diabetes and CV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Deedwania
- UCSF School of Medicine, Fresno, Academic Suite #46, 2315 East Kashian Lane, Fresno, CA, 93701, USA.
| | - Tushar Acharya
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
LeRoith D, Biessels GJ, Braithwaite SS, Casanueva FF, Draznin B, Halter JB, Hirsch IB, McDonnell ME, Molitch ME, Murad MH, Sinclair AJ. Treatment of Diabetes in Older Adults: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1520-1574. [PMID: 30903688 PMCID: PMC7271968 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective is to formulate clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of diabetes in older adults. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes, particularly type 2, is becoming more prevalent in the general population, especially in individuals over the age of 65 years. The underlying pathophysiology of the disease in these patients is exacerbated by the direct effects of aging on metabolic regulation. Similarly, aging effects interact with diabetes to accelerate the progression of many common diabetes complications. Each section in this guideline covers all aspects of the etiology and available evidence, primarily from controlled trials, on therapeutic options and outcomes in this population. The goal is to give guidance to practicing health care providers that will benefit patients with diabetes (both type 1 and type 2), paying particular attention to avoiding unnecessary and/or harmful adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek LeRoith
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Susan S Braithwaite
- Presence Saint Francis Hospital, Evanston, Illinois
- Presence Saint Joseph Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, CIBER de Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Boris Draznin
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey B Halter
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- University of Washington Medical Center–Roosevelt, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marie E McDonnell
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark E Molitch
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - M Hassan Murad
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
McMurray JJ, DeMets DL, Inzucchi SE, Køber L, Kosiborod MN, Langkilde AM, Martinez FA, Bengtsson O, Ponikowski P, Sabatine MS, Sjöstrand M, Solomon SD. A trial to evaluate the effect of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (DAPA-HF). Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21:665-675. [PMID: 30895697 PMCID: PMC6607736 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of incident heart failure hospitalization in individuals with type 2 diabetes who have, or are at high risk of, cardiovascular disease. Most patients in these trials did not have heart failure at baseline and the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on outcomes in individuals with established heart failure (with or without diabetes) is unknown. DESIGN AND METHODS The Dapagliflozin And Prevention of Adverse-outcomes in Heart Failure trial (DAPA-HF) is an international, multicentre, parallel group, randomized, double-blind, study in patients with chronic heart failure, evaluating the effect of dapagliflozin 10 mg, compared with placebo, given once daily, in addition to standard care, on the primary composite outcome of a worsening heart failure event (hospitalization or equivalent event, i.e. an urgent heart failure visit) or cardiovascular death. Patients with and without diabetes are eligible and must have a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%, a moderately elevated N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide level, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The trial is event-driven, with a target of 844 primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes include the composite of total heart failure hospitalizations (including repeat episodes), and cardiovascular death and patient-reported outcomes. A total of 4744 patients have been randomized. CONCLUSIONS DAPA-HF will determine the efficacy and safety of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin, added to conventional therapy, in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David L. DeMets
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Silvio E. Inzucchi
- Section of EndocrinologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Lars Køber
- Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mikhail N. Kosiborod
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri‐Kansas CityKansas CityMOUSA
- The George Institute for Global HealthSydneyAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc S. Sabatine
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Yang DY, He X, Liang HW, Zhang SZ, Zhong XB, Luo CF, Du ZM, He JG, Zhuang XD, Liao XX. Comparative outcomes of heart failure among existent classes of anti-diabetic agents: a network meta-analysis of 171,253 participants from 91 randomized controlled trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:47. [PMID: 30961600 PMCID: PMC6454617 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular (CV) safety in terms of heart failure among different classes of treatment remains largely unknown. We sought to assess the comparative effect of these agents on heart failure outcomes. Methods This study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD 42016042063). MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. For the primary outcomes reported previously, studies between Jan 1, 1980 and June 30, 2016 were screened, and subsequently updated till Jan 24, 2019. We performed network meta-analysis to obtain estimates for the outcomes of heart failure, in particular by rankograms for ranking of heart failure risk as well as by pairwise comparisons among all classes of anti-diabetic medications. Results A total of 91 trials were included, among which were 171,253 participants and 4163 reported cases of heart failure events. As for rankograms, the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA) of sodium-glucose co-transporters 2 and thiazolidinediones were 93.4% and 4.3%, respectively, signifying the lowest and highest risk of heart failure, respectively. As for pairwise comparisons in the network, sodium-glucose co-transporters 2 were significantly superior to insulin (OR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.62–0.91), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (OR: 0.68, 95% CI 0.59–0.78), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (OR: 0.65, 95% CI 0.54–0.78), and thiazolidinediones (OR: 0.46, 95% CI 0.27–0.77) in terms of heart failure risk. Furthermore, in an exploratory analysis among subjects with underlying heart failure or at risk of heart failure, the superiority of sodium-glucose co-transporters 2 was still significant. Conclusions In terms of heart failure risk, sodium-glucose co-transporters 2 were the most favorable option among all classes of anti-diabetic medications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-019-0853-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ya Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Wei Liang
- Administrative Office of Clinical Trial Center, Guangzhou Hui-Ai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Zhao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Bin Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chu-Fan Luo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Min Du
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Gui He
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xin-Xue Liao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Athyros VG, Imprialos K, Stavropoulos K, Sahinidis A, Doumas M. Understanding the cardiovascular risk with non-insulin antidiabetic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:241-251. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1586881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios G. Athyros
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Imprialos
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Alexandros Sahinidis
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Doumas
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:15. [PMID: 30832701 PMCID: PMC6399924 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are newer oral anti-diabetic agents which have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this analysis, we aimed to systematically compare the cardiovascular outcomes associated with DPP-4 inhibitors versus non-DPP-4 inhibitor users. Methods All English publications that compared the use of DPP-4 inhibitors and that reported cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2DM were searched using specific terms. Studies were included if they satisfied the following inclusion criteria: They were randomized trials or observation cohorts/registries comparing DPP-4 inhibitors use in patients with T2DM; The studies included a large sample size of participants; And they reported cardiovascular outcomes as their main endpoints. RevMan 5.3 was used to analyze the data, and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to represent the results. Results A total number of 157,478 participants with T2DM were included. Seventy-six thousand and twenty six patients were assigned to the DPP-4 inhibitor group whereas 81,452 patients were assigned to the control group. Results of the current analysis showed that during a mean follow-up time period ranging from 52 to 152 weeks, the primary endpoint (cardiovascular death/non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI)/non-fatal stroke) was not significantly different in the treatment of T2DM patients with versus without DPP-4 inhibitors (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.86–1.04; P = 0.26). Cardiovascular death (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.90–1.10; P = 0.93), stroke (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.89–1.18; P = 0.72), MI (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.88–1.07; P = 0.59), all-cause mortality (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.59–1.18; P = 0.31), hospitalization for cardiovascular complications (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.96–1.09; P = 0.45) and hospitalization specifically for heart failure (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.90–1.23; P = 0.55) were also similarly manifested in both groups. Conclusion The current analysis showed that treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors did not significantly increase cardiovascular outcomes in these patients with T2DM indicating that those drugs might be safe to use in terms of cardiovascular events.
Collapse
|
114
|
Affiliation(s)
- David Morris
- Specialist Doctor in diabetes, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Chhabra M, Sharma S. Potential role of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma analogues in regulation of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetes mellitus: An overview. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1123-1129. [PMID: 31336454 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells are recognized as the potential targets for the revascularization and angiogenesis because of their ability to get themselves transformed into mature endothelial cells. Underlying pathophysiology in diabetes mellitus leads to decrease in circulatory endothelial progenitor cells, resulting in diabetic macro-vascular and micro-vascular complications. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) gamma analogues serves as an effective therapy for controlling blood sugar levels and preventing its complications. Reports of clinical trials and meta-analysis of clinical trial suggests the beneficial aspects of PPAR gamma therapy in increasing the number and function of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. This review highlights the pleotropic effect of PPAR gamma analogs, apart from their antidiabetic action via reduction of oxidative stress, increasing expression of eNOS, reducing level of miR 22, miR 222 levels and positive modulation of rapamycin/Protein kinase B/phosphoinoside3-kinase pathways, preventing the early apoptosis, enhanced mobility proliferation and transformation into mature endothelial cells. PPAR gamma therapy in diabetes regulates endothelial progenitor cells, reduces complications of diabetes like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, deep vein thrombosis, and maintains the healthy vasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manik Chhabra
- PharmD Intern, Department of Pharmacy Practice, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical and Allied Medical Sciences, CT University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Lu Q, Li X, Liu J, Sun X, Rousselle T, Ren D, Tong N, Li J. AMPK is associated with the beneficial effects of antidiabetic agents on cardiovascular diseases. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181995. [PMID: 30710062 PMCID: PMC6379227 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetics have higher morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease (CVD). A variety of antidiabetic agents are available for clinical choice. Cardiovascular (CV) safety assessment of these agents is crucial in addition to hypoglycemic effect before clinical prescription. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important cell energy sensor, which plays an important role in regulating myocardial energy metabolism, reducing ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, improving heart failure (HF) and ventricular remodeling, ameliorating vascular endothelial dysfunction, antichronic inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and regulating autophagy. In this review, we summarized the effects of antidiabetic agents to CVD according to basic and clinical research evidence and put emphasis on whether these agents can play roles in CV system through AMPK-dependent signaling pathways. Metformin has displayed definite CV benefits related to AMPK. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors also demonstrate sufficient clinical evidence for CV protection, but the mechanisms need further exploration. Glucagon-likepeptide1 analogs, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors and thiazolidinediones also show some AMPK-dependent CV benefits. Sulfonylureas and meglitinides may be unfavorable to CV system. AMPK is becoming a promising target for the treatment of diabetes, metabolic syndrome and CVD. But there are still some questions to be answered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 39216 Jackson, MS, U.S.A
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 39216 Jackson, MS, U.S.A
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 39216 Jackson, MS, U.S.A
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 130021 Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 39216 Jackson, MS, U.S.A
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 261000 Weifang, China
| | - Thomas Rousselle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 39216 Jackson, MS, U.S.A
| | - Di Ren
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 39216 Jackson, MS, U.S.A
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 39216 Jackson, MS, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Cleland JGF, van Veldhuisen DJ, Ponikowski P. The year in cardiology 2018: heart failure. Eur Heart J 2019; 40:651-661. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John G F Cleland
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics & Clinical Trials, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, ul.Weigla 5, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Arnold SV, Yap J, Lam CSP, Tang F, Tay WT, Teng THK, McGuire DK, Januzzi JL, Fonarow GC, Masoudi FA, Kosiborod M. Management of patients with diabetes and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: An international comparison. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:261-266. [PMID: 30136348 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the management of patients with diabetes and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the United States and Asia to understand variations in treatment patterns across different healthcare systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our cohort included patients with diabetes and HFrEF (ejection fraction <40%) from a US-based registry of adults with diabetes (2013-2016, electronic health records) and a multi-national Asian registry of adults with heart failure (2010-2016, prospective registry). Asian countries were categorized as high income (HI) or low income (LI), according to the United Nations classification. Rates of use of guideline-directed medical therapies (determined through review of active medication lists) were compared across regions. RESULTS Patients with diabetes and HFrEF in the United States (n = 28 877) were older, had higher body mass indices, and were more likely to have coronary disease than those in Asia (n = 2235). Compared with US patients, the use of guideline-directed medical therapy for HFrEF was lower in patients in LI Asian countries (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers: patients in the United States, 77% vs. patients in HI Asian countries, 76% vs patients in LI Asian countries, 69%; β-blockers: patients in the United States, 91% vs. patients in HI Asian countries, 87% vs. patients in LI Asian countries, 69%; P < 0.001 for both). Insulin was used more commonly in the United States (44% vs. 24% vs. 25%, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas sulphonylureas were more often prescribed in Asian countries (42% vs. 52% vs. 54%; respectively, P < 0.001). Thiazolidinediones were prescribed in 6% of US patients compared with <1% of patients in Asia. The use of newer diabetes medications was <5% in all. CONCLUSION In both the United States and Asia, opportunities for improvement in the use of evidence-based therapies exist for patients with both diabetes and HFrEF. Effective tools to guide medication choices for these complex, high-risk patients could have substantial impact on quality and outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne V Arnold
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fengming Tang
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Wan T Tay
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Gregg C Fonarow
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Mikhail Kosiborod
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Hickson RP, Cole AL, Dusetzina SB. Implications of Removing Rosiglitazone's Black Box Warning and Restricted Access Program on the Uptake of Thiazolidinediones and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2019; 25:72-79. [PMID: 30589625 PMCID: PMC6426122 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.1.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medications are increasingly being approved with limited, short-term evidence regarding safety. Regulatory safety concerns may emerge for these drugs but later may be reversed if additional evidence suggests no warning is indicated. OBJECTIVE To describe trends over time in the initiation of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone-both in the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class-and medications from the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class before and after the FDA removed a black box warning and restricted access program for rosiglitazone regarding an increased risk of myocardial infarction. METHODS This retrospective study evaluated initiation of TZDs and DPP-4 inhibitors using 2001-2015 administrative claims data from a U.S. commercially insured population. Patients were aged 18-64 years and were new users of either a TZD or DPP-4 inhibitor. Among all patients who were new users of either a TZD or a DPP-4 inhibitor during each quarter-year (Q), the percentage of patients who initiated rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and DPP-4 inhibitors were calculated. RESULTS There were 630,977 patients eligible for the study. During 2007, rosiglitazone initiators decreased from 39.1% to 8.0% in 2007 Q4 when the black box warning was implemented. During 2010, rosiglitazone initiators decreased from 7.6% to 1.0%, as safety evidence accumulated and the restricted access program requirement was announced. Rosiglitazone initiation remained below 1.0%, even after regulatory restrictions were removed in November 2013. Pioglitazone initiation decreased from 46.4% in 2010 Q1 to 14.8% in 2011 Q4 and remained relatively constant between 14.5% and 17.8% after regulatory restrictions for rosiglitazone were removed. After DPP-4 inhibitors first became available in 2006 Q3, initiation of this medication class increased rapidly, stayed relatively constant between 42.8% and 45.5% in 2009, and then quickly rose and remained above 80% from 2012 through 2015. CONCLUSIONS This case study provides some evidence that adding and later reversing drug safety warnings-particularly those with restricted access requirements-may affect the uptake of the targeted product into the population when multiple clinically relevant treatment alternatives are available (such as type 2 diabetes). Once a treatment falls out of favor, removal of safety warnings and/or restricted access programs may not lead to increased use. DISCLOSURES This project was not directly supported by any funding. Hickson was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute through a National Research Service Award (NRSA) training grant (4T32HL007055-41) as a postdoctoral research fellow with the Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology Program at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). Cole was supported by a NRSA Predoctoral Traineeship from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality sponsored by The Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, UNC-CH (grant no. T32-HS000032) and a predoctoral fellowship from the American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education. Unrelated to this project, Cole was a part-time employee of Truven Health Analytics/IBM Watson Health. Dusetzina has nothing to disclose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Hickson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Ashley L. Cole
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Stacie B. Dusetzina
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Lam YWF, Duggirala R, Jenkinson CP, Arya R. The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Diabetes. Pharmacogenomics 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812626-4.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
121
|
Rosenstock J, Perkovic V, Johansen OE, Cooper ME, Kahn SE, Marx N, Alexander JH, Pencina M, Toto RD, Wanner C, Zinman B, Woerle HJ, Baanstra D, Pfarr E, Schnaidt S, Meinicke T, George JT, von Eynatten M, McGuire DK. Effect of Linagliptin vs Placebo on Major Cardiovascular Events in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and High Cardiovascular and Renal Risk: The CARMELINA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:69-79. [PMID: 30418475 PMCID: PMC6583576 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.18269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. Prior trials have demonstrated CV safety of 3 dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors but have included limited numbers of patients with high CV risk and chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of linagliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor, on CV outcomes and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of CV and kidney events. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter noninferiority trial conducted from August 2013 to August 2016 at 605 clinic sites in 27 countries among adults with type 2 diabetes, hemoglobin A1c of 6.5% to 10.0%, high CV risk (history of vascular disease and urine-albumin creatinine ratio [UACR] >200 mg/g), and high renal risk (reduced eGFR and micro- or macroalbuminuria). Participants with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were excluded. Final follow-up occurred on January 18, 2018. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive linagliptin, 5 mg once daily (n = 3494), or placebo once daily (n = 3485) added to usual care. Other glucose-lowering medications or insulin could be added based on clinical need and local clinical guidelines. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcome was time to first occurrence of the composite of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Criteria for noninferiority of linagliptin vs placebo was defined by the upper limit of the 2-sided 95% CI for the hazard ratio (HR) of linagliptin relative to placebo being less than 1.3. Secondary outcome was time to first occurrence of adjudicated death due to renal failure, ESRD, or sustained 40% or higher decrease in eGFR from baseline. RESULTS Of 6991 enrollees, 6979 (mean age, 65.9 years; eGFR, 54.6 mL/min/1.73 m2; 80.1% with UACR >30 mg/g) received at least 1 dose of study medication and 98.7% completed the study. During a median follow-up of 2.2 years, the primary outcome occurred in 434 of 3494 (12.4%) and 420 of 3485 (12.1%) in the linagliptin and placebo groups, respectively, (absolute incidence rate difference, 0.13 [95% CI, -0.63 to 0.90] per 100 person-years) (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.89-1.17; P < .001 for noninferiority). The kidney outcome occurred in 327 of 3494 (9.4%) and 306 of 3485 (8.8%), respectively (absolute incidence rate difference, 0.22 [95% CI, -0.52 to 0.97] per 100 person-years) (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.89-1.22; P = .62). Adverse events occurred in 2697 (77.2%) and 2723 (78.1%) patients in the linagliptin and placebo groups; 1036 (29.7%) and 1024 (29.4%) had 1 or more episodes of hypoglycemia; and there were 9 (0.3%) vs 5 (0.1%) events of adjudication-confirmed acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among adults with type 2 diabetes and high CV and renal risk, linagliptin added to usual care compared with placebo added to usual care resulted in a noninferior risk of a composite CV outcome over a median 2.2 years. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01897532.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rosenstock
- Dallas Diabetes Research Center at Medical City, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Mark E. Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven E. Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - John H. Alexander
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael Pencina
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Christoph Wanner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Würzburg University Clinic, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernard Zinman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Egon Pfarr
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Sven Schnaidt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Chlorogenic Acid Functions as a Novel Agonist of PPAR γ2 during the Differentiation of Mouse 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8594767. [PMID: 30627576 PMCID: PMC6304673 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8594767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone (RG) is a well-known activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and used to treat hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes; however, its clinical application has been confounded by adverse side effects. Here, we assessed the roles of chlorogenic acid (CGA), a phenolic secondary metabolite found in many fruits and vegetables, on the differentiation and lipolysis of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The results showed that CGA promoted differentiation in vitro according to oil red O staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. As a potential molecular mechanism, CGA downregulated mRNA levels of the adipocyte differentiation-inhibitor gene Pref1 and upregulated those of major adipogenic transcriptional factors (Cebpb and Srebp1). Additionally, CGA upregulated the expression of the differentiation-related transcriptional factor PPARγ2 at both the mRNA and protein levels. However, following CGA intervention, the accumulation of intracellular triacylglycerides following preadipocyte differentiation was significantly lower than that in the RG group. Consistent with this, our data indicated that CGA treatment significantly upregulated the expression of lipogenic pathway-related genes Plin and Srebp1 during the differentiation stage, although the influence of CGA was weaker than that of RG. Notably, CGA upregulated the expression of the lipolysis-related gene Hsl, whereas it did not increase the expression of the lipid synthesis-related gene Dgat1. These results demonstrated that CGA might function as a potential PPARγ agonist similar to RG; however, the impact of CGA on lipolysis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differed from that of RG.
Collapse
|
123
|
Kanemaru M, Asai J, Jo JI, Arita T, Kawai-Ohnishi M, Tsutsumi M, Wada M, Tabata Y, Katoh N. Nanoparticle-mediated local delivery of pioglitazone attenuates bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 93:41-49. [PMID: 30655107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticle-loaded delivery systems have attracted much attention recently. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is one of the most successful biodegradable polymers for biomedical applications. There are only a few studies on the treatment of dermal fibrosis with sustained-release drugs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) plays an important role in endogenous anti-fibrotic defense mechanisms. Recent studies have suggested that pioglitazone, a synthetic PPAR-γ activator, has effects beyond reducing blood sugar and it can reduce fibrosis and inflammation when used systemically. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the effects of local injections of pioglitazone-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (PGN-NP) on an experimental sclerosis and to demonstrate the in vivo pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered PLGA nanoparticles. METHODS Locally injectable PGN-NP were prepared and subcutaneously administered to bleomycin (BLM)-induced scleroderma model mice. The effect of pioglitazone was also evaluated with cultured fibroblasts. Coumarin-6-loaded fluorescent PLGA nanoparticles (FL-NP) and silicon naphthalocyanine-loaded near-infrared PLGA nanoparticles (NIR-NP) were used to demonstrate in vitro cellular uptake by cultured fibroblasts and the in vivo pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered nanoparticles. RESULTS Weekly subcutaneous injections of PGN-NP attenuated skin fibrosis in BLM-induced scleroderma model mice. Pioglitazone significantly suppressed migration ability and TGF-β-mediated myofibroblast differentiation in cultured fibroblasts. FL-NP were internalized into cultured fibroblasts within 60 min, and PGN-NP-primed fibroblasts expressed anti-fibrotic phenotypes. Subcutaneously injected NIR-NP remained in the vicinity of the injection site more than non-particulate silicon naphthalocyanine. CONCLUSION These results provide a basis for the development of new treatments for dermal fibrosis and a better understanding of the potential of PLGA nanoparticles in dermatology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Kanemaru
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Asai
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichiro Jo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arita
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minako Kawai-Ohnishi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miho Tsutsumi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Wada
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Norito Katoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Kuriyama S. Protection of the kidney with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: potential mechanisms raised by the large-scaled randomized control trials. Clin Exp Nephrol 2018; 23:304-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-018-1673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
125
|
Wong MG, Jardine M, Perkovic V. Glucose lowering and the kidney: are all drug classes equal? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:835-837. [PMID: 30292590 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muh Geot Wong
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Meg Jardine
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Carbone S, Dixon DL, Buckley LF, Abbate A. Glucose-Lowering Therapies for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: State-of-the-Art Review. Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:1629-1647. [PMID: 30392544 PMCID: PMC6501786 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular (CV) risk factor. Although antihyperglycemic therapies have typically focused on glycemic control, a paradigm shift for the treatment of T2DM has occurred, with an increased focus on CV risk reduction. Clinicians should base their clinical decisions on the beneficial effects of specific glucose-lowering agents on CV outcomes, while avoiding those therapeutic strategies with potential detrimental effects. Importantly, the presence of comorbidities (eg, established cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, obesity) should also guide the clinical decision toward therapies proven to reduce CV outcomes in that specific population. In this state-of-the-art review resulting from a comprehensive literature search (Pubmed, Google Scholar), we summarize the evidence related to the CV outcomes trials reported in the past several decades. Finally, we propose a therapeutic plan for patients with T2DM, suggesting the use of specific glucose-lowering agents based on the characteristics and presence of comorbidities of the individual patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Carbone
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
| | - Dave L Dixon
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Leo F Buckley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacy Services, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Alfaqih MA, Al-Mughales F, Al-Shboul O, Al Qudah M, Khader YS, Al-Jarrah M. Association of Adiponectin and rs1501299 of the ADIPOQ Gene with Prediabetes in Jordan. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040117. [PMID: 30360393 PMCID: PMC6316320 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide health problem caused by resistance to insulin action. This chronic debilitating diseaseis preceded by a stage, known as prediabetes, in which a healthy lifestyle can delay the disease. The discovery of biochemical changes in prediabetes is important to identify individuals at risk of developing T2DM and in explaining disease pathogenesis. Adiponectin is secreted by fat cells and is linked with insulin resistance. Adiponectin levels are dysregulated in prediabetic subjects. This relationship had not been tested in Jordan. We recruited 130 subjects with prediabetes and 130 control subjects. We measured serum levels of adiponectin and genotyped subjects for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ADIPOQ gene; rs266729, rs1501299 and rs2241766. In multivariate analysis, we found that serum adiponectin lowers the risk of prediabetes (p = 0.002; odds ratio (OR), 0.764; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.646⁻0.905). The rs1501299 SNP of the ADIPOQ gene was associated with prediabetes in our population (p = 0.041). Specifically, in multivariate analysis, the GT genotype of rs1501299 increased the risk of prediabetes (p = 0.010; OR, 2.350; 95% CI, 1.231⁻4.486) as well as the TT genotype (p = 0.006; OR, 4.774; 95% CI, 1.551⁻14.693). Our findings indicate that serum adiponectin and SNPs in the ADIPOQ gene are associated with prediabetes in Jordan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Alfaqih
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Faheem Al-Mughales
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Othman Al-Shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Mohammad Al Qudah
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Yousef S Khader
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Muhammad Al-Jarrah
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Connelly KA, Gilbert RE, Liu P. Treatment of Diabetes in People With Heart Failure. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42 Suppl 1:S196-S200. [PMID: 29650096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
129
|
Cardiovascular Mortality of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Approved Before and After the 2008 US FDA Guidance for Industry: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Drug Investig 2018; 38:491-501. [PMID: 29564723 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-018-0639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both diabetes and antidiabetic drugs (ADDs) increase the risk for cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Due to the increasing concern about CV safety associated with ADDs, the US FDA revised regulatory guidelines in 2008 to include CV safety as an endpoint. OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to compare CV mortality of oral ADDs approved before and after the FDA's 2008 guidance. METHODS Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and the Clinical Trial Registry) were searched to retrieve studies published up to 24 February 2017. Randomized clinical trials were included in this study if they (1) were published in the English language; (2) included adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without CV risk factors, who were taking at least one oral antidiabetic drug; and (3) had at least one study outcome as CV mortality. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Small-study effects were accessed using funnel plot symmetry. The primary outcome was CV mortality. RESULTS We found that there was no significant increase in CV mortality for drugs approved before and after 2008. The overall odds ratio (OR) and the upper bound of the two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) for all drugs approved after 2008 (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.52-1.07) were lower than the overall OR for all drugs approved before 2008 (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.89-1.19). In addition, the upper bounds of the two-sided 95% CI for both groups of drugs before and after 2008 were below 1.3. Empagliflozin, which was approved after the guidance, was significantly associated with a reduction in CV mortality. CONCLUSION The 2008 FDA guidance appears to have a positive impact on CV risk assessment of recently marketed drugs for the management of diabetes.
Collapse
|
130
|
Arnold SV, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Lam CSP, Inzucchi SE, Tang F, McGuire DK, Goyal A, Maddox TM, Sperling LS, Fonarow GC, Masoudi FA, Kosiborod M. Patterns of glucose-lowering medication use in patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure. Insights from the Diabetes Collaborative Registry (DCR). Am Heart J 2018; 203:25-29. [PMID: 30015065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal glucose-lowering strategies in patients with both heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are not well defined, particularly as novel medication classes emerge.We sought to evaluate current patterns of glucose-lowering medication use in adults with T2D with and without HF. METHODS The DCR is a US-based outpatient registry of adults with diabetes; currently includes 3074 providers in 203 practices. We used hierarchical, modified Poisson regression models to examine the relationship between concomitant HF with use of each glucose-lowering medication class, adjusting for other factors that could impact selection of one medication class over another: age, chronic kidney disease (CKD), coronary artery disease (CAD), number of glucose-lowering medications, and insurance. RESULTS Among 456,106 adults with T2D, 125,161 (27%) had a diagnosis of HF (30% HFrEF, 15%HFmrEF, 55% HFpEF). Patients with T2D and HF were more likely to be older and male, and to have CAD, atrial fibrillation, and CKD. In the multivariable models, HF was associated with a greater use of insulin (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.36-1.42) and lower use of thiazolidinediones (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.74-0.83), SGLT2 inhibitors (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.79-0.89), and metformin (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.82-0.86). Among the subgroup of patients with HF, thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors were used even less often in patients with lower ejection fraction, indicating that both the diagnosis of clinical HF and ejection fraction may influence the choice of glucose-lowering medications. CONCLUSION In a large US-based outpatient registry, we found that a quarter of adults with T2D had a diagnosis of HF, which was predominantly HFpEF. Although certain T2D medication use in patients with HF appeared consistent with evidence (less use of thiazolidinediones), others appeared contrary to evidence (less use of metformin and SGLT2 inhibitors).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne V Arnold
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO.
| | | | - Carolyn S P Lam
- Duke-National University of Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore and University Medical Centre Groiningen
| | | | - Fengming Tang
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mikhail Kosiborod
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Bowes CD, Lien LF, Butler J. Treatment of Diabetes in Patients with Heart Failure. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:97. [PMID: 30151728 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-1032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize and discuss heart failure outcomes for current glucose-lowering agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RECENT FINDINGS Current regulations require cardiovascular outcomes trials for new glucose-lowering therapies to establish that there is no unacceptable increase in cardiovascular risk prior to approval. These cardiovascular outcomes trials include glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Overall, 87,162 patients have been studied in 10 published cardiovascular outcomes trials. There was no significant increase in major adverse cardiovascular events including cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in any of these trials. Heart failure was a component of the secondary endpoint of all of these trials, but only two of these studies show a significant improvement in rates of hospitalization for heart failure. Expanded regulatory labeling for reduction in cardiovascular mortality (empagliflozin) and reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (liraglutide) has recently been established. Saxagliptin and to a lesser part alogliptin have been associated with an increased rate of hospitalization for heart failure. Canagliflozin and empagliflozin are the only two medications that have shown a clear benefit in rates of heart failure hospitalization in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa D Bowes
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Lillian F Lien
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, (L650), University of Mississippi, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Silva AKS, Peixoto CA. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2951-2961. [PMID: 29789866 PMCID: PMC11105365 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity have been identified as the most important risk factors for many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and lipid disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The metabolic changes associated with obesity are grouped to define metabolic syndrome, which is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. NAFLD is considered to be the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide. Inflammation plays an important role in the development of numerous liver diseases, contributing to the progression to more severe stages, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are binder-activated nuclear receptors that are involved in the transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism, energy balance, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Three isotypes are known: PPAR-α, PPARδ/β and PPAR-γ. These isotypes play different roles in diverse tissues and cells, including the inflammatory process. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the role PPARs in the hepatic inflammatory process involved in NAFLD as well as new pharmacological strategies that target PPARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Karolina Soares Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
- Biological Sciences of the Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.
- Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor family and plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), synthetic ligands of PPARγ, have been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus for two decades. TZDs were expected to be amazing drugs not only for type 2 diabetes but also for metabolic syndrome and atherosclerotic vascular disease because they can reduce both insulin resistance and inflammation in experimental studies. However, serious unwanted effects pushed TZDs back to an optional second-tier drug for type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, PPARγ is still one of the most important targets for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, and novel strategies to modulate PPARγ activity to enhance its beneficial effects and reduce unwanted adverse effects are anticipated. Recent studies showed that post-translational modification (PTM) of PPARγ regulates PPARγ activity or stability and may be a novel way to optimize PPARγ activity with reduced adverse effects. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in PTM of PPARγ and the mechanisms regulating PPARγ function as well as in the development of PPARγ modulators or agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Liao WT, Chiang JH, Li CJ, Lee MT, Su CC, Yen HR. Investigation on the Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in a Nationwide Prescription Database in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E179. [PMID: 30037150 PMCID: PMC6069244 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7070179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition, affecting 5⁻10% of women of reproductive age worldwide. It has serious reproductive implications and causes mood disorders and metabolic disorders, such as type-2 diabetes. Because PCOS reflects multiple abnormalities, there is no single drug that can treat all its symptoms. Existing pharmaceutical agents, such as oral contraceptives (OCs), are suggested as a first-line therapy for menstrual irregularities; however, OCs are not appropriate for women pursuing pregnancy. Additionally, insulin-sensitizing agents, which appear to decrease insulin levels and hyperandrogenemia in women with PCOS, have been associated with a high incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects. It is a common practice in Chinese society to receive traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treatment of gynecological problems and infertility. Current research demonstrates that several herbs and herbal formulas show beneficial effects in PCOS treatment. In this study, we conducted the first large-scale survey through the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program database to analyze TCM utilization patterns among women with PCOS in Taiwan during 1997⁻2010. The survey results revealed that 89.22% women with newly diagnosed PCOS had received TCM therapy. Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San and Xiang-Fu (Rhizoma Cyperi) were the most commonly used formula and single herb, respectively, in the database. In addition, we found that the top five commonly prescribed single herbs and herbal formulas have shown promise in treating symptoms associated with PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404 Taiwan.
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Huai Chiang
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jung Li
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsung Lee
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chiung Su
- Post Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Rong Yen
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404 Taiwan.
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Harrington JL, de Albuquerque Rocha N, Patel KV, Verma S, McGuire DK. Should Metformin Remain First-Line Medical Therapy for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease? An Alternative Approach. Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:64. [PMID: 30008022 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With recent cardiovascular outcome trial (CVOT) results for antihyperglycemic medications, the treatment algorithm for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASCVD) requires revision. RECENT FINDINGS All completed CVOTs have demonstrated CV safety of the tested medications, with some trials demonstrating CV efficacy. While metformin remains the first-line recommended medication for T2DM, 18-37% of the patients enrolled in the completed CVOTs were not treated with metformin, providing substantial power to assess CV outcomes independent of metformin. The safety and tolerability of metformin are indisputable, but there are no robust data proving its efficacy for either macro or microvascular disease outcomes. We should reconsider the primacy of metformin in the management of T2DM in patients with ASCVD. This article will review the evidence for CV effects of antihyperglycemic agents (AHAs), and propose an evidence-based treatment algorithm for patients with T2DM and ASCVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine L Harrington
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA
| | - Natalia de Albuquerque Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA
| | - Kershaw V Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA
| | - Subodh Verma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren K McGuire
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA.
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA.
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Zhong W, Jin W, Xu S, Wu Y, Luo S, Liang M, Chen L. Pioglitazone Induces Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Via VEGFR-2 Signaling Pathway. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 111:162-169. [PMID: 29972411 PMCID: PMC6122905 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pioglitazone has been widely used as an insulin-sensitizing agent for
improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
However, cardiovascular risk and protective effects of pioglitazone remain
controversial. Objectives In this study, we investigated whether pioglitazone affects cardiomyocyte
apoptosis and hypertrophy by regulating the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. Methods Cardiomyocytes were enzymatically isolated from 1- to 3-day-old
Sprague-Dawley rat ventricles. Effects of pioglitazone and the
VEGFR-2-selective inhibitor apatinib on cardiomyocyte apoptotic rate was
determined using flow cytometry, and hypertrophy was evaluated using
[3H]-leucine incorporation. The protein expressions of
unphosphorylated and phosphorylated VEGFR-2, Akt, P53, and mTOR were
determined by Western-Blotting. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to
assess the differences between groups. Results Pioglitazone and VEGFR-2-selective inhibitor apatinib reduced rat
cardiomyocyte viability and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by angiotensin
II in vitro. Furthermore, in the same in vitro model, pioglitazone and
apatinib significantly increased the expression of Bax and phosphorylated
P53 and decreased the expression of phosphorylated VEGFR-2, Akt, and mTOR,
which promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Conclusions These findings indicate that pioglitazone induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and
inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by modulating the VEGFR-2 signaling
pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Nanping City, affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian - China.,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian - China
| | - Wen Jin
- Cardiovascular Department, Guangdong N°.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong - China
| | - Shanghua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Nanping City, affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian - China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Nanping City, affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian - China
| | - Shunxiang Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Nanping City, affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian - China
| | - Minlie Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Nanping City, affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian - China
| | - Lianglong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian - China
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Pappa A, Häusler MG, Veigel A, Tzamouranis K, Pfeifer MW, Schmidt A, Bökamp M, Haberland H, Wagner S, Brückel J, de Sousa G, Hackl L, Bollow E, Holl RW. Diabetes mellitus in Friedreich Ataxia: A case series of 19 patients from the German-Austrian diabetes mellitus registry. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 141:229-236. [PMID: 29763710 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a multisystem autosomal recessive disease with progressive clinical course involving the neuromuscular and endocrine system. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one typical non-neurological manifestation, caused by beta cell failure and insulin resistance. Because of its rarity, knowledge on DM in FRDA is limited. Based on data from 200,301 patients with DM of the German-Austrian diabetes registry (DPV) and two exemplary patient reports, characteristics of patients with DM and FRDA are compared with classical type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes phenotype in FRDA is intermediate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes with ketoacidosis being frequent at presentation and blood glucose levels similar to T1Dm but higher than in T2Dm (356 ± 165 and 384 ± 203 mg/dl). 63.2% of FRDA patients received insulin monotherapy, 21% insulin plus oral antidiabetics and 15.8% lifestyle change only, applying similar doses of insulin in all three groups. FRDA patients did not show overweight and HbA1c levels were even lower than in T1Dm or T2Dm patients, respectively, indicating good overall diabetes control. FRDADm can be controlled by individualized treatment regimen with insulin or oral antidiabetics. Patients with DM in FRDA may show a relevant risk to ketoacidotic complications, which should be avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Pappa
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Martin G Häusler
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Veigel
- Childrens Hospital Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Schmidt
- Diabeteszentrum Dept. of Pediatrics, Christophorus-Kliniken Coesfeld, Germany
| | - Martin Bökamp
- Dpt. of Internal Medicine, Christophorus Kliniken Coesfeld/Duelmen, Germany
| | - Holger Haberland
- DiabetesZentrum für Kinder und Jugendliche Sana Kliniken Berlin-Brandenburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lukas Hackl
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Esther Bollow
- Institute for Epidemiology and medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Germany; German Center for Diabetes-Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute for Epidemiology and medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Germany; German Center for Diabetes-Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Baksh SN, McAdams-DeMarco M, Segal JB, Alexander GC. Cardiovascular safety signals with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: A disproportionality analysis among high-risk patients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018; 27:660-667. [PMID: 29655237 PMCID: PMC6727842 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued Draft Guidance on investigating cardiovascular risk with oral diabetic drugs, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i). In 2014, underpowered, post hoc analyses of clinical trials suggested an increased risk of heart failure with the use of these products. As such, we assessed disproportionate reporting of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) among reports for DPP-4i submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 2006 to 2015. METHODS We assessed the empirical Bayes geometric mean (EBGM) and its lower bound (EB05) of the relative reporting ratio for MACE among DPP-4i reports in the full FAERS database and in a subset of reports limited to cardiovascular and diabetic drugs. We then compared the EB05 in these 2 analyses and calculated the percent positive agreement for signals of disproportional reporting (SDRs) involving MACE. RESULTS Of 180.3 million adverse event reports, 13.4 million were for diabetic and cardiovascular drugs. In the cardiovascular subset, there was an SDR for heart failure with linagliptin (EB05 = 2782.47) and saxagliptin (EB05 = 2.40), myocardial infarction with alogliptin (EB05 = 290.11), and cerebral infarction with sitagliptin (EB05 = 2.80). Of the 14 MACE, 8 had a percent positive agreement ≥50% for an SDR in both analyses. Overall, the cardiovascular subset elicited 11 more SDRs for DPP-4i than the full dataset. CONCLUSIONS Postmarketing surveillance of DPP-4i through FAERS suggest increased reporting of MACE, supporting the current FDA warning of heart failure risk. This suggests the need for additional longitudinal, observational research into the association of DPP-4i and other MACE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mara McAdams-DeMarco
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jodi B Segal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Caleb Alexander
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Wang D, Hu X, Lee SH, Chen F, Jiang K, Tu Z, Liu Z, Du J, Wang L, Yin C, Liao Y, Shang H, Martin KA, Herzog RI, Young LH, Qian L, Hwa J, Xiang Y. Diabetes Exacerbates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Down-Regulation of MicroRNA and Up-Regulation of O-GlcNAcylation. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:350-362. [PMID: 30062222 PMCID: PMC6058960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Management for patients with diabetes experiencing myocardial infarction remains a challenge. Here the authors show that hyperglycemia- and hyperinsulinemia-induced microRNA-24 (miR-24) reduction and O-GlcNAcylation in the diabetic heart contribute to poor survival and increased infarct size in diabetic myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In a mouse model of myocardial I/R, pharmacological or genetic overexpression of miR-24 in hearts significantly reduced myocardial infarct size. Experimental validation revealed that miR-24 targets multiple key proteins, including O-GlcNac transferase, ATG4A, and BIM, to coordinately protect the myocardium from I/R injury. These results establish miR-24 as a promising therapeutic candidate for diabetic I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Seung Hee Lee
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Feng Chen
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zizhuo Tu
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zejian Liu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jing Du
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Li Wang
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chaoying Yin
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yu Liao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kathleen A. Martin
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Raimund I. Herzog
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lawrence H. Young
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Li Qian
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John Hwa
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yaozu Xiang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Iogna Prat L, Tsochatzis EA. The effect of antidiabetic medications on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17:219-229. [PMID: 29858843 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is prevalent in more than 50% of patients with type II diabetes. At present, there is no approved therapy for NASH. Until now, the only proven effective interventions in improving biochemical and histological features of NASH, including fibrosis, are weight loss and physical activity even without weight loss. Because of the common epidemiological and pathophysiological features between NAFLD and T2DM, many antidiabetics drugs have been tested in patients with NAFLD over the years. Among these, pioglitazone and liraglutide seem to improve some histological features of NASH but have no clear effect on fibrosis. Metformin has been largely studied in the past years without convincing evidence of improving NAFLD. Data on other compounds such as DDP-4 and SGLT-2 inhibitors are limited. The rational and results of such studies are discussed in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iogna Prat
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital and UCL, London, UK
| | - Emmanuel A Tsochatzis
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital and UCL, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The following is a review of the current concepts on the relationship between hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus with a focus on the epidemiology and cardiovascular prognostic implications of coexistent HTN and diabetes mellitus, shared mechanisms underlying both conditions and pathophysiology of increased risk of cardiovascular disease, treatment of HTN in individuals with diabetes mellitus, and effects of anti-diabetic medications on blood pressure (BP). RECENT FINDINGS Diabetes mellitus and HTN often coexist in the same individual. They share numerous risk factors and underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, most important of which are insulin resistance and inappropriate activation of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Recently updated guidelines recommend a BP goal of 140/90 mmHg in most individuals with diabetes mellitus. A new class of anti-diabetic medications, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, has shown favorable effects on BP. SUMMARY HTN affects the majority of individuals with diabetes mellitus. Coexistence of diabetes mellitus and HTN, especially if BP is not well controlled, dramatically increases the risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. BP control is an essential part of management of patients with diabetes mellitus, because it is one of the most effective ways to prevent vascular complications and death.
Collapse
|
142
|
Gerards MC, Venema GE, Patberg KW, Kross M, Potter van Loon BJ, Hageman IMG, Snijders D, Brandjes DP, Hoekstra JBL, Vriesendorp TM, Gerdes VEA. Dapagliflozin for prednisone-induced hyperglycaemia in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:1306-1310. [PMID: 29316157 PMCID: PMC5947126 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of add-on treatment with dapagliflozin to placebo in patients with prednisone-induced hyperglycaemia during treatment for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). We enrolled 46 patients hospitalized for an AECOPD in a multicentre double-blind randomized controlled study in which add-on treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg was compared with placebo. Glycaemic control and incidence of hypoglycaemia were measured through a blinded subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring device. Participants in the dapagliflozin group spent 54 ± 27.7% of the time in target range (3.9-10 mmol/L) and participants in the placebo group spent 53.6 ± 23.4% of the time in target range (P = .96). The mean glucose concentration was 10.1 mmol/L in the dapagliflozin group and 10.4 mmol/L in the placebo group (P = .66). One participant using dapagliflozin and 2 participants using placebo experienced symptomatic hypoglycaemia. Treatment with dapagliflozin was safe and there was no difference in risk of hypoglycaemia compared with placebo. Dapagliflozin did not result in better glycaemic control compared with placebo in participants with prednisone-induced hyperglycaemia during AECOPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maaike C. Gerards
- Department of Internal MedicineMC SlotervaartAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Martijn Kross
- Department of PulmonologyMC SlotervaartAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dominic Snijders
- Department of PulmonologySpaarne GasthuisHoofddorpThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Ofstad AP, Atar D, Gullestad L, Langslet G, Johansen OE. The heart failure burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus-a review of pathophysiology and interventions. Heart Fail Rev 2018; 23:303-323. [PMID: 29516230 PMCID: PMC5937871 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and heart failure (HF) are both global epidemics with tremendous costs on society with increased rates of HF hospitalizations and worsened prognosis when co-existing, making it a significant "deadly duo." The evidence for pharmacological treatment of HF in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stems typically from either subgroup analyses of patients that were recruited to randomized controlled trials of HF interventions, usually in patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF), or from subgroup analyses of HF patients recruited to cardiovascular (CV) outcome trials (CVOT) of glucose lowering agents involving patients with T2DM. Studies in patients with HF with preserved EF are sparse. This review summarizes the literature on pathophysiology and interventions aiming to reduce the HF burden in T2DM and includes HF trials of ACEi, digoxin, β-blocker, ARB, If-blocker, MRA, and ARNI involving 38,600 patients, with or without prevalent diabetes, and CV outcome trials in T2DM involving 74,351 patients, with or without prevalent HF. In all HF trials, HF outcomes by prevalent diabetes were reported with an incremental risk of HF and death confessed by prevalent diabetes and a treatment effect similar to those without diabetes. All T2DM CVOTs reported on HF outcomes with heterogeneity between trials with two reporting benefits (empagliflozin and canagliflozin) and two reporting increased risk (saxagliptin, pioglitazone). In vulnerable T2DM patients with concomitant HF, guideline-recommended HF drugs are effective. When choosing glucose-lowering therapy, outcomes from available CVOTs should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pernille Ofstad
- Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken HF, Rud, Norway.
- Medical Department, Boehringer Ingelheim, Asker, Norway.
| | - Dan Atar
- Department of Cardiology B, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Gullestad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gisle Langslet
- Rikshospitalet, Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Odd Erik Johansen
- Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken HF, Rud, Norway
- Medical Department, Boehringer Ingelheim, Asker, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Abstract
Diabetes is highly and increasingly prevalent in the dialysis population and negatively impacts both quality and quantity of life. Nevertheless, the best approach to these patients is still debatable. The question of whether the management of diabetes should be different in dialysis patients does not have a clear yes or no answer but is divided into too many sub-issues that should be carefully considered. In this review, lifestyle, cardiovascular risk, and hyperglycemia management are explored, emphasizing the possible pros and cons of a similar approach to diabetes in dialysis patients compared to the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Coelho
- Nephrology and Intensive Care Departments, Hospital Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal.,CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Seferović PM, Petrie MC, Filippatos GS, Anker SD, Rosano G, Bauersachs J, Paulus WJ, Komajda M, Cosentino F, de Boer RA, Farmakis D, Doehner W, Lambrinou E, Lopatin Y, Piepoli MF, Theodorakis MJ, Wiggers H, Lekakis J, Mebazaa A, Mamas MA, Tschöpe C, Hoes AW, Seferović JP, Logue J, McDonagh T, Riley JP, Milinković I, Polovina M, van Veldhuisen DJ, Lainscak M, Maggioni AP, Ruschitzka F, McMurray JJV. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2018. [PMID: 29520964 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coexistence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure (HF), either with reduced (HFrEF) or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), is frequent (30-40% of patients) and associated with a higher risk of HF hospitalization, all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality. The most important causes of HF in T2DM are coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension and a direct detrimental effect of T2DM on the myocardium. T2DM is often unrecognized in HF patients, and vice versa, which emphasizes the importance of an active search for both disorders in the clinical practice. There are no specific limitations to HF treatment in T2DM. Subanalyses of trials addressing HF treatment in the general population have shown that all HF therapies are similarly effective regardless of T2DM. Concerning T2DM treatment in HF patients, most guidelines currently recommend metformin as the first-line choice. Sulphonylureas and insulin have been the traditional second- and third-line therapies although their safety in HF is equivocal. Neither glucagon-like preptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, nor dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors reduce the risk for HF hospitalization. Indeed, a DPP4 inhibitor, saxagliptin, has been associated with a higher risk of HF hospitalization. Thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) are contraindicated in patients with (or at risk of) HF. In recent trials, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, empagliflozin and canagliflozin, have both shown a significant reduction in HF hospitalization in patients with established CV disease or at risk of CV disease. Several ongoing trials should provide an insight into the effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFrEF and HFpEF in the absence of T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petar M Seferović
- University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade University Medical Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mark C Petrie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerasimos S Filippatos
- Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens University Hospital "Attikon", Athens, Greece
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism - Heart Failure, Cachexia & Sarcopenia, Department of Cardiology (CVK); and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT); Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) Berlin; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy and Cardiovascular and Cell Science Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Walter J Paulus
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Komajda
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris VI, La Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Francesco Cosentino
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Farmakis
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Charité - Campus Virchow (CVK), Center for Stroke Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Yuri Lopatin
- Volgograd Medical University, Cardiology Centre, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Massimo F Piepoli
- Heart Failure Unit, Cardiac Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, AUSL, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Michael J Theodorakis
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Unit, Evgenideion Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Henrik Wiggers
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John Lekakis
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- University Paris Diderot, Paris, France; and Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospitals Saint Louis-Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Mamas A Mamas
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno W Hoes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelena P Seferović
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Belgrade University Medical Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jennifer Logue
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Theresa McDonagh
- Department of Cardiology, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Jillian P Riley
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ivan Milinković
- University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade University Medical Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Polovina
- University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade University Medical Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Research and Education, General Hospital Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenia
| | - Aldo P Maggioni
- Research Center of the Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists, Florence, Italy
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- University Heart Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Worsening Heart Failure During the Use of DPP-4 Inhibitors: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Risks, and Potential Influence of Concomitant Antidiabetic Medications. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2018. [PMID: 29525332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors have been reported to have a neutral effect on thromboembolic vaso-occlusive events in large-scale trials, they act to potentiate several endogenous peptides that can exert deleterious cardiovascular effects. Experimentally, DPP-4 inhibitors may augment the ability of glucagon-like peptide-1 to stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate in cardiomyocytes, and potentiation of the effects of stromal cell-derived factor-1 by DPP-4 inhibitors may aggravate cardiac fibrosis. These potentially deleterious actions of DPP-4 inhibitors might not become clinically apparent if these drugs were to promote sodium excretion. However, the natriuretic effect of DPP-4 inhibitors is modest, because they act on the distal (rather than proximal) renal tubules. Accordingly, both clinical trials and observational studies have reported an increase in the risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes who were receiving DPP-4 inhibitors. This risk may be muted in trials with a high prevalence of metformin use or with low and declining background use of insulin and thiazolidinediones. Still, the most vulnerable patients (i.e., those with established heart failure) were not well represented in these studies. The only trial that specifically evaluated patients with pre-existing left ventricular dysfunction observed important drug-related adverse structural and clinical effects. In conclusion, an increased risk of worsening heart failure appears to be a class effect of DPP-4 inhibitors, even in patients without a history of heart failure. Additional clinical trials are urgently needed to elucidate the benefits and risks of DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with established left ventricular dysfunction.
Collapse
|
147
|
Fei Y, Tsoi MF, Kumana CR, Cheung TT, Cheung BMY. Network meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes in randomized controlled trials of new antidiabetic drugs. Int J Cardiol 2018; 254:291-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
148
|
|
149
|
Jorsal A, Wiggers H, McMurray JJV. Heart Failure: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Heart Failure in Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2018; 47:117-135. [PMID: 29407047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article briefly discusses the epidemiology of heart failure and diabetes and summarizes the key findings from the recent cardiovascular outcome trials in patients with type 2 diabetes, with a focus on heart failure as an endpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Jorsal
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Incuba Skejby, Building 2, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Wiggers
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Incuba Skejby, Building 2, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
|