101
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Ma JR, Wang DH. [Epigenetic effects of human breastfeeding]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:926-930. [PMID: 27751205 PMCID: PMC7389542 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is well-known for its benefits of preventing communicable and non-communicable diseases. Human breastmilk consists not only of nutrients, but also of bioactive substances. What's more, the epigenetic effects of human breast milk may also play an important role. Alterations in the epigenetic regulation of genes may lead to profound changes in phenotype. Clarifying the role of human breast milk on genetic expression can potentially benefit the infant's health and his later life. This review article makes a brief summary of the epigenetic mechanism of breast milk, and its epigenetic effects on neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, infectious diseases, metabolism syndrome, cognitive function and anaphylactic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ran Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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102
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Chu DM, Meyer KM, Prince AL, Aagaard KM. Impact of maternal nutrition in pregnancy and lactation on offspring gut microbial composition and function. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:459-470. [PMID: 27686144 PMCID: PMC5103658 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1241357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence supporting the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis indicates that maternal nutrition in pregnancy has a significant impact on offspring disease risk later in life, likely by modulating developmental processes in utero. Gut microbiota have recently been explored as a potential mediating factor, as dietary components strongly influence microbiota abundance, function and its impact on host physiology. A growing body of evidence has additionally indicated that the intrauterine environment is not sterile as once presumed, indicating that maternal-fetal transmission of microbiota may occur during pregnancy. In this article, we will review the body of literature that supports this emerging hypothesis, as well as highlight the work in relevant animal models demonstrating associations with maternal gestational nutrition and the offspring gut microbiome that may influence offspring physiology and susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick M. Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kristen M. Meyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Amanda L. Prince
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kjersti M. Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,CONTACT Kjersti M. Aagaard, MD PhD FACOG Associate Professor, Baylor College of Medicine, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Jones 314, Houston, TX, 77030
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103
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Zhu J, Zhu F, Zhao N, Mu X, Li P, Wang W, Liu J, Ma X. Methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter modulates morphine dependence and accompanied hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1459-1473. [PMID: 27618384 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that dysfunction of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis played an important role in morphine dependence. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism underlying morphine-induced HPA axis dysfunction and morphine dependence remains unclear. In the current study, 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), was used to examine the effects of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) promoter 17 methylation on chronic morphine-induced HPA axis dysfunction and behavioral changes in rats and the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that chronic but not acute morphine downregulated the expression of nuclear GR protein and GR exon 17 variant mRNA, and upregulated the methylation of GR 17 exon promoter in the hippocampus of rats. Meanwhile, 5-aza per se had no effect on observed molecular and behavior change. In contrast, pretreatment of 5-aza into rat hippocampus reversed chronic morphine-induced hypermethylation of GR 17 promoter and decrease in GR expression. Moreover, pretreatment of 5-aza attenuated chronic morphine-enhanced HPA axis reactivity and the naloxone-precipitated somatic signs in morphine-dependent rats. Our results suggest that chronic morphine induced hypermethylation of GR 17 promoter, which then downregulated the expression of hippocampal GR, and was thus involved in chronic morphine-induced dysfunction of the HPA axis and the modulation of morphine dependence. Moreover, chronic morphine-induced hypermethylation of GR 17 promoter may be at least partially due to the increase in hippocampal DNMT 1 expression and its binding at GR 17 promoter in the rat hippocampus. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhao
- Northwest University of Politics and Law School of Police, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Mu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Reproductive Medicine Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Shaanxi Province & Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Li
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancang Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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104
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Marandel L, Lepais O, Arbenoits E, Véron V, Dias K, Zion M, Panserat S. Remodelling of the hepatic epigenetic landscape of glucose-intolerant rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by nutritional status and dietary carbohydrates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32187. [PMID: 27561320 PMCID: PMC4999891 DOI: 10.1038/srep32187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rainbow trout, a carnivorous fish, displays a 'glucose-intolerant' phenotype revealed by persistent hyperglycaemia when fed a high carbohydrate diet (HighCHO). Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene activity and is closely related to environmental changes and thus to metabolism adjustments governed by nutrition. In this study we first assessed in the trout liver whether and how nutritional status affects global epigenome modifications by targeting DNA methylation and histone marks previously reported to be affected in metabolic diseases. We then examined whether dietary carbohydrates could affect the epigenetic landscape of duplicated gluconeogenic genes previously reported to display changes in mRNA levels in trout fed a high carbohydrate diet. We specifically highlighted global hypomethylation of DNA and hypoacetylation of H3K9 in trout fed a HighCHO diet, a well-described phenotype in diabetes. g6pcb2 ohnologs were also hypomethylated at specific CpG sites in these animals according to their up-regulation. Our findings demonstrated that the hepatic epigenetic landscape can be affected by both nutritional status and dietary carbohydrates in trout. The mechanism underlying the setting up of these epigenetic modifications has now to be explored in order to improve understanding of its impact on the glucose intolerant phenotype in carnivorous teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Marandel
- INRA, Univ Pau &Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Olivier Lepais
- INRA, UMR 1224, Ecologie Comportementale et Biologie des Populations de Poissons, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France.,Univ Pau &Pays Adour, UMR 1224, Ecologie Comportementale et Biologie des Populations de Poissons, UFR Sciences et Techniques de la Côte Basque, Anglet, F-64600, France, Anglet, F-64600, France
| | - Eva Arbenoits
- INRA, Univ Pau &Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Vincent Véron
- INRA, Univ Pau &Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Karine Dias
- INRA, Univ Pau &Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Marie Zion
- INRA, Univ Pau &Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- INRA, Univ Pau &Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
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105
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Marini F, Cianferotti L, Brandi ML. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Bone Biology and Osteoporosis: Can They Drive Therapeutic Choices? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081329. [PMID: 27529237 PMCID: PMC5000726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a complex multifactorial disorder of the skeleton. Genetic factors are important in determining peak bone mass and structure, as well as the predisposition to bone deterioration and fragility fractures. Nonetheless, genetic factors alone are not sufficient to explain osteoporosis development and fragility fracture occurrence. Indeed, epigenetic factors, representing a link between individual genetic aspects and environmental influences, are also strongly suspected to be involved in bone biology and osteoporosis. Recently, alterations in epigenetic mechanisms and their activity have been associated with aging. Also, bone metabolism has been demonstrated to be under the control of epigenetic mechanisms. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), the master transcription factor of osteoblast differentiation, has been shown to be regulated by histone deacetylases and microRNAs (miRNAs). Some miRNAs were also proven to have key roles in the regulation of Wnt signalling in osteoblastogenesis, and to be important for the positive or negative regulation of both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Exogenous and environmental stimuli, influencing the functionality of epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of bone metabolism, may contribute to the development of osteoporosis and other bone disorders, in synergy with genetic determinants. The progressive understanding of roles of epigenetic mechanisms in normal bone metabolism and in multifactorial bone disorders will be very helpful for a better comprehension of disease pathogenesis and translation of this information into clinical practice. A deep understanding of these mechanisms could help in the future tailoring of proper individual treatments, according to precision medicine's principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marini
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence and Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Luisella Cianferotti
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence and Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence and Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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106
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SUN Q, LI X, JIA Y, PAN S, LI R, YANG X, ZHAO R. Maternal betaine supplementation during gestation modifies hippocampal expression of GR and its regulatory miRNAs in neonatal piglets. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:921-8. [PMID: 26875838 PMCID: PMC4937150 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl donor nutrients are critical for embryonic development of brain. Hippocampus is the most susceptible brain region to various factors including prenatal supply of methyl donors. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expressed in hippocampus is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and stress sensitivity. Hippocampal GR expression is highly susceptible to epigenetic regulation, yet the effect of maternal methyl donor supplementation on epigenetic regulation of GR transcription in offspring hippocampus remains unclear. In this study, we fed sows with betaine (3 g/kg) throughout the gestation and analyzed the hippocampal expression of GR mRNA and its variants, as well as the CpG methylation status of the promoter and the microRNAs predicted to target 3' UTR of porcine GR gene in neonatal piglets. Total GR mRNA (P<0.01) and its variants GR 1-4 (P<0.05) and 1-9,10 (P<0.01), were significantly higher in the hippocampus of betaine-treated piglets, while the content of GR protein was not significantly changed. The CpGs located in the -1650 ~ -1515 segment of GR gene were hypermethylated (P<0.05). The hippocampal expression of miR-130b (P<0.05), miR-181a (P<0.05) and miR-181d (P<0.01) was significantly up-regulated. The targeting efficacy of miR-130b and miR-181d was validated in vitro using dual-luciferase reporter assay system. Our results demonstrate that maternal betaine supplementation during gestation enhances GR mRNA expression in offspring hippocampus, which involves alterations in miRNAs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwei SUN
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xi LI
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yimin JIA
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Shifeng PAN
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Runsheng LI
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing YANG
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Ruqian ZHAO
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing,
Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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107
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Sutton EF, Gilmore LA, Dunger DB, Heijmans BT, Hivert MF, Ling C, Martinez JA, Ozanne SE, Simmons RA, Szyf M, Waterland RA, Redman LM, Ravussin E. Developmental programming: State-of-the-science and future directions-Summary from a Pennington Biomedical symposium. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1018-26. [PMID: 27037645 PMCID: PMC4846483 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE On December 8-9, 2014, the Pennington Biomedical Research Center convened a scientific symposium to review the state-of-the-science and future directions for the study of developmental programming of obesity and chronic disease. The objectives of the symposium were to discuss: (i) past and current scientific advances in animal models, population-based cohort studies, and human clinical trials, (ii) the state-of-the-science of epigenetic-based research, and (iii) considerations for future studies. RESULTS This symposium provided a comprehensive assessment of the state of the scientific field and identified research gaps and opportunities for future research in order to understand the mechanisms contributing to the developmental programming of health and disease. CONCLUSIONS Identifying the mechanisms which cause or contribute to developmental programming of future generations will be invaluable to the scientific and medical community. The ability to intervene during critical periods of prenatal and early postnatal life to promote lifelong health is the ultimate goal. Considerations for future research including the use of animal models, the study design in human cohorts with considerations about the timing of the intrauterine exposure, and the resulting tissue-specific epigenetic signature were extensively discussed and are presented in this meeting summary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert A. Waterland
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
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108
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de Oliveira JC, Gomes RM, Miranda RA, Barella LF, Malta A, Martins IP, Franco CCDS, Pavanello A, Torrezan R, Natali MRM, Lisboa PC, Mathias PCDF, de Moura EG. Protein Restriction During the Last Third of Pregnancy Malprograms the Neuroendocrine Axes to Induce Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Male Rat Offspring. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1799-812. [PMID: 27007071 PMCID: PMC5393358 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic malprogramming has been associated with low birth weight; however, the interplay between insulin secretion disruption and adrenal function upon lipid metabolism is unclear in adult offspring from protein-malnourished mothers during the last third of gestation. Thus, we aimed to study the effects of a maternal low-protein diet during the last third of pregnancy on adult offspring metabolism, including pancreatic islet function and morphophysiological aspects of the liver, adrenal gland, white adipose tissue, and pancreas. Virgin female Wistar rats (age 70 d) were mated and fed a protein-restricted diet (4%, intrauterine protein restricted [IUPR]) from day 14 of pregnancy until delivery, whereas control dams were fed a 20.5% protein diet. At age 91 d, their body composition, glucose-insulin homeostasis, ACTH, corticosterone, leptin, adiponectin, lipid profile, pancreatic islet function and liver, adrenal gland, and pancreas morphology were assessed. The birth weights of the IUPR rats were 20% lower than the control rats (P < .001). Adult IUPR rats were heavier, hyperphagic, hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, hyperleptinemic, and hypercorticosteronemic (P < .05) with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, ACTH, and insulin sensitivity index levels (P < .01). The insulinotropic action of glucose and acetylcholine as well as muscarinic and adrenergic receptor function were impaired in the IUPR rats (P < .05). Maternal undernutrition during the last third of gestation disrupts the pancreatic islet insulinotropic response and induces obesity-associated complications. Such alterations lead to a high risk of metabolic syndrome, characterized by insulin resistance, visceral obesity, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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109
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Christ A, Bekkering S, Latz E, Riksen NP. Long-term activation of the innate immune system in atherosclerosis. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:384-93. [PMID: 27113267 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to reverse the pathologic consequences of vulnerable plaques are often stymied by the complex treatment resistant pro-inflammatory environment within the plaque. This suggests that pro-atherogenic stimuli, such as LDL cholesterol and high fat diets may impart longer lived signals on (innate) immune cells that persist even after reversing the pro-atherogenic stimuli. Recently, a series of studies challenged the traditional immunological paradigm that innate immune cells cannot display memory characteristics. Epigenetic reprogramming in these myeloid cell subsets, after exposure to certain stimuli, has been shown to alter the expression of genes upon re-exposure. This phenomenon has been termed trained innate immunity or innate immune memory. The changed responses of 'trained' innate immune cells can confer nonspecific protection against secondary infections, suggesting that innate immune memory has likely evolved as an ancient mechanism to protect against pathogens. However, dysregulated processes of immunological imprinting mediated by trained innate immunity may also be detrimental under certain conditions as the resulting exaggerated immune responses could contribute to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Pro-atherogenic stimuli most likely cause epigenetic modifications that persist for prolonged time periods even after the initial stimulus has been removed. In this review we discuss the concept of trained innate immunity in the context of a hyperlipidemic environment and atherosclerosis. According to this idea the epigenome of myeloid (progenitor) cells is presumably modified for prolonged periods of time, which, in turn, could evoke a condition of continuous immune cell over-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Christ
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Siroon Bekkering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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110
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Poon K, Leibowitz SF. Consumption of Substances of Abuse during Pregnancy Increases Consumption in Offspring: Possible Underlying Mechanisms. Front Nutr 2016; 3:11. [PMID: 27148536 PMCID: PMC4837147 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative human observational studies on substances of abuse have been highly dependent on the use of rodent models to determine the neuronal and molecular mechanisms that control behavioral outcomes. This is particularly true for gestational exposure to non-illicit substances of abuse, such as excessive dietary fat, ethanol, and nicotine, which are commonly consumed in our society. Exposure to these substances during the prenatal period has been shown in offspring to increase their intake of these substances, induce other behavioral changes, and affect neurochemical systems in several brain areas that are known to control behavior. More importantly, emerging studies are linking the function of the immune system to these neurochemicals and ingestion of these abused substances. This review article will summarize the prenatal rodent models used to study developmental changes in offspring caused by prenatal exposure to dietary fat, ethanol, or nicotine. We will discuss the various techniques used for the administration of these substances into rodents and summarize the published outcomes induced by prenatal exposure to these substances. Finally, this review will cover some of the recent evidence for the role of immune factors in causing these behavioral and neuronal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinning Poon
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
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111
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Maternal folic acid supplementation modulates DNA methylation and gene expression in the rat offspring in a gestation period-dependent and organ-specific manner. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 33:103-10. [PMID: 27152636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maternal folic acid supplementation can alter DNA methylation and gene expression in the developing fetus, which may confer disease susceptibility later in life. We determined which gestation period and organ were most sensitive to the modifying effect of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy on DNA methylation and gene expression in the offspring. Pregnant rats were randomized to a control diet throughout pregnancy; folic acid supplementation at 2.5× the control during the 1st, 2nd or 3rd week of gestation only; or folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy. The brain, liver, kidney and colon from newborn pups were analyzed for folate concentrations, global DNA methylation and gene expression of the Igf2, Er-α, Gr, Ppar-α and Ppar-γ genes. Folic acid supplementation during the 2nd or 3rd week gestation or throughout pregnancy significantly increased brain folate concentrations (P<.001), while only folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy significantly increased liver folate concentrations (P=.005), in newborn pups. Brain global DNA methylation incrementally decreased from early to late gestational folic acid supplementation and was the lowest with folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy (P=.026). Folic acid supplementation in late gestation or throughout pregnancy significantly decreased Er-α, Gr and Ppar-α gene expression in the liver (P<.05). The kidney and colon were resistant to the effect of folic acid supplementation. Maternal folic acid supplementation affects tissue folate concentrations, DNA methylation and gene expression in the offspring in a gestation-period-dependent and organ-specific manner.
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112
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Denisenko O, Lucas ES, Sun C, Watkins AJ, Mar D, Bomsztyk K, Fleming TP. Regulation of ribosomal RNA expression across the lifespan is fine-tuned by maternal diet before implantation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:906-13. [PMID: 27060415 PMCID: PMC4914606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cells and organisms respond to nutrient deprivation by decreasing global rates of transcription, translation and DNA replication. To what extent such changes can be reversed is largely unknown. We examined the effect of maternal dietary restriction on RNA synthesis in the offspring. Low protein diet fed either throughout gestation or for the preimplantation period alone reduced cellular RNA content across fetal somatic tissues during challenge and increased it beyond controls in fetal and adult tissues after challenge release. Changes in transcription of ribosomal RNA, the major component of cellular RNA, were responsible for this phenotype as evidenced by matching alterations in RNA polymerase I density and DNA methylation at ribosomal DNA loci. Cellular levels of the ribosomal transcription factor Rrn3 mirrored the rRNA expression pattern. In cell culture experiments, Rrn3 overexpression reduced rDNA methylation and increased rRNA expression; the converse occurred after inhibition of Rrn3 activity. These observations define novel mechanism where poor nutrition before implantation irreversibly alters basal rates of rRNA transcription thereafter in a process mediated by rDNA methylation and Rrn3 factor. Maternal malnutrition downregulates rDNA transcription in fetal tissues. Switch to normal diet permanently upregulates rDNA transcription compared to controls. These changes are mediated by DNA methylation and Pol I transcription factor Rrn3. This mechanism is activated before implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Denisenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Rm 242, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Emma S Lucas
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 840, Level D Lab & Path Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Congshan Sun
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 840, Level D Lab & Path Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Adam J Watkins
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 840, Level D Lab & Path Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Daniel Mar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Rm 242, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karol Bomsztyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Rm 242, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tom P Fleming
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 840, Level D Lab & Path Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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113
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Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Camm EJ. The Programming Power of the Placenta. Front Physiol 2016; 7:33. [PMID: 27014074 PMCID: PMC4789467 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Size at birth is a critical determinant of life expectancy, and is dependent primarily on the placental supply of nutrients. However, the placenta is not just a passive organ for the materno-fetal transfer of nutrients and oxygen. Studies show that the placenta can adapt morphologically and functionally to optimize substrate supply, and thus fetal growth, under adverse intrauterine conditions. These adaptations help meet the fetal drive for growth, and their effectiveness will determine the amount and relative proportions of specific metabolic substrates supplied to the fetus at different stages of development. This flow of nutrients will ultimately program physiological systems at the gene, cell, tissue, organ, and system levels, and inadequacies can cause permanent structural and functional changes that lead to overt disease, particularly with increasing age. This review examines the environmental regulation of the placental phenotype with particular emphasis on the impact of maternal nutritional challenges and oxygen scarcity in mice, rats and guinea pigs. It also focuses on the effects of such conditions on fetal growth and the developmental programming of disease postnatally. A challenge for future research is to link placental structure and function with clinical phenotypes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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114
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Brennan-Olsen SL, Page RS, Berk M, Riancho JA, Leslie WD, Wilson SG, Saban KL, Janusek L, Pasco JA, Hodge JM, Quirk SE, Hyde NK, Hosking SM, Williams LJ. DNA methylation and the social gradient of osteoporotic fracture: A conceptual model. Bone 2016; 84:204-212. [PMID: 26723576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there is a documented social gradient for osteoporosis, the underlying mechanism(s) for that gradient remain unknown. We propose a conceptual model based upon the allostatic load theory, to suggest how DNA methylation (DNAm) might underpin the social gradient in osteoporosis and fracture. We hypothesise that social disadvantage is associated with priming of inflammatory pathways mediated by epigenetic modification that leads to an enhanced state of inflammatory reactivity and oxidative stress, and thus places socially disadvantaged individuals at greater risk of osteoporotic fracture. METHODS/RESULTS Based on a review of the literature, we present a conceptual model in which social disadvantage increases stress throughout the lifespan, and engenders a proinflammatory epigenetic signature, leading to a heightened inflammatory state that increases risk for osteoporotic fracture in disadvantaged groups that are chronically stressed. CONCLUSIONS Our model proposes that, in addition to the direct biological effects exerted on bone by factors such as physical activity and nutrition, the recognised socially patterned risk factors for osteoporosis also act via epigenetic-mediated dysregulation of inflammation. DNAm is a dynamic modulator of gene expression with considerable relevance to the field of osteoporosis. Elucidating the extent to which this epigenetic mechanism transduces the psycho-social environment to increase the risk of osteoporotic fracture may yield novel entry points for intervention that can be used to reduce individual and population-wide risks for osteoporotic fracture. Specifically, an epigenetic evidence-base may strengthen the importance of lifestyle modification and stress reduction programs, and help to reduce health inequities across social groups. MINI ABSTRACT Our conceptual model proposes how DNA methylation might underpin the social gradient in osteoporotic fracture. We suggest that social disadvantage is associated with priming of inflammatory signalling pathways, which is mediated by epigenetic modifications, leading to a chronically heightened inflammatory state that places disadvantaged individuals at greater risk of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Brennan-Olsen
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, C/- Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Melbourne, C/- Sunshine Hospital, Furlong Road, Melbourne, 3021, VIC, Australia; Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, 3000, VIC, Australia.
| | - Richard S Page
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, C/- Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia; Barwon Orthopaedic Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, C/- Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - José A Riancho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - William D Leslie
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Karen L Saban
- Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA; Centre of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Linda Janusek
- Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Julie A Pasco
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, C/- Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason M Hodge
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, C/- Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Shae E Quirk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, C/- Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie K Hyde
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, C/- Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah M Hosking
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, C/- Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Lana J Williams
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, C/- Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
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115
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Willems E, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Decuypere E, Janssens S, Buyse J, Buys N, Jensen P, Everaert N. Differential Expression of Genes and DNA Methylation associated with Prenatal Protein Undernutrition by Albumen Removal in an avian model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20837. [PMID: 26861190 PMCID: PMC4748411 DOI: 10.1038/srep20837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, long-term effects on body weight and reproductive performance have been demonstrated in the chicken model of prenatal protein undernutrition by albumen removal. Introduction of such persistent alterations in phenotype suggests stable changes in gene expression. Therefore, a genome-wide screening of the hepatic transcriptome by RNA-Seq was performed in adult hens. The albumen-deprived hens were created by partial removal of the albumen from eggs and replacement with saline early during embryonic development. Results were compared to sham-manipulated hens and non-manipulated hens. Grouping of the differentially expressed (DE) genes according to biological functions revealed the involvement of processes such as ‘embryonic and organismal development’ and ‘reproductive system development and function’. Molecular pathways that were altered were ‘amino acid metabolism’, ‘carbohydrate metabolism’ and ‘protein synthesis’. Three key central genes interacting with many DE genes were identified: UBC, NR3C1, and ELAVL1. The DNA methylation of 9 DE genes and 3 key central genes was examined by MeDIP-qPCR. The DNA methylation of a fragment (UBC_3) of the UBC gene was increased in the albumen-deprived hens compared to the non-manipulated hens. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that prenatal protein undernutrition by albumen removal leads to long-term alterations of the hepatic transcriptome in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Willems
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 box 2456, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Linköping University, IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna
- Linköping University, IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Eddy Decuypere
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 box 2456, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Janssens
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Research Group Livestock Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 box 2456, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Buyse
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 box 2456, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nadine Buys
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Research Group Livestock Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 box 2456, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Per Jensen
- Linköping University, IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Nadia Everaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 box 2456, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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116
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Krause BJ, Castro-Rodríguez JA, Uauy R, Casanello P. [General concepts of epigenetics: Projections in paediatrics]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 87:4-10. [PMID: 26872716 DOI: 10.1016/j.rchipe.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence supports the notion that alterations in intrauterine growth and during the first years of life have a substantial effect on the risk for the development of chronic disease, which in some cases is even higher than those due to genetic factors. The persistence and reproducibility of the phenotypes associated with altered early development suggest the participation of mechanisms that would record environmental cues, generating a cellular reprogramming (i.e., epigenetic mechanisms). This review is an introduction to a series of five articles focused on the participation of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of highly prevalent chronic diseases (i.e., cardiovascular, metabolic, asthma/allergies and cancer) and their origins in the foetal and neonatal period. This series of articles aims to show the state of the art in this research area and present the upcoming clues and challenges, in which paediatricians have a prominent role, developing strategies for the prevention, early detection and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo J Krause
- División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - José A Castro-Rodríguez
- División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Uauy
- División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Casanello
- División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; División de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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117
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Xiong F, Lin T, Song M, Ma Q, Martinez SR, Lv J, MataGreenwood E, Xiao D, Xu Z, Zhang L. Antenatal hypoxia induces epigenetic repression of glucocorticoid receptor and promotes ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the developing heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 91:160-71. [PMID: 26779948 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Large studies in humans and animals have demonstrated a clear association of an adverse intrauterine environment with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. Yet mechanisms remain largely elusive. The present study tested the hypothesis that gestational hypoxia leads to promoter hypermethylation and epigenetic repression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene in the developing heart, resulting in increased heart susceptibility to ischemia and reperfusion injury in offspring. Hypoxic treatment of pregnant rats from day 15 to 21 of gestation resulted in a significant decrease of GR exon 14, 15, 16, and 17 transcripts, leading to down-regulation of GR mRNA and protein in the fetal heart. Functional cAMP-response elements (CREs) at -4408 and -3896 and Sp1 binding sites at -3425 and -3034 were identified at GR untranslated exon 1 promoters. Hypoxia significantly increased CpG methylation at the CREs and Sp1 binding sites and decreased transcription factor binding to GR exon 1 promoter, accounting for the repression of the GR gene in the developing heart. Of importance, treatment of newborn pups with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine reversed hypoxia-induced promoter methylation, restored GR expression and prevented hypoxia-mediated increase in ischemia and reperfusion injury of the heart in offspring. The findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of epigenetic repression of the GR gene in fetal stress-mediated programming of ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxia Xiong
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Thant Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Minwoo Song
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Qingyi Ma
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Shannalee R Martinez
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Juanxiu Lv
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Eugenia MataGreenwood
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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118
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Zhong J, Agha G, Baccarelli AA. The Role of DNA Methylation in Cardiovascular Risk and Disease: Methodological Aspects, Study Design, and Data Analysis for Epidemiological Studies. Circ Res 2016; 118:119-131. [PMID: 26837743 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.305206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that genetic, environmental, behavioral, and clinical factors contribute to cardiovascular disease development. How these risk factors interact at the cellular level to cause cardiovascular disease is not well known. Epigenetic epidemiology enables researchers to explore critical links between genomic coding, modifiable exposures, and manifestation of disease phenotype. One epigenetic link, DNA methylation, is potentially an important mechanism underlying these associations. In the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the number of epidemiological studies investigating cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in relation to DNA methylation, but many gaps remain in our understanding of the underlying cause and biological implications. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the biology and mechanisms of DNA methylation and its role in cardiovascular disease. In addition, we summarize the current evidence base in epigenetic epidemiology studies relevant to cardiovascular health and disease and discuss the limitations, challenges, and future directions of the field. Finally, we provide guidelines for well-designed epigenetic epidemiology studies, with particular focus on methodological aspects, study design, and analytical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhong
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Golareh Agha
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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119
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Markovic TP, Muirhead R, Overs S, Ross GP, Louie JCY, Kizirian N, Denyer G, Petocz P, Hyett J, Brand-Miller JC. Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of a Low-Glycemic Index Diet on Pregnancy Outcomes in Women at High Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The GI Baby 3 Study. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:31-8. [PMID: 26185283 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary interventions can improve pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We compared the effect of a low-glycemic index (GI) versus a conventional high-fiber (HF) diet on pregnancy outcomes, birth weight z score, and maternal metabolic profile in women at high risk of GDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS One hundred thirty-nine women [mean (SD) age 34.7 (0.4) years and prepregnancy BMI 25.2 (0.5) kg/m(2)] were randomly assigned to a low-GI (LGI) diet (n = 72; target GI ∼50) or a high-fiber, moderate-GI (HF) diet (n = 67; target GI ∼60) at 14-20 weeks' gestation. Diet was assessed by 3-day food records and infant body composition by air-displacement plethysmography, and pregnancy outcomes were assessed from medical records. RESULTS The LGI group achieved a lower GI than the HF group [mean (SD) 50 (5) vs. 58 (5); P < 0.001]. There were no differences in glycosylated hemoglobin, fructosamine, or lipids at 36 weeks or differences in birth weight [LGI 3.4 (0.4) kg vs. HF 3.4 (0.5) kg; P = 0.514], birth weight z score [LGI 0.31 (0.90) vs. HF 0.24 (1.07); P = 0.697], ponderal index [LGI 2.71 (0.22) vs. HF 2.69 (0.23) kg/m(3); P = 0.672], birth weight centile [LGI 46.2 (25.4) vs. HF 41.8 (25.6); P = 0.330], % fat mass [LGI 10 (4) vs. HF 10 (4); P = 0.789], or incidence of GDM. CONCLUSIONS In intensively monitored women at risk for GDM, a low-GI diet and a healthy diet produce similar pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania P Markovic
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ros Muirhead
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shannon Overs
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glynis P Ross
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathalie Kizirian
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gareth Denyer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Petocz
- Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jon Hyett
- RPA Women and Babies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennie C Brand-Miller
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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120
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Jia Y, Song H, Gao G, Cai D, Yang X, Zhao R. Maternal Betaine Supplementation during Gestation Enhances Expression of mtDNA-Encoded Genes through D-Loop DNA Hypomethylation in the Skeletal Muscle of Newborn Piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10152-10160. [PMID: 26527363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Betaine has been widely used in animal and human nutrition to promote muscle growth and performance, yet it remains unknown whether maternal betaine supplementation during gestation affects the metabolic characteristics of neonatal skeletal muscles. In the present study, feeding sows with betaine-supplemented diets throughout gestation significantly upregulated the expression of mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS genes (p < 0.05), including COX1, COX2, and ND5, in the muscle of newborn piglets, which was associated with enhanced mitochondrial COX enzyme activity (p < 0.05). Concurrently, maternal betaine supplementation increased the plasma betaine concentration and muscle expression of methyl transfer enzymes (p < 0.05), BHMT and GNMT, in offspring piglets. Nevertheless, Dnmt3a was downregulated at the level of both mRNA and protein, which was associated with a hypomethylated mtDNA D-loop region (p < 0.05). These results suggest that maternal betaine supplementation during gestation enhances expression of mtDNA-encoded genes through D-loop DNA hypomethylation in the skeletal muscle of newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Haogang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guichao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Demin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
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121
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Kuijper B, Johnstone RA. Parental effects and the evolution of phenotypic memory. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:265-76. [PMID: 26492510 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing evidence for nongenetic inheritance, the ecological conditions that favour the evolution of heritable parental or grandparental effects remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically explore the evolution of parental effects in a patch-structured population with locally changing environments. When selection favours the production of a mix of offspring types, this mix differs according to the parental phenotype, implying that parental effects are favoured over selection for bet-hedging in which the mixture of offspring phenotypes produced does not depend on the parental phenotype. Positive parental effects (generating a positive correlation between parental and offspring phenotype) are favoured in relatively stable habitats and when different types of local environment are roughly equally abundant, and can give rise to long-term parental inheritance of phenotypes. By contrast, unstable habitats can favour negative parental effects (generating a negative correlation between parental and offspring phenotype), and under these circumstances, even slight asymmetries in the abundance of local environmental states select for marked asymmetries in transmission fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kuijper
- CoMPLEX, Center of Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - R A Johnstone
- Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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122
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Lee HS. Impact of Maternal Diet on the Epigenome during In Utero Life and the Developmental Programming of Diseases in Childhood and Adulthood. Nutrients 2015; 7:9492-507. [PMID: 26593940 PMCID: PMC4663595 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental factors in early life can influence developmental processes and long-term health in humans. Early life nutrition and maternal diet are well-known examples of conditions shown to influence the risk of developing metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, in adulthood. It is increasingly accepted that environmental compounds, including nutrients, can produce changes in the genome activity that, in spite of not altering the DNA sequence, can produce important, stable and, in some instances, transgenerational alterations in the phenotype. Epigenetics refers to changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in the DNA sequence, with DNA methylation patterns/histone modifications that can make important contributions to epigenetic memory. The epigenome can be considered as an interface between the genome and the environment that is central to the generation of phenotypes and their stability throughout the life course. To better understand the role of maternal health and nutrition in the initiation and progression of diseases in childhood and adulthood, it is necessary to identify the physiological and/or pathological roles of specific nutrients on the epigenome and how dietary interventions in utero and early life could modulate disease risk through epigenomic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sun Lee
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69372 Cedex 08, France.
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123
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Tammen SA, Park LK, Dolnikowski GG, Ausman LM, Friso S, Choi SW. Hepatic DNA hydroxymethylation is site-specifically altered by chronic alcohol consumption and aging. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:535-544. [PMID: 26578530 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Global DNA hydroxymethylation is markedly decreased in human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, which is associated with chronic alcohol consumption and aging. Because gene-specific changes in hydroxymethylcytosine may affect gene transcription, giving rise to a carcinogenic environment, we determined genome-wide site-specific changes in hepatic hydroxymethylcytosine that are associated with chronic alcohol consumption and aging. METHODS Young (4 months) and old (18 months) male C57Bl/6 mice were fed either an ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet or an isocaloric control diet for 5 weeks. Genomic and gene-specific hydroxymethylcytosine patterns were determined through hydroxymethyl DNA immunoprecipitation array in hepatic DNA. RESULTS Hydroxymethylcytosine patterns were more perturbed by alcohol consumption in young mice than in old mice (431 differentially hydroxymethylated regions, DhMRs, in young vs 189 DhMRs in old). A CpG island ~2.5 kb upstream of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, Nr3c1, had increased hydroxymethylation as well as increased mRNA expression (p = 0.015) in young mice fed alcohol relative to the control group. Aging alone also altered hydroxymethylcytosine patterns, with 331 DhMRs, but alcohol attenuated this effect. Aging was associated with a decrease in hydroxymethylcytosine ~1 kb upstream of the leptin receptor gene, Lepr, and decreased transcription of this gene (p = 0.029). Nr3c1 and Lepr are both involved in hepatic lipid homeostasis and hepatosteatosis, which may create a carcinogenic environment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the location of hydroxymethylcytosine in the genome is site specific and not random, and that changes in hydroxymethylation may play a role in the liver's response to aging and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Tammen
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lara K Park
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory G Dolnikowski
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynne M Ausman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sang-Woon Choi
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Chaum Life Center, CHA University School of Medicine, 442, Dosan-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-948, Korea.
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124
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Epigenetic landscape in PPARγ2 in the enhancement of adipogenesis of mouse osteoporotic bone marrow stromal cell. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2504-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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125
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Aravidou E, Eleftheriades M, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Anagnostopoulos AK, Aravantinos L, Dontas I, Aravidis C, Creatsas G, Tsangaris G, Chrousos GP. Protein expression in the brain of rat offspring in relation to prenatal caloric restriction. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:2707-14. [PMID: 26515516 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been associated with decreased supply of crucial substrates to the fetus and affects its growth and development by temporarily or permanently modifying gene expression and function. However, not all neonates born by calorie restricted mothers are IUGR and there are no reports regarding their brain protein expression vis-à-vis that of their IUGR siblings. Here, we investigated the expression of key proteins that regulate growth and development of the brain in non-IUGR newborn pups versus IUGR siblings and control pups. METHODS Rat brain proteins were isolated from each group upon delivery and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). RESULTS 14-3-3 Protein, calreticulin, elongation factor, alpha-enolase, fascin, heat-shock protein HSP90 and pyruvate kinase isozymes were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in samples obtained from IUGR newborn pups compared to non-IUGR. Conversely, collapsin response mediator proteins, heat-shock70 and peroxiredoxin2 were decreased in IUGR group compared to non-IUGR. CONCLUSIONS In our experimental study, IUGR pups showed an altered proteomic profile compared to their non-IUGR siblings and non-IUGR controls. Thus, not all offspring of calorie-restricted mothers become IUGR with the accompanying alterations in the expression of proteins. The differentially expressed proteins could modulate alterations in the energy balance, plasticity and maturation of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Aravidou
- a First Department of Pediatrics and.,b Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School , University of Athens , Greece
| | - Makarios Eleftheriades
- a First Department of Pediatrics and.,c Embryocare, Fetal Medicine Unit , Athens , Greece
| | - Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner
- d Division of Neonatology , Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Athanassios K Anagnostopoulos
- e Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Greece
| | - Leon Aravantinos
- b Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School , University of Athens , Greece
| | - Ismene Dontas
- f Laboratory For Research of the Musculoskeletal System , School of Medicine, University of Athens , Greece
| | - Christos Aravidis
- g Cytogenetics Unit of Critical Care Department, Medical School, University of Athens , Greece
| | - Georgios Creatsas
- b Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School , University of Athens , Greece
| | - Georgios Tsangaris
- e Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Greece
| | - Georgios P Chrousos
- a First Department of Pediatrics and.,h Clinical Research Centre, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Greece
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126
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Alvarado SG, Lenkov K, Williams B, Fernald RD. Social Crowding during Development Causes Changes in GnRH1 DNA Methylation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142043. [PMID: 26517121 PMCID: PMC4627844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational and developmental cues have important consequences for long-term health, behavior and adaptation to the environment. In addition, social stressors cause plastic molecular changes in the brain that underlie unique behavioral phenotypes that also modulate fitness. In the adult African cichlid, Astatotilapia burtoni, growth and social status of males are both directly regulated by social interactions in a dynamic social environment, which causes a suite of plastic changes in circuits, cells and gene transcription in the brain. We hypothesized that a possible mechanism underlying some molecular changes might be DNA methylation, a reversible modification made to cytosine nucleotides that is known to regulate gene function. Here we asked whether changes in DNA methylation of the GnRH1 gene, the central regulator of the reproductive axis, were altered during development of A. burtoni. We measured changes in methylation state of the GnRH1 gene during normal development and following the gestational and developmental stress of social crowding. We found differential DNA methylation within developing juveniles between 14-, 28- and 42-day-old. Following gestational crowding of mouth brooding mothers, we saw differential methylation and transcription of GnRH1 in their offspring. Taken together, our data provides evidence for social control of GnRH1 developmental responses to gestational cues through DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Alvarado
- Biology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Gilbert Hall, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, Palo Alto, Califorinia 94305, United States of America
| | - Kapa Lenkov
- Biology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Gilbert Hall, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, Palo Alto, Califorinia 94305, United States of America
| | - Blake Williams
- Biology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Gilbert Hall, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, Palo Alto, Califorinia 94305, United States of America
| | - Russell D Fernald
- Biology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Gilbert Hall, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, Palo Alto, Califorinia 94305, United States of America
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127
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Adult male mice conceived by in vitro fertilization exhibit increased glucocorticoid receptor expression in fat tissue. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 7:73-82. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415007825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal development is highly plastic and readily influenced by the environment. Adverse conditions have been shown to alter organ development and predispose offspring to chronic diseases, including diabetes and hypertension. Notably, it appears that the changes in glucocorticoid hormones or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels in peripheral tissues could play a role in the development of chronic diseases. We have previously demonstrated that in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation embryo culture is associated with growth alterations and glucose intolerance in mice. However, it is unknown if GR signaling is affected in adult IVF offspring. Here we show that GR expression is increased in inbred (C57Bl6/J) and outbred (CF-1× B6D2F1/J) blastocysts following in vitro culture and elevated levels are also present in the adipose tissue of adult male mice. Importantly, genes involved in lipolysis and triglyceride synthesis and responsive to GR were also increased in adipose tissue, indicating that increased GR activates downstream gene pathways. The promoter region of GR, previously reported to be epigenetically modified by perinatal manipulation, showed no changes in DNA methylation status. Our findings demonstrate that IVF results in a long-term change in GR gene expression in a sex- and tissue-specific manner. These changes in adipose tissues may well contribute to the metabolic phenotype in mice conceived by IVF.
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128
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Morgado J, Sanches B, Anjos R, Coelho C. Programming of Essential Hypertension: What Pediatric Cardiologists Need to Know. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1327-37. [PMID: 26015087 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is recognized as one of the major contributing factors to cardiovascular disease, but its etiology remains incompletely understood. Known genetic and environmental influences can only explain a small part of the variability in cardiovascular disease risk. The missing heritability is currently one of the most important challenges in blood pressure and hypertension genetics. Recently, some promising approaches have emerged that move beyond the DNA sequence and focus on identification of blood pressure genes regulated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNAs. This review summarizes information on gene-environmental interactions that lead toward the developmental programming of hypertension with specific reference to epigenetics and provides pediatricians and pediatric cardiologists with a more complete understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Morgado
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital do Espírito Santo de Évora, Largo Senhor da Pobreza, 7000-811, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Sanches
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Rui Anjos
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Hospital Santa Cruz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Constança Coelho
- Genetics Laboratory, Environmental Health Institute, Lisbon Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
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129
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Zhang N. Epigenetic modulation of DNA methylation by nutrition and its mechanisms in animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:144-151. [PMID: 29767106 PMCID: PMC5945948 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that phenotype of animals may be modified by the nutritional modulations through epigenetic mechanisms. As a key and central component of epigenetic network, DNA methylation is labile in response to nutritional influences. Alterations in DNA methylation profiles can lead to changes in gene expression, resulting in diverse phenotypes with the potential for decreased growth and health. Here, I reviewed the biological process of DNA methylation that results in the addition of methyl groups to DNA; the possible ways including methyl donors, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity and other cofactors, the critical periods including prenatal, postnatal and dietary transition periods, and tissue specific of epigenetic modulation of DNA methylation by nutrition and its mechanisms in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naifeng Zhang
- Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
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130
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Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression allows the organism to respond/adapt to environmental conditions without changing the gene coding sequence. Epigenetic modifications have also been found to control gene expression in various diseases, including diabetes. Epigenetic changes induced by hyperglycemia in multiple target organs contribute to metabolic memory of diabetic complications. The long-lasting development of diabetic complications even after achieving glucose control has been partly attributed to epigenetic changes in target cells. Specific epigenetic drugs might rescue chromatin conformation associated to hyperglycemia possibly slowing down the onset of diabetes-related complications. The current review will describe the updated epigenetics in diabetes that can be used to personalize a more focused treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fodor
- University of Medicine & Pharmacy ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Angela Cozma
- University of Medicine & Pharmacy ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eddy Karnieli
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Galil Center for Personalized Medicine & Medical Informatics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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131
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Ngai YF, Sulistyoningrum DC, O'Neill R, Innis SM, Weinberg J, Devlin AM. Prenatal alcohol exposure alters methyl metabolism and programs serotonin transporter and glucocorticoid receptor expression in brain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R613-22. [PMID: 26180184 PMCID: PMC4591382 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00075.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) programs the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in HPA dysregulation and hyperresponsiveness to stressors in adulthood. Molecular mechanisms mediating these alterations are not fully understood. Disturbances in one-carbon metabolism, a source of methyl donors for epigenetic processes, contributes to alcoholic liver disease. We assessed whether PAE affects one-carbon metabolism (including Mtr, Mat2a, Mthfr, and Cbs mRNA) and programming of HPA function genes (Nr3c1, Nr3c2, and Slc6a4) in offspring from ethanol-fed (E), pair-fed (PF), and ad libitum-fed control (C) dams. At gestation day 21, plasma total homocysteine and methionine concentrations were higher in E compared with C dams, and E fetuses had higher plasma methionine concentrations and lower whole brain Mtr and Mat2a mRNA compared with C fetuses. In adulthood (55 days), hippocampal Mtr and Cbs mRNA was lower in E compared with C males, whereas Mtr, Mat2a, Mthfr, and Cbs mRNA were higher in E compared with C females. We found lower Nr3c1 mRNA and lower nerve growth factor inducible protein A (NGFI-A) protein in the hippocampus of E compared with PF females, whereas hippocampal Slc6a4 mRNA was higher in E than C males. By contrast, hypothalamic Slc6a4 mRNA was lower in E males and females compared with C offspring. This was accompanied by higher hypothalamic Slc6a4 mean promoter methylation in E compared with PF females. These findings demonstrate that PAE is associated with alterations in one-carbon metabolism and has long-term and region-specific effects on gene expression in the brain. These findings advance our understanding of mechanisms of HPA dysregulation associated with PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fai Ngai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dian C Sulistyoningrum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan O'Neill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia; and
| | - Sheila M Innis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joanne Weinberg
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia; and Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela M Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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132
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Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC. Environmental challenge, epigenetic plasticity and the induction of altered phenotypes in mammals. Epigenomics 2015; 6:623-36. [PMID: 25531256 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The level of transcriptional activity of a gene is regulated by epigenetic processes. There is compelling evidence that environmental challenges throughout the life course can induce phenotypic change. In this review, we summarize the current evidence, focusing specifically on the effects of nutrition and of environmental pollutants, that epigenetic processes underpin the induction by environmental change of altered phenotypic traits, emphasizing the implications for health outcomes. We also discuss whether epigenetic processes may be involved in the passage of induced traits between generations. Overall, current findings indicate that epigenetic processes may play an important role in determining disease risk, but there is a lack of studies that demonstrate causal links between epigenetic change and tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Lillycrop
- Faculty of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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133
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Kitamura A, Miyauchi N, Hamada H, Hiura H, Chiba H, Okae H, Sato A, John RM, Arima T. Epigenetic alterations in sperm associated with male infertility. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2015. [PMID: 26212350 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most common form of male infertility is a low sperm count, known as oligozoospermia. Studies suggest that oligozoospermia is associated with epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic alterations in sperm, which may arise due to the exposure of gametes to environmental factors or those that pre-exist in the sperm of infertile individuals, may contribute to the increased incidence of normally rare imprinting disorders in babies conceived after assisted reproductive technology using the sperm of infertile men. Genomic imprinting is an important developmental process whereby the allelic activity of certain genes is regulated by DNA methylation established during gametogenesis. The aberrant expression of several imprinted genes has been linked to various diseases, malignant tumors, lifestyle and mental disorders in humans. Understanding how infertility and environmental factors such as reproductive toxicants, certain foods, and drug exposures during gametogenesis contribute to the origins of these disorders via defects in sperm is of paramount importance. In this review, we discuss the association of epigenetic alterations with abnormal spermatogenesis and the evidence that epigenetic processes, including those required for genomic imprinting, may be sensitive to environmental exposures during gametogenesis, fertilization and early embryonic development. In addition, we review imprinting diseases and their relationships with environmental factors. While the plasticity of epigenetic marks may make these more susceptible to modification by the environment, this also suggests that aberrant epigenetic marks may be reversible. A greater understanding of this process and the function of epidrugs may lead to the development of new treatment methods for many adult diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Kitamura
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyauchi
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Hamada
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hiura
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hatsune Chiba
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okae
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiko Sato
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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134
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The developmental environment, epigenetic biomarkers and long-term health. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 6:399-406. [PMID: 26017068 DOI: 10.1017/s204017441500121x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from both human and animal studies has shown that the prenatal and early postnatal environments influence susceptibility to chronic disease in later life and suggests that epigenetic processes are an important mechanism by which the environment alters long-term disease risk. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNAs, play a central role in regulating gene expression. The epigenome is highly sensitive to environmental factors in early life, such as nutrition, stress, endocrine disruption and pollution, and changes in the epigenome can induce long-term changes in gene expression and phenotype. In this review we focus on how the early life nutritional environment can alter the epigenome leading to an altered susceptibility to disease in later life.
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135
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Breed-specific expression of GR exon 1 mRNA variants and profile of GR promoter CpG methylation in the hippocampus of newborn piglets. Animal 2015; 8:1851-6. [PMID: 25322790 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcription is driven by alternative promoters to produce different exon 1 mRNA variants. CpG methylation on GR promoters profoundly affects GR transcription. GR in hippocampus is critical for energy homeostasis and stress responses, yet it remains unclear whether hippocampal expression of GR exon 1 mRNA variants and the methylation status of GR promoters differ between Large White (LW) and Erhualian (EHL) pigs showing distinct metabolic and stress-coping characteristics. EHL pigs had higher hippocampus weight relative to BW (P<0.01), which was associated with higher serum cortisol level compared with LW pigs. Hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (P<0.05) was significantly higher, while Bax, a pro-apoptotic gene, was significantly lower in EHL pigs (P<0.05). Hippocampal expression of total GR did not differ between breeds, yet GR exon 1 to 11 mRNA was significantly higher (P<0.01) in EHL pigs, which was associated with a trend of increase (P=0.057) in GR protein content. No significant breed difference was detected for the methylation status across the whole region of the proximal GR promoter, while CpG334 and CpG266.267 were differentially methylated, in a reversed manner, between breeds. The methylation status of CpGs 248, 259, 260, 268 and 271 was negatively correlated (P<0.05) with GR exon 1 to 11 mRNA abundance. Our results provide fundamental information on the breed-specific characteristics of GR and its mRNA variants expression and the status of DNA methylation on the proximal GR promoter in the pig hippocampus.
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136
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Pan H, Lin X, Wu Y, Chen L, Teh AL, Soh SE, Lee YS, Tint MT, MacIsaac JL, Morin AM, Tan KH, Yap F, Saw SM, Kobor MS, Meaney MJ, Godfrey KM, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Karnani N, Holbrook JD. HIF3A association with adiposity: the story begins before birth. Epigenomics 2015; 7:937-50. [PMID: 26011824 PMCID: PMC4863876 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Determine if the association of HIF3A DNA methylation with weight and adiposity is detectable early in life. Material & methods: We determined HIF3A genotype and DNA methylation patterns (on hybridization arrays) in DNA extracted from umbilical cords of 991 infants. Methylation levels at three CpGs in the HIF3A first intron were related to neonatal and infant anthropometry and to genotype at nearby polymorphic sites. Results & conclusion: Higher methylation levels at three previously described HIF3A CpGs were associated with greater infant weight and adiposity. The effect sizes were slightly smaller than those reported for adult BMI. There was also an interaction within cis-genotype. The association between higher DNA methylation at HIF3A and increased adiposity is present in neonates. In this study, no particular prenatal factor strongly influenced HIF3A hypermethylation. Our data nonetheless suggest shared prenatal influences on HIF3A methylation and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Lin
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore
| | - Li Chen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore
| | - Ai Ling Teh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore
| | - Shu E Soh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore (NUS), 117597, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119228, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119228, Singapore.,Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, 119228, Singapore
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119228, Singapore
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Alexander M Morin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore (NUS), 117597, Singapore
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, Douglas University Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, (Quebec) H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit & NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119228, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation & Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119228, Singapore
| | - Joanna D Holbrook
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore
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137
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Heng D, Wang Z, Fan Y, Li L, Fang J, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, Liu W, He X. Long-term metabolic alterations in a febrile seizure model. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:374-80. [PMID: 26000812 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1018385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common neurological disease in infancy and early childhood, it can lead to metabolic changes and have long-term health implications. Aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of FS on metabolism. METHODS We measured certain metabolic parameters in hyperthermia-prone (HP) rats, which were developed using a selective breeding process and showed a lower seizure threshold than wild-type (WT) rats. Body weight, body length, abdominal circumference and the levels of fasting blood glucose, serum triglyceride, and total cholesterol concentrations were analyzed. The mRNA expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism was determined by qPCR and the histone methylation level in the liver was determined by western blot. RESULTS We found that the body weight of the HP rats was significantly lower than that of the WT rats. Similarly, the fasting blood glucose and serum triglyceride levels were lower in the HP group compared with the WT group. These changes were accompanied by increased mRNA expression of genes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1), but not peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). We also found tri-methylation of histone 3 at Lys9 and Lys27 was decreased in the HP group. CONCLUSIONS These data may suggest an underlying mechanism by which FS have a long-term effect on energy metabolism via histone methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Yin
- a Department of Pathophysiology
| | - Biwen Peng
- b Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- b Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiaohua He
- a Department of Pathophysiology.,b Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
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138
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Ikeda M, Honma K, Mochizuki K, Goda T. Fasting for 3 days during the suckling-weaning transient period in male rats induces metabolic abnormalities in the liver and is associated with impaired glucose tolerance in adulthood. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1059-67. [PMID: 25943649 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0919-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies suggest that nutritional status during developmental periods is associated with subsequent development of metabolic abnormalities. In this study, we examined whether malnutrition by fasting for 3 days during the suckling-weaning transient period induces subsequent development of metabolic abnormalities in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fasted for 3 days during the suckling-weaning transient period. They are subsequently fed a high-fat, high-sucrose (HF) or low-fat, high-starch (LF) diet for 14 weeks from 17 weeks of age, and the liver and blood samples were collected for measuring mRNA and protein levels of metabolic genes and blood concentrations of glucose and insulin, respectively. RESULTS Fasting for 3 days during the suckling-weaning transient period induced impaired glucose tolerance in rats fed the LF diet in adulthood. Liver triglycerides in rats fed the HF diet in adulthood increased to 140 % in rats fasted for 3 days during the suckling-weaning transient period compared with those non-fasted. Furthermore, liver expression of FBP1 and ACCα genes in adult rats fed the LF diet increased to 125 and 145 %, respectively, in rats fasted for 3 days during the suckling-weaning transient period compared to non-fasted rats. PEPCK1 protein expression levels in rats fed the LF diet were higher in rats fasted for 3 days during the suckling-weaning transient period than in non-fasted rats. CONCLUSION Fasting for 3 days in rats during the suckling-weaning transient period enhances metabolic abnormalities in animals fed a HF or LF diet in adulthood by confounding metabolism of lipid and sugar in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Ikeda
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kazue Honma
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.,Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Local Produce and Food Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Toshinao Goda
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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139
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Increased systolic blood pressure in rat offspring following a maternal low-protein diet is normalized by maternal dietary choline supplementation. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 3:342-9. [PMID: 25102263 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174412000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An adverse prenatal environment may induce long-term metabolic consequences, in particular hypertension and cardiovascular disease. A maternal low-protein (LP) diet is well known to result in increased blood pressure (BP) in offspring. Choline has been shown to have direct BP-reducing effects in humans and animals. It has been suggested that endogenous choline synthesis via phosphatidylcholine is constrained during maternal LP exposure. The present study investigates the effect of choline supplementation to mothers fed a LP diet during pregnancy on systolic BP (SBP) in offspring as measured by tail-cuff plethysmography. Wistar rats were assigned to one of three diets to be fed ad libitum throughout pregnancy: (1) control diet (CONT, 20% protein); (2) an LP diet (9% protein); and (3) LP supplemented with choline (LP + C). Dams were fed the CONT diet throughout lactation and offspring were fed the CONT diet from weaning for the remainder of the trial. At postnatal day 150, SBP and retroperitoneal fat mass was significantly increased in LP offspring compared with CONT animals and was normalized in LP + C offspring. Effects of LP + C reduction in SBP were similar in both males and females. Plasma choline and phosphatidylcholine concentrations were not different across treatment groups, but maternal choline supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in homocysteine concentrations in LP + C offspring compared with LP and CONT animals. The present trial shows for the first time that maternal supplementation with dietary choline during periods of LP exposure can normalize increased SBP and fat mass observed in offspring in later life.
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140
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Lillycrop KA, Costello PM, Teh AL, Murray RJ, Clarke-Harris R, Barton SJ, Garratt ES, Ngo S, Sheppard AM, Wong J, Dogra S, Burdge GC, Cooper C, Inskip HM, Gale CR, Gluckman PD, Harvey NC, Chong YS, Yap F, Meaney MJ, Rifkin-Graboi A, Holbrook JD, Godfrey KM. Association between perinatal methylation of the neuronal differentiation regulator HES1 and later childhood neurocognitive function and behaviour. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:1263-76. [PMID: 25906782 PMCID: PMC4588869 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early life environments induce long-term changes in neurocognitive development and behaviour. In animal models, early environmental cues affect neuropsychological phenotypes via epigenetic processes but, as yet, there is little direct evidence for such mechanisms in humans. Method We examined the relation between DNA methylation at birth and child neuropsychological outcomes in two culturally diverse populations using a genome-wide methylation analysis and validation by pyrosequencing. Results Within the UK Southampton Women’s Survey (SWS) we first identified 41 differentially methylated regions of interest (DMROI) at birth associated with child’s full-scale IQ at age 4 years. Associations between HES1 DMROI methylation and later cognitive function were confirmed by pyrosequencing in 175 SWS children. Consistent with these findings, higher HES1 methylation was associated with higher executive memory function in a second independent group of 200 SWS 7-year-olds. Finally, we examined a pathway for this relationship within a Singaporean cohort (n = 108). Here, HES1 DMROI methylation predicted differences in early infant behaviour, known to be associated with academic success. In vitro, methylation of HES1 inhibited ETS transcription factor binding, suggesting a functional role of this site. Conclusions Thus, our findings suggest that perinatal epigenetic processes mark later neurocognitive function and behaviour, providing support for a role of epigenetic processes in mediating the long-term consequences of early life environment on cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK,
| | - Paula M Costello
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ai Ling Teh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Robert J Murray
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rebecca Clarke-Harris
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sheila J Barton
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Emma S Garratt
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sherry Ngo
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Allan M Sheppard
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johnny Wong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Shaillay Dogra
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Graham C Burdge
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK, NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hazel M Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Catharine R Gale
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Duke NUS Graduate School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Joanna D Holbrook
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
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141
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Gali Ramamoorthy T, Begum G, Harno E, White A. Developmental programming of hypothalamic neuronal circuits: impact on energy balance control. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:126. [PMID: 25954145 PMCID: PMC4404811 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in adults and children has increased globally at an alarming rate. Mounting evidence from both epidemiological studies and animal models indicates that adult obesity and associated metabolic disorders can be programmed by intrauterine and early postnatal environment- a phenomenon known as "fetal programming of adult disease." Data from nutritional intervention studies in animals including maternal under- and over-nutrition support the developmental origins of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The hypothalamic neuronal circuits located in the arcuate nucleus controlling appetite and energy expenditure are set early in life and are perturbed by maternal nutritional insults. In this review, we focus on the effects of maternal nutrition in programming permanent changes in these hypothalamic circuits, with experimental evidence from animal models of maternal under- and over-nutrition. We discuss the epigenetic modifications which regulate hypothalamic gene expression as potential molecular mechanisms linking maternal diet during pregnancy to the offspring's risk of obesity at a later age. Understanding these mechanisms in key metabolic genes may provide insights into the development of preventative intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghazala Begum
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK
| | - Erika Harno
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Anne White
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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142
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Chango A, Pogribny IP. Considering maternal dietary modulators for epigenetic regulation and programming of the fetal epigenome. Nutrients 2015; 7:2748-70. [PMID: 25875118 PMCID: PMC4425171 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal life is characterized by a tremendous plasticity and ability to respond to various environmental and lifestyle factors, including maternal nutrition. Identification of the role of dietary factors that can modulate and reshape the cellular epigenome during development, including methyl group donors (e.g., folate, choline) and bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols) is of great importance; however, there is insufficient knowledge of a particular effect of each type of modulator and/or their combination on fetal life. To enhance the quality and safety of food products for proper fetal health and disease prevention in later life, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of dietary epigenetic modulators during the critical prenatal period is necessary. This review focuses on the influence of maternal dietary components on DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs, and summarizes current knowledge of the effect and importance of dietary components on epigenetic mechanisms that control the proper expression of genetic information. Evidence reveals that some components in the maternal diet can directly or indirectly affect epigenetic mechanisms. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of how early-life nutritional environment affects the epigenome during development is of great importance for the successful prevention of adult chronic diseases through optimal maternal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abalo Chango
- Polytechnic Institute LaSalle Beauvais, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, EGEAL UP:2012.10.101, F-60026 Beauvais Cedex, France.
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Food and Drug Administration National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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143
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Abstract
There has been a substantial body of evidence, which has shown that genetic variation is an important determinant of disease risk. However, there is now increasing evidence that alterations in epigenetic processes also play a role in determining susceptibility to disease. Epigenetic processes, which include DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs play a central role in regulating gene expression, determining when and where a gene is expressed as well as the level of gene expression. The epigenome is highly sensitive to a variety of environmental factors, especially in early life. One factor that has been shown consistently to alter the epigenome is maternal diet. This review will focus on how maternal diet can modify the epigenome of the offspring, producing different phenotypes and altered disease susceptibilities.
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144
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Assessment of cardiometabolic risk in children in population studies: underpinning developmental origins of health and disease mother-offspring cohort studies. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e12. [PMID: 26090093 PMCID: PMC4463019 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and birth cohorts have been utilised extensively to investigate the
developmental origins of health and disease, particularly in relation to understanding the
aetiology of obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders. Birth and pregnancy cohorts
have been utilised extensively to investigate this area of research. The aim of the
present review was twofold: first to outline the necessity of measuring cardiometabolic
risk in children; and second to outline how it can be assessed. The major outcomes thought
to have an important developmental component are CVD, insulin resistance and related
metabolic outcomes. Conditions such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and CHD all
tend to have peak prevalence in middle-aged and older individuals but assessments of
cardiometabolic risk in childhood and adolescence are important to define early causal
factors and characterise preventive measures. Typically, researchers investigating
prospective cohort studies have relied on the thesis that cardiovascular risk factors,
such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension and obesity, track from childhood into adult life. The
present review summarises some of the evidence that these factors, when measured in
childhood, may be of value in assessing the risk of adult cardiometabolic disease, and as
such proceeds to describe some of the methods for assessing cardiometabolic risk in
children.
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145
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Yara S, Lavoie JC, Levy E. Oxidative stress and DNA methylation regulation in the metabolic syndrome. Epigenomics 2015; 7:283-300. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is implicated in tissue-specific gene expression and genomic imprinting. It is modulated by environmental factors, especially nutrition. Modified DNA methylation patterns may contribute to health problems and susceptibility to complex diseases. Current advances have suggested that the metabolic syndrome (MS) is a programmable disease, which is characterized by epigenetic modifications of vital genes when exposed to oxidative stress. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to critically review the central context of MS while presenting the most recent knowledge related to epigenetic alterations that are promoted by oxidative stress. Potential pro-oxidant mechanisms that orchestrate changes in methylation profiling and are related to obesity, diabetes and hypertension are discussed. It is anticipated that the identification and understanding of the role of DNA methylation marks could be used to uncover early predictors and define drugs or diet-related treatments able to delay or reverse epigenetic changes, thereby combating MS burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Yara
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Centre, Université de Montréal, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Jean-Claude Lavoie
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Centre, Université de Montréal, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3T 1C5
- Departments of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Emile Levy
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Centre, Université de Montréal, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3T 1C5
- Departments of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
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146
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Understanding the role of maternal diet on kidney development; an opportunity to improve cardiovascular and renal health for future generations. Nutrients 2015; 7:1881-905. [PMID: 25774605 PMCID: PMC4377888 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide are cardiovascular disease (high blood pressure, high cholesterol and renal disease), cancer and diabetes. It is increasingly obvious that the development of these diseases encompasses complex interactions between adult lifestyle and genetic predisposition. Maternal malnutrition can influence the fetal and early life environment and pose a risk factor for the future development of adult diseases, most likely due to impaired organogenesis in the developing offspring. This then predisposes these offspring to cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction in adulthood. Studies in experimental animals have further illustrated the significant impact maternal diet has on offspring health. Many studies report changes in kidney structure (a reduction in the number of nephrons in the kidney) in offspring of protein-deprived dams. Although the early studies suggested that increased blood pressure was also present in offspring of protein-restricted dams, this is not a universal finding and requires clarification. Importantly, to date, the literature offers little to no understanding of when in development these changes in kidney development occur, nor are the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive these changes well characterised. Moreover, the mechanisms linking maternal nutrition and a suboptimal renal phenotype in offspring are yet to be discerned—one potential mechanism involves epigenetics. This review will focus on recent information on potential mechanisms by which maternal nutrition (focusing on malnutrition due to protein restriction, micronutrient restriction and excessive fat intake) influences kidney development and thereby function in later life.
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147
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Murray R, Godfrey KM, Lillycrop KA. The Early Life Origins of Cardiovascular Disease. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-015-0442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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148
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Abstract
It is well established that genotype plays an important role in the ageing process. However, recent studies have suggested that epigenetic mechanisms may also influence the onset of ageing-associated diseases and longevity. Epigenetics is defined as processes that induce heritable changes in gene expression without a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence. The major epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA. Such processes are involved in the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression, cell differentiation and genomic imprinting. However, epigenetic dysregulation is frequently seen with ageing. Relatively little is known about the factors that initiate such changes. However, there is emerging evidence that the early life environment, in particular nutrition, in early life can induce long-term changes in DNA methylation resulting in an altered susceptibility to a range of ageing-associated diseases. In this review, we will focus on the changes in DNA methylation that occur during ageing; their role in the ageing process and how early life nutrition can modulate DNA methylation and influence longevity. Understanding the mechanisms by which diet in early life can influence the epigenome will be crucial for the development of preventative and intervention strategies to increase well-being in later life.
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149
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Epigenetic Alterations Caused by Nutritional Stress During Fetal Programming of the Endocrine Pancreas. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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150
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Telomere length in the two extremes of abnormal fetal growth and the programming effect of maternal arterial hypertension. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7869. [PMID: 25598199 PMCID: PMC5379006 DOI: 10.1038/srep07869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is associated with birth weight in both extremes of abnormal fetal growth: small (SGA) and large for gestational age newborns (LGA). Clinical and laboratory variables of the mothers and the neonates were explored; 45 newborns with appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA), 12 SGA and 12 LGA were included. Whether the differences might be explained by variation in OBFC1 (rs9419958) and CTC1 (rs3027234) genes associated with LTL was determined. A significant association between birth weight and LTL was observed; LTL was significantly shorter in LGA newborns (1.01 ± 0.12) compared with SGA (1.73 ± 0.19) p < 0.005, mean ± SE. Maternal (Spearman R = −0.6, p = 0.03) and neonatal LTL (R = −0.25, p = 0.03) were significantly and inversely correlated with maternal history of arterial hypertension in previous gestations. Neonatal LTL was not significantly associated with either rs9419950 or rs3027234, suggesting that the association between neonatal LTL and birth weight is not influenced by genetic variation in genes that modify the interindividual LTL. In conclusion, telomere biology seems to be modulated by abnormal fetal growth; modifications in telomere length might be programmed by an adverse environment in utero.
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