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Rohra H, Pipal AS, Satsangi PG, Taneja A. Revisiting the atmospheric particles: Connecting lines and changing paradigms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156676. [PMID: 35700785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the atmospheric particles constitute the most primitive and recent class of air pollutants. The science of atmospheric particles erupted more than a century ago covering more than four decades of size, with past few years experiencing major advancements on both theoretic and data-based observational grounds. More recently, the plausible recognition between particulate matter (PM) and the diffusion of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the accretion of interest in particle science. With motivation from diverse particle research interests, this paper is an 'old engineer's survey' beginning with the evolution of atmospheric particles and identifies along the way many of the global instances signaling the 'size concept' of PM. A theme that runs through the narrative is a 'previously known' generational evolution of particle science to the 'newly procured' portfolio of knowledge, with important gains on the application of unmet concepts and future approaches to PM exposure and epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Rohra
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Atar Singh Pipal
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - P G Satsangi
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ajay Taneja
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra 282002, India.
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102
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Yu Y, Cheng P, Li Y, Gu J, Gong Y, Han B, Yang W, Sun J, Wu C, Song W, Li M. The association of chemical composition particularly the heavy metals with the oxidative potential of ambient PM 2.5 in a megacity (Guangzhou) of southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113489. [PMID: 35594961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM2.5) can cause adverse health effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is normally characterized by the oxidative potential (OP). However, the particulate components that are mainly responsible for the ROS-induced OP remain controversial and warrant further investigation, especially in megacities where high exposure exists and particulate composition is complex. In this study, we measured the OP of PM2.5 using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay with and without chelation of metals in a megacity in southern China, Guangzhou, in January and April. We explored the correlations between OP and various chemical components in PM2.5, including water-soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and metal elements. There are strong correlations between OPDTTv (volume-normalized) and concentrations of PM2.5, OC, and EC, while the correlations between OPDTTm (mass-normalized) and mass-normalized water-soluble ions, OC, EC or metal elements are weak. The OP values with chelation were reduced by ∼90%, indicating that water-soluble heavy metals were the major contributors to OP of PM2.5 in Guangzhou. On the other hand, correlations between OPDTTm and OC improved significantly after the chelation of heavy metals, implying that OC explains the variance of OPDTTm although its contribution to OP is much smaller than that of heavy metals. We postulate that there might be synergetic effects between water-soluble heavy metals (which contribute most to OP) and OC (which explains the variance of OP) in ROS generation by PM2.5. The findings of the current study provide a better understanding on the critical components in PM2.5 and potential synergism that might be responsible for health effects in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Yu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Jianwei Gu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yucheng Gong
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Baobin Han
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wenda Yang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiayin Sun
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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103
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Giannossa LC, Cesari D, Merico E, Dinoi A, Mangone A, Guascito MR, Contini D. Inter-annual variability of source contributions to PM 10, PM 2.5, and oxidative potential in an urban background site in the central mediterranean. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115752. [PMID: 35982560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is studied because of its effects on human health and climate change. PM long-term characterisation allows identifying trends and evaluating the outcomes of environmental protection policies. This work is aimed to study the inter-annual variability of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and chemical composition in an urban background site (Italy). A dataset of daily PM2.5 and PM10 was collected in the period 2016-2017, including the content of OC, EC, major water-soluble ions, main metals, and compared to a similar dataset collected in the period 2013-2014. Oxidative potential using DTT assay (dithiothreitol) was evaluated and expressed in DTTV as 0.39 nmol/min·m3 in PM10 and 0.29 in PM2.5 nmol/min·m3. PM source apportionment was computed using the EPA PMF5.0 model and source contributions compared with those of a previous dataset collected between 2013 and 2014. Multi linear regression analysis identified which source contributed (p < 0.05) to the oxidative potential of each size fraction. Inter-annual trends were more evident on PM2.5 with reductions of biomass burning contribution and increases in traffic contribution in the 2016-2017 period. Crustal contributions were similar for the two periods, in both size fractions. Carbonates were comparable in PM10 with a slight increase in PM2.5. Sea spray decreased in PM10. The DTTV of PM2.5 peaked during cold periods, while, the DTTV of the PM10-2.5 fraction peaked in summer, suggesting that different sources, with different seasonality, influence OP in the PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 fractions. Analysis showed that sea spray, crustal, and carbonates sources contribute ∼13.6% to DTTV in PM2.5 and ∼62.4% to DTTV in PM10-2.5. Combustion sources (biomass burning and traffic) contribute to the majority of DTTV (50.6%) in PM2.5 and contribute for ∼26% to DTTV in PM10-2.5. Secondary nitrate contributes to DTTV in both fine and coarse fraction; secondary sulphate contribute to DTTV in PM2.5 with negligible contributions to DTTV in PM10-2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Cesari
- Italy National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.
| | - Eva Merico
- Italy National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Italy National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Annarosa Mangone
- University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Chemistry, I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rachele Guascito
- Italy National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Lecce, 73100, Italy; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Italy National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
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Farahani VJ, Altuwayjiri A, Pirhadi M, Verma V, Ruprecht AA, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K, Sioutas C. The oxidative potential of particulate matter (PM) in different regions around the world and its relation to air pollution sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:1076-1086. [PMID: 36277745 PMCID: PMC9476553 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of urban emission sources on the chemical composition of ambient particulate matter (PM) as well as the associated oxidative potential. We collected six sets of PM samples in five urban location sites around the world over long time periods varying from weeks to months, intentionally selected for their PM to be dominated by unique emission sources: (1) PM2.5 produced mainly by traffic emissions in central Los Angeles, United States (US); (2) PM2.5 dominated by biomass burning in Milan, Italy; (3) PM2.5 formed by secondary photochemical reactions thus dominated by secondary aerosols in Athens, Greece; (4) PM10 emitted by refinery and dust resuspension in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (SA); (5) PM10 generated by dust storms in Riyadh, SA, and (6) PM2.5 produced mainly by industrial and traffic emissions in Beirut, Lebanon. The PM samples were chemically analyzed and their oxidative potential were quantified by employing the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Our results revealed that the Milan samples were rich in water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and PAHs, even exceeding the levels measured on Los Angeles (LA) freeways. The PM in Athens was characterized by high concentrations of inorganic ions, specifically sulfate which was the highest of all PM samples. The ambient PM in LA was impacted by the traffic-emitted primary organic and elemental carbon. Furthermore, the contribution of metals and elements per mass of PM in Riyadh and Beirut samples were more pronounced relative to other sampling areas. The highest intrinsic PM redox activity was observed for PM with the highest WSOC fraction, including Milan (biomass burning) and Athens (secondary organic aerosols, SOA). PM in areas characterized by high metal emissions including dust events, refinery and industry, such as Riyadh and Beirut, had the lowest oxidative potential as assessed by the DTT assay. The results of this study illustrate the impact of major emission sources in urban areas on the redox activity and oxidative potential of ambient PM, providing useful information for developing efficient air pollution control and mitigation policies in polluted areas around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Farahani
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3620 S. Vermont Ave, KAP210 Los Angeles California 90089 USA +1-213-744-1426 +1-213-740-6134
| | - Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3620 S. Vermont Ave, KAP210 Los Angeles California 90089 USA +1-213-744-1426 +1-213-740-6134
- Majmaah University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Majmaah Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Milad Pirhadi
- California Air Resources Board Sacramento California USA
| | - Vishal Verma
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Urbana Illinois USA
| | | | - Evangelia Diapouli
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. Demokritos 15341 Attiki Greece
| | | | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3620 S. Vermont Ave, KAP210 Los Angeles California 90089 USA +1-213-744-1426 +1-213-740-6134
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105
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Santiago-De La Rosa N, Mugica-Álvarez V, González-Cardoso G, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Uribe-Ramírez M, Valle-Hernández BL. Emission Factors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxidative Potential of Fine Particles Emitted from Crop Residues Burning. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1924801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naxieli Santiago-De La Rosa
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Marisela Uribe-Ramírez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
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106
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Anand A, Yadav S, Phuleria HC. Chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 in densely populated urban slums. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113562. [PMID: 35623440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A significant proportion of population in metropolitan cities in India live in slums which are highly dense and crowded informal housing settlements with poor environmental conditions including high exposure to air pollution. Recent studies report that toxicity is induced by oxidative processes, mediated by the water-soluble PM chemical components leading to reactive oxygen species production thereby causing inflammatory disorders. Hence, for the first time, this study assessed the chemical characteristics and oxidative potential (OP) of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in two slums in Mumbai, India. Daily gravimetric PM2.5 was measured in ∼40 homes each in a low- and a high-traffic slum and analysed for 18 water-soluble elements and organic carbon (WSOC). Subsequently, OP was assessed through the Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Average WSOC was similar in indoor and outdoor environments while the water-soluble concentrations of total elements ranged 4.5-6.5 μg/m3 indoors and 6.4-19.2 μg/m3 outdoors, with S, Ca, K, Na and Zn being the most abundant elements. Spatial distributions of indoor concentrations were influenced by outdoor sources such as local traffic emissions for Cd, Fe, Al and Zn. The influence of outdoor-origin particles was enhanced in homes reporting high air exchange rates. OP was higher outdoors than indoors in both low-traffic slum (0.04-0.51 nmol min-1m-3 outdoors and 0.02-0.38 nmol min-1m-3 indoors) and high-traffic slum (0.03-1.06 nmol min-1m-3 outdoors and 0.04-0.77 nmol min-1m-3 indoors). Outdoor and indoor OP was also more influenced by outdoor road dust showing significant correlation with tracer elements Cu and Al (r ≥ 0.45; p < 0.05). Similar to OP, the non-carcinogenic health risk associated with indoor PM2.5 were also higher in high-traffic slum (Hazard Index, HI = 1.60) than in low-traffic slum (HI = 0.43). Overall, this study shows that the indoor PM2.5 and its chemical constituents in Mumbai slums are primarily of outdoor origin with higher toxicity and non-carcinogenic health risk in high-traffic slums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Anand
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Suman Yadav
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Harish C Phuleria
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate Studies, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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107
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Luan M, Zhang T, Li X, Yan C, Sun J, Zhi G, Shen G, Liu X, Zheng M. Investigating the relationship between mass concentration of particulate matter and reactive oxygen species based on residential coal combustion source tests. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113499. [PMID: 35618007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) has been considered to be closely related to human health, especially fine particulate matter. However, whether PM mass concentration alone is a good indicator for health impact remains a challenging question. In this study, emissions from residential coal combustion (RCC), one of the important PM sources in northern China, were tested to examine the relationship between the emission factors of particle-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) (EFROS) and PM (EFPM). A total of 24 combinations of source tests were conducted, including eight types of coal with different geological maturities (two anthracites and six bituminous) burned in three types of stoves (one honeycomb coal stove, one old chunk stove, and one new chunk stove). Here, ROS was defined as generated hydroxyl radical (·OH) by PM, and results showed EFROS from 24 residential coal combustion varied greatly by nearly 20 times. EFROS ranged 0.78-14.85 and 2.99-12.91 mg kg-1 for the emissions from honeycomb and chunk coals, respectively. Moreover, the correlation between EFROS and EFPM was significantly positive in honeycomb coal emissions (r = 0.82, p < 0.05), but it was insignificant in chunk coal emissions (r = 0.07, p > 0.05). For honeycomb coal emissions, organic carbon (OC) was quite abundant in PM and it might be the predominant contributor to both EFPM and EFROS, resulting in a strong and positive correlation. For chunk coal emissions, high EFROS was mainly related to relatively high metal emissions in AN and LVB, while the metals were not major components in PM, leading to a poor correlation between EFPM and EFROS. Therefore, this study revealed that PM was not always positively correlated with ROS from residential coal burning, and the relationship was mainly determined by the compositions of PM, suggesting PM mass concentration alone may not be the best indicator for assessing health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Luan
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tianle Zhang
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- School of Physical Education, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, China
| | - Guorui Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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108
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Lee JJ, Kim JH, Song DS, Lee K. Effect of Short- to Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter on Cognitive Function in a Cohort of Middle-Aged and Older Adults: KoGES. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9913. [PMID: 36011565 PMCID: PMC9408640 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air pollution and its threat to human health is a global concern, especially in the elderly population. Therefore, more in-depth studies are required to understand the extent of the harmful effects of particulate matter (PM) based on duration and levels of exposure. An investigation was conducted to determine the association between short- (1-14 days), medium- (1, 3, and 6 months), and long-term (1, 2, and 3 years) exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10) and cognitive function among Koreans (4175 participants, mean age 67.8 years, 55.2% women) aged over 50 years. Higher levels of PM2.5 exposure for short to long term and PM10 exposure for medium to long term were found to be associated with decreased cognitive function, as indicated by lower scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination adopted in Korean (K-MMSE). There were significant effect modifications by sex, age group, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and smoking status in the association between long-term PM2.5 and PM10 exposure and cognitive function. These findings, which underscore the importance of the efforts to reduce the exposure levels and durations of air pollutants, especially in the vulnerable elderly population, provide evidence for establishing more stringent policies for air pollution regulations.
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109
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Kang E, Yim HE, Nam YJ, Jeong SH, Kim JA, Lee JH, Son MH, Yoo KH. Exposure to airborne particulate matter induces renal tubular cell injury in vitro: the role of vitamin D signaling and renin-angiotensin system. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10184. [PMID: 36033312 PMCID: PMC9403349 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to air pollution can interfere with the vitamin D endocrine system. This study investigated the effects of airborne particulate matter (PM) on renal tubular cell injury in vitro and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods HK-2 human renal proximal tubule cells were treated with PM with or without 1,25(OH)2D3 analog, 19-Nor-1,25(OH)2D2 (paricalcitol, 10 nM) for 48 h. The dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity of PM with or without paricalcitol was determined via cell counting kit-8 assay. Cellular oxidative stress was assessed using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The protein expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), cytochrome P450(CYP)27B1, CYP24A1, renin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 was determined. Results PM exposure decreased HK-2 cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The activities of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in HK-2 cells increased significantly in the group exposed to PM. PM exposure decreased VDR and Nrf2, while increasing CYP27B1, renin, ACE, AT1, NF-kB, TNF-α, and IL-6. The expression of VDR, CYP27B1, renin, ACE, AT1, and TNF-α was reversed by paricalcitol treatment. Paricalcitol also restored the cell viability of PM-exposed HK-2 cells. Conclusion Our findings indicate that exposure to PM induces renal proximal tubular cell injury, concomitant with alteration of vitamin D endocrine system and renin angiotensin system. Vitamin D could attenuate renal tubular cell damage following PM exposure by suppressing the renin-angiotensin system and by partially inhibiting the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eungu Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Yim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Nam
- Medical Science Research Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Jeong
- Medical Science Research Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ae Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Han Lee
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Gyeonggi 15355, South Korea
| | - Min Hwa Son
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
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110
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Pietrogrande MC, Bacco D, Demaria G, Russo M, Scotto F, Trentini A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives in urban aerosol: levels, chemical profiles, and contribution to PM 2.5 oxidative potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54391-54406. [PMID: 35297001 PMCID: PMC9356935 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and quinones, a subgroup of oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs), were measured in PM2.5 samples collected during warm (May-June 2019) and cold (February-March 2020) seasons in the city of Bologna, Italy. Total PAHs concentration was nearly double in winter (6.58 ± 1.03 ng m-3) compared with spring (3.16 ± 0.53 ng m-3), following the trend of the PM2.5 mass concentration. Molecular diagnostic ratios suggested that, together with traffic, biomass burning was the dominant emission source contributing to the peaks of concentration of PM2.5 registered in the cold season. Quinone level was constant in both seasons, being 1.44 ± 0.24 ng m-3, that may be related to the increased secondary formation during warm season, as confirmed by the higher Σoxy-PAHs/ΣPAHs ratio in spring than in winter. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM2.5 samples was assessed using acellular dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA) assays. The obtained responses showed a strong seasonality, with higher volume-normalized (OPV) values in winter than in spring, i.e., OPVDTT: 0.32 ± 0.15 nmol min-1 m-3 vs. 0.08 ± 0.03 nmol min-1 m-3 and OPVAA: 0.72 ± 0.36 nmol min-1 m-3 vs. 0.28 ± 0.21 nmol min-1 m-3. Both OPVDTT and OPVAA responses were significantly associated with total PAHs, as a general descriptor of redox-active PAH derivatives, associated with co-emission from burning sources or secondary atmospheric oxidation of parent PAHs. Otherwise, only winter OPVDTT responses showed a significant correlation with total Ʃoxy-PAHs concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Pietrogrande
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 - 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Dimitri Bacco
- Emilia Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, ARPAE, Via Po 5 - 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Demaria
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 - 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mara Russo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 - 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabiana Scotto
- Emilia Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, ARPAE, Via Po 5 - 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Trentini
- Emilia Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, ARPAE, Via Po 5 - 40139, Bologna, Italy
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111
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Wei J, Fang T, Shiraiwa M. Effects of Acidity on Reactive Oxygen Species Formation from Secondary Organic Aerosols. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:336-345. [PMID: 35928555 PMCID: PMC9342606 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the chemical transformation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and aerosol health effects by causing oxidative stress in vivo. Acidity is an important physicochemical property of atmospheric aerosols, but its effects on the ROS formation from SOA have been poorly characterized. By applying the electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique and the Diogenes chemiluminescence assay, we find highly distinct radical yields and composition at different pH values in the range of 1-7.4 from SOA generated by oxidation of isoprene, α-terpineol, α-pinene, β-pinene, toluene, and naphthalene. We observe that isoprene SOA has substantial hydroxyl radical (•OH) and organic radical yields at neutral pH, which are 1.5-2 times higher compared to acidic conditions in total radical yields. Superoxide (O2 •-) is found to be the dominant species generated by all types of SOAs at lower pH. At neutral pH, α-terpineol SOA exhibits a substantial yield of carbon-centered organic radicals, while no radical formation is observed by aromatic SOA. Further experiments with model compounds show that the decomposition of organic peroxide leading to radical formation may be suppressed at lower pH due to acid-catalyzed rearrangement of peroxides. We also observe 1.5-3 times higher molar yields of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in acidic conditions compared to neutral pH by biogenic and aromatic SOA, likely due to enhanced decomposition of α-hydroxyhydroperoxides and quinone redox cycling, respectively. These findings are critical to bridge the gap in understanding ROS formation mechanisms and kinetics in atmospheric and physiological environments.
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112
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Copper (II)-Catalyzed Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid: Ionic Strength Effect and Analytical Use in Aqueous Solution. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10070102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an important metal both in living organisms and in the industrial activity of humans, it is also a distributed water pollutant and a toxic agent capable of inducing acute and chronic health disorders. There are several fluorescent chemosensors for copper (II) determination in solutions; however, they are often difficult to synthesize and solvent-sensitive, requiring a non-aqueous medium. The present paper improves the known analytical technique for copper (II) ions, where the linear dependence between the ascorbic acid oxidation rate constant and copper (II) concentration is used. The limits of detection and quantification of the copper (II) analysis kinetic method are determined to be 82 nM and 275 nM, respectively. In addition, the selectivity of the chosen indicator reaction is shown: Cu2+ cations can be quantified in the presence of the 5–20 fold excess of Co2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ ions. The La3+, Ce3+, and UO22+ ions also do not catalyze the ascorbic acid oxidation reaction. The effect of the concentration of the common background electrolytes is studied, the anomalous influence for chloride-containing salts is observed and discussed.
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113
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Yu Q, Chen J, Qin W, Ahmad M, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Xin K, Ai J. Oxidative potential associated with water-soluble components of PM 2.5 in Beijing: The important role of anthropogenic organic aerosols. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128839. [PMID: 35397338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the mainstream toxicological mechanism for the adverse health outcomes of ambient aerosols. However, our understanding of the crucial redox-active species affecting the oxidative potential of water-soluble aerosols (OPWS) remains limited. In this study, the OPWS of PM2.5 in Beijing was measured using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, including DTT consumption rate and ·OH formation rate. OPWS was more closely related to water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) rather than transition metals. Laboratory simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of individual target species in the context of complex metal-organic interactions. The results showed that reducing WSOC can effectively decrease OPWS, while reducing Cu2+ increased OPWS. Parallel factor analysis demonstrated that OPWS was the most significantly correlated with the highly oxidized humic-like or quinone-like substances. Multiple linear regression showed that aromatic secondary organic carbon (SOC) (34.4%), other primary combustion sources of WSOC (20.0%), primary biomass burning WSOC (19.8%), transition metal ions (12.9%) and biomass burning SOC (12.8%) made significant contributions to DTTV. In addition to the anthropogenic sources of WSOC, the aged biogenic SOC also contributed to OHV, particularly in summer. Reducing anthropogenic WSOC was the key to the effective control of OPWS of PM2.5 in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuewei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ke Xin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Ai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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114
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Martin de Lagarde V, Rogez-Florent T, Cazier F, Dewaele D, Cazier-Dennin F, Ollivier A, Janona M, Achard S, André V, Monteil C, Corbière C. Oxidative potential and in vitro toxicity of particles generated by pyrotechnic smokes in human small airway epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113637. [PMID: 35605322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrotechnic smokes are widely used in civilian and military applications. The major issue arise from the release of particles after smoke combustion but the health risks related to their exposure are poorly documented whereas toxicity of airborne particles on the respiratory target are very well known. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the in vitro toxicity of the particle fraction of different pyrotechnic smokes. Particles from a red signalling smoke (RSS), an hexachloroethane-based obscuring smoke (HC-OS) and an anti-intrusion smoke (AIS) were collected from the cloud. RSS particles displayed the highest organic fraction (quinones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) of the three samples characterized. AIS particles contained K and cholesterol derivatives. HC-OS particles were mainly metallic with very high concentrations of Al, Fe and Ca. Intrinsic oxidative potential of smoke particles was measured with two assays. Depletions of DTT by RSS particles was greater than depletion obtained with AIS and HC-OS particles but depletion of acid ascorbic (AA) was only observed with HC-OS particles. In vitro toxicity was assessed by exposing human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) to various concentrations of particles. After 24 h of exposure, cell viability was not affected but significant modifications of mRNA expression of antioxidant (SOD-1 and -2, catalase, HO-1, NQO-1) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) were observed and were dependent on smoke type. Particles rich in metal, such as HC-OS, induced a greatest depletion of AA and a greatest inflammatory response, whereas particles rich in organic compounds, such as RSS, induced a greatest DTT depletion and a greatest antioxidant response. In conclusion, the three smoke particles have an intrinsic oxidative potential and triggered a cell adaptive response. Our study improved the knowledge of particle toxicity of pyrotechnic smokes and scientific approach developed here could be used to study other type of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabrice Cazier
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, Dunkerque, France
| | - Dorothée Dewaele
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, Dunkerque, France
| | - Francine Cazier-Dennin
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 417, Dunkerque, France
| | - Alexane Ollivier
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marion Janona
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Achard
- Univ. de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR1153 - CRESS, HERA " Health Environmental Risk Assessment ", Paris, France
| | - Véronique André
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Cécile Corbière
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France.
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115
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Pietrogrande MC, Demaria G, Colombi C, Cuccia E, Dal Santo U. Seasonal and Spatial Variations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 Oxidative Potential in Five Urban and Rural Sites across Lombardia Region, Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7778. [PMID: 35805434 PMCID: PMC9265313 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) is gaining strong interest as a promising health exposure metric. This study investigated OP of a large set of PM10 and PM2.5 samples collected at five urban and background sites near Milan (Italy), one of the largest and most polluted urban areas in Europe, afflicted with high particle levels. OP responses from two acellular assays, based on ascorbic acid (AA) and dithiothreitol (DTT), were combined with atmospheric detailed composition to examine any possible feature in OP with PM size fraction, spatial and seasonal variations. A general association of volume-normalized OP with PM mass was found; this association may be related to the clear seasonality observed, whereby there was higher OP activity in wintertime at all investigated sites. Univariate correlations were used to link OP with the concentrations of the major chemical markers of vehicular and biomass burning emissions. Of the two assays, AA was particularly sensitive towards transition metals in coarse particles released from vehicular traffic. The results obtained confirm that the responses from the two assays and their relationship with atmospheric pollutants are assay- and location-dependent, and that their combination is therefore helpful to singling out the PM redox-active compounds driving its oxidative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Pietrogrande
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Demaria
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Cristina Colombi
- Environmental Monitoring Sector, Arpa Lombardia, Via Rosellini 17, 20124 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (E.C.); (U.D.S.)
| | - Eleonora Cuccia
- Environmental Monitoring Sector, Arpa Lombardia, Via Rosellini 17, 20124 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (E.C.); (U.D.S.)
| | - Umberto Dal Santo
- Environmental Monitoring Sector, Arpa Lombardia, Via Rosellini 17, 20124 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (E.C.); (U.D.S.)
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116
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Effects of Chemical Reactions on the Oxidative Potential of Humic Acid, a Model Compound of Atmospheric Humic-like Substances. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) contains various chemicals, some of which generate in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS). Owing to their high reactivity and oxidation ability, ROS can cause various diseases. To understand how atmospheric PM affects human health, we must clarify the PM components having oxidative potential (OP) leading to ROS production. According to previous studies, OP is exhibited by humic-like substances (HULIS) in atmospheric PM. However, the OP-dependence of the chemical structures of HULIS has not been clarified. Therefore, in this study, humic acid (HA, a model HULIS material) was exposed to ozone and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and its OP and structures were evaluated before and after the reactions using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), respectively. The OP of HA was more significantly increased by UV irradiation than by ozone exposure. FT-IR analysis showed an increased intensity of the C=O peak in the HA structure after UV irradiation, suggesting that the OP of HA was increased by a chemical change to a more quinone-like structure after irradiation.
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117
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Jalali Farahani V, Altuwayjiri A, Taghvaee S, Sioutas C. Tailpipe and Nontailpipe Emission Factors and Source Contributions of PM 10 on Major Freeways in the Los Angeles Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7029-7039. [PMID: 35230811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the emission factors of PM10 and its chemical constituents from various contributing sources including nontailpipe and tailpipe emissions were estimated on two interstate freeways in the Los Angeles basin. PM10 samples were collected on the I-110 and I-710 freeways as well as at the University of Southern California (USC) campus as the urban background site, while freeway and urban background CO2 levels were measured simultaneously. PM10 samples were analyzed for their content of chemical species which were used to estimate the emission factors of PM10 and its constituents on both I-110 and I-710 freeways. The estimated values were employed to determine the emission factors for light (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV). The quantified species were also processed by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to produce PM10 freeway source profiles and their contribution to PM10 mass concentrations. Using the PMF factor profiles and emission factors on the two freeways, we characterized the emission factors for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles by each nontailpipe source. Our findings indicated higher nontailpipe emission factors of PM10 and metal elements on the I-710 freeway compared to the I-110 freeway, due to the higher fraction of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) on that freeway. Furthermore, the generation of nontailpipe PM10 from resuspension of road dust was twice of tire and brake wear. The results of this study provide significant insights into PM10 freeway emissions and particularly the overall contribution of nontailpipe and tailpipe sources in Los Angeles, which can be helpful to modelers and air quality officials in assessing the importance of individual traffic-related emissions on the overall population exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Farahani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Riyadh 15341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sina Taghvaee
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
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118
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Tang Z, Sarnat JA, Weber RJ, Russell AG, Zhang X, Li Z, Yu T, Jones DP, Liang D. The Oxidative Potential of Fine Particulate Matter and Biological Perturbations in Human Plasma and Saliva Metabolome. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7350-7361. [PMID: 35075906 PMCID: PMC9177558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Particulate oxidative potential may comprise a key health-relevant parameter of particulate matter (PM) toxicity. To identify biological perturbations associated with particulate oxidative potential and examine the underlying molecular mechanisms, we recruited 54 participants from two dormitories near and far from a congested highway in Atlanta, GA. Fine particulate matter oxidative potential ("FPMOP") levels at the dormitories were measured using dithiothreitol assay. Plasma and saliva samples were collected from participants four times for longitudinal high-resolution metabolic profiling. We conducted metabolome-wide association studies to identify metabolic signals with FPMOP. Leukotriene metabolism and galactose metabolism were top pathways associated with ≥5 FPMOP-related indicators in plasma, while vitamin E metabolism and leukotriene metabolism were found associated with most FPMOP indicators in saliva. We observed different patterns of perturbed pathways significantly associated with water-soluble and -insoluble FPMOPs, respectively. We confirmed five metabolites directly associated with FPMOP, including hypoxanthine, histidine, pyruvate, lactate/glyceraldehyde, and azelaic acid, which were implications of perturbations in acute inflammation, nucleic acid damage and repair, and energy perturbation. The unique metabolic signals were specific to FPMOP, but not PM mass, providing initial indication that FPMOP might constitute a more sensitive, health-relevant measure for elucidating etiologies related to PM2.5 exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Tang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jeremy A Sarnat
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tianwei Yu
- School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Donghai Liang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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119
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Cheng B, Zhou J, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Chen Y, Shen J, Feng F. Association between atmospheric particulate matter and emergency room visits for cerebrovascular disease in Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:293-303. [PMID: 35669822 PMCID: PMC9163215 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between atmospheric particulate matter and emergency room visits for cerebrovascular disease were evaluated in Beijing. METHODS A generalized additive model was used to evaluate the associations between particulate matter and cerebrovascular disease, based on the daily data of meteorological elements, PM concentrations, and emergency room (ER) visits for cerebrovascular disease in Beijing from 2009 to 2012. Long-term trends and the effects of holidays, the day of the week, and confounding factors were controlled to determine the lag effect at 0-6 days. Single- and double-pollutant models were employed for different age and sex groups. RESULTS The effect of PM2.5 concentration on the number of daily ER visits for cerebrovascular disease was much stronger than that of PM10 concentration. PM2.5 and PM10 had maximum RR values of 1.096 and 1.054 at lag 6 for patients aged 61-75 years. For each inter-quartile range (IQR) increase in PM10 concentration, the maximum RR values for the total, males, females, aged 15-60 years, aged 61-75 years, and aged > 75 years were 1.024, 1.044, 1.043, 1.038, 1.054, and 1.032, respectively. For each IQR increase in PM2.5 concentration, the maximum RR values for the total, males, females, aged 15-60 years, aged 61-75 years, and aged > 75 years were 1.038, 1.064, 1.076, 1.054, 1.096, and 1.049, respectively. The RR values of the double-pollutant models were lower than those of the single-pollutant models. CONCLUSION This study showed that the effects of PM pollution on cerebrovascular disease were different among different gender and age groups, and aged 61-75 years were mostly sensitive to particulate matters. The effects of PM2.5 on cerebrovascular disease were stronger than those of PM10. Our results can provide scientific evidence for the local government to take effective measures to improve air quality and the health of residents. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-021-00776-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Cheng
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Jianding Zhou
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
- Quanzhou Meteorological Bureau, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Hang Wang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Fengliu Feng
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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120
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Yalamanchili J, Hennigan CJ, Reed BE. Precipitation of aqueous transition metals in particulate matter during the dithiothreitol (DTT) oxidative potential assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:762-772. [PMID: 35388859 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transition metals in particulate matter (PM) are hypothesized to have enhanced toxicity based on their oxidative potential (OP). The acellular dithiothreitol (DTT) assay is widely used to measure the OP of PM and its chemical components. In our prior study, we showed that the DTT assay (pH 7.4, 0.1 M phosphate buffer, 37 °C) provides favorable thermodynamic conditions for precipitation of multiple metals present in PM. This study utilizes multiple techniques to characterize the precipitation of aqueous metals present at low concentrations in the DTT assay. Metal precipitation was identified using laser particle light scattering analysis, direct chemical measurement of aqueous metal removal, and microscopic imaging. Experiments were run with aqueous metals from individual metal salts and a well-characterized urban PM standard (NIST SRM-1648a, Urban Particulate Matter). Our results demonstrated rapid precipitation of metals in the DTT assay. Metal precipitation was independent of DTT but dependent on metal concentration. Metal removal in the chemically complex urban PM samples exceeded the thermodynamic predictions and removal seen in single metal salt experiments, suggesting co-precipitation and/or adsorption may have occurred. These results have broad implications for other acellular assays that study PM metals using phosphate buffer, and subsequently, the PM toxicity inferred from these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Yalamanchili
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.
| | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.
| | - Brian E Reed
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.
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121
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On the Redox-Activity and Health-Effects of Atmospheric Primary and Secondary Aerosol: Phenomenology. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The RHAPS (Redox-Activity And Health-Effects Of Atmospheric Primary And Secondary Aerosol) project was launched in 2019 with the major objective of identifying specific properties of the fine atmospheric aerosol from combustion sources that are responsible for toxicological effects and can be used as new metrics for health-related outdoor pollution studies. In this paper, we present the overall methodology of RHAPS and introduce the phenomenology and the first data observed. A comprehensive physico-chemical aerosol characterization has been achieved by means of high-time resolution measurements (e.g., number size distributions, refractory chemical components, elemental composition) and low-time resolution analyses (e.g., oxidative potential, toxicological assays, chemical composition). Preliminary results indicate that, at the real atmospheric conditions observed (i.e., daily PM1 from less than 4 to more than 50 μg m−3), high/low mass concentrations of PM1, as well as black carbon (BC) and water soluble Oxidative Potential (WSOP,) do not necessarily translate into high/low toxicity. Notably, these findings were observed during a variety of atmospheric conditions and aerosol properties and with different toxicological assessments. Findings suggest a higher complexity in the relations observed between atmospheric aerosol and toxicological endpoints that go beyond the currently used PM1 metrics. Finally, we provide an outlook to companion papers where data will be analyzed in more detail, with the focus on source apportionment of PM1 and the role of source emissions on aerosol toxicity, the OP as a predictive variable for PM1 toxicity, and the related role of SOA possessing redox-active capacity, exposure-response relationships for PM1, and air quality models to forecast PM1 toxicity.
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122
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Airborne and Dermal Collection Methods of Gunshot Residue for Toxicity Studies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) has potential negative health effects on humans as a result of inhalation and dermal exposure to the chemical and physical characteristics of GSR such as Pb, Sb, Ba, nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and particulate size fraction. Filter (size selective) and double-sided tape (non-size selective) samples collected airborne GSR during single and triple firing of a 0.22 caliber revolver. Dermal exposures were considered using hand swabs and de-leading wipes, designed to remove the heavy metals. The samples underwent analysis to investigate physical (morphology, size distribution, zeta potential), chemical (black carbon and element concentrations), and potential to induce oxidative stress (oxidative potential via the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay). All sample types detected Pb concentrations higher than national ambient air standards. The de-leading wipes reduced the metal content on the hands of the shooter for Pb (15.57 ± 12.99 ppb and 3.13 ± 4.95 ppb). Filter samples provided health relevant data for airborne PM2.5 for all of the analysis methods except for GSR morphology. This work identified collection and analysis methods for GSR in an outdoor setting, providing protocols and considerations for future toxicological studies related to inhalation and dermal exposures to particulate GSR. Future studies should investigate the influence of meteorological factors on GSR exposure in an outdoor setting.
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Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of Aerosol Components on Its Oxidative Potential as Predictor of Particle Toxicity. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040196. [PMID: 35448457 PMCID: PMC9032230 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the component-specific contribution to the oxidative potential (OP) of ambient particle matter (PM) is the key information to properly representing its acute health hazards. In this study, we investigated the interactions between the major contributors to OP, i.e., transition metals and quinones, to highlight the relative effects of these species to the total OP. Several synergistic and antagonistic interactions were found that significantly change the redox properties of their binary mixtures, increasing or decreasing the values computed by a simple additive model. Such results from the standard solutions were confirmed by extending the study to atmospheric PM2.5 samples collected in winter in the Lombardia region, a hot spot for air pollution in northern Italy. This work highlights that a solid estimation of oxidative properties of ambient PM requires an interaction-based approach accounting for the interaction effects between metals and quinones.
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Cao G, Song Y, Zhang J, Li R, Zhao L, Dong C, Cai Z. Influence of COVID-19 lockdown on the variation of organic aerosols: Insight into its molecular composition and oxidative potential. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112597. [PMID: 34954148 PMCID: PMC8701764 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the transmission of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), China adopted nationwide lockdown measures on January 25, 2020, leading to an evident diminution in the observed air pollutants. To investigate the influence of the lockdown on atmospheric chemistry, the specific molecular composition, oxidative potential of organic aerosols (OAs) in PM2.5 were studied using a high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry at a typical coal-combustion city, Linfen, in the North China Plain (NCP). The major air pollutants including PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO were observed to be diminished by 28.6-45.4%, while O3 was augmented by 52.5% during the lockdown compared to those before the lockdown. A significant decrease of oxygen-containing (CHO) compounds (24.7%) associated with anthropogenic acids was observed during the lockdown, implying a reduction in fossil fuel combustion. The coal-burning related sulfur-containing organosulfates (CHOS-) and nitrooxy-sulfates (CHONS-) have also shown attenuated in both their relative abundances and anthropogenic/biogenic ratios. Amine/amide-like CHON + components have decreased by 27.6%, while nitro/nitrooxy-containing CHON- compounds have only decreased by 7.1%. Multi-source nitrogen-containing (CHN) compounds have shown a moderate elimination of 24.0%, while the identified high-condensed azaarenes have fallen from 17.7% to 14.7%, implying a potential reduction in the health risk of OAs during quarantine. The measurement of OAs' oxidative potential through dithiothreitol (DTT) assay has confirmed that as it had dropped from 0.88 nmol min-1 m-3 to 0.80 nmol min-1 m-3. High correlations were observed between the abundance of OA subgroups with the concentration of PM2.5 after the execution of the lockdown, suggesting a potential elevation in the contribution of organic components to the total PM2.5 level. Our study provides insightful compositional and health-related information in the variation of OAs during the lockdown period and attests to the validity of joint-control strategy in controlling the level and health risks of numerous atmospheric pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guodong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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125
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Wallraff JP, Ungeheuer F, Dombrowski A, Oehlmann J, Vogel AL. Occurrence and in vitro toxicity of organic compounds in urban background PM 2.5. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152779. [PMID: 35007573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the chemical composition and in vitro toxicity of the organic fraction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at an urban background site, which receives emissions either from Frankfurt international airport or the city centre, respectively. We analysed the chemical composition of filter extracts (PM2.5) using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer, followed by a non-target analysis. In parallel, we applied the bulk of the filter extracts to a Microtox and acetylcholinesterase-inhibition assay for in vitro toxicity testing. We find that both the chemical composition and toxicity depend on the prevailing wind directions, and the airport operating condition, respectively. The occurrence of the airport marker compounds tricresyl phosphate and pentaerythritol esters depends on the time of the day, reflecting the night flight ban as well as an airport strike event during November 2019. We compared the organic aerosol composition and toxicity from the airport wind-sector against the city centre wind-sector. We find that urban background aerosol shows a higher baseline toxicity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition compared to rural PM2.5 that is advected over the airport. Our results indicate that the concentration and individual composition of PM2.5 influence the toxicity. Suspected drivers of the acetylcholinesterase inhibition are i.e. organophosphorus esters like triphenyl phosphate and cresyldiphenyl phosphate, and the non-ionic surfactant 4-tert-octylphenol ethoxylate. However, further research is necessary to unambiguously identify harmful organic air pollutants and their sources and quantify concentration levels at which adverse effects in humans and the environment can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas P Wallraff
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Ungeheuer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrea Dombrowski
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander L Vogel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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126
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Ageing Significantly Alters the Physicochemical Properties and Associated Cytotoxicity Profiles of Ultrafine Particulate Matters towards Macrophages. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040754. [PMID: 35453439 PMCID: PMC9030427 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There are still significant concerns about the detrimental effects and health risks of particulate matters (PMs) on the respiratory system. Notably, a largely overlooked knowledge gap is whether the environmental ageing process would change the physicochemical properties of PMs as well as the toxic influences of PMs on macrophages. Here, we applied ambient treatment of model PMs to mimic the real O3-induced ageing process and investigated ageing-determined cytotoxicity profile changes of PMs towards macrophages. The consequent distinct bioreactivity and toxicity towards macrophages are largely attributed to the changes of species of surface O-functional groups. Importantly, we unveiled the specific interactions between aged PMs and macrophages due to the variant contents of the surface carboxyl group, resulting in the divergent inflammatory activations and immune balance in the lung. Collectively, this study unearths the significance of ageing in altering particle cytotoxicity, and also provides additional understandings for consecutive investigations on the adverse effects of air pollution on the respiratory system.
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127
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Patra A, Phuleria HC. Inequalities in occupational exposures among people using popular commute modes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118797. [PMID: 35016987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several recent studies have looked into the differences in air qualities inside popular commute modes. The impact of daily commuting patterns and work-related trips on inhalation doses, however, are not investigated. The purpose of this study is to quantify the variation in air pollutants within popular commute modes in Mumbai, India, and to estimate the variation in exposure as a result of occupational or work-related trips across different sub-groups. Real-time pollutants, both gaseous and particulate matters (PM), were measured on a pre-defined route during rush and non-rush hours on buses, cars, auto-rickshaws, sub-urban trains, and motorbikes through several trips (N = 98). Household surveys were conducted to estimate the exposures of different occupational subgroups (cab-driver, auto-rickshaw drivers, delivery persons) and people commuting to their offices daily. Participants (N = 800) from various socioeconomic backgrounds in the city were asked about their job categories, work-activity patterns, and work-related commute trips. Mass concentrations of particles in different size ranges (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) were substantially higher (p < 0.05) inside auto-rickshaws (44.6 μg/m3, 84.7 μg/m3, and 138.3 μg/m3) compared to other modes. Inside cars, gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Although both gaseous and particulate concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) inside buses, bus-commuters were found to be highly exposed to the pollutants due to the extended trip time (∼1.2 times longer than other modes) and driving conditions. Office commuters inhale a large fraction of their daily doses (25-30%) during their work-related travel. Occupational sub-groups, on the other hand, inhale ∼90% of the pollutants during their work. In a day, an auto-rickshaw driver inhales 10-15% more (p < 0.05) pollutants than cab driver or delivery personnel. Therefore, this study highlights the inequalities in occupational exposure as a combined effect of in-cabin air qualities and commute patterns due to occupational obligations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Patra
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Harish C Phuleria
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Programme (IDP) in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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128
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Lai TC, Chen YC, Cheng HH, Lee TL, Tsai JS, Lee IT, Peng KT, Lee CW, Hsu LF, Chen YL. Combined exposure to fine particulate matter and high glucose aggravates endothelial damage by increasing inflammation and mitophagy: the involvement of vitamin D. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:25. [PMID: 35351169 PMCID: PMC8966234 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are related to particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure. Researchers have not clearly determined whether hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes, exacerbates PM2.5-induced endothelial damage. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the combined effects of PM2.5 and high glucose on endothelial damage. Results Here, we treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with 30 mM high glucose and 50 μg/mL PM (HG + PM) to simulate endothelial cells exposed to hyperglycemia and air pollution. First, we showed that HUVECs exposed to PM under high glucose conditions exhibited significant increases in cell damage and apoptosis compared with HUVECs exposed to PM or HG alone. In addition, PM significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HUVECs and mitochondria treated with HG and decreased the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), a free radical scavenging enzyme. The coexposure group exhibited significantly increased ROS production in cells and mitochondria, a lower mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased levels of the autophagy-related proteins p62, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β (LC3B), and mitophagy-related protein BCL2 interacting protein 3 (Bnip3). Moreover, autophagosome-like structures were observed in the HG + PM group using transmission electron microscopy. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were also increased through the JNK/p38 signaling pathway in the HG + PM group. As a ROS scavenger, vitamin D treatment effectively protected cells under HG and PM conditions by increasing cell viability, reducing mitochondrial ROS production, and suppressing the formation of mitophagy and inflammation. Furthermore, diabetes was induced in mice by administering streptozotocin (STZ). Mice were treated with PM by intratracheal injection. Vitamin D effectively alleviated oxidative stress, mitophagy, and inflammation in the aortas of mice treated with STZ and PM. Conclusion Taken together, simultaneous exposure to PM and high glucose exerts significant harmful effects on endothelial cells by inducing ROS production, mitophagy, and inflammation, while vitamin D reverses these effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00462-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Chun Lai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hua Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Lin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Shiun Tsai
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan.,Center for Complementary and Integrated Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ti Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County, 613016, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 333323, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County, 613016, Taiwan. .,Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, 613016, Taiwan. .,Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan.
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, 613016, Taiwan. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County, 613016, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Lien Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan.
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129
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Wang J, Zhao S, Jiang H, Geng X, Li J, Mao S, Ma S, Bualert S, Zhong G, Zhang G. Oxidative potential of solvent-extractable organic matter of ambient total suspended particulate in Bangkok, Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:400-413. [PMID: 35137735 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key mechanism by which ambient particulate matter induces adverse health effects. Most studies have focused on the oxidative potential (OP) of water-soluble constituents, while there has been limited work on the OP of solvent-extractable organic matter (EOM OP). In this study, the EOM OP of ambient total suspended particulate (TSP) from Bangkok, Thailand, was determined using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Positive matrix factorization (PMF), combined with chemical analysis of molecular markers, was employed to apportion the contributions of various emission sources to EOM OP. The volume-normalized OP initially increased with organic carbon (OC) concentration and plateaued gradually, while the mass-normalized OP fitted well with OC concentration using a power function. Fossil fuel combustion (62%) and plastic waste burning (23%) were the major contributors to EOM OP, while biomass burning demonstrated only a limited contribution. EOM OP correlated well with each group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suggesting that secondary formation of quinones associated with fossil fuel combustion and plastic waste burning could be an important pathway of TSP toxicity. This study underscores the importance of considering different emission sources when evaluating potential health impacts and the implementation of air pollution regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xiaofei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shuduan Mao
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shexia Ma
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Surat Bualert
- Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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130
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Zerboni A, Rossi T, Bengalli R, Catelani T, Rizzi C, Priola M, Casadei S, Mantecca P. Diesel exhaust particulate emissions and in vitro toxicity from Euro 3 and Euro 6 vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118767. [PMID: 34974087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete combustion processes in diesel engines produce particulate matter (PM) that significantly contributes to air pollution. Currently, there remains a knowledge gap in relation to the physical and chemical characteristics and also the biological reactivity of the PM emitted from old- and new-generation diesel vehicles. In this study, the emissions from a Euro 3 diesel vehicle were compared to those from a Euro 6 car during the regeneration of a diesel particulate filter (DPF). Different driving cycles were used to collect two types of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). The particle size distribution was monitored using an engine exhaust particle sizer spectrometer and an electrical low-pressure impactor. Although the Euro 6 vehicle emitted particulates only during DPF regeneration that primarily occurs for a few minutes at high speeds, such emissions are characterized by a higher number of ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm) compared to those from the Euro 3 diesel vehicle. The emitted particles possess different characteristics. For example, Euro 6 DEPs exhibit a lower PAH content than do Euro 3 samples; however, they are enriched in metals that were poorly detected or undetected in Euro 3 emissions. The biological effects of the two DEPs were investigated in human bronchial BEAS-2B cells exposed to 50 μg/mL of PM (corresponding to 5.2 μg/cm2), and the results revealed that Euro 3 DEPs activated the typical inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic pathways induced by combustion-derived particles, while Euro 6 DEPs were less effective in regard to activating such biological responses. Although further investigations are required, it is evident that the different in vitro effects elicited by Euro 3 and Euro 6 DEPs can be correlated with the variable chemical compositions (metals and PAHs) of the emitted particles that play a pivotal role in the inflammatory and carcinogenic potential of airborne PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zerboni
- Polaris Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Rossi
- Innovhub-SSI Fuels Department, Via Galileo Galilei, 1, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Bengalli
- Polaris Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Microscopy Facility, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Rizzi
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Priola
- Innovhub-SSI Fuels Department, Via Galileo Galilei, 1, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Casadei
- Innovhub-SSI Fuels Department, Via Galileo Galilei, 1, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Paride Mantecca
- Polaris Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
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131
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A New Method for the Assessment of the Oxidative Potential of Both Water-Soluble and Insoluble PM. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble and insoluble fractions of airborne particulate matter (PM) exhibit different toxicological potentials and peculiar mechanisms of action in biological systems. However, most of the research on the oxidative potential (OP) of PM is focused exclusively on its water-soluble fraction, since experimental criticisms were encountered for detaching the whole PM (soluble and insoluble species) from field filters. However, to estimate the actual potential effects of PM on human health, it is essential to assess the OP of both its water-soluble and insoluble fractions. In this study, to estimate the total OP (TOP), an efficient method for the detachment of intact PM10 from field filters by using an electrical toothbrush was applied to 20 PM10 filters in order to obtain PM10 water suspensions to be used for the DCFH, AA and DTT oxidative potential assays (OPDCFH, OPAA and OPDTT). The contribution of the insoluble PM10 to the TOP was evaluated by comparing the TOP values to those obtained by applying the three OP assays to the water-soluble fraction of 20 equivalent PM10 filters. The OP of the insoluble fraction (IOP) was calculated as the difference between the TOP and the WSOP. Moreover, each PM10 sample was analyzed for the water-soluble and insoluble fractions of 10 elements (Al, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Li, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sn) identified as primary elemental tracers of the main emission sources in the study area. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the data obtained to identify the predominant sources for the determination of TOP, WSOP, and IOP. Results showed that water-soluble PM10 released by traffic, steel plant, and biomass burning is mainly responsible for the generation of the TOP as well as of the WSOP. This evidence gave strength to the reliability of the results from OP assays performed only on the water-soluble fraction of PM. Lastly, the IOPDCFH and IOPDTT were found to be principally determined by insoluble PM10 from mineral dust.
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132
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Marina-Montes C, Pérez-Arribas LV, Anzano J, de Vallejuelo SFO, Aramendia J, Gómez-Nubla L, de Diego A, Manuel Madariaga J, Cáceres JO. Characterization of atmospheric aerosols in the Antarctic region using Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 266:120452. [PMID: 34624816 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The non-destructive spectroscopic characterization of airborne particulate matter (PM) was performed to gain better knowledge of the internal structures of atmospheric aerosols at the particle level in the Antarctic region, along with their potential sources. PM and soil samples were collected during the 2016-2017 austral summer season at the surroundings of the Spanish Antarctic Research Station "Gabriel de Castilla" (Deception Island, South Shetland Islands). PM was deposited in a low-volume sampler air filter. Raman spectroscopy (RS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to determine the elemental and molecular composition of the individual aerosol and soil particles. Filter spectra measured by these techniques revealed long-range atmospheric transport of organic compounds (polystyrene and bacteria), local single and cluster particles made of different kinds of black carbon (BC), exotic minerals (polyhalite, arcanite, niter, ammonium nitrate, syngenite and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer), and natural PM (sea salts, silicates, iron oxides, etc.). In addition to the filter samples, forsterite and plagioclase were discovered in the soil samples together with magnetite. This is the first report of the presence of a microplastic fiber in the Antarctic air. This fact, together with the presence of other pollutants, reflects that even pristine and remote regions are influenced by anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Marina-Montes
- Laser Lab, Chemistry & Environment Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis V Pérez-Arribas
- Laser Chemistry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Anzano
- Laser Lab, Chemistry & Environment Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Julene Aramendia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Leticia Gómez-Nubla
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Alberto de Diego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jorge O Cáceres
- Laser Chemistry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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133
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Altuwayjiri A, Pirhadi M, Kalafy M, Alharbi B, Sioutas C. Impact of different sources on the oxidative potential of ambient particulate matter PM 10 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A focus on dust emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150590. [PMID: 34597581 PMCID: PMC8907835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multi-Linear Regression (MLR) to identify the most significant sources contributing to the toxicity of PM10 in the city center of Riyadh. PM10 samples were collected using a medium-volume air sampler during cool (December 2019-March 2020) and warm (May 2020-August 2020) seasons, including dust and non-dust events. The collected filters were analyzed for their chemical components (i.e., water-soluble ions, metals, and trace elements) as well as oxidative potential and elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) contents. Our measurements revealed comparable extrinsic oxidative potential (P-value = 0.30) during the warm (1.2 ± 0.1 nmol/min-m3) and cool (1.1 ± 0.1 nmol/min-m3) periods. Moreover, we observed higher extrinsic oxidative potential of PM10 samples collected during dust events (~30% increase) compared to non-dust samples. Our PCA-MLR analysis identified soil and resuspended dust, secondary aerosol (SA), local industrial activities and petroleum refineries, and traffic emissions as the four sources contributing to the ambient PM10 oxidative potential in central Riyadh. Soil and resuspended dust were the major source contributing to the oxidative potential of ambient PM10, accounting for 31% of the total oxidative potential. Secondary aerosols (SA) were the next important source of PM10 toxicity in the area as they contributed to about 20% of the PM10 oxidative potential. Results of this study revealed the major role of soil and resuspended road dust on PM10 toxicity and can be helpful in adopting targeted air quality policies to reduce the population exposure to PM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Majmaah University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Milad Pirhadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed Kalafy
- Saudi Envirozone, Air Quality Monitoring Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alharbi
- National Center for Environmental Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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134
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Song SK, Shon ZH, Bae MS, Cho SB, Moon SH, Kim HS, Son YB, Lee CR. Effects of natural and anthropogenic emissions on the composition and toxicity of aerosols in the marine atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150928. [PMID: 34655634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of natural dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and ship emissions on marine environments and particulate matter (PM) over the western and southern sea areas around South Korea were studied based on field campaigns from August-September 2017 and May-June 2018 using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality v5.3.2 modeling system. DMS oxidation enhanced the concentrations of both sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate (SO42-) in PM2.5 by 6.2-6.4% and 2.9-3.6%, respectively, in the marine atmosphere during the study period, whereas it slightly decreased nitrate (NO3-) concentrations (by -1.3%), compared to the simulation without DMS oxidation chemistry. Furthermore, ship emissions increased the concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ by 4.5%, 23%, and 7.3%, respectively. Methane sulfonic acid concentration was 0.17 μg m-3, suggesting the importance of the addition channel in the DMS oxidation pathway. The model simulation indicated that ship emissions in the target area contributed dominantly to non-sea-salt SO42-, and the marine DMS emission source was non-negligible. The geographical distribution of PM toxicity (aerosol oxidative potential) was assessed in the marine atmosphere during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Keun Song
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Zang-Ho Shon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Bin Cho
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hwan Moon
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Sook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Baek Son
- Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research & Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Rae Lee
- Marine Research Center, National Park Research Institute, Yeosu 59723, Republic of Korea
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135
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Zhu K, Jia H, Jiang W, Sun Y, Zhang C, Liu Z, Wang T, Guo X, Zhu L. The First Observation of the Formation of Persistent Aminoxyl Radicals and Reactive Nitrogen Species on Photoirradiated Nitrogen-Containing Microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:779-789. [PMID: 34964354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing microplastics (N-MPs) are widely present in the atmosphere, but their potential health risks have been overlooked. In this study, the formation of persistent aminoxyl radicals (PAORs) and reactive nitrogen species (RNSs) on the N-MPs under light irradiation was investigated. After photoaging, an anisotropic triplet with the g-factor of ∼2.0044, corresponding to PAORs, was detected on the nonaromatic polyamide (PA) rather than amino resin (AmR) by electron paramagnetic resonance and confirmed by density functional theory calculations. The generated amine oxide portions on the photoaged PA were identified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, which were considered to be the main structural basis/precursors of a PAOR. Surprisingly, RNSs were also observed on the irradiated PA. The generated ·NO due to the aphotolysis of nitrone groups simultaneously reacted with peroxide radicals and O2·- to yield ·NO2 and peroxynitrite, respectively, which were responsible for peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN) and CO3·- formation. Besides, a significantly higher oxidative potential and reductive potential were observed for the aged PA than AmR, which is assigned to the abundant RNSs, organic hydroperoxides and PANs, and a strong ability to transfer electrons from PAOR, respectively. This work provides important information for the potential risks of airborne N-MPs and may serve as a guide for future toxicological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yajiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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136
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Shang J, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, Chen S, Yang S, Han T, Zhang D, Zhang J, An J. Prediction of the oxidation potential of PM 2.5 exposures from pollutant composition and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118492. [PMID: 34785286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The inherent oxidation potential (OP) of atmospheric particulate matter has been shown to be an important metric in assessing the biological activity of inhaled particulate matter and is associated with the composition of PM2.5. The current study examined the chemical composition of 388 personal PM2.5 samples collected from students and guards living in urban and suburban areas of Beijing, and assessed the ability to predict OP from the calculated metrics of carcinogenic risk, represented by ELCR (excess lifetime cancer risk), non-carcinogenic risk represented by HI (hazard index), and the composition and sources of the particulate matter using multiple linear regression methods. The correlations between calculated ELCR and HI and the measured OP were 0.37 and 0.7, respectively. HI was a better predictor of OP than ELCR. The prediction models based on pollutants (Model_1) and pollution sources (Model_2) were constructed by multiple linear regression method, and Pearson correlation coefficients between the predicted results of Model_1 and Model_2 with the measured volume normalized OP are 0.81 and 0.80, showing good prediction ability. Previous investigations in Europe and North America have developed location-specific relationships between the chemical composition of particulate matter and OP using regression methods. We also examined the ability of relationships between OP and composition, sources, developed in Europe and North America, to predict the OP of particulate matter in Beijing from the composition and sources determined in Beijing. The relationships developed in Europe and North America provided good predictive ability in Beijing and it suggests that these relationships can be used to predict OP from the chemical composition measured in other regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shang
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - James J Schauer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53718, USA
| | - Sumin Chen
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, China
| | - Shujian Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Jinjian Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Jianxiong An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, China
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137
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Chowdhury S, Pozzer A, Haines A, Klingmüller K, Münzel T, Paasonen P, Sharma A, Venkataraman C, Lelieveld J. Global health burden of ambient PM 2.5 and the contribution of anthropogenic black carbon and organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107020. [PMID: 34894485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) poses a major global health risk, commonly assessed by assuming equivalent toxicity for different PM2.5 constituents. We used a data-informed global atmospheric model and recent exposure-response functions to calculate the health burden of ambient PM2.5 from ten source categories. We estimate 4.23 (95% confidence interval 3.0-6.14) million excess deaths annually from the exposure to ambient PM2.5. We distinguished contributions and major sources of black carbon (BC), primary organic aerosols (POA) and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (aSOA). These components make up to ∼20% of the total PM2.5 in South and East Asia and East Africa. We find that domestic energy use by the burning of solid biofuels is the largest contributor to ambient BC, POA and aSOA globally. Epidemiological and toxicological studies indicate that these compounds may be relatively more hazardous than other PM2.5 compounds such as soluble salts, related to their high potential to inflict oxidative stress. We performed sensitivity analyses by considering these species to be more harmful compared to other compounds in PM2.5, as suggested by their oxidative potential using a range of potential relative risks. These analyses show that domestic energy use emerges as the leading cause of excess mortality attributable to ambient PM2.5, notably in Asia and Africa. We acknowledge the uncertainties inherent in our assumed enhanced toxicity of the anthropogenic organic and BC aerosol components, which suggest the need to better understand the mechanisms and magnitude of the associated health risks and the consequences for regulatory policies. However our assessment of the importance of emissions from domestic energy use as a cause of premature mortality is robust to a range of assumptions about the magnitude of the excess risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourangsu Chowdhury
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andy Haines
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, Department of Public Health, Environments and Society and Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1 9SH, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Klingmüller
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pauli Paasonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arushi Sharma
- Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate Studies, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate Studies, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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138
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Romano MP, Lionetto MG, Mangone A, De Bartolomeo AR, Giordano ME, Contini D, Guascito MR. Development and characterization of a gold nanoparticles glassy carbon modified electrode for dithiotreitol (DTT) detection suitable to be applied for determination of atmospheric particulate oxidative potential. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1206:339556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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139
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Oroumiyeh F, Jerrett M, Del Rosario I, Lipsitt J, Liu J, Paulson SE, Ritz B, Schauer JJ, Shafer MM, Shen J, Weichenthal S, Banerjee S, Zhu Y. Elemental composition of fine and coarse particles across the greater Los Angeles area: Spatial variation and contributing sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118356. [PMID: 34653582 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic components of particulate matter (PM), especially transition metals, have been shown to contribute to PM toxicity. In this study, the spatial distribution of PM elements and their potential sources in the Greater Los Angeles area were studied. The mass concentration and detailed elemental composition of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles were assessed at 46 locations, including urban traffic, urban community, urban background, and desert locations. Crustal enrichment factors (EFs), roadside enrichments (REs), and bivariate correlation analysis revealed that Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Pd, Sb, Zn, and Zr were associated with traffic emissions in both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, while Fe, Li, Mn, and Ti were affected by traffic emissions mostly in PM2.5. The concentrations of Ba, Cu, Mo, Sb, Zr (brake wear tracers), Pd (tailpipe tracer), and Zn (associated with tire wear) were higher at urban traffic sites than urban background locations by factors of 2.6-4.6. Both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 elements showed large spatial variations, indicating the presence of diverse emission sources across sampling locations. Principal component analysis extracted four source factors that explained 88% of the variance in the PM2.5 elemental concentrations, and three sources that explained 86% of the variance in the PM2.5-10 elemental concentrations. Based on multiple linear regression analysis, the contribution of traffic emissions (27%) to PM2.5 was found to be higher than mineral dust (23%), marine aerosol (18%), and industrial emissions (8%). On the other hand, mineral dust was the dominant source of PM2.5-10 with 45% contribution, followed by marine aerosol (22%), and traffic emissions (19%). This study provides novel insight into the spatial variation of traffic-related elements in a large metropolitan area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Oroumiyeh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Irish Del Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonah Lipsitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sudipto Banerjee
- Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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140
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Pye HOT, Ward-Caviness CK, Murphy BN, Appel KW, Seltzer KM. Secondary organic aerosol association with cardiorespiratory disease mortality in the United States. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7215. [PMID: 34916495 PMCID: PMC8677800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine particle pollution, PM2.5, is associated with increased risk of death from cardiorespiratory diseases. A multidecadal shift in the United States (U.S.) PM2.5 composition towards organic aerosol as well as advances in predictive algorithms for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) allows for novel examinations of the role of PM2.5 components on mortality. Here we show SOA is strongly associated with county-level cardiorespiratory death rates in the U.S. independent of the total PM2.5 mass association with the largest associations located in the southeastern U.S. Compared to PM2.5, county-level variability in SOA across the U.S. is associated with 3.5× greater per capita county-level cardiorespiratory mortality. On a per mass basis, SOA is associated with a 6.5× higher rate of mortality than PM2.5, and biogenic and anthropogenic carbon sources both play a role in the overall SOA association with mortality. Our results suggest reducing the health impacts of PM2.5 requires consideration of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Cavin K Ward-Caviness
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Ben N Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - K Wyat Appel
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Karl M Seltzer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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141
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Hsiao TC, Chou LT, Pan SY, Young LH, Chi KH, Chen AY. Chemically and temporally resolved oxidative potential of urban fine particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118206. [PMID: 34740290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle emissions are an important source of particulate matter (PM) in urban areas and have well-known adverse health effects on human health. Oxidative potential (OP) is used as a quantification metric for indexing PM toxicity. In this study, by using a liquid spot sampler (LSS) and the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, the diurnal OP variation was assessed at a ground-level urban monitoring station. Besides, since the monitoring station was adjacent to the main road, the correlation between OP and traffic volume was also evaluated. PM components, including metals, water-soluble inorganic aerosols (WSIAs), black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were also simultaneously monitored. The daytime and evening mean ± std volume-normalized OP (OPv) were 0.46 ± 0.27 and 0.48 ± 0.26 nmol/min/m3, and exhibited good correlations with PM1.0 and BC; however, these concentrations were only weakly correlated with mass-normalized OP (OPm). The mean ± std OPm was higher in the daytime (41.3 ± 13.8 pmol/min/μg) than in the evening (36.1 ± 11.5 pmol/min/μg). According to the PMF analysis, traffic emissions dominated the diurnal OP contribution. Organic matter and individual metals associated with non-exhaust traffic emissions, such as Mn, Fe, and Cu, contributed substantially to OP. Diurnal variations of PAH concentrations suggest that photochemical reactions could enhance OP, highlighting the importance of atmospheric aging on PM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Centre for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Ti Chou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao Young
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Albert Y Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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142
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Sherris AR, Begum BA, Baiocchi M, Goswami D, Hopke PK, Brooks WA, Luby SP. Associations between ambient fine particulate matter and child respiratory infection: The role of particulate matter source composition in Dhaka, Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118073. [PMID: 34496331 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in the form of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been linked to adverse respiratory outcomes in children. However, the magnitude of this association in South Asia and sources of PM2.5 that drive adverse health effects are largely unknown. This study evaluates associations between short-term variation in ambient PM2.5 and incidence of pneumonia and upper respiratory infections among children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We also perform an exploratory analysis of the PM2.5 source composition that is most strongly associated with health endpoints. We leveraged data from health surveillance of children less than five years of age between 2005 and 2014 in Kamalapur, Bangladesh, including daily physician-confirmed diagnoses of pneumonia and upper respiratory infection. Twice-weekly source-apportioned ambient PM2.5 measurements were obtained for the same period, and Poisson regression adjusted for time-varying covariates was used to estimate lagged associations between ambient PM2.5 and respiratory infection. We use complementary matching and stratification approaches to evaluate whether these associations vary across PM2.5 source composition. Total PM2.5 mass was associated with a modest increase in incidence of pneumonia, with a peak effect size two days after exposure (rate ratio = 1.032; 95% confidence interval = 1.008-1.056). We did not identify a significant association between PM2.5 and upper respiratory infection. Stratified and matching analyses suggested this association was stronger among days when ambient PM2.5 had a higher mass percent associated with brick kiln and fugitive lead emissions.: This study suggests that elevated ambient PM2.5 contributes to increased incidence of child pneumonia in urban Dhaka, and that this relationship varies among days with different source composition of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Sherris
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, USA.
| | - Bilkis A Begum
- Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Michael Baiocchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, USA
| | - Doli Goswami
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, USA
| | | | - Stephen P Luby
- Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, USA
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143
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Quantification and Characterization of Metals in Ultrafine Road Dust Particles. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12121564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Road dust is an important source of resuspended particulate matter (PM) but information is lacking on the chemical composition of the ultrafine particle fraction (UFP; <0.1 µm). This study investigated metal concentrations in UFP isolated from the “dust box” of sweepings collected by the City of Toronto, Canada, using regenerative-air-street sweepers. Dust box samples from expressway, arterial and local roads were aerosolized in the laboratory and were separated into thirteen particle size fractions ranging from 10 nm to 10 µm (PM10). The UFP fraction accounted for about 2% of the total mass of resuspended PM10 (range 0.23–8.36%). Elemental analysis using ICP-MS and ICP-OES revealed a marked enrichment in Cd, Cr, Zn and V concentration in UFP compared to the dust box material (nano to dust box ratio ≥ 2). UFP from arterial roads contained two times more Cd, Zn and V and nine times more Cr than UFP from local roads. The highest median concentration of Zn was observed for the municipal expressway, attributed to greater volumes of traffic, including light to heavy duty vehicles, and higher speeds. The observed elevated concentrations of transition metals in UFP are a human health concern, given their potential to cause oxidative stress in lung cells.
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144
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Dey SK, Sugur K, Venkatareddy VG, Rajeev P, Gupta T, Thimmulappa RK. Lipid peroxidation index of particulate matter: Novel metric for quantifying intrinsic oxidative potential and predicting toxic responses. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102189. [PMID: 34826784 PMCID: PMC8633009 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Using particulate matter (PM) mass as exposure metric does not reveal the intrinsic PM chemical characteristics or toxic potential, which is crucial for monitoring the sources of emission causing adverse health effects and developing risk mitigating strategies. Oxidative stress and ensuing lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the lung are crucial underlying mechanisms of action by which PM drives cardiorespiratory disease. In the current study, we have postulated and demonstrated that the intrinsic potential of PM to elicit LPO, defined as "LPO index" as a novel approach for characterizing oxidative potential of PM (PMOP) and predicting biological toxicity. First, we exposed unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC), an abundant phospholipid in the cell membrane, pulmonary surfactant, and lipoproteins to PM and analyzed the total burden of LPO byproducts generated as a measure of LPO index using a LPO reporter dye, BODIPY-C11. PM exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in LPO. Second, we developed a novel method to expose the captured serum apoB100 lipoprotein particles to PM or its constituents and assessed the levels of specific oxidized-phospholipid on apoB100 particles by immunoassay using E06 monoclonal antibody (mab) that recognizes only PC containing oxidized-phospholipids (Ox-PCs). The immunoassay was highly sensitive to evaluate the PM LPO index and was modifiable by metal quenchers and exogenous antioxidant and radical quenchers. Third, to prove the pathophysiological relevance of Ox-PCs, we found that PM exposure generates Ox-PCs in mice lungs, pulmonary surfactant and lung cells. Fourth, we observed that treatment of macrophages with BAL fluid from PM exposed mice or PM-exposed pulmonary surfactant stimulated IL-6 production, which was abrogated by neutralization of Ox-PCs by mab E06 suggesting that Ox-PCs in lungs are proinflammatory. Overall, our study suggests that Ox-PCs as a probe of PM LPO index is a biologically relevant pathogenic biomarker and has a high value for evaluating PMOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Dey
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
| | - Kavya Sugur
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
| | | | - Pradhi Rajeev
- Department of Civil Engineering, IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Rajesh K Thimmulappa
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India.
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145
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Bandowe BAM, Lui KH, Jones T, BéruBé K, Adams R, Niu X, Wei C, Cao JJ, Lee SC, Chuang HC, Ho KF. The chemical composition and toxicological effects of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) emitted from different cooking styles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117754. [PMID: 34284205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mass, chemical composition and toxicological properties of fine particulates (PM2.5) emitted from cooking activities in three Hong Kong based restaurants and two simulated cooking experiments were characterized. Extracts from the PM2.5 samples elicited significant biological activities [cell viability, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage and inflammation effect (TNF-α)] in a dose-dependent manner. The composition of PAHs, oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and azaarenes (AZAs) mixtures differed between samples. The concentration ranges of the Σ30PAHs, Σ17OPAHs and Σ4AZAs and Σ7Carbonyls in the samples were 9627-23,452 pg m-3, 503-3700 pg m-3, 33-263 pg m-3 and 158 - 5328 ng m-3, respectively. Cell viability caused by extracts from the samples was positively correlated to the concentration of benzo[a]anthracene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and 1,4-naphthoquinone in the PM2.5 extracts. Cellular ROS production (upon exposure to extracts) was positively correlated with the concentrations of PM2.5, decaldehyde, acridine, Σ17OPAHs and 7 individual OPAHs. TNF-α showed significant positive correlations with the concentrations of most chemical species (elemental carbon, 16 individual PAHs including benzo[a]pyrene, Σ30PAHs, SO42-, Ca2+, Ca, Na, K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn). The concentrations of Al, Ti, Mn, Σ30PAHs and 8 individual PAHs including benzo[a]pyrene in the samples were positively correlated with DNA damage caused by extracts from the samples. This study demonstrates that inhalation of PM2.5 emitted from cooking could result in adverse human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - K H Lui
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy Jones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kelly BéruBé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel Adams
- Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Xinyi Niu
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chong Wei
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center (SCDRC), CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 2010210, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - S C Lee
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Research Center of Urban Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K F Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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146
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Insights into Elemental Composition and Sources of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in Dense Traffic Areas in Toronto and Vancouver, Canada. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100264. [PMID: 34678960 PMCID: PMC8537750 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traffic is a significant pollution source in cities and has caused various health and environmental concerns worldwide. Therefore, an improved understanding of traffic impacts on particle concentrations and their components could help mitigate air pollution. In this study, the characteristics and sources of trace elements in PM2.5 (fine), and PM10-2.5 (coarse), were investigated in dense traffic areas in Toronto and Vancouver, Canada, from 2015–2017. At nearby urban background sites, 24-h integrated PM samples were also concurrently collected. The PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 masses, and a number of elements (i.e., Fe, Ba, Cu, Sb, Zn, Cr), showed clear increases at each near-road site, related to the traffic emissions resulting from resuspension and/or abrasion sources. The trace elements showed a clear partitioning trend between PM2.5 and PM10-2.5, thus reflecting the origin of some of these elements. The application of positive matrix factorization (PMF) to the combined fine and coarse metal data (86 total), with 24 observations at each site, was used to determine the contribution of different sources to the total metal concentrations in fine and coarse PM. Four major sources were identified by the PMF model, including two traffic non-exhaust (crustal/road dust, brake/tire wear) sources, along with regional and local industrial sources. Source apportionment indicated that the resuspended crustal/road dust factor was the dominant contributor to the total coarse-bound trace element (i.e., Fe, Ti, Ba, Cu, Zn, Sb, Cr) concentrations produced by vehicular exhaust and non-exhaust traffic-related processes that have been deposited onto the surface. The second non-exhaust factor related to brake/tire wear abrasion accounted for a considerable portion of the fine and coarse elemental (i.e., Ba, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sb) mass at both near-road sites. Regional and local industry contributed mostly to the fine elemental (i.e., S, As, Se, Cd, Pb) concentrations. Overall, the results show that non-exhaust traffic-related processes were major contributors to the various redox-active metal species (i.e., Fe, Cu) in both PM fractions. In addition, a substantial proportion of these metals in PM2.5 was water-soluble, which is an important contributor to the formation of reactive oxygen species and, thus, may lead to oxidative damage to cells in the human body. It appears that controlling traffic non-exhaust-related metals emissions, in the absence of significant point sources in the area, could have a pronounced effect on the redox activity of PM, with broad implications for the protection of public health.
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147
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Weichenthal S, Lavigne E, Traub A, Umbrio D, You H, Pollitt K, Shin T, Kulka R, Stieb DM, Korsiak J, Jessiman B, Brook JR, Hatzopoulou M, Evans G, Burnett RT. Association of Sulfur, Transition Metals, and the Oxidative Potential of Outdoor PM2.5 with Acute Cardiovascular Events: A Case-Crossover Study of Canadian Adults. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:107005. [PMID: 34644144 PMCID: PMC8513754 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We do not currently understand how spatiotemporal variations in the composition of fine particulate air pollution [fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5μm (PM2.5)] affects population health risks. However, recent evidence suggests that joint concentrations of transition metals and sulfate may influence the oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 and associated health impacts. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to evaluate how combinations of transition metals/OP and sulfur content in outdoor PM2.5 influence associations with acute cardiovascular events. METHODS We conducted a national case-crossover study of outdoor PM2.5 and acute cardiovascular events in Canada between 2016 and 2017 (93,344 adult cases). Monthly mean transition metal and sulfur (S) concentrations in PM2.5 were determined prospectively along with estimates of OP using acellular assays for glutathione (OPGSH), ascorbate (OPAA), and dithiothreitol depletion (OPDTT). Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for PM2.5 across strata of transition metals/OP and sulfur. RESULTS Among men, the magnitudes of observed associations were strongest when both transition metal and sulfur content were elevated. For example, an OR of 1.078 (95% CI: 1.049, 1.108) (per 10μg/m3) was observed for cardiovascular events in men when both copper and S were above the median, whereas a weaker association was observed when both elements were below median values (OR=1.019, 95% CI: 1.007, 1.031). A similar pattern was observed for OP metrics. PM2.5 was not associated with acute cardiovascular events in women. DISCUSSION The combined transition metal and sulfur content of outdoor PM2.5 influences the strength of association with acute cardiovascular events in men. Regions with elevated concentrations of both sulfur and transition metals in PM2.5 should be examined as priority areas for regulatory interventions. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9449.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eric Lavigne
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alison Traub
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana Umbrio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hongyu You
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Krystal Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tim Shin
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ryan Kulka
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dave M. Stieb
- Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jill Korsiak
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Barry Jessiman
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jeff R. Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marianne Hatzopoulou
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Greg Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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148
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Fleck ADS, Debia M, Ryan PE, Couture C, Traub A, Evans GJ, Suarthana E, Smargiassi A. Assessment of the Oxidative Potential and Oxidative Burden from Occupational Exposures to Particulate Matter. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 66:379-391. [PMID: 34595509 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) is a toxicologically relevant metric that integrates features like mass concentration and chemical composition of particulate matter (PM). Although it has been extensively explored as a metric for the characterization of environmental particles, this is still an underexplored application in the occupational field. This study aimed to estimate the OP of particles in two occupational settings from a construction trades school. This characterization also includes the comparison between activities, sampling strategies, and size fractions. Particulate mass concentrations (PM4-Personal, PM4-Area, and PM2.5-Area) and number concentrations were measured during three weeks of welding and construction/bricklaying activities. The OP was assessed by the ascorbate assay (OPAA) using a synthetic respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF), while the oxidative burden (OBAA) was determined by multiplying the OPAA values with PM concentrations. Median (25th-75th percentiles) of PM mass and number concentrations were 900 (672-1730) µg m-3 and 128 000 (78 000-169 000) particles cm-3 for welding, and 432 (345-530) µg m-3 and 2800 (1700-4400) particles cm-3 for construction. Welding particles, especially from the first week of activities, were also associated with higher redox activity (OPAA: 3.3 (2.3-4.6) ρmol min-1 µg-1; OBAA: 1750 (893-4560) ρmol min-1 m-3) compared to the construction site (OPAA: 1.4 (1.0-1.8) ρmol min-1 µg-1; OBAA: 486 (341-695) ρmol min-1 m-3). The OPAA was independent of the sampling strategy or size fraction. However, driven by the higher PM concentrations, the OBAA from personal samples was higher compared to area samples in the welding shop, suggesting an influence of the sampling strategy on PM concentrations and OBAA. These results demonstrate that important levels of OPAA can be found in occupational settings, especially during welding activities. Furthermore, the OBAA found in both workplaces largely exceeded the levels found in environmental studies. Therefore, measures of OP and OB could be further explored as metrics for exposure assessment to occupational PM, as well as for associations with cardiorespiratory outcomes in future occupational epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan da Silveira Fleck
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maximilien Debia
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Eddy Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Couture
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alison Traub
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Suarthana
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (CRHSCM), 5400 Boul Gouin O, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Audrey Smargiassi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut National de Sante Publique du Québec (INSPQ), 190 Boul Crémazie E, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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149
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Farahani VJ, Pirhadi M, Sioutas C. Are standardized diesel exhaust particles (DEP) representative of ambient particles in air pollution toxicological studies? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147854. [PMID: 34029805 PMCID: PMC8206007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the chemical characteristics of standardized diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and compared them to those of read-world particulate matter (PM) collected in different urban settings to evaluate the extent to which standardized DEPs can represent ambient particles for use in toxicological studies. Standard reference material SRM-2975 was obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and was chemically analyzed for the content of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inorganic ions, and several metals and trace elements. The analysis on the filter-collected DEP sample revealed very high levels of EC (i.e., ~397 ng/μg PM) which were comparable to the OC content (~405 ng/μg PM). This is in contrast with the carbonaceous content in the emitted particles from typical filter-equipped diesel-powered vehicles, in which low levels of EC emissions were observed. Furthermore, the EC mass fraction of the DEP sample did not match the observed levels in the ambient PM of multiple US urban areas, including Los Angeles (8%), Houston (~14%), Pittsburgh (~12%), and New York (~17%). Our results illustrated the lack of several high molecular weight carcinogenic PAHs in the DEP samples, unlike our measurements in major freeways of Los Angeles. Negligible levels of inorganic ions were observed in the sample and the DEP did not contain toxic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed through synchronized reactions in the atmosphere. Lastly, the analysis of redox-active metals and trace elements demonstrated that the levels of many species including vehicle emission tracers (e.g., Ba, Ti, Mn, Fe) on Los Angeles roadways were almost 20 times greater than those in the DEP sample. Based on the abovementioned inconsistencies between the chemical composition of the DEP sample and those of real-world PM measured and recorded in different conditions, we conclude that the standardized DEPs are not suitable representatives of traffic emissions nor typical ambient PM to be used in toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Farahani
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Milad Pirhadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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150
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Kramer AL, Dorn S, Perez A, Roper C, Titaley IA, Cayton K, Cook RP, Cheong PHY, Massey Simonich SL. Assessing the oxidative potential of PAHs in ambient PM 2.5 using the DTT consumption assay. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117411. [PMID: 34051568 PMCID: PMC9844052 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative potential (OP) of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been linked to organic content, which includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The OP of 135 individual PAHs (including six subclasses) was measured using the dithiolthreitol (DTT) consumption assay. The DTT assay results were used to compute the concentration of each PAH needed to consume 50% of the DTT concentration in the assay (DTT50), and the reduction potential of the PAHs (ΔGrxn). Computed reduction potential results were found to match literature reduction potential values (r2 = 0.97), while DTT50 results had no correlations with the computed ΔGrxn values (r2 < 0.1). The GINI equality index was used to assess the electron distribution across the surface of unreacted and reacted PAHs. GINI values correlated with ΔGrxn in UPAH, HPAH, and OHPAH subclasses, as well as with all 135 PAHs in this study but did not correlate with DTT50, indicating that electron dispersion is linked to thermodynamic reactions and structural differences in PAHs, but not linked to the OP of PAHs. Three ambient PM2.5 filters extracts were measured in the DTT assay, alongside mixtures of analytical standards prepared to match PAH concentrations in the filter extracts to test if the OP follows an additive model of toxicity. The additive prediction model did not accurately predict the DTT consumption in the assay for any of the prepared standard mixtures or ambient PM2.5 filter extracts, indicating a much more complex model of toxicity for the OP of PAHs in ambient PM2.5. This study combined computed molecular properties with toxicologically relevant assay results to probe the OP of anthropogenically driven portions of ambient PM2.5, and results in a better understanding of the complexity of ambient PM2.5 OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Kramer
- Oregon State University, Department of Chemistry, USA; Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, USA.
| | - Shelby Dorn
- Oregon State University, Department of Chemistry, USA
| | - Allison Perez
- Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, USA
| | - Courtney Roper
- University of Mississippi, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, USA
| | - Ivan A Titaley
- Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, USA
| | - Kaylee Cayton
- Oregon State University, Department of Chemistry, USA
| | | | | | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Oregon State University, Department of Chemistry, USA; Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, USA
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