101
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Sayed IM, Tindle C, Fonseca AG, Ghosh P, Das S. Functional assays with human patient-derived enteroid monolayers to assess the human gut barrier. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100680. [PMID: 34337445 PMCID: PMC8313751 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the use of polarized patient enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) to assess the impact of e-cigarettes on the human gut barrier. These EDMs can be adapted to culture in a 96-well plate for high-throughput screening. We model the effect of e-cigarettes by combining pathogens, enteroids, and e-cigarette vapor-infused media and assess gut barrier integrity, bacterial internalization, and inflammatory response of the gut epithelium. This protocol can be used to assess the effects of e-cigarette components on gut functions. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Sharma et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Courtney Tindle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayden G. Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moore’s Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moore’s Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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102
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Franchi-Mendes T, Eduardo R, Domenici G, Brito C. 3D Cancer Models: Depicting Cellular Crosstalk within the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4610. [PMID: 34572836 PMCID: PMC8468887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment plays a critical role in tumour progression and drug resistance processes. Non-malignant cell players, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells and others, interact with each other and with the tumour cells, shaping the disease. Though the role of each cell type and cell communication mechanisms have been progressively studied, the complexity of this cellular network and its role in disease mechanism and therapeutic response are still being unveiled. Animal models have been mainly used, as they can represent systemic interactions and conditions, though they face recognized limitations in translational potential due to interspecies differences. In vitro 3D cancer models can surpass these limitations, by incorporating human cells, including patient-derived ones, and allowing a range of experimental designs with precise control of each tumour microenvironment element. We summarize the role of each tumour microenvironment component and review studies proposing 3D co-culture strategies of tumour cells and non-malignant cell components. Moreover, we discuss the potential of these modelling approaches to uncover potential therapeutic targets in the tumour microenvironment and assess therapeutic efficacy, current bottlenecks and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Franchi-Mendes
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Eduardo
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Giacomo Domenici
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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103
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Gómez DP, Boudreau F. Organoids and Their Use in Modeling Gut Epithelial Cell Lineage Differentiation and Barrier Properties During Intestinal Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732137. [PMID: 34485312 PMCID: PMC8414659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of intestinal epithelium homeostasis is a complex process because of the multicellular and molecular composition of the gastrointestinal wall and the involvement of surrounding interactive signals. The complex nature of this intestinal barrier system poses challenges in the detailed mechanistic understanding of intestinal morphogenesis and the onset of several gut pathologies, including intestinal inflammatory disorders, food allergies, and cancer. For several years, the gut scientific community has explored different alternatives in research involving animals and in vitro models consisting of cultured monolayers derived from the immortalized or cancerous origin cell lines. The recent ability to recapitulate intestinal epithelial dynamics from mini-gut cultures has proven to be a promising step in the field of scientific research and biomedicine. The organoids can be grown as two- or three-dimensional structures, and are derived from adult or pluripotent stem cells that ultimately establish an intestinal epithelium that is composed of all differentiated cell types present in the normal epithelium. In this review, we summarize the different origins and recent use of organoids in modeling intestinal epithelial differentiation and barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Pupo Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Francois Boudreau
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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104
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Hinman SS, Huling J, Wang Y, Wang H, Bretherton RC, DeForest CA, Allbritton NL. Magnetically-propelled fecal surrogates for modeling the impact of solid-induced shear forces on primary colonic epithelial cells. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121059. [PMID: 34412014 PMCID: PMC8405591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The colonic epithelium is continuously exposed to an array of biological and mechanical stimuli as its luminal contents are guided over the epithelial surface through regulated smooth muscle contraction. In this report, the propulsion of solid fecal contents over the colonic epithelium is recapitulated through noninvasive actuation of magnetic agarose hydrogels over primary intestinal epithelial cultures, in contrast to the vast majority of platforms that apply shear forces through liquid microflow. Software-controlled magnetic stepper motors enable experimental control over the frequency and velocity of these events to match in vivo propulsive contractions, while the integration of standardized well plate spacing facilitates rapid integration into existing assay pipelines. The application of these solid-induced shear forces did not deleteriously affect cell monolayer surface coverage, viability, or transepithelial electrical resistance unless the device parameters were raised to a 50× greater contraction frequency and 4× greater fecal velocity than those observed in healthy humans. At a frequency and velocity that is consistent with average human colonic motility, differentiation of the epithelial cells into absorptive and goblet cell phenotypes was not affected. Protein secretion was modulated with a two-fold increase in luminal mucin-2 secretion and a significant reduction in basal interleukin-8 secretion. F-actin, zonula occludens-1, and E-cadherin were each present in their proper basolateral locations, similar to those of static control cultures. While cellular height was unaffected by magnetic agarose propulsion, several alterations in lateral morphology were observed including decreased circularity and compactness, and an increase in major axis length, which align with surface epithelial cell morphologies observed in vivo and may represent early markers of luminal exfoliation. This platform will be of widespread utility for the investigation of fecal propulsive forces on intestinal physiology, shedding light on how the colonic epithelium responds to mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Hinman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Huling
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ross C Bretherton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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105
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Woodall MNJ, Masonou T, Case K, Smith CM. Human models for COVID-19 research. J Physiol 2021; 599:4255-4267. [PMID: 34287894 PMCID: PMC8447334 DOI: 10.1113/jp281499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, therapeutics for COVID-19 are limited. To overcome this, it is important that we use physiologically relevant models to reproduce the pathology of infection and evaluate the efficacy of antiviral drugs. Models of airway infection, including the use of a human infection challenge model or well-defined, disease relevant in vitro systems can help determine the key components that perpetuate the severity of the disease. Here, we briefly review the human models that are currently being used in COVID-19 research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tereza Masonou
- GOS Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Claire M. Smith
- GOS Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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106
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Staab JF, Lemme-Dumit JM, Latanich R, Pasetti MF, Zachos NC. Co-Culture System of Human Enteroids/Colonoids with Innate Immune Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 131:e113. [PMID: 33166041 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal enteroids derived from adult stem cells offer a relevant ex vivo system to study biological processes of the human gut. They recreate cellular and functional features of the intestinal epithelium of the small intestine (enteroids) or colon (colonoids) albeit limited by the lack of associated cell types that help maintain tissue homeostasis and respond to external challenges. In the gut, innate immune cells interact with the epithelium, support barrier function, and deploy effector functions. We have established a co-culture system of enteroid/colonoid monolayers and underlying macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils to recapitulate the cellular framework of the human intestinal epithelial niche. Enteroids are generated from biopsies or resected tissue from any segment of the human gut and maintained in long-term cultures as three-dimensional structures through supplementation of stem cell growth factors. Immune cells are isolated from fresh human whole blood or frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Monocytes from PBMC are differentiated into macrophages by cytokine stimulation prior to co-culture. The methods are divided into the two main components of the model: (1) generating enteroid/colonoid monolayers and isolating immune cells and (2) assembly of enteroid/colonoid-immune cell co-cultures with separate apical and basolateral compartments. Co-cultures containing macrophages can be maintained for 48 hr while those involving neutrophils, due to their shorter life span, remain viable for 4 hr. Enteroid-immune co-cultures enable multiple outcome measures, including transepithelial resistance, production of cytokines/chemokines, phenotypic analysis of immune cells, tissue immunofluorescence imaging, protein or mRNA expression, antigen or microbe uptake, and other cellular functions. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Seeding enteroid fragments onto Transwells for monolayer formation Alternate Protocol: Seeding enteroid fragments for monolayer formation using trituration Basic Protocol 2: Isolation of monocytes and derivation of immune cells from human peripheral blood Basic Protocol 3: Isolation of neutrophils from human peripheral blood Basic Protocol 4: Assembly of enteroid/macrophage or enteroid/neutrophil co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet F Staab
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jose M Lemme-Dumit
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachel Latanich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marcella F Pasetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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107
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Pilla G, Wu T, Grassel C, Moon J, Foulke-Abel J, Tang CM, Barry EM. Evaluation of a Live Attenuated S. sonnei Vaccine Strain in the Human Enteroid Model. Pathogens 2021; 10:1079. [PMID: 34578112 PMCID: PMC8468197 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a leading cause of bacillary dysentery worldwide, responsible for high death rates especially among children under five in low-middle income countries. Shigella sonnei prevails in high-income countries and is becoming prevalent in industrializing countries, where multi-drug resistant strains have emerged, as a significant public health concern. One strategy to combat drug resistance in S. sonnei is the development of effective vaccines. There is no licensed vaccine against Shigella, and development has been hindered by the lack of an effective small-animal model. In this work, we used human enteroids, for the first time, as a model system to evaluate a plasmid-stabilized S. sonnei live attenuated vaccine strain, CVD 1233-SP, and a multivalent derivative, CVD 1233-SP::CS2-CS3, which expresses antigens from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The strains were also tested for immunogenicity and protective capacity in the guinea pig model, demonstrating their ability to elicit serum and mucosal antibody responses as well as protection against challenge with wild-type S. sonnei. These promising results highlight the utility of enteroids as an innovative preclinical model to evaluate Shigella vaccine candidates, constituting a significant advance for the development of preventative strategies against this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pilla
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; (G.P.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Tao Wu
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (T.W.); (C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Christen Grassel
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (T.W.); (C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jonathan Moon
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (T.W.); (C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Christoph M. Tang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; (G.P.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (T.W.); (C.G.); (J.M.)
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108
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Singh V, Johnson K, Yin J, Lee S, Lin R, Yu H, In J, Foulke-Abel J, Zachos NC, Donowitz M, Rong Y. Chronic Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis Causes Long-Term Changes in Goblet Cell Function. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:219-232. [PMID: 34418586 PMCID: PMC8593611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS One of the features of ulcerative colitis (UC) is a defect in the protective mucus layer. This has been attributed to a reduced number of goblet cells (GCs). However, it is not known whether abnormal GC mucus secretion also contributes to the reduced mucus layer. Our aims were to investigate whether GC secretion was abnormal in UC and exists as a long-term effect of chronic inflammation. METHODS Colonoids were established from intestinal stem cells of healthy subjects (HS) and patients with UC. Colonoids were maintained as undifferentiated (UD) or induced to differentiate (DF) and studied as three-dimensional or monolayers on Transwell filters. Total RNA was extracted for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Carbachol and prostaglandin E2 mediated mucin stimulation was examined by MUC2 IF/confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Colonoids from UC patients can be propagated over many passages; however, they exhibit a reduced rate of growth and transepithelial electrical resistance compared with HS. Differentiated UC colonoid monolayers form a thin and non-continuous mucus layer. UC colonoids have increased expression of secretory lineage markers ATOH1 and SPDEF, along with MUC2 positive GCs, but failed to secrete mucin in response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol and prostaglandin E2, which caused increased secretion in HS. Exposure to tumor necrosis factor α (5 days) reduced the number of GCs, with a greater percentage decrease in UC colonoids compared with HS. CONCLUSIONS Chronic inflammation in UC causes long-term changes in GCs, leading to abnormal mucus secretion. This continued defect in GC mucus secretion may contribute to the recurrence in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Kelli Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sun Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ruxian Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Huimin Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie In
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yan Rong
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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109
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Hellman S. Generation of equine enteroids and enteroid-derived 2D monolayers that are responsive to microbial mimics. Vet Res 2021; 52:108. [PMID: 34391473 PMCID: PMC8364015 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroid cultures are three-dimensional in vitro models that reflect the cellular composition and architecture of the small intestine. One limitation with the enteroid conformation is the enclosed lumen, making it difficult to expose the apical surface of the epithelium to experimental treatments. The present study was therefore conducted to generate cultures of equine enteroids and to develop methods for culture of enteroid-derived cells on a two-dimensional plane, enabling easy access to the apical surface of the epithelium. Equine enteroids were established from small intestinal crypts within 7-9 days of culture. Transcriptional analysis of cell type markers confirmed the presence of enterocytes, stem-, Paneth-, proliferative-, enteroendocrine-, goblet- and tuft cells. This cellular composition was maintained over multiple passages, showing that the enteroids can be kept for prolonged periods. The transfer from 3D enteroids to 2D monolayers slightly modified the relative expression levels of the cell type markers, indicating a decrease of goblet- and Paneth cells in the monolayers. Stimulation with the TLR2, 3 and 4 agonists Pam3CSK4, Poly I:C and LPS, respectively, induced the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-8, while the TLR5 agonist FliC only induced TNF-α. In addition, an up-regulation of TGF-β, IL-33 and IFN-β was recorded after exposure to lipofected Poly I:C that also affected the monolayer integrity. Thus, the equine enteroid-derived 2D monolayers described in the present study show both genetic and functional similarities with the equine intestine making it an interesting in vitro model for studies demanding access to the apical surface, e.g. in studies of host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Hellman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, P.O. Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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110
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Signore MA, De Pascali C, Giampetruzzi L, Siciliano PA, Francioso L. Gut-on-Chip microphysiological systems: Latest advances in the integration of sensing strategies and adoption of mature detection mechanisms. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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111
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Zhang J, Hernandez-Gordillo V, Trapecar M, Wright C, Taketani M, Schneider K, Chen WLK, Stas E, Breault DT, Carrier RL, Voigt CA, Griffith LG. Coculture of primary human colon monolayer with human gut bacteria. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3874-3900. [PMID: 34183870 PMCID: PMC9109719 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00562-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microbes in the colon impacts host physiology. Therefore, microbes are being evaluated as potential treatments for colorectal diseases. Humanized model systems that enable robust culture of primary human intestinal cells with bacteria facilitate evaluation of potential treatments. Here, we describe a protocol that can be used to coculture a primary human colon monolayer with aerotolerant bacteria. Primary human colon cells maintained as organoids are dispersed into single-cell suspensions and then seeded on collagen-coated Transwell inserts, where they attach and proliferate to form confluent monolayers within days of seeding. The confluent monolayers are differentiated for an additional 4 d and then cocultured with bacteria. As an example application, we describe how to coculture differentiated colon cells for 8 h with four strains of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, each engineered to detect different colonic microenvironments via genetically embedded logic circuits incorporating deoxycholic acid and anhydrotetracycline sensors. Characterization of this coculture system reveals that barrier function remains intact in the presence of engineered B. thetaiotaomicron. The bacteria stay close to the mucus layer and respond in a microenvironment-specific manner to the inducers (deoxycholic acid and anhydrotetracycline) of the genetic circuits. This protocol thus provides a useful mucosal barrier system to assess the effects of bacterial cells that respond to the colonic microenvironment, and may also be useful in other contexts to model human intestinal barrier properties and microbiota-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Martin Trapecar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles Wright
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mao Taketani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kirsten Schneider
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wen Li Kelly Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Stas
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Voigt
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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112
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Drobny A, Ngo PA, Neurath MF, Zunke F, López-Posadas R. Molecular Communication Between Neuronal Networks and Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Gut Inflammation and Parkinson's Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655123. [PMID: 34368179 PMCID: PMC8339315 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation, are common in Parkinson's disease patients. These clinical signs normally appear years before the diagnosis of the neurodegenerative disease, preceding the occurrence of motor manifestations. Moreover, it is postulated that Parkinson's disease might originate in the gut, due to a response against the intestinal microbiota leading to alterations in alpha-synuclein in the intestinal autonomic nervous system. Transmission of this protein to the central nervous system is mediated potentially via the vagus nerve. Thus, deposition of aggregated alpha-synuclein in the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as a potential prodromal diagnostic marker for Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, hallmarks of chronic intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease, such as dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, are also observed in Parkinson's disease patients. Additionally, alpha-synuclein accumulations were detected in the gut of Crohn's disease patients. Despite a solid association between neurodegenerative diseases and gut inflammation, it is not clear whether intestinal alterations represent cause or consequence of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut in the context of Parkinson's disease and intestinal dysfunction/inflammation as present in inflammatory bowel disease. Further, we focus on the contribution of intestinal epithelium, the communication between intestinal epithelial cells, microbiota, immune and neuronal cells, as well as mechanisms causing alterations of epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phuong A Ngo
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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113
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Noel G, In JG, Lemme-Dumit JM, DeVine LR, Cole RN, Guerrerio AL, Campbell JD, Kovbasnjuk O, Pasetti MF. Human Breast Milk Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function and Innate Immunity in a Healthy Pediatric Human Enteroid Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685171. [PMID: 34327199 PMCID: PMC8313895 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding has been associated with long lasting health benefits. Nutrients and bioactive components of human breast milk promote cell growth, immune development, and shield the infant gut from insults and microbial threats. The molecular and cellular events involved in these processes are ill defined. We have established human pediatric enteroids and interrogated maternal milk's impact on epithelial cell maturation and function in comparison with commercial infant formula. Colostrum applied apically to pediatric enteroid monolayers reduced ion permeability, stimulated epithelial cell differentiation, and enhanced tight junction function by upregulating occludin. Breast milk heightened the production of antimicrobial peptide α-defensin 5 by goblet and Paneth cells, and modulated cytokine production, which abolished apical release of pro-inflammatory GM-CSF. These attributes were not found in commercial infant formula. Epithelial cells exposed to breast milk elevated apical and intracellular pIgR and enabled maternal IgA translocation. Proteomic data revealed a breast milk-induced molecular pattern associated with tissue remodeling and homeostasis. Using a novel ex vivo pediatric enteroid model, we have identified distinct cellular and molecular events involved in human milk-mediated improvement of human intestinal physiology and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Noel
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Julie G. In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jose M. Lemme-Dumit
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren R. DeVine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony L. Guerrerio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James D. Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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114
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Artificial intelligence guided discovery of a barrier-protective therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4246. [PMID: 34253728 PMCID: PMC8275683 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling human diseases as networks simplify complex multi-cellular processes, helps understand patterns in noisy data that humans cannot find, and thereby improves precision in prediction. Using Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) as an example, here we outline an unbiased AI-assisted approach for target identification and validation. A network was built in which clusters of genes are connected by directed edges that highlight asymmetric Boolean relationships. Using machine-learning, a path of continuum states was pinpointed, which most effectively predicted disease outcome. This path was enriched in gene-clusters that maintain the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier. We exploit this insight to prioritize one target, choose appropriate pre-clinical murine models for target validation and design patient-derived organoid models. Potential for treatment efficacy is confirmed in patient-derived organoids using multivariate analyses. This AI-assisted approach identifies a first-in-class gut barrier-protective agent in IBD and predicted Phase-III success of candidate agents. Traditional drug discovery process use differential, Bayesian and other network based approaches. We developed a Boolean approach for building disease maps and prioritizing pre-clinical models to discover a first-in-class therapy to restore and protect the leaky gut barrier in inflammatory bowel disease.
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115
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Overbey KN, Zachos NC, Coulter C, Jacangelo J, Schwab KJ. Recovery of Infectious Human Norovirus GII.4 Sydney From Fomites via Replication in Human Intestinal Enteroids. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:693090. [PMID: 34307195 PMCID: PMC8294327 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.693090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of fomites by human norovirus (HuNoV) can initiate and prolong outbreaks. Fomite swabbing is necessary to predict HuNoV exposure and target interventions. Historically, swab recovered HuNoV has been measured by molecular methods that detect viral RNA but not infectious HuNoV. The recent development of HuNoV cultivation in human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) enables detection of infectious HuNoV. It is unknown if the swabbing process and swab matrix will allow for cultivation of fomite recovered HuNoV. We used HIEs to culture swab-recovered HuNoV GII.4 Sydney from experimentally infected surfaces—a hospital bed tray (N = 32), door handle (N = 10), and sanitizer dispenser (N = 11). Each surface was swabbed with macrofoam swabs premoistened in PBS plus 0.02% Tween80. Swab eluate was tested for infectious HuNoV by cultivation in HIE monolayers. Infectious HuNoV can be recovered from surfaces inoculated with at least 105 HuNoV genome equivalents/3 cm2. In total, 57% (N = 53) of recovered swabs contained infectious HuNoV detected by HIEs. No difference in percent positive swabs was observed between the three surfaces at p = 0.2. We demonstrate that fomite swabbing can be combined with the HIE method to cultivate high titer infectious HuNoV from the environment, filling a significant gap in HuNoV detection. Currently, high titers of HuNoV are required to measure growth in HIEs and the HIE system precludes absolute quantification of infectious viruses. However, the HIE system can provide a binary indication of infectious HuNoV which enhances existing detection methods. Identification of infectious HuNoVs from swabs can increase monitoring accuracy, enhance risk estimates, and help prevent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie N Overbey
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Caroline Coulter
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joseph Jacangelo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Stantec, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kellogg J Schwab
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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116
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Kunjapur AM, Napolitano MG, Hysolli E, Noguera K, Appleton EM, Schubert MG, Jones MA, Iyer S, Mandell DJ, Church GM. Synthetic auxotrophy remains stable after continuous evolution and in coculture with mammalian cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf5851. [PMID: 34215581 PMCID: PMC11060021 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary stability and possible context dependence of biological containment techniques is critical as engineered microbes are increasingly under consideration for applications beyond biomanufacturing. While synthetic auxotrophy previously prevented Escherichia coli from exhibiting detectable escape from batch cultures, its long-term effectiveness is unknown. Here, we report automated continuous evolution of a synthetic auxotroph while supplying a decreasing concentration of essential biphenylalanine (BipA). After 100 days of evolution, triplicate populations exhibit no observable escape and exhibit normal growth rates at 10-fold lower BipA concentration than the ancestral synthetic auxotroph. Allelic reconstruction reveals the contribution of three genes to increased fitness at low BipA concentrations. Based on its evolutionary stability, we introduce the progenitor strain directly to mammalian cell culture and observe containment of bacteria without detrimental effects on HEK293T cells. Overall, our findings reveal that synthetic auxotrophy is effective on time scales and in contexts that enable diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 238, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, CLB 215, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Michael G Napolitano
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 238, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eriona Hysolli
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 238, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen Noguera
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 238, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evan M Appleton
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 238, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Max G Schubert
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 238, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michaela A Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, CLB 215, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 238, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Mandell
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 238, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 238, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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117
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Tick extracellular vesicles enable arthropod feeding and promote distinct outcomes of bacterial infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3696. [PMID: 34140472 PMCID: PMC8211691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are thought to facilitate pathogen transmission from arthropods to humans and other animals. Here, we reveal that pathogen spreading from arthropods to the mammalian host is multifaceted. Extracellular vesicles from Ixodes scapularis enable tick feeding and promote infection of the mildly virulent rickettsial agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum through the SNARE proteins Vamp33 and Synaptobrevin 2 and dendritic epidermal T cells. However, extracellular vesicles from the tick Dermacentor andersoni mitigate microbial spreading caused by the lethal pathogen Francisella tularensis. Collectively, we establish that tick extracellular vesicles foster distinct outcomes of bacterial infection and assist in vector feeding by acting on skin immunity. Thus, the biology of arthropods should be taken into consideration when developing strategies to control vector-borne diseases.
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118
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Puschhof J, Pleguezuelos-Manzano C, Clevers H. Organoids and organs-on-chips: Insights into human gut-microbe interactions. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:867-878. [PMID: 34111395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The important and diverse roles of the gut microbiota in human health and disease are increasingly recognized. The difficulty of inferring causation from metagenomic microbiome sequencing studies and from mouse-human interspecies differences has prompted the development of sophisticated in vitro models of human gut-microbe interactions. Here, we review recent advances in the co-culture of microbes with intestinal and colonic epithelia, comparing the rapidly developing fields of organoids and organs-on-chips with other standard models. We describe how specific individual processes by which microbes and epithelia interact can be recapitulated in vitro. Using examples of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, we highlight the advantages of each culture model and discuss current trends and future possibilities to build more complex co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Puschhof
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cayetano Pleguezuelos-Manzano
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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119
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Organoids and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112657. [PMID: 34071313 PMCID: PMC8197877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids were first established as a three-dimensional cell culture system from mouse small intestine. Subsequent development has made organoids a key system to study many human physiological and pathological processes that affect a variety of tissues and organs. In particular, organoids are becoming very useful tools to dissect colorectal cancer (CRC) by allowing the circumvention of classical problems and limitations, such as the impossibility of long-term culture of normal intestinal epithelial cells and the lack of good animal models for CRC. In this review, we describe the features and current knowledge of intestinal organoids and how they are largely contributing to our better understanding of intestinal cell biology and CRC genetics. Moreover, recent data show that organoids are appropriate systems for antitumoral drug testing and for the personalized treatment of CRC patients.
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120
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Crawford SE, Ramani S, Blutt SE, Estes MK. Organoids to Dissect Gastrointestinal Virus-Host Interactions: What Have We Learned? Viruses 2021; 13:999. [PMID: 34071878 PMCID: PMC8230193 DOI: 10.3390/v13060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, knowledge of human host-enteric pathogen interactions has been elucidated from studies using cancer cells, animal models, clinical data, and occasionally, controlled human infection models. Although much has been learned from these studies, an understanding of the complex interactions between human viruses and the human intestinal epithelium was initially limited by the lack of nontransformed culture systems, which recapitulate the relevant heterogenous cell types that comprise the intestinal villus epithelium. New investigations using multicellular, physiologically active, organotypic cultures produced from intestinal stem cells isolated from biopsies or surgical specimens provide an exciting new avenue for understanding human specific pathogens and revealing previously unknown host-microbe interactions that affect replication and outcomes of human infections. Here, we summarize recent biologic discoveries using human intestinal organoids and human enteric viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue E. Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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121
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Bonis V, Rossell C, Gehart H. The Intestinal Epithelium - Fluid Fate and Rigid Structure From Crypt Bottom to Villus Tip. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661931. [PMID: 34095127 PMCID: PMC8172987 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-layered, simple epithelium of the gastro-intestinal tract controls nutrient uptake, coordinates our metabolism and shields us from pathogens. Despite its seemingly simple architecture, the intestinal lining consists of highly distinct cell populations that are continuously renewed by the same stem cell population. The need to maintain balanced diversity of cell types in an unceasingly regenerating tissue demands intricate mechanisms of spatial or temporal cell fate control. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing, spatio-temporal profiling and organoid technology have shed new light on the intricate micro-structure of the intestinal epithelium and on the mechanisms that maintain it. This led to the discovery of unexpected plasticity, zonation along the crypt-villus axis and new mechanism of self-organization. However, not only the epithelium, but also the underlying mesenchyme is distinctly structured. Several new studies have explored the intestinal stroma with single cell resolution and unveiled important interactions with the epithelium that are crucial for intestinal function and regeneration. In this review, we will discuss these recent findings and highlight the technologies that lead to their discovery. We will examine strengths and limitations of each approach and consider the wider impact of these results on our understanding of the intestine in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vangelis Bonis
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rossell
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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122
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Abou DS, Fears A, Summer L, Longtine M, Benabdallah N, Riddle RC, Ulmert D, Michalski JM, Wahl RL, Chesner D, Doucet M, Zachos NC, Simons BW, Thorek DL. Improved Radium-223 Therapy with Combination Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockade. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:jnumed.121.261977. [PMID: 33837069 PMCID: PMC8612198 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.261977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Radium-223 dichloride ([223Ra]RaCl2) is the first approved alpha particle-emitting therapy and is indicated for treatment of bone metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer. Approximately half of the dose is absorbed into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract within minutes of administration, limiting disease-site uptake and contributing to toxicity. Here, we investigate the role of enteric ion channels and their modulation for improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. Methods: Utilizing primary human duodenal organoids (enteroids) as in vitro models of the functional GI epithelium, we found that Amiloride (ENaC blocker) and NS-1619 (K+ channel activator) presented significant effects in 223Ra membranal transport. The radioactive drug distribution was evaluated for lead combinations in vivo, and in osteosarcoma and prostate cancer models. Results: Amiloride shifted 223Ra uptake in vivo from the gut, to nearly double the uptake at sites of bone remodeling. Bone tumor growth inhibition with the combination as measured by bioluminescent and X-ray imaging was significantly greater than single agents alone, and the combination resulted in no weight loss. Conclusion: This combination of approved agents may be readily implemented as a clinical approach to improve outcomes of bone metastatic cancer patients with the benefit of ameliorated tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Fears
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lucy Summer
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark Longtine
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nadia Benabdallah
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ryan C. Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Research and Development Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Ulmert
- Department of Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeff M. Michalski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard L. Wahl
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Denise Chesner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michele Doucet
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas C. Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian W. Simons
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Daniel L.J. Thorek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Mayorgas A, Dotti I, Martínez-Picola M, Esteller M, Bonet-Rossinyol Q, Ricart E, Salas A, Martínez-Medina M. A Novel Strategy to Study the Invasive Capability of Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli by Using Human Primary Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:646906. [PMID: 33854511 PMCID: PMC8039293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) has been linked to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s Disease. AIEC’s characteristics, as well as its interaction with the gut immune system and its role in intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the currently available techniques to investigate the cross-talk between this pathogen and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are based on the infection of immortalized cell lines. Despite their many advantages, cell lines cannot reproduce the conditions in tissues, nor do they reflect interindividual variability or gut location-specific traits. In that sense, the use of human primary cultures, either healthy or diseased, offers a system that can overcome all of these limitations. Here, we developed a new infection model by using freshly isolated human IECs. For the first time, we generated and infected monolayer cultures derived from human colonic organoids to study the mechanisms and effects of AIEC adherence and invasion on primary human epithelial cells. To establish the optimal conditions for AIEC invasion studies in human primary organoid-derived epithelial monolayers, we designed an infection-kinetics study to assess the infection dynamics at different time points, as well as with two multiplicities of infection (MOI). Overall, this method provides a model for the study of host response to AIEC infections, as well as for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in adhesion, invasion and intracellular replication. Therefore, it represents a promising tool for elucidating the cross-talk between AIEC and the intestinal epithelium in healthy and diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mayorgas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabella Dotti
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Picola
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Esteller
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Queralt Bonet-Rossinyol
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Elena Ricart
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
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Onozato D, Ogawa I, Kida Y, Mizuno S, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Generation of Budding-Like Intestinal Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2637-2650. [PMID: 33794275 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived intestinal organoids have low invasiveness; however, the current differentiation method does not reflect the crypt-villus-like structure due to structural immaturity. Here, we generated budding-like organoids that formed epithelial tissue-like structures and had the characteristics of the mature small intestine from human iPS cells. They showed a high expression of drug transporters and induced the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein. When treated with tumor necrosis factor-α and/or transforming growth factor-β, the budding-like organoids replicated the pathogenesis of mucosal damage or intestinal fibrosis. Upon dissociation and seeding on cell culture inserts, the organoids retained intestinal characteristics, forming polarized intestinal folds with approximately 400 Ω × cm2 transepithelial electrical resistance. This novel method has great potential for disease modeling and drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Onozato
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Isamu Ogawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kida
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Shota Mizuno
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Sommer K, Wiendl M, Müller TM, Heidbreder K, Voskens C, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Intestinal Mucosal Wound Healing and Barrier Integrity in IBD-Crosstalk and Trafficking of Cellular Players. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:643973. [PMID: 33834033 PMCID: PMC8021701 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.643973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier is carrying out two major functions: restricting the entry of potentially harmful substances while on the other hand allowing the selective passage of nutrients. Thus, an intact epithelial barrier is vital to preserve the integrity of the host and to prevent development of disease. Vice versa, an impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function is a hallmark in the development and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Besides a multitude of genetic, molecular and cellular alterations predisposing for or driving barrier dysintegrity in IBD, the appearance of intestinal mucosal wounds is a characteristic event of intestinal inflammation apparently inducing breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Upon injury, the intestinal mucosa undergoes a wound healing process counteracting this breakdown, which is controlled by complex mechanisms such as epithelial restitution, proliferation and differentiation, but also immune cells like macrophages, granulocytes and lymphocytes. Consequently, the repair of mucosal wounds is dependent on a series of events including coordinated trafficking of immune cells to dedicated sites and complex interactions among the cellular players and other mediators involved. Therefore, a better understanding of the crosstalk between epithelial and immune cells as well as cell trafficking during intestinal wound repair is necessary for the development of improved future therapies. In this review, we summarize current concepts on intestinal mucosal wound healing introducing the main cellular mediators and their interplay as well as their trafficking characteristics, before finally discussing the clinical relevance and translational approaches to therapeutically target this process in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sommer
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wiendl
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja M Müller
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Heidbreder
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caroline Voskens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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126
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Nash TJ, Morris KM, Mabbott NA, Vervelde L. Inside-out chicken enteroids with leukocyte component as a model to study host-pathogen interactions. Commun Biol 2021; 4:377. [PMID: 33742093 PMCID: PMC7979936 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian three-dimensional (3D) enteroids mirror in vivo intestinal organisation and are powerful tools to investigate intestinal cell biology and host-pathogen interactions. We have developed complex multilobulated 3D chicken enteroids from intestinal embryonic villi and adult crypts. These avian enteroids develop optimally in suspension without the structural support required to produce mammalian enteroids, resulting in an inside-out enteroid conformation with media-facing apical brush borders. Histological and transcriptional analyses show these enteroids comprise of differentiated intestinal epithelial cells bound by cell-cell junctions, and notably, include intraepithelial leukocytes and an inner core of lamina propria leukocytes. The advantageous polarisation of these enteroids has enabled infection of the epithelial apical surface with Salmonella Typhimurium, influenza A virus and Eimeria tenella without the need for micro-injection. We have created a comprehensive model of the chicken intestine which has the potential to explore epithelial and leukocyte interactions and responses in host-pathogen, food science and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J Nash
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Katrina M Morris
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
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127
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Zahmatkesh E, Khoshdel-Rad N, Mirzaei H, Shpichka A, Timashev P, Mahmoudi T, Vosough M. Evolution of organoid technology: Lessons learnt in Co-Culture systems from developmental biology. Dev Biol 2021; 475:37-53. [PMID: 33684433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of 3D organoids has opened new avenues of investigation into development, physiology, and regenerative medicine. Organoid formation and the process of organogenesis share common developmental pathways; thus, our knowledge of developmental biology can help model the complexity of different organs to refine organoids into a more sophisticated platform. The developmental process is strongly dependent on complex networks and communication of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions among different cell populations and their microenvironment, during embryogenesis. These interactions affect cell behaviors such as proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. Co-culture systems within the organoid technology were recently developed and provided the highly physiologically relevant systems. Supportive cells including various types of endothelial and stromal cells provide the proper microenvironment, facilitate organoid assembly, and improve vascularization and maturation of organoids. This review discusses the role of the co-culture systems in organoid generation, with a focus on how knowledge of developmental biology has directed and continues to shape the development of more evolved 3D co-culture system-derived organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenrative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khoshdel-Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenrative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N.Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenrative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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128
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Organoid As a Novel Technology for Disease Modeling. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.868837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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129
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Yin J, Sunuwar L, Kasendra M, Yu H, Tse CM, Talbot CC, Boronina T, Cole R, Karalis K, Donowitz M. Fluid shear stress enhances differentiation of jejunal human enteroids in Intestine-Chip. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G258-G271. [PMID: 33074011 PMCID: PMC8202237 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00282.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the study of normal human enteroids duplicates many known aspects of human intestinal physiology. However, this epithelial cell-only model lacks the many nonepithelial intestinal cells present in the gastrointestinal tract and exposure to the mechanical forces to which the intestine is exposed. We tested the hypothesis that physical shear forces produced by luminal and blood flow would provide an intestinal model more closely resembling normal human jejunum. Jejunal enteroid monolayers were studied in the Emulate, Inc. Intestine-Chip under conditions of constant luminal and basolateral flow that was designed to mimic normal intestinal fluid flow, with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on the basolateral surface and with Wnt3A, R-spondin, and Noggin only on the luminal surface. The jejunal enteroids formed monolayers that remained confluent for 6-8 days, began differentiating at least as early as day 2 post plating, and demonstrated continuing differentiation over the entire time of the study, as shown by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Differentiation impacted villus genes and proteins differently with early expression of regenerating family member 1α (REG1A), early reduction to a low but constant level of expression of Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), and increasing expression of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and downregulated in adenoma (DRA). These results were consistent with continual differentiation, as was shown to occur in mouse villus enterocytes. Compared with differentiated enteroid monolayers grown on Transwell inserts, enteroids exposed to flow were more differentiated but exhibited increased apoptosis and reduced carbohydrate metabolism, as shown by proteomic analysis. This study of human jejunal enteroids-on-chip suggests that luminal and basolateral flow produce a model of continual differentiation over time and NaCl absorption that mimics normal intestine and should provide new insights in intestinal physiology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study showed that polarized enteroid models in which there is no basolateral Wnt3a, are differentiated, regardless of the Wnt3a status of the apical media. The study supports the concept that in the human intestine villus differentiation is not an all or none phenomenon, demonstrating that at different days after lack of basolateral Wnt exposure, clusters of genes and proteins exist geographically along the villus with different domains having different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Yin
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laxmi Sunuwar
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Huimin Yu
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chung-Ming Tse
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - C. Conover Talbot
- 3Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tatiana Boronina
- 4Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert Cole
- 4Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katia Karalis
- 2Emulate, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts,5Biomedical Sciences Research Center (BSRC) Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece,7Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Donowitz
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,7Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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130
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Holthaus D, Delgado-Betancourt E, Aebischer T, Seeber F, Klotz C. Harmonization of Protocols for Multi-Species Organoid Platforms to Study the Intestinal Biology of Toxoplasma gondii and Other Protozoan Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:610368. [PMID: 33692963 PMCID: PMC7937733 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.610368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal epithelium is the primary route of infection for many protozoan parasites. Understanding the mechanisms of infection, however, has been hindered due to the lack of appropriate models that recapitulate the complexity of the intestinal epithelium. Here, we describe an in vitro platform using stem cell-derived intestinal organoids established for four species that are important hosts of Apicomplexa and other protozoa in a zoonotic context: human, mouse, pig and chicken. The focus was set to create organoid-derived monolayers (ODMs) using the transwell system amenable for infection studies, and we provide straightforward guidelines for their generation and differentiation from organ-derived intestinal crypts. To this end, we reduced medium variations to an absolute minimum, allowing generation and differentiation of three-dimensional organoids for all four species and the subsequent generation of ODMs. Quantitative RT-PCR, immunolabeling with antibodies against marker proteins as well as transepithelial-electrical resistance (TEER) measurements were used to characterize ODM's integrity and functional state. These experiments show an overall uniform generation of monolayers suitable for Toxoplasma gondii infection, although robustness in terms of generation of stable TEER levels and cell differentiation status varies from species to species. Murine duodenal ODMs were then infected with T. gondii and/or Giardia duodenalis, two parasites that temporarily co-inhabit the intestinal niche but have not been studied previously in cellular co-infection models. T. gondii alone did not alter TEER values, integrity and transcriptional abundance of tight junction components. In contrast, in G. duodenalis-infected ODMs all these parameters were altered and T. gondii had no apparent influence on the G. duodenalis-triggered phenotype. In conclusion, we provide robust protocols for the generation, differentiation and characterization of intestinal organoids and ODMs from four species. We show their applications for comparative studies on parasite-host interactions during the early phase of a T. gondii infection but also its use for co-infections with other relevant intestinal protozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christian Klotz
- FG 16: Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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131
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Sharma A, Lee J, Fonseca AG, Moshensky A, Kothari T, Sayed IM, Ibeawuchi SR, Pranadinata RF, Ear J, Sahoo D, Crotty-Alexander LE, Ghosh P, Das S. E-cigarettes compromise the gut barrier and trigger inflammation. iScience 2021. [PMID: 33537654 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.29.227348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette usage continues to rise, yet the safety of e-cigarette aerosols is questioned. Using murine models of acute and chronic e-cigarette aerosol inhalation, murine colon transcriptomics, and murine and human gut-derived organoids in co-culture models, we assessed the effects of e-cigarette use on the gut barrier. Histologic and transcriptome analyses revealed that chronic, but not acute, nicotine-free e-cigarette use increased inflammation and reduced expression of tight junction (TJ) markers. Exposure of murine and human enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) to nicotine-free e-cigarette aerosols alone or in co-culture with bacteria also causes barrier disruption, downregulation of TJ protein, and enhanced inflammation in response to infection. These data highlight the harmful effects of "non-nicotine" component of e-cigarettes on the gut barrier. Considering the importance of an intact gut barrier for host fitness and the impact of gut mucosal inflammation on a multitude of chronic diseases, these findings are broadly relevant to both medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jasper Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayden G Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alex Moshensky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Taha Kothari
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Rama F Pranadinata
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason Ear
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura E Crotty-Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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132
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Sharma A, Lee J, Fonseca AG, Moshensky A, Kothari T, Sayed IM, Ibeawuchi SR, Pranadinata RF, Ear J, Sahoo D, Crotty-Alexander LE, Ghosh P, Das S. E-cigarettes compromise the gut barrier and trigger inflammation. iScience 2021; 24:102035. [PMID: 33537654 PMCID: PMC7841355 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette usage continues to rise, yet the safety of e-cigarette aerosols is questioned. Using murine models of acute and chronic e-cigarette aerosol inhalation, murine colon transcriptomics, and murine and human gut-derived organoids in co-culture models, we assessed the effects of e-cigarette use on the gut barrier. Histologic and transcriptome analyses revealed that chronic, but not acute, nicotine-free e-cigarette use increased inflammation and reduced expression of tight junction (TJ) markers. Exposure of murine and human enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) to nicotine-free e-cigarette aerosols alone or in co-culture with bacteria also causes barrier disruption, downregulation of TJ protein, and enhanced inflammation in response to infection. These data highlight the harmful effects of "non-nicotine" component of e-cigarettes on the gut barrier. Considering the importance of an intact gut barrier for host fitness and the impact of gut mucosal inflammation on a multitude of chronic diseases, these findings are broadly relevant to both medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jasper Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayden G. Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alex Moshensky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Taha Kothari
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Rama F. Pranadinata
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason Ear
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura E. Crotty-Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Pizarroso NA, Fuciños P, Gonçalves C, Pastrana L, Amado IR. A Review on the Role of Food-Derived Bioactive Molecules and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Satiety Regulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:632. [PMID: 33669189 PMCID: PMC7919798 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease resulting from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The growing relevance of this metabolic disease lies in its association with other comorbidities. Obesity is a multifaceted disease where intestinal hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY), produced by enteroendocrine cells (EECs), have a pivotal role as signaling systems. Receptors for these hormones have been identified in the gut and different brain regions, highlighting the interconnection between gut and brain in satiation mechanisms. The intestinal microbiota (IM), directly interacting with EECs, can be modulated by the diet by providing specific nutrients that induce environmental changes in the gut ecosystem. Therefore, macronutrients may trigger the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) through mechanisms including specific nutrient-sensing receptors in EECs, inducing the secretion of specific hormones that lead to decreased appetite or increased energy expenditure. Designing drugs/functional foods based in bioactive compounds exploiting these nutrient-sensing mechanisms may offer an alternative treatment for obesity and/or associated metabolic diseases. Organ-on-a-chip technology represents a suitable approach to model multi-organ communication that can provide a robust platform for studying the potential of these compounds as modulators of the MGBA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isabel R. Amado
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/ n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (N.A.P.); (P.F.); (C.G.); (L.P.)
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134
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Advances in modelling the human microbiome-gut-brain axis in vitro. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:187-201. [PMID: 33544117 PMCID: PMC7924999 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has emerged as a key player in the bidirectional communication of the gut–brain axis, affecting various aspects of homeostasis and pathophysiology. Until recently, the majority of studies that seek to explore the mechanisms underlying the microbiome–gut–brain axis cross-talk, relied almost exclusively on animal models, and particularly gnotobiotic mice. Despite the great progress made with these models, various limitations, including ethical considerations and interspecies differences that limit the translatability of data to human systems, pushed researchers to seek for alternatives. Over the past decades, the field of in vitro modelling of tissues has experienced tremendous growth, thanks to advances in 3D cell biology, materials, science and bioengineering, pushing further the borders of our ability to more faithfully emulate the in vivo situation. The discovery of stem cells has offered a new source of cells, while their use in generating gastrointestinal and brain organoids, among other tissues, has enabled the development of novel 3D tissues that better mimic the native tissue structure and function, compared with traditional assays. In parallel, organs-on-chips technology and bioengineered tissues have emerged as highly promising alternatives to animal models for a wide range of applications. Here, we discuss how recent advances and trends in this area can be applied in host–microbe and host–pathogen interaction studies. In addition, we highlight paradigm shifts in engineering more robust human microbiome-gut-brain axis models and their potential to expand our understanding of this complex system and hence explore novel, microbiome-based therapeutic approaches.
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135
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Coleman OI, Haller D. Microbe-Mucus Interface in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040616. [PMID: 33557139 PMCID: PMC7913824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Overlying gastrointestinal epithelial cells is the transparent mucus layer that separates the lumen from the host. The dynamic mucus layer serves to lubricate the mucosal surface, to protect underlying epithelial cells, and as a transport medium between luminal contents and epithelial cells. Furthermore, it provides a habitat for commensal bacteria and signals to the underlying immune system. Mucins are highly glycosylated proteins, and their glycocode is tissue-specific and closely linked to the resident microbiota. Aberrant mucin expression and glycosylation are linked to chronic inflammation and gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Aberrant mucus production compromises the mucus layer and allows bacteria to come into close contact with the intestinal epithelium, potentially triggering unfavorable host responses and the subsequent development of tumors. Here, we review our current understanding of the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and mucus in healthy and CRC subjects. Deep knowledge of the intricate mechanisms of microbe-mucus interactions may contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies for CRC, in which a dysfunctional mucus layer is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia I. Coleman
- Department of Nutrition and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-08161-71-2375
| | - Dirk Haller
- Department of Nutrition and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
- ZIEL—Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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136
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Donowitz M, Turner JR, Verkman AS, Zachos NC. Current and potential future applications of human stem cell models in drug development. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3342-3344. [PMID: 32452833 PMCID: PMC7324189 DOI: 10.1172/jci138645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Donowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Exploits Cycling through Epithelial Cells To Colonize Human and Murine Enteroids. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.02684-20. [PMID: 33436434 PMCID: PMC7844539 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02684-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacterial pathogens infect the gut by a multistep process, resulting in colonization of both the lumen and the mucosal epithelium. Due to experimental constraints, it remains challenging to address how luminal and epithelium-lodged pathogen populations cross-feed each other in vivo Enteroids are cultured three-dimensional miniature intestinal organs with a single layer of primary intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) surrounding a central lumen. They offer new opportunities to study enterobacterial infection under near-physiological conditions, at a temporal and spatial resolution not attainable in animal models, but remain poorly explored in this context. We employed microinjection, time-lapse microscopy, bacterial genetics, and barcoded consortium infections to describe the complete infection cycle of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in both human and murine enteroids. Flagellar motility and type III secretion system 1 (TTSS-1) promoted Salmonella Typhimurium targeting of the intraepithelial compartment and breaching of the epithelial barrier. Strikingly, however, TTSS-1 also potently boosted colonization of the enteroid lumen. By tracing the infection over time, we identified a cycle(s) of TTSS-1-driven IEC invasion, intraepithelial replication, and reemergence through infected IEC expulsion as a key mechanism for Salmonella Typhimurium luminal colonization. These findings suggest a positive feed-forward loop, through which IEC invasion by planktonic bacteria fuels further luminal population expansion, thereby ensuring efficient colonization of both the intraepithelial and luminal niches.IMPORTANCE Pathogenic gut bacteria are common causes of intestinal disease. Enteroids-cultured three-dimensional replicas of the mammalian gut-offer an emerging model system to study disease mechanisms under conditions that recapitulate key features of the intestinal tract. In this study, we describe the full life cycle of the prototype gut pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium within human and mouse enteroids. We map the consecutive steps and define the bacterial virulence factors that drive colonization of luminal and epithelial compartments, as well as breaching of the epithelial barrier. Strikingly, our work reveals how bacterial colonization of the epithelium potently fuels expansion also in the luminal compartment, through a mechanism involving the death and expulsion of bacterium-infected epithelial cells. These findings have repercussions for our understanding of the Salmonella infection cycle. Moreover, our work provides a comprehensive foundation for the use of microinjected enteroids to model gut bacterial diseases.
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138
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Devall M, Plummer SJ, Bryant J, Jennelle LT, Eaton S, Dampier CH, Huyghe JR, Peters U, Powell SM, Casey G. Ethanol exposure drives colon location specific cell composition changes in a normal colon crypt 3D organoid model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:432. [PMID: 33432071 PMCID: PMC7801615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a consistently identified risk factor for colon cancer. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its effect on normal colon crypt cells remains poorly understood. We employed RNA-sequencing to asses transcriptomic response to ethanol exposure (0.2% vol:vol) in 3D organoid lines derived from healthy colon (n = 34). Paired regression analysis identified 2,162 differentially expressed genes in response to ethanol. When stratified by colon location, a far greater number of differentially expressed genes were identified in organoids derived from the left versus right colon, many of which corresponded to cell-type specific markers. To test the hypothesis that the effects of ethanol treatment on colon organoid populations were in part due to differential cell composition, we incorporated external single cell RNA-sequencing data from normal colon biopsies to estimate cellular proportions following single cell deconvolution. We inferred cell-type-specific changes, and observed an increase in transit amplifying cells following ethanol exposure that was greater in organoids from the left than right colon, with a concomitant decrease in more differentiated cells. If this occurs in the colon following alcohol consumption, this would lead to an increased zone of cells in the lower crypt where conditions are optimal for cell division and the potential to develop mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Devall
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah J Plummer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer Bryant
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lucas T Jennelle
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephen Eaton
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher H Dampier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeroen R Huyghe
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven M Powell
- Digestive Health Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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139
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Enteropathogenic Infections: Organoids Go Bacterial. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8847804. [PMID: 33505475 PMCID: PMC7810537 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8847804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric infections represent a major health care challenge which is particularly prevalent in countries with restricted access to clean water and sanitation and lacking personal hygiene precautions, altogether facilitating fecal-oral transmission of a heterogeneous spectrum of enteropathogenic microorganisms. Among these, bacterial species are responsible for a considerable proportion of illnesses, hospitalizations, and fatal cases, all of which have been continuously contributing to ignite researchers' interest in further exploring their individual pathogenicity. Beyond the universally accepted animal models, intestinal organoids are increasingly valued for their ability to mimic key architectural and physiologic features of the native intestinal mucosa. As a consequence, they are regarded as the most versatile and naturalistic in vitro model of the gut, allowing monitoring of adherence, invasion, intracellular trafficking, and propagation as well as repurposing components of the host cell equipment. At the same time, infected intestinal organoids allow close characterization of the host epithelium's immune response to enteropathogens. In this review, (i) we provide a profound update on intestinal organoid-based tissue engineering, (ii) we report the latest pathophysiological findings defining the infected intestinal organoids, and (iii) we discuss the advantages and limitations of this in vitro model.
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140
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O'Neill JD, Pinezich MR, Guenthart BA, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Gut bioengineering strategies for regenerative medicine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G1-G11. [PMID: 33174453 PMCID: PMC8112187 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00206.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disease burden continues to rise in the United States and worldwide. The development of bioengineering strategies to model gut injury or disease and to reestablish functional gut tissue could expand therapeutic options and improve clinical outcomes. Current approaches leverage a rapidly evolving gut bioengineering toolkit aimed at 1) de novo generation of gutlike tissues at multiple scales for microtissue models or implantable grafts and 2) regeneration of functional gut in vivo. Although significant progress has been made in intestinal organoid cultures and engineered tissues, development of predictive in vitro models and effective regenerative therapies remains challenging. In this review, we survey emerging bioengineering tools and recent methodological advances to identify current challenges and future opportunities in gut bioengineering for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D O'Neill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Meghan R Pinezich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Brandon A Guenthart
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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141
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Trapecar M, Wogram E, Svoboda D, Communal C, Omer A, Lungjangwa T, Sphabmixay P, Velazquez J, Schneider K, Wright CW, Mildrum S, Hendricks A, Levine S, Muffat J, Lee MJ, Lauffenburger DA, Trumper D, Jaenisch R, Griffith LG. Human physiomimetic model integrating microphysiological systems of the gut, liver, and brain for studies of neurodegenerative diseases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/5/eabd1707. [PMID: 33514545 PMCID: PMC7846169 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Slow progress in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) motivates an urgent need for highly controlled in vitro systems to investigate organ-organ- and organ-immune-specific interactions relevant for disease pathophysiology. Of particular interest is the gut/microbiome-liver-brain axis for parsing out how genetic and environmental factors contribute to NDs. We have developed a mesofluidic platform technology to study gut-liver-cerebral interactions in the context of Parkinson's disease (PD). It connects microphysiological systems (MPSs) of the primary human gut and liver with a human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral MPS in a systemically circulated common culture medium containing CD4+ regulatory T and T helper 17 cells. We demonstrate this approach using a patient-derived cerebral MPS carrying the PD-causing A53T mutation, gaining two important findings: (i) that systemic interaction enhances features of in vivo-like behavior of cerebral MPSs, and (ii) that microbiome-associated short-chain fatty acids increase expression of pathology-associated pathways in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trapecar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emile Wogram
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Devon Svoboda
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Communal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Attya Omer
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Pierre Sphabmixay
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Velazquez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kirsten Schneider
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles W Wright
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Mildrum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT BioMicro Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Austin Hendricks
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT BioMicro Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stuart Levine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT BioMicro Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julien Muffat
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meelim Jasmine Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Trumper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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142
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Dokladny K, In JG, Kaper J, Kovbasnjuk O. Human Epithelial Stem Cell-Derived Colonoid Monolayers as a Model to Study Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli-Host Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:285-296. [PMID: 33704759 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoid cultures established from crypt-derived stem cells truly revolutionized our approach to study intestinal epithelial physiology and pathologies as they can be propagated indefinitely and preserve the genetic signature of the donor and the gut segment specificity in culture. Here we describe human stem cell-derived colonoid monolayers as a reliable and reproducible model to study Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection and STEC-caused pathologies of the whole colonic epithelium comprising a mixture of colonocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine, and other rare cells present in human colonic epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Dokladny
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie G In
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - James Kaper
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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143
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Abstract
In recent years, it has been revealed that Parkinson's disease pathology may begin to manifest in the gastrointestinal track at a much earlier time point than in the brain. This paradigm shift has been suggested following evidence in humans that has been reproduced in animal models. Since rodent models cannot recapitulate many of the human disease features, human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from Parkinson's patients have been used to generate brain organoids, greatly contributing to our understanding of the disease pathophysiology. To understand the multifaced aspects of Parkinson's disease, it may be desirable to expand the complexity of these models, to include different brain regions, vasculature, immune cells as well as additional diverse organ-specific organoids such as gut and intestine. Furthermore, the contribution of gut microbiota to disease progression cannot be underestimated. Recent biotechnological advances propose that such combinations may be feasible. Here we discuss how this need can be met and propose that additional brain diseases can benefit from this approach.
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144
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Weindl G. Immunocompetent Human Intestinal Models in Preclinical Drug Development. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 265:219-233. [PMID: 33349897 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier, together with the microbiome and local immune system, is a critical component that maintains intestinal homeostasis. Dysfunction may lead to chronic inflammation, as observed in inflammatory bowel diseases. Animal models have historically been used in preclinical research to identify and validate new drug targets in intestinal inflammatory diseases. Yet, limitations about their biological relevance to humans and advances in tissue engineering have forced the development of more complex three-dimensional reconstructed intestinal epithelium. By introducing immune and commensal microbial cells, these models more accurately mimic the gut's physiology and the pathophysiological changes occurring in vivo in the inflamed intestine. Specific advantages and limitations of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) intestinal models such as coculture systems, organoids, and microfluidic devices to study inflammatory and immune-related responses are highlighted. While current cell culture models lack the cellular and molecular complexity observed in vivo, the emphasis is put on how these models can be used to improve preclinical drug development for inflammatory diseases of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Weindl
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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145
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Tran F, Klein C, Arlt A, Imm S, Knappe E, Simmons A, Rosenstiel P, Seibler P. Stem Cells and Organoid Technology in Precision Medicine in Inflammation: Are We There Yet? Front Immunol 2020; 11:573562. [PMID: 33408713 PMCID: PMC7779798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individualised cellular models of disease are a key tool for precision medicine to recapitulate chronic inflammatory processes. Organoid models can be derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or from primary stem cells ex vivo. These models have been emerging over the past decade and have been used to reconstruct the respective organ-specific physiology and pathology, at an unsurpassed depth. In cancer research, patient-derived cancer organoids opened new perspectives in predicting therapy response and provided novel insights into tumour biology. In precision medicine of chronic inflammatory disorders, stem-cell based organoid models are currently being evaluated in pre-clinical pharmacodynamic studies (clinical studies in a dish) and are employed in clinical studies, e.g., by re-transplanting autologous epithelial organoids to re-establish intestinal barrier integrity. A particularly exciting feature of iPSC systems is their ability to provide insights into organ systems and inflammatory disease processes, which cannot be monitored with clinical biopsies, such as immune reactions in neurodegenerative disorders. Refinement of differentiation protocols, and next-generation co-culturing methods, aimed at generating self-organised, complex tissues in vitro, will be the next logical steps. In this mini-review, we critically discuss the current state-of-the-art stem cell and organoid technologies, as well as their future impact, potential and promises in combating immune-mediated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Arlt
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,University Department for Gastroenterology, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, European Medical School (EMS), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Simon Imm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Evelyn Knappe
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit (MRC), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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146
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Poletti M, Arnauts K, Ferrante M, Korcsmaros T. Organoid-based Models to Study the Role of Host-microbiota Interactions in IBD. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 15:1222-1235. [PMID: 33341879 PMCID: PMC8256633 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota appears to play a central role in health, and alterations in the gut microbiota are observed in both forms of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], namely Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Yet, the mechanisms behind host-microbiota interactions in IBD, especially at the intestinal epithelial cell level, are not yet fully understood. Dissecting the role of host-microbiota interactions in disease onset and progression is pivotal, and requires representative models mimicking the gastrointestinal ecosystem, including the intestinal epithelium, the gut microbiota, and immune cells. New advancements in organoid microfluidics technology are facilitating the study of IBD-related microbial-epithelial cross-talk, and the discovery of novel microbial therapies. Here, we review different organoid-based ex vivo models that are currently available, and benchmark their suitability and limitations for specific research questions. Organoid applications, such as patient-derived organoid biobanks for microbial screening and 'omics technologies, are discussed, highlighting their potential to gain better mechanistic insights into disease mechanisms and eventually allow personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Poletti
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK,Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Kaline Arnauts
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing [CHROMETA], Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven [SCIL], KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing [CHROMETA], Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Corresponding author: Marc Ferrante, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Tel.: +32 16 344225;
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK,Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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147
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Seeger B. Farm Animal-derived Models of the Intestinal Epithelium: Recent Advances and Future Applications of Intestinal Organoids. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 48:215-233. [PMID: 33337913 DOI: 10.1177/0261192920974026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Farm animals play an important role in translational research as large animal models of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The mechanistic investigation of zoonotic diseases of the GI tract, in which animals can act as asymptomatic carriers, could provide important information for therapeutic approaches. In veterinary medicine, farm animals are no less relevant, as they can serve as models for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of GI diseases in the target species. However, farm animal-derived cell lines of the intestinal epithelium are rarely available from standardised cell banks and, in addition, are not usually specific for certain sections of the intestine. Immortalised porcine or bovine enterocytic cell lines are more widely available, compared to goat or sheep-derived cell lines; no continuous cell lines are available from the chicken. Other epithelial cell types with intestinal section-specific distribution and function, such as goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells and intestinal stem cells, are not represented in those cell line-based models. Therefore, intestinal organoid models of farm animal species, which are already widely used for mice and humans, are gaining importance. Crypt-derived or pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoid models offer the possibility to investigate the mechanisms of inter-cell or host-pathogen interactions and to answer species-specific questions. This review is intended to give an overview of cell culture models of the intestinal epithelium of farm animals, discussing species-specific differences, culture techniques and some possible applications for intestinal organoid models. It also highlights the need for species-specific pluripotent stem cell-derived or crypt-derived intestinal organoid models for promotion of the Three Rs principles (replacement, reduction and refinement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Seeger
- Department of Food Toxicology and Replacement/Complementary Methods to Animal Testing, Institute for Food Toxicology, 460510University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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148
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Hedrich WD, Panzica-Kelly JM, Chen SJ, Strassle B, Hasson C, Lecureux L, Wang L, Chen W, Sherry T, Gan J, Davis M. Development and characterization of rat duodenal organoids for ADME and toxicology applications. Toxicology 2020; 446:152614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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149
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García-Rodríguez I, Sridhar A, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. Put Some Guts into It: Intestinal Organoid Models to Study Viral Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111288. [PMID: 33187072 PMCID: PMC7697248 DOI: 10.3390/v12111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge about enteric viral infection has vastly increased over the last eight years due to the development of intestinal organoids and enteroids that suppose a step forward from conventional studies using cell lines. Intestinal organoids and enteroids are three-dimensional (3D) models that closely mimic intestinal cellular heterogeneity and organization. The barrier function within these models has been adapted to facilitate viral studies. In this review, several adaptations (such as organoid-derived two-dimensional (2D) monolayers) and original intestinal 3D models are discussed. The specific advantages and applications, as well as improvements of each model are analyzed and an insight into the possible path for the field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés García-Rodríguez
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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150
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Foulke-Abel J, Yu H, Sunuwar L, Lin R, Fleckenstein JM, Kaper JB, Donowitz M. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) restricts intracellular cGMP accumulation during enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1752125. [PMID: 32378997 PMCID: PMC7524150 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1752125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) has a continuing impact on residents and travelers in underdeveloped countries. Both heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins contribute to pathophysiology via induction of cyclic nucleotide synthesis, and previous investigations focused on intracellular signal transduction rather than possible intercellular second messenger signaling. We modeled ETEC infection in human jejunal enteroid/organoid monolayers (HEM) and evaluated cyclic nucleotide pools, finding that intracellular cAMP was significantly increased but also underwent apical export, whereas cGMP was minimally retained intracellularly and predominantly effluxed into the basolateral space. LT and virulence factors including EatA, EtpA, and CfaE promoted ST release and enhanced ST-stimulated cGMP production. Intracellular cGMP was regulated by MK-571-sensitive export in addition to degradation by phosphodiesterase 5. HEMs had limited ST-induced intracellular cGMP accumulation compared to T84 or Caco-2 models. Cyclic nucleotide export/degradation demonstrates additional complexity in the mechanism of ETEC infection and may redirect understanding of diarrheal onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huimin Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laxmi Sunuwar
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruxian Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James M Fleckenstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James B Kaper
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
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