101
|
Khan A, Khan M, Saleem S, Babar Z, Ali A, Khan AA, Sardar Z, Hamayun F, Ali SS, Wei DQ. Phylogenetic Analysis and Structural Perspectives of RNA-Dependent RNA-Polymerase Inhibition from SARs-CoV-2 with Natural Products. Interdiscip Sci 2020; 12:335-348. [PMID: 32617855 PMCID: PMC7332347 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-020-00381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Most recently, an outbreak of severe pneumonia caused by the infection of SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus first identified in Wuhan, China, imposes serious threats to public health. Upon infecting host cells, coronaviruses assemble a multi-subunit RNA-synthesis complex of viral non-structural proteins (nsp) responsible for the replication and transcription of the viral genome. Therefore, the role and inhibition of nsp12 are indispensable. A cryo-EM structure of RdRp from SARs-CoV-2 was used to identify novel drugs from Northern South African medicinal compounds database (NANPDB) by using computational virtual screening and molecular docking approaches. Considering Remdesivir as the control, 42 compounds were shortlisted to have docking score better than Remdesivir. The top 5 hits were validated by using molecular dynamics simulation approach and free energy calculations possess strong inhibitory properties than the Remdesivir. Thus, this study paved a way for designing novel drugs by decoding the architecture of an important enzyme and its inhibition with compounds from natural resources. This disclosing of necessary knowledge regarding the screening and the identification of top hits could help to design effective therapeutic candidates against the coronaviruses and design robust preventive measurements. Graphic abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khan
- State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mazhar Khan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Shoaib Saleem
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Zainib Babar
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Arif Ali
- State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Abdul Aziz Khan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Zain Sardar
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, KP, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Hamayun
- State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Syed Shujait Ali
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, KP, Pakistan
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Abstract
Currently, pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the biggest threat to all human beings globally. Till June 8, 2020, it has infected 6,931,000 people and caused 400,857 deaths worldwide. The first case was identified in a patient with influenza-like symptoms along with severe acute respiratory syndrome in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and now it has spread in more than 200 countries. Since there is no approved cure for this disease until now, there is a lot of mass fear, apprehensions, and questions globally regarding (i) genetic origin and history of the novel coronavirus, (ii) what are the first-line therapies for those who contract this disease, and (iii) what could be the potential vaccine targets. In this short review, we have tried to address these queries in the simplest manner and compiled the history of previous coronaviruses, recent developments in the COVID-19 research, potential future therapeutics, and possible targets to cure the disease.
Collapse
|
103
|
The "Three Italy" of the COVID-19 epidemic and the possible involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in triggering complications other than pneumonia. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:311-323. [PMID: 32548750 PMCID: PMC7297137 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China, has been associated to a novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 infection a global pandemic. Soon after, the number of cases soared dramatically, spreading across China and worldwide. Italy has had 12,462 confirmed cases according to the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) as of March 11, and after the “lockdown” of the entire territory, by May 4, 209,254 cases of COVID-19 and 26,892 associated deaths have been reported. We performed a review to describe, in particular, the origin and the diffusion of COVID-19 in Italy, underlying how the geographical circulation has been heterogeneous and the importance of pathophysiology in the involvement of cardiovascular and neurological clinical manifestations.
Collapse
|
104
|
Gupta R, Charron J, Stenger CL, Painter J, Steward H, Cook TW, Faber W, Frisch A, Lind E, Bauss J, Li X, Sirpilla O, Soehnlen X, Underwood A, Hinds D, Morris M, Lamb N, Carcillo JA, Bupp C, Uhal BD, Rajasekaran S, Prokop JW. SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) Structural/Evolution Dynamicome: Insights into functional evolution and human genomics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511397 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.15.098616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, starting in 2019, has challenged the speed at which labs perform science, ranging from discoveries of the viral composition to handling health outcomes in humans. The small ~30kb single-stranded RNA genome of Coronaviruses makes them adept at cross species spread and drift, increasing their probability to cause pandemics. However, this small genome also allows for a robust understanding of all proteins coded by the virus. We employed protein modeling, molecular dynamic simulations, evolutionary mapping, and 3D printing to gain a full proteome and dynamicome understanding of SARS-CoV-2. The Viral Integrated Structural Evolution Dynamic Database (VIStEDD) has been established (prokoplab.com/vistedd), opening future discoveries and educational usage. In this paper, we highlight VIStEDD usage for nsp6, Nucleocapsid (N), and Spike (S) surface glycoprotein. For both nsp6 and N we reveal highly conserved surface amino acids that likely drive protein-protein interactions. In characterizing viral S protein, we have developed a quantitative dynamics cross correlation matrix insight into interaction with the ACE2/SLC6A19 dimer complex. From this quantitative matrix, we elucidated 47 potential functional missense variants from population genomic databases within ACE2/SLC6A19/TMPRSS2, warranting genomic enrichment analyses in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Moreover, these variants have ultralow frequency, but can exist as hemizygous in males for ACE2, which falls on the X-chromosome. Two noncoding variants (rs4646118 and rs143185769) found in ~9% of African descent individuals for ACE2 may regulate expression and be related to increased susceptibility of African Americans to SARS-CoV-2. This powerful database of SARS-CoV-2 can aid in research progress in the ongoing pandemic.
Collapse
|
105
|
Liang Y, Wang ML, Chien CS, Yarmishyn AA, Yang YP, Lai WY, Luo YH, Lin YT, Chen YJ, Chang PC, Chiou SH. Highlight of Immune Pathogenic Response and Hematopathologic Effect in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-Cov-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1022. [PMID: 32574260 PMCID: PMC7236801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A sudden outbreak of COVID-19 caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, in Wuhan, China in December 2019 quickly grew into a global pandemic, putting at risk not only the global healthcare system, but also the world economy. As the disease continues to spread rapidly, the development of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches is urgently required. Although some progress has been made in understanding the viral structure and invasion mechanism of coronaviruses that may cause severe cases of the syndrome, due to the limited understanding of the immune effects caused by SARS-CoV-2, it is difficult for us to prevent patients from developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis (PF), the major complications of coronavirus infection. Therefore, any potential treatments should focus not only on direct killing of coronaviruses and prevention strategies by vaccine development, but also on keeping in check the acute immune/inflammatory responses, resulting in ARDS and PF. In addition, potential treatments currently under clinical trials focusing on killing coronaviruses or on developing vaccines preventing coronavirus infection largely ignore the host immune response. However, taking care of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with ARDS and PF is considered to be the major difficulty. Therefore, further understanding of the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is extremely important for clinical resolution and saving medication cost. In addition to a breif overview of the structure, infection mechanism, and possible therapeutic approaches, we summarized and compared the hematopathologic effect and immune responses to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. We also discussed the indirect immune response caused by SARS and direct infection, replication, and destroying of immune cells by MERS-CoV. The molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection-induced lymphopenia or cytokine storm may provide some hint toward fight against SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus. This may provide guidance over using immune therapy as a combined treatment to prevent patients developing severe respiratory syndrome and largely reduce complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Liang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genomic Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Lien Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Shiu Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hung Luo
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tsung Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Jang Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genomic Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Ullah MA, Islam H, Rahman A, Masud J, Shweta DS, Araf Y, Sium SMA, Sarkar B. A Generalized Overview of SARS-CoV-2: Where Does the Current Knowledge Stand? ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/8258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
107
|
Bommanavar S, Smitha T. ABO blood grouping and COVID 19: Is there any correlation in suspectibility? J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020; 24:212-216. [PMID: 33456226 PMCID: PMC7802878 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_240_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Bommanavar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - T Smitha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, V S Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Wu K, Zou J, Chang HY. RNA-GPS Predicts SARS-CoV-2 RNA Localization to Host Mitochondria and Nucleolus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.04.28.065201. [PMID: 32511373 PMCID: PMC7263502 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.28.065201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is driving a global pandemic, but its biological mechanisms are less well understood. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus whose multiple genomic and subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) transcripts hijack the host cell's machinery, located across distinct cytotopic locations. Subcellular localization of its viral RNA could play important roles in viral replication and host antiviral immune response. Here we perform computational modeling of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA localization across eight subcellular neighborhoods. We compare hundreds of SARS-CoV-2 genomes to the human transcriptome and other coronaviruses and perform systematic sub-sequence analyses to identify the responsible signals. Using state-of-the-art machine learning models, we predict that the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome and all sgRNAs are enriched in the host mitochondrial matrix and nucleolus. The 5' and 3' viral untranslated regions possess the strongest and most distinct localization signals. We discuss the mitochondrial localization signal in relation to the formation of double-membrane vesicles, a critical stage in the coronavirus life cycle. Our computational analysis serves as a hypothesis generation tool to suggest models for SARS-CoV-2 biology and inform experimental efforts to combat the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wu
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for Personal and Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James Zou
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal and Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2020; 92:418-423. [PMID: 31967327 PMCID: PMC7167049 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1789] [Impact Index Per Article: 447.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which is causing an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in patients in Wuhan, a central city in China, is another warning of the risk of CoVs posed to public health. In this minireview, we provide a brief introduction of the general features of CoVs and describe diseases caused by different CoVs in humans and animals. This review will help understand the biology and potential risk of CoVs that exist in richness in wildlife such as bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qianyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Deyin Guo
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Ashour HM, Elkhatib WF, Rahman MM, Elshabrawy HA. Insights into the Recent 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Light of Past Human Coronavirus Outbreaks. Pathogens 2020; 9:E186. [PMID: 32143502 PMCID: PMC7157630 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are RNA viruses that have become a major public health concern since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002. The continuous evolution of coronaviruses was further highlighted with the emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012. Currently, the world is concerned about the 2019 novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) that was initially identified in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019. Patients presented with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness. The number of cases has been mounting since then. As of late February 2020, tens of thousands of cases and several thousand deaths have been reported in China alone, in addition to thousands of cases in other countries. Although the fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is currently lower than SARS-CoV, the virus seems to be highly contagious based on the number of infected cases to date. In this review, we discuss structure, genome organization, entry of CoVs into target cells, and provide insights into past and present outbreaks. The future of human CoV outbreaks will not only depend on how the viruses will evolve, but will also depend on how we develop efficient prevention and treatment strategies to deal with this continuous threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Walid F. Elkhatib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Entertainment Area, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt;
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St., Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Md. Masudur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh;
| | - Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Wang X, Zhou Y, Liu L, Ma J, Wu H, Zhao L, Chen W, Li SC, Ran Q, Li Z. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): diagnosis and prognosis. BLOOD AND GENOMICS 2020; 4:96-107. [PMID: 33768219 PMCID: PMC7990318 DOI: 10.46701/bg.2020022020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic with a high rate of transmission. Currently, there is a lack of vaccines and specific drugs for this newly-emerged virus. Timely diagnosis and treatment, as well as isolation of patients and virus carriers, contribute to the effective prevention and control of this epidemic. This review focuses on early stage COVID-19 diagnosis methods and strategies, highlighting the guiding role of laboratory indicators on treatment strategy formulation, and prognosis assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- Lab Medicine Center, Lab of Radiation Biology, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Lab Medicine Center, Lab of Radiation Biology, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jinmin Ma
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Honglong Wu
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI Wuhan Biotechnology, BGI-Shenzhen, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lijian Zhao
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Weijun Chen
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Shengwen Calvin Li
- CHOC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1201 West La Veta Ave, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Qian Ran
- Lab Medicine Center, Lab of Radiation Biology, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- Lab Medicine Center, Lab of Radiation Biology, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Matczuk AK, Chodaczek G, Ugorski M. Production of Recombinant EAV with Tagged Structural Protein Gp3 to Study Artervirus Minor Protein Localization in Infected Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:E735. [PMID: 31404947 PMCID: PMC6723265 DOI: 10.3390/v11080735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a prototype member of the Arterivirus family, comprising important pathogens of domestic animals. Minor glycoproteins of Arteriviruses are responsible for virus entry and cellular tropism. The experimental methods for studying minor Arterivirus proteins are limited because of the lack of antibodies and nested open reading frames (ORFs). In this study, we generated recombinant EAV with separated ORFs 3 and 4, and Gp3 carrying HA-tag (Gp3-HA). The recombinant viruses were stable on passaging and replicated in titers similar to the wild-type EAV. Gp3-HA was incorporated into the virion particles as monomers and as a Gp2/Gp3-HA/Gp4 trimer. Gp3-HA localized in ER and, to a lesser extent, in the Golgi, it also co-localized with the E protein but not with the N protein. The co-localization of Gp3-HA and the E protein with ERGIC was reduced. Moreover, EAV with Gp3-HA could become a valuable research tool for identifying host cell factors during infection and the role of Gp3 in virus attachment and entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karolina Matczuk
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wrocław 54-066, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Perrier A, Bonnin A, Desmarets L, Danneels A, Goffard A, Rouillé Y, Dubuisson J, Belouzard S. The C-terminal domain of the MERS coronavirus M protein contains a trans-Golgi network localization signal. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14406-14421. [PMID: 31399512 PMCID: PMC6768645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus M proteins represent the major protein component of the viral
envelope. They play an essential role during viral assembly by interacting with
all of the other structural proteins. Coronaviruses bud into the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), but the mechanisms
by which M proteins are transported from their site of synthesis, the ER, to the
budding site remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the intracellular
trafficking of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) M
protein. Subcellular localization analyses revealed that the MERS-CoV M protein
is retained intracellularly in the trans-Golgi network (TGN),
and we identified two motifs in the distal part of the C-terminal domain as
being important for this specific localization. We identified the first motif as
a functional diacidic DxE ER export signal, because substituting Asp-211 and
Glu-213 with alanine induced retention of the MERS-CoV M in the ER. The second
motif, 199KxGxYR204, was responsible for retaining the M
protein in the TGN. Substitution of this motif resulted in MERS-CoV M leakage
toward the plasma membrane. We further confirmed the role of
199KxGxYR204 as a TGN retention signal by using
chimeras between MERS-CoV M and the M protein of infectious bronchitis virus
(IBV). Our results indicated that the C-terminal domains of both proteins
determine their specific localization, namely TGN and
ERGIC/cis-Golgi for MERS-M and IBV-M, respectively. Our
findings indicate that MERS-CoV M protein localizes to the TGN because of the
combined presence of an ER export signal and a TGN retention motif.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Perrier
- Université Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ariane Bonnin
- Université Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lowiese Desmarets
- Université Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Adeline Danneels
- Université Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Goffard
- Université Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- Université Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Université Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sandrine Belouzard
- Université Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronaviruses (CoVs) primarily cause enzootic infections in birds and mammals but, in the last few decades, have shown to be capable of infecting humans as well. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and, more recently, Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) has demonstrated the lethality of CoVs when they cross the species barrier and infect humans. A renewed interest in coronaviral research has led to the discovery of several novel human CoVs and since then much progress has been made in understanding the CoV life cycle. The CoV envelope (E) protein is a small, integral membrane protein involved in several aspects of the virus' life cycle, such as assembly, budding, envelope formation, and pathogenesis. Recent studies have expanded on its structural motifs and topology, its functions as an ion-channelling viroporin, and its interactions with both other CoV proteins and host cell proteins. MAIN BODY This review aims to establish the current knowledge on CoV E by highlighting the recent progress that has been made and comparing it to previous knowledge. It also compares E to other viral proteins of a similar nature to speculate the relevance of these new findings. Good progress has been made but much still remains unknown and this review has identified some gaps in the current knowledge and made suggestions for consideration in future research. CONCLUSIONS The most progress has been made on SARS-CoV E, highlighting specific structural requirements for its functions in the CoV life cycle as well as mechanisms behind its pathogenesis. Data shows that E is involved in critical aspects of the viral life cycle and that CoVs lacking E make promising vaccine candidates. The high mortality rate of certain CoVs, along with their ease of transmission, underpins the need for more research into CoV molecular biology which can aid in the production of effective anti-coronaviral agents for both human CoVs and enzootic CoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dewald Schoeman
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Burtram C Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Liang JQ, Fang S, Yuan Q, Huang M, Chen RA, Fung TS, Liu DX. N-Linked glycosylation of the membrane protein ectodomain regulates infectious bronchitis virus-induced ER stress response, apoptosis and pathogenesis. Virology 2019; 531:48-56. [PMID: 30852271 PMCID: PMC7112112 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus membrane (M) protein is the most abundant structural protein playing a critical role in virion assembly. Previous studies show that the N-terminal ectodomain of M protein is modified by glycosylation, but its precise functions are yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, we confirm that N-linked glycosylation occurs at two predicted sites in the M protein ectodomain of infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV). Dual mutations at the two sites (N3D/N6D) did not affect particle assembly, virus-like particle formation and viral replication in culture cells. However, activation of the ER stress response was significantly reduced in cells infected with rN3D/N6D, correlated with a lower level of apoptosis and reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, this study demonstrates that although not essential for replication, glycosylation in the IBV M protein ectodomain plays important roles in activating ER stress, apoptosis and proinflammatory response, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qi Liang
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouguo Fang
- Agricultural School, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmilu, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Yuan
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Huang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; Zhaoqing DaHuaNong Biology Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - To Sing Fung
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Mora-Díaz JC, Piñeyro PE, Houston E, Zimmerman J, Giménez-Lirola LG. Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:53. [PMID: 30873421 PMCID: PMC6402421 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is classified as a member of genus Betacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae, sub-family Cornavirinae, and order Nidovirales. PHEV shares the same genomic organization, replication strategy, and expression of viral proteins as other nidoviruses. PHEV produces vomiting and wasting disease (VWD) and/or encephalomyelitis, being the only known neurotropic coronavirus affecting pigs. First clinical outbreak was reported in 1957 in Ontario, Canada. Although pigs are the only species susceptible to natural PHEV infections, the virus displays neurotropism in mice and Wistar rats. Clinical disease, morbidity, and mortality is age-dependent and generally reported only in piglets under 4 weeks old. The primary site of replication of PHEV in pigs is the respiratory tract, and it can be further spread to the central nervous system through the peripheral nervous system via different pathways. The diagnosis of PHEV can be made using a combination of direct and indirect detection methods. The virus can be isolated from different tissues within the acute phase of the clinical signs using primary and secondary pig-derived cell lines. PHEV agglutinates the erythrocytes of mice, rats, chickens, and several other animals. PCR-based methods are useful to identify and subsequently isolate animals that are actively shedding the virus. The ability to detect antibodies allows producers to know the status of first-litter gilts and evaluate their risk of tier offspring to infection. PHEV is highly prevalent and circulates subclinically in most swine herds worldwide. PHEV-related disease is not clinically relevant in most of the swine-producing countries, most likely because of dams are immune to PHEV which may confer passive immunity to their offspring. However, PHEV should be considered a major source of economic loss because of the high mortality on farms with high gilt replacement rates, specific pathogen-free animals, and gnotobiotic swine herds. Thus, in the absence of current PHEV vaccines, promoting virus circulation on farms with early exposure to gilts and young sows could induce maternal immunity and prevent disease in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Pablo Enrique Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Houston
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Luis Gabriel Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Lundu T, Tsuda Y, Ito R, Shimizu K, Kobayashi S, Yoshii K, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Kariwa H. Targeting of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus structural proteins to the ERGIC (endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment) and Golgi complex. Biomed Res 2018; 39:27-38. [PMID: 29467349 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.39.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome phlebovirus (SFTSV) is a newly emerged phlebovirus identified in China, Japan, and South Korea. Phlebovirus glycoproteins (GP) play a key role in targeting viral structural components to the budding compartments in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi complex. However, the role of SFTSV GP in targeting structural proteins to the ERGIC and Golgi complex remains unresolved. In this study, we show that SFTSV GP plays a significant role in targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L) and nucleocapsid protein (NP) to the budding sites. Confocal microscopy was used to investigate the subcellular localization of SFTSV structural proteins. In SFTSV-infected cells, GP and L localized to the ER, ERGIC and Golgi complex, whereas NP localized to the ERGIC and Golgi complex. In addition, GP colocalized with L and NP in infected cells. In cells singly transfected with GP, L or NP, GP localized to the same subcellular compartments as in infected cells. However, L or NP alone did not localize to the ER, ERGIC, or Golgi complex. Cotransfection experiments showed that GP altered the localization of L to the ERGIC and Golgi complex but not that of NP. Interestingly, plasmid-expressed NP fused with a hemagglutinin tag localized to the ERGIC and Golgi complex when expressed in SFTSV-infected cells and colocalised with GP, suggesting that GP plays a role in the subcellular localization of L and NP in infected cells. Thus, the SFTSV structural components start to assemble at the ERGIC to Golgi complex. GP is required for transporting L and NP to the ERGIC and Golgi complex. In addition, targeting of NP requires interaction with other factors besides GP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapiwa Lundu
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Preventive Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia
| | - Yoshimi Tsuda
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Ryo Ito
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Shintaro Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Preventive Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Preventive Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Preventive Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Chu H, Chan CM, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yuan S, Zhou J, Au-Yeung RKH, Sze KH, Yang D, Shuai H, Hou Y, Li C, Zhao X, Poon VKM, Leung SP, Yeung ML, Yan J, Lu G, Jin DY, Gao GF, Chan JFW, Yuen KY. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and bat coronavirus HKU9 both can utilize GRP78 for attachment onto host cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11709-11726. [PMID: 29887526 PMCID: PMC6066311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus tropism is predominantly determined by the interaction between
coronavirus spikes and the host receptors. In this regard, coronaviruses have
evolved a complicated receptor-recognition system through their spike proteins.
Spikes from highly related coronaviruses can recognize distinct receptors,
whereas spikes of distant coronaviruses can employ the same cell-surface
molecule for entry. Moreover, coronavirus spikes can recognize a broad range of
cell-surface molecules in addition to the receptors and thereby can augment
coronavirus attachment or entry. The receptor of Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). In this study,
we identified membrane-associated 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) as an
additional binding target of the MERS-CoV spike. Further analyses indicated that
GRP78 could not independently render nonpermissive cells susceptible to MERS-CoV
infection but could facilitate MERS-CoV entry into permissive cells by
augmenting virus attachment. More importantly, by exploring potential
interactions between GRP78 and spikes of other coronaviruses, we discovered that
the highly conserved human GRP78 could interact with the spike protein of bat
coronavirus HKU9 (bCoV-HKU9) and facilitate its attachment to the host cell
surface. Taken together, our study has identified GRP78 as a host factor that
can interact with the spike proteins of two Betacoronaviruses,
the lineage C MERS-CoV and the lineage D bCoV-HKU9. The capacity of GRP78 to
facilitate surface attachment of both a human coronavirus and a phylogenetically
related bat coronavirus exemplifies the need for continuous surveillance of the
evolution of animal coronaviruses to monitor their potential for human
adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hin Chu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases.,Departments of Microbiology and
| | - Che-Man Chan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases.,Departments of Microbiology and
| | | | | | | | - Jie Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases.,Departments of Microbiology and
| | | | - Kong-Hung Sze
- From the State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases.,Departments of Microbiology and
| | | | | | | | - Cun Li
- Departments of Microbiology and
| | | | | | | | - Man-Lung Yeung
- From the State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases.,Departments of Microbiology and.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection
| | - Jinghua Yan
- the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Guangwen Lu
- the West China Hospital Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, and
| | | | - George Fu Gao
- the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101.,the National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, .,Departments of Microbiology and.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, .,Departments of Microbiology and.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Fung TS, Liu DX. Post-translational modifications of coronavirus proteins: roles and function. Future Virol 2018; 13:405-430. [PMID: 32201497 PMCID: PMC7080180 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) refer to the covalent modifications of polypeptides after they are synthesized, adding temporal and spatial regulation to modulate protein functions. Being obligate intracellular parasites, viruses rely on the protein synthesis machinery of host cells to support replication, and not surprisingly, many viral proteins are subjected to PTMs. Coronavirus (CoV) is a group of enveloped RNA viruses causing diseases in both human and animals. Many CoV proteins are modified by PTMs, including glycosylation and palmitoylation of the spike and envelope protein, N- or O-linked glycosylation of the membrane protein, phosphorylation and ADP-ribosylation of the nucleocapsid protein, and other PTMs on nonstructural and accessory proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on PTMs of CoV proteins, with an emphasis on their impact on viral replication and pathogenesis. The ability of some CoV proteins to interfere with PTMs of host proteins will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, & Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.,South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, & Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, & Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551.,South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, & Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Characterization of an Immunodominant Epitope in the Endodomain of the Coronavirus Membrane Protein. Viruses 2016; 8:v8120327. [PMID: 27973413 PMCID: PMC5192388 DOI: 10.3390/v8120327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus membrane (M) protein acts as a dominant immunogen and is a major player in virus assembly. In this study, we prepared two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; 1C3 and 4C7) directed against the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) M protein. The 1C3 and 4C7 mAbs both reacted with the native TGEV M protein in western blotting and immunofluorescence (IFA) assays. Two linear epitopes, 243YSTEART249 (1C3) and 243YSTEARTDNLSEQEKLLHMV262 (4C7), were identified in the endodomain of the TGEV M protein. The 1C3 mAb can be used for the detection of the TGEV M protein in different assays. An IFA method for the detection of TGEV M protein was optimized using mAb 1C3. Furthermore, the ability of the epitope identified in this study to stimulate antibody production was also evaluated. An immunodominant epitope in the TGEV membrane protein endodomain was identified. The results of this study have implications for further research on TGEV replication.
Collapse
|
121
|
Nieto-Torres JL, Verdiá-Báguena C, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA, Castaño-Rodriguez C, Fernandez-Delgado R, Torres J, Aguilella VM, Enjuanes L. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus E protein transports calcium ions and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Virology 2015; 485:330-9. [PMID: 26331680 PMCID: PMC4619128 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) envelope (E) protein is a viroporin involved in virulence. E protein ion channel (IC) activity is specifically correlated with enhanced pulmonary damage, edema accumulation and death. IL-1β driven proinflammation is associated with those pathological signatures, however its link to IC activity remains unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV E protein forms protein–lipid channels in ERGIC/Golgi membranes that are permeable to calcium ions, a highly relevant feature never reported before. Calcium ions together with pH modulated E protein pore charge and selectivity. Interestingly, E protein IC activity boosted the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to IL-1β overproduction. Calcium transport through the E protein IC was the main trigger of this process. These findings strikingly link SARS-CoV E protein IC induced ionic disturbances at the cell level to immunopathological consequences and disease worsening in the infected organism. SARS-CoV E protein forms calcium ion channels, a novel highly relevant function. Transport of calcium ions through E protein channel stimulates the inflammasome. Inflammasome derived exacerbated proinflammation causes SARS worsening. E protein ion channel and its driven proinflammation may be targets to treat SARS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Nieto-Torres
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmina Verdiá-Báguena
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Regla-Nava
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Castaño-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Fernandez-Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Torres
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Structural and Computational Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Vicente M Aguilella
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Ujike M, Taguchi F. Incorporation of spike and membrane glycoproteins into coronavirus virions. Viruses 2015; 7:1700-25. [PMID: 25855243 PMCID: PMC4411675 DOI: 10.3390/v7041700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelopes of coronaviruses (CoVs) contain primarily three proteins; the two major glycoproteins spike (S) and membrane (M), and envelope (E), a non-glycosylated protein. Unlike other enveloped viruses, CoVs bud and assemble at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). For efficient virion assembly, these proteins must be targeted to the budding site and to interact with each other or the ribonucleoprotein. Thus, the efficient incorporation of viral envelope proteins into CoV virions depends on protein trafficking and protein–protein interactions near the ERGIC. The goal of this review is to summarize recent findings on the mechanism of incorporation of the M and S glycoproteins into the CoV virion, focusing on protein trafficking and protein–protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2015. [PMID: 25720466 DOI: 10.1007/978‐1‐4939‐2438‐7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory disease in chickens to potentially lethal human respiratory infections. Here we provide a brief introduction to coronaviruses discussing their replication and pathogenicity, and current prevention and treatment strategies. We also discuss the outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the recently identified Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fehr
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Venkatagopalan P, Daskalova SM, Lopez LA, Dolezal KA, Hogue BG. Coronavirus envelope (E) protein remains at the site of assembly. Virology 2015; 478:75-85. [PMID: 25726972 PMCID: PMC4550588 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) assemble at endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) membranes and egress from cells in cargo vesicles. Only a few molecules of the envelope (E) protein are assembled into virions. The role of E in morphogenesis is not fully understood. The cellular localization and dynamics of mouse hepatitis CoV A59 (MHV) E protein were investigated to further understanding of its role during infection. E protein localized in the ERGIC and Golgi with the amino and carboxy termini in the lumen and cytoplasm, respectively. E protein does not traffic to the cell surface. MHV was genetically engineered with a tetracysteine tag at the carboxy end of E. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) showed that E is mobile in ERGIC/Golgi membranes. Correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) confirmed the presence of E in Golgi cisternae. The results provide strong support that E proteins carry out their function(s) at the site of budding/assembly. Mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV-CoV) E protein localizes in the ERGIC and Golgi. MHV-CoV E does not transport to the cell surface. MHV-CoV can be genetically engineered with a tetracysteine tag appended to E. First FRAP and correlative light electron microscopy of a CoV E protein. Live-cell imaging shows that E is mobile in ERGIC/Golgi membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Venkatagopalan
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States; Microbiology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States
| | - Sasha M Daskalova
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States
| | - Lisa A Lopez
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States
| | - Kelly A Dolezal
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States; Microbiology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States
| | - Brenda G Hogue
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Surya W, Li Y, Verdià-Bàguena C, Aguilella VM, Torres J. MERS coronavirus envelope protein has a single transmembrane domain that forms pentameric ion channels. Virus Res 2015; 201:61-6. [PMID: 25733052 PMCID: PMC7114494 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The envelope protein of MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV E protein) has been purified. MERS-CoV E protein forms pentameric ion channels. MERS-CoV E protein has one transmembrane domain. The full length construct obtained is amenable to structural determination by NMR in detergents.
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a newly identified pathogen able of human transmission that causes a mortality of almost 40%. As in the case of SARS-CoV, MERS virus lacking E protein represents a potential vaccine. In both cases, abolishment of channel activity may be a contributor to the attenuation observed in E-deleted viruses. Herein, we report that purified MERS-CoV E protein, like SARS-CoV E protein, is almost fully α-helical, has a single α-helical transmembrane domain, and forms pentameric ion channels in lipid bilayers. Based on these similarities, and the proposed involvement of channel activity as virulence factor in SARS-CoV E protein, MERS-CoV E protein may constitute a potential drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu Surya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yan Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Carmina Verdià-Bàguena
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Vicente M Aguilella
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Torres
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory disease in chickens to potentially lethal human respiratory infections. Here we provide a brief introduction to coronaviruses discussing their replication and pathogenicity, and current prevention and treatment strategies. We also discuss the outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the recently identified Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jane Maier
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Bickerton
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses with mutations in the E protein are attenuated and promising vaccine candidates. J Virol 2015; 89:3870-87. [PMID: 25609816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03566-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causes a respiratory disease with a mortality rate of 10%. A mouse-adapted SARS-CoV (SARS-CoV-MA15) lacking the envelope (E) protein (rSARS-CoV-MA15-ΔE) is attenuated in vivo. To identify E protein regions and host responses that contribute to rSARS-CoV-MA15-ΔE attenuation, several mutants (rSARS-CoV-MA15-E*) containing point mutations or deletions in the amino-terminal or the carboxy-terminal regions of the E protein were generated. Amino acid substitutions in the amino terminus, or deletion of regions in the internal carboxy-terminal region of E protein, led to virus attenuation. Attenuated viruses induced minimal lung injury, diminished limited neutrophil influx, and increased CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell counts in the lungs of BALB/c mice, compared to mice infected with the wild-type virus. To analyze the host responses leading to rSARS-CoV-MA15-E* attenuation, differences in gene expression elicited by the native and mutant viruses in the lungs of infected mice were determined. Expression levels of a large number of proinflammatory cytokines associated with lung injury were reduced in the lungs of rSARS-CoV-MA15-E*-infected mice, whereas the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were increased, both at the mRNA and protein levels. These results suggested that the reduction in lung inflammation together with a more robust antiviral T cell response contributed to rSARS-CoV-MA15-E* attenuation. The attenuated viruses completely protected mice against challenge with the lethal parental virus, indicating that these viruses are promising vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE Human coronaviruses are important zoonotic pathogens. SARS-CoV caused a worldwide epidemic infecting more than 8,000 people with a mortality of around 10%. Therefore, understanding the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen and developing efficacious vaccines are of high importance to prevent epidemics from this and other human coronaviruses. Previously, we demonstrated that a SARS-CoV lacking the E protein was attenuated in vivo. Here, we show that small deletions and modifications within the E protein led to virus attenuation, manifested by minimal lung injury, limited neutrophil influx to the lungs, reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and enhanced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell counts in vivo, suggesting that these phenomena contribute to virus attenuation. The attenuated mutants fully protected mice from challenge with virulent virus. These studies show that mutations in the E protein are not well tolerated and indicate that this protein is an excellent target for vaccine development.
Collapse
|
128
|
Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Nieto-Torres JL, DeDiego ML, Regla-Nava JA, Fernandez-Delgado R, Castaño-Rodriguez C, Enjuanes L. The PDZ-binding motif of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein is a determinant of viral pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004320. [PMID: 25122212 PMCID: PMC4133396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) lacking the envelope (E) protein is attenuated in vivo. Here we report that E protein PDZ-binding motif (PBM), a domain involved in protein-protein interactions, is a major determinant of virulence. Elimination of SARS-CoV E protein PBM by using reverse genetics caused a reduction in the deleterious exacerbation of the immune response triggered during infection with the parental virus and virus attenuation. Cellular protein syntenin was identified to bind the E protein PBM during SARS-CoV infection by using three complementary strategies, yeast two-hybrid, reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy assays. Syntenin redistributed from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm during infection with viruses containing the E protein PBM, activating p38 MAPK and leading to the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines. Silencing of syntenin using siRNAs led to a decrease in p38 MAPK activation in SARS-CoV infected cells, further reinforcing their functional relationship. Active p38 MAPK was reduced in lungs of mice infected with SARS-CoVs lacking E protein PBM as compared with the parental virus, leading to a decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and to virus attenuation. Interestingly, administration of a p38 MAPK inhibitor led to an increase in mice survival after infection with SARS-CoV, confirming the relevance of this pathway in SARS-CoV virulence. Therefore, the E protein PBM is a virulence domain that activates immunopathology most likely by using syntenin as a mediator of p38 MAPK induced inflammation. SARS-CoV caused a worldwide epidemic infecting 8000 people with a mortality of about 10%. A recombinant SARS-CoV lacking the E protein was attenuated in vivo. The E protein contains a PDZ-binding motif (PBM), a domain potentially involved in the interaction with more than 400 cellular proteins, which highlights its relevance in modulating host-cell behavior. To analyze the contributions of this motif to virulence, recombinant viruses with or without E protein PBM were generated. Recombinant SARS-CoVs lacking E protein PBM caused minimal lung damage and were attenuated, in contrast to viruses containing this motif, indicating that E protein PBM is a virulence determinant. E protein PBM induces the deleterious exacerbated immune response triggered during SARS-CoV infection, and interacts with the cellular protein syntenin, as demonstrated using proteomic analyses. Interestingly, syntenin redistributed from nucleus to cytoplasm during SARS-CoV infection, activating p38 MAPK and triggering the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, silencing of syntenin using siRNAs led to a decrease in p38 MAPK activation. In addition, administration of a p38 MAPK inhibitor led to an increase in mice survival after SARS-CoV infection. These results indicate that syntenin and p38 MAPK are potential therapeutic targets to reduce the exacerbated immune response during SARS-CoV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L. Nieto-Torres
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Regla-Nava
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Fernandez-Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Castaño-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Liu DX, Fung TS, Chong KKL, Shukla A, Hilgenfeld R. Accessory proteins of SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses. Antiviral Res 2014; 109:97-109. [PMID: 24995382 PMCID: PMC7113789 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The huge RNA genome of SARS coronavirus comprises a number of open reading frames that code for a total of eight accessory proteins. Although none of these are essential for virus replication, some appear to have a role in virus pathogenesis. Notably, some SARS-CoV accessory proteins have been shown to modulate the interferon signaling pathways and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The structural information on these proteins is also limited, with only two (p7a and p9b) having their structures determined by X-ray crystallography. This review makes an attempt to summarize the published knowledge on SARS-CoV accessory proteins, with an emphasis on their involvement in virus-host interaction. The accessory proteins of other coronaviruses are also briefly discussed. This paper forms part of a series of invited articles in Antiviral Research on "From SARS to MERS: 10 years of research on highly pathogenic human coronaviruses" (see Introduction by Hilgenfeld and Peiris (2013)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xiang Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - To Sing Fung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Kian-Long Chong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Aditi Shukla
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Fung TS, Liu DX. Coronavirus infection, ER stress, apoptosis and innate immunity. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:296. [PMID: 24987391 PMCID: PMC4060729 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of coronavirus, a family of important animal and human pathogens, is closely associated with the cellular membrane compartments, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Coronavirus infection of cultured cells was previously shown to cause ER stress and induce the unfolded protein response (UPR), a process that aims to restore the ER homeostasis by global translation shutdown and increasing the ER folding capacity. However, under prolonged ER stress, UPR can also induce apoptotic cell death. Accumulating evidence from recent studies has shown that induction of ER stress and UPR may constitute a major aspect of coronavirus–host interaction. Activation of the three branches of UPR modulates a wide variety of signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation, autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immune response. ER stress and UPR activation may therefore contribute significantly to the viral replication and pathogenesis during coronavirus infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on coronavirus-induced ER stress and UPR activation, with emphasis on their cross-talking to apoptotic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- To S Fung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ding X Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Yang Y, Zhang L, Geng H, Deng Y, Huang B, Guo Y, Zhao Z, Tan W. The structural and accessory proteins M, ORF 4a, ORF 4b, and ORF 5 of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are potent interferon antagonists. Protein Cell 2013; 4:951-61. [PMID: 24318862 PMCID: PMC4875403 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic respiratory virus with pathogenic mechanisms that may be driven by innate immune pathways. The goal of this study is to characterize the expression of the structural (S, E, M, N) and accessory (ORF 3, ORF 4a, ORF 4b, ORF 5) proteins of MERS-CoV and to determine whether any of these proteins acts as an interferon antagonist. Individual structural and accessory protein-coding plasmids with an N-terminal HA tag were constructed and transiently transfected into cells, and their native expression and subcellular localization were assessed using Wes tern blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. While ORF 4b demonstrated majorly nuclear localization, all of the other proteins demonstrated cytoplasmic localization. In addition, for the first time, our experiments revealed that the M, ORF 4a, ORF 4b, and ORF 5 proteins are potent interferon antagonists. Further examination revealed that the ORF 4a protein of MERS-CoV has the most potential to counteract the antiviral effects of IFN via the inhibition of both the interferon production (IFN-β promoter activity, IRF-3/7 and NF-κB activation) and ISRE promoter element signaling pathways. Together, our results provide new insights into the function and pathogenic role of the structural and accessory proteins of MERS-CoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Identifying SARS-CoV membrane protein amino acid residues linked to virus-like particle assembly. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64013. [PMID: 23700447 PMCID: PMC3659117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) membrane (M) proteins are capable of self-assembly and release in the form of membrane-enveloped vesicles, and of forming virus-like particles (VLPs) when coexpressed with SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) protein. According to previous deletion analyses, M self-assembly involves multiple M sequence regions. To identify important M amino acid residues for VLP assembly, we coexpressed N with multiple M mutants containing substitution mutations at the amino-terminal ectodomain, carboxyl-terminal endodomain, or transmembrane segments. Our results indicate that a dileucine motif in the endodomain tail (218LL219) is required for efficient N packaging into VLPs. Results from cross-linking VLP analyses suggest that the cysteine residues 63, 85 and 158 are not in close proximity to the M dimer interface. We noted a significant reduction in M secretion due to serine replacement for C158, but not for C63 or C85. Further analysis suggests that C158 is involved in M-N interaction. In addition to mutations of the highly conserved 107-SWWSFNPE-114 motif, substitutions at codons W19, W57, P58, W91, Y94 or F95 all resulted in significantly reduced VLP yields, largely due to defective M secretion. VLP production was not significantly affected by a tryptophan replacement of Y94 or F95 or a phenylalanine replacement of W19, W57 or W91. Combined, these results indicate the involvement of specific M amino acids during SARS-CoV virus assembly, and suggest that aromatic residue retention at specific positions is critical for M function in terms of directing virus assembly.
Collapse
|
133
|
Millet JK, Kien F, Cheung CY, Siu YL, Chan WL, Li H, Leung HL, Jaume M, Bruzzone R, Malik Peiris JS, Altmeyer RM, Nal B. Ezrin interacts with the SARS coronavirus Spike protein and restrains infection at the entry stage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49566. [PMID: 23185364 PMCID: PMC3504146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entry of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and its envelope fusion with host cell membrane are controlled by a series of complex molecular mechanisms, largely dependent on the viral envelope glycoprotein Spike (S). There are still many unknowns on the implication of cellular factors that regulate the entry process. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using as bait the carboxy-terminal endodomain of S, which faces the cytosol during and after opening of the fusion pore at early stages of the virus life cycle. Here we show that the ezrin membrane-actin linker interacts with S endodomain through the F1 lobe of its FERM domain and that both the eight carboxy-terminal amino-acids and a membrane-proximal cysteine cluster of S endodomain are important for this interaction in vitro. Interestingly, we found that ezrin is present at the site of entry of S-pseudotyped lentiviral particles in Vero E6 cells. Targeting ezrin function by small interfering RNA increased S-mediated entry of pseudotyped particles in epithelial cells. Furthermore, deletion of the eight carboxy-terminal amino acids of S enhanced S-pseudotyped particles infection. Expression of the ezrin dominant negative FERM domain enhanced cell susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV and S-pseudotyped particles and potentiated S-dependent membrane fusion. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Ezrin interacts with SARS-CoV S endodomain and limits virus entry and fusion. Our data present a novel mechanism involving a cellular factor in the regulation of S-dependent early events of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kaoru Millet
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - François Kien
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung-Yan Cheung
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu-Lam Siu
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Lim Chan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiying Li
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hiu-Lan Leung
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Martial Jaume
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Joseph S. Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Béatrice Nal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Verdiá-Báguena C, Nieto-Torres JL, Alcaraz A, DeDiego ML, Torres J, Aguilella VM, Enjuanes L. Coronavirus E protein forms ion channels with functionally and structurally-involved membrane lipids. Virology 2012; 432:485-94. [PMID: 22832120 PMCID: PMC3438407 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) envelope (E) protein ion channel activity was determined in channels formed in planar lipid bilayers by peptides representing either the transmembrane domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) E protein, or the full-length E protein. Both of them formed a voltage independent ion conductive pore with symmetric ion transport properties. Mutations N15A and V25F located in the transmembrane domain prevented the ion conductivity. E protein derived channels showed no cation preference in non-charged lipid membranes, whereas they behaved as pores with mild cation selectivity in negatively-charged lipid membranes. The ion conductance was also controlled by the lipid composition of the membrane. Lipid charge also regulated the selectivity of a HCoV-229E E protein derived peptide. These results suggested that the lipids are functionally involved in E protein ion channel activity, forming a protein-lipid pore, a novel concept for CoV E protein ion channel entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Verdiá-Báguena
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Abstract
Coronaviruses infect many species of animals including humans, causing acute and chronic diseases. This review focuses primarily on the pathogenesis of murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV). MHV is a collection of strains, which provide models systems for the study of viral tropism and pathogenesis in several organs systems, including the central nervous system, the liver, and the lung, and has been cited as providing one of the few animal models for the study of chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. SARS-CoV emerged in the human population in China in 2002, causing a worldwide epidemic with severe morbidity and high mortality rates, particularly in older individuals. We review the pathogenesis of both viruses and the several reverse genetics systems that made much of these studies possible. We also review the functions of coronavirus proteins, structural, enzymatic, and accessory, with an emphasis on roles in pathogenesis. Structural proteins in addition to their roles in virion structure and morphogenesis also contribute significantly to viral spread in vivo and in antagonizing host cell responses. Nonstructural proteins include the small accessory proteins that are not at all conserved between MHV and SARS-CoV and the 16 conserved proteins encoded in the replicase locus, many of which have enzymatic activities in RNA metabolism or protein processing in addition to functions in antagonizing host response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Nieto-Torres JL, Dediego ML, Alvarez E, Jiménez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA, Llorente M, Kremer L, Shuo S, Enjuanes L. Subcellular location and topology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein. Virology 2011; 415:69-82. [PMID: 21524776 PMCID: PMC4726981 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) envelope (E) protein is a transmembrane protein. Several subcellular locations and topological conformations of E protein have been proposed. To identify the correct ones, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for the amino or the carboxy terminus of E protein, respectively, were generated. E protein was mainly found in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) of cells transfected with a plasmid encoding E protein or infected with SARS-CoV. No evidence of E protein presence in the plasma membrane was found by using immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy and cell surface protein labeling. In addition, measurement of plasma membrane voltage gated ion channel activity by whole-cell patch clamp suggested that E protein was not present in the plasma membrane. A topological conformation in which SARS-CoV E protein amino terminus is oriented towards the lumen of intracellular membranes and carboxy terminus faces cell cytoplasm is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Nieto-Torres
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Identification of a Golgi complex-targeting signal in the cytoplasmic tail of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein. J Virol 2011; 85:5794-803. [PMID: 21450821 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00060-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2003 global outbreak of progressive respiratory failure was caused by a newly emerged virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In contrast to many well-studied enveloped viruses that assemble and bud at the plasma membrane, coronaviruses assemble by budding into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and are released from the cell by exocytosis. For this to occur, the viral envelope proteins must be efficiently targeted to the Golgi region of the secretory pathway. Although the envelope protein (E) makes up only a small percentage of the viral envelope, it plays an important, as-yet-undefined role in virus production. To dissect the targeting of the SARS-CoV E protein to the Golgi region, we exogenously expressed the protein and various mutants from cDNA and determined their localization using immunofluorescence microscopy and biochemical assays. We show that the cytoplasmic tail of the SARS-CoV E protein is sufficient to redirect a plasma membrane protein to the Golgi region. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate that a predicted beta-hairpin structural motif in the tail is sufficient for Golgi complex localization of a reporter protein. This motif is conserved in E proteins of beta and gamma coronaviruses (formerly referred to as group 2 and 3 coronaviruses), where it also functions as a Golgi complex-targeting signal. Dissecting the mechanism of targeting of the SARS-CoV E protein will lead to a better understanding of its role in the assembly and release of virions.
Collapse
|
138
|
Romero LV, Targovnik AM, Wolman FJ, Cascone O, Miranda MV. Rachiplusia nu larva as a biofactory to achieve high level expression of horseradish peroxidase. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:947-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
139
|
Abstract
Coronaviruses infect many species of animals including humans, causing acute and chronic diseases. This review focuses primarily on the pathogenesis of murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV). MHV is a collection of strains, which provide models systems for the study of viral tropism and pathogenesis in several organs systems, including the central nervous system, the liver, and the lung, and has been cited as providing one of the few animal models for the study of chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. SARS-CoV emerged in the human population in China in 2002, causing a worldwide epidemic with severe morbidity and high mortality rates, particularly in older individuals. We review the pathogenesis of both viruses and the several reverse genetics systems that made much of these studies possible. We also review the functions of coronavirus proteins, structural, enzymatic, and accessory, with an emphasis on roles in pathogenesis. Structural proteins in addition to their roles in virion structure and morphogenesis also contribute significantly to viral spread in vivo and in antagonizing host cell responses. Nonstructural proteins include the small accessory proteins that are not at all conserved between MHV and SARS-CoV and the 16 conserved proteins encoded in the replicase locus, many of which have enzymatic activities in RNA metabolism or protein processing in addition to functions in antagonizing host response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
A structural analysis of M protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology. J Struct Biol 2010; 174:11-22. [PMID: 21130884 PMCID: PMC4486061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The M protein of coronavirus plays a central role in virus assembly, turning cellular membranes into workshops where virus and host factors come together to make new virus particles. We investigated how M structure and organization is related to virus shape and size using cryo-electron microscopy, tomography and statistical analysis. We present evidence that suggests M can adopt two conformations and that membrane curvature is regulated by one M conformer. Elongated M protein is associated with rigidity, clusters of spikes and a relatively narrow range of membrane curvature. In contrast, compact M protein is associated with flexibility and low spike density. Analysis of several types of virus-like particles and virions revealed that S protein, N protein and genomic RNA each help to regulate virion size and variation, presumably through interactions with M. These findings provide insight into how M protein functions to promote virus assembly.
Collapse
|
141
|
Keng CT, Akerström S, Leung CSW, Poon LLM, Peiris JSM, Mirazimi A, Tan YJ. SARS coronavirus 8b reduces viral replication by down-regulating E via an ubiquitin-independent proteasome pathway. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:179-88. [PMID: 21035562 PMCID: PMC7110893 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 8b protein, which is not expressed by other known coronaviruses, can down-regulate the envelope (E) protein via a proteasome-dependent pathway. Here, we showed that the down-regulation of E is not dependent on the lysine residues on 8b and the reduction of polyubiquitination of E mutants is not correlated with their down-regulation by 8b, suggesting an ubiquitin-independent proteasome pathway is involved. A time-course study revealed that 8b was expressed at late-stages of SARS-CoV infection. By using Vero E6 cells stably expressing green fluorescence protein-tagged 8b, ectopic expression of 8b was shown to significantly reduce the production of progeny virus and down-regulate E expression. Taken together, these results suggest that 8b negatively modulates virus replication by down-regulating E via an ubiquitin-independent proteasome pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Tat Keng
- Collaborative Anti-Viral Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Teoh KT, Siu YL, Chan WL, Schlüter MA, Liu CJ, Peiris JSM, Bruzzone R, Margolis B, Nal B. The SARS coronavirus E protein interacts with PALS1 and alters tight junction formation and epithelial morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3838-52. [PMID: 20861307 PMCID: PMC2982091 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-04-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular tight junctions define epithelial apicobasal polarity and form a physical fence which protects underlying tissues from pathogen invasions. PALS1, a tight junction-associated protein, is a member of the CRUMBS3-PALS1-PATJ polarity complex, which is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of epithelial polarity in mammals. Here we report that the carboxy-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV E small envelope protein (E) binds to human PALS1. Using coimmunoprecipitation and pull-down assays, we show that E interacts with PALS1 in mammalian cells and further demonstrate that the last four carboxy-terminal amino acids of E form a novel PDZ-binding motif that binds to PALS1 PDZ domain. PALS1 redistributes to the ERGIC/Golgi region, where E accumulates, in SARS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells. Ectopic expression of E in MDCKII epithelial cells significantly alters cyst morphogenesis and, furthermore, delays formation of tight junctions, affects polarity, and modifies the subcellular distribution of PALS1, in a PDZ-binding motif-dependent manner. We speculate that hijacking of PALS1 by SARS-CoV E plays a determinant role in the disruption of the lung epithelium in SARS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Tat Teoh
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Tseng YT, Wang SM, Huang KJ, Lee AIR, Chiang CC, Wang CT. Self-assembly of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus membrane protein. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12862-72. [PMID: 20154085 PMCID: PMC2857088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus membrane (M) protein can form virus-like particles (VLPs) when coexpressed
with nucleocapsid (N) or envelope (E) proteins, suggesting a pivotal role for M in virion
assembly. Here we demonstrate the self-assembly and release of severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) M protein in medium in the form of membrane-enveloped
vesicles with densities lower than those of VLPs formed by M plus N. Although efficient
N-N interactions require the presence of RNA, we found that M-M interactions were
RNA-independent. SARS-CoV M was observed in both the Golgi area and plasma membranes of a
variety of cells. Blocking M glycosylation does not appear to significantly affect M
plasma membrane labeling intensity, M-containing vesicle release, or VLP formation.
Results from a genetic analysis indicate involvement of the third transmembrane domain of
M in plasma membrane-targeting signal. Fusion proteins containing M amino-terminal 50
residues encompassing the first transmembrane domain were found to be sufficient for
membrane binding, multimerization, and Golgi retention. Surprisingly, we found that fusion
proteins lacking all three transmembrane domains were still capable of membrane binding,
Golgi retention, and interacting with M. The data suggest that multiple SARS-CoV M regions
are involved in M self-assembly and subcellular localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tzu Tseng
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Müller MA, van der Hoek L, Voss D, Bader O, Lehmann D, Schulz AR, Kallies S, Suliman T, Fielding BC, Drosten C, Niedrig M. Human coronavirus NL63 open reading frame 3 encodes a virion-incorporated N-glycosylated membrane protein. Virol J 2010; 7:6. [PMID: 20078868 PMCID: PMC2819038 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pathogenic coronavirus NL63 (hCoV-NL63) is a group 1 (alpha) coronavirus commonly associated with respiratory tract infections. In addition to known non-structural and structural proteins all coronaviruses have one or more accessory proteins whose functions are mostly unknown. Our study focuses on hCoV-NL63 open reading frame 3 (ORF 3) which is a highly conserved accessory protein among coronaviruses. RESULTS In-silico analysis of the 225 amino acid sequence of hCoV-NL63 ORF 3 predicted a triple membrane-spanning protein. Expression in infected CaCo-2 and LLC-MK2 cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. The protein was detected within the endoplasmatic reticulum/Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) where coronavirus assembly and budding takes place. Subcellular localization studies using recombinant ORF 3 protein transfected in Huh-7 cells revealed occurrence in ERGIC, Golgi- and lysosomal compartments. By fluorescence microscopy of differently tagged envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins it was shown that ORF 3 protein colocalizes extensively with E and M within the ERGIC. Using N-terminally FLAG-tagged ORF 3 protein and an antiserum specific to the C-terminus we verified the proposed topology of an extracellular N-terminus and a cytosolic C-terminus. By in-vitro translation analysis and subsequent endoglycosidase H digestion we showed that ORF 3 protein is N-glycosylated at the N-terminus. Analysis of purified viral particles revealed that ORF 3 protein is incorporated into virions and is therefore an additional structural protein. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first extensive expression analysis of a group 1 hCoV-ORF 3 protein. We give evidence that ORF 3 protein is a structural N-glycosylated and virion-incorporated protein.
Collapse
|
145
|
Cellular Entry of the SARS Coronavirus: Implications for Transmission, Pathogenicity and Antiviral Strategies. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE SARS-CORONAVIRUS 2010. [PMCID: PMC7176234 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03683-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
146
|
Cleavage of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein by airway proteases enhances virus entry into human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7870. [PMID: 19924243 PMCID: PMC2773421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entry of enveloped viruses into host cells requires the activation of viral envelope glycoproteins through cleavage by either intracellular or extracellular proteases. In order to gain insight into the molecular basis of protease cleavage and its impact on the efficiency of viral entry, we investigated the susceptibility of a recombinant native full-length S-protein trimer (triSpike) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) to cleavage by various airway proteases. Methodology/Principal Findings Purified triSpike proteins were readily cleaved in vitro by three different airway proteases: trypsin, plasmin and TMPRSS11a. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and amino acid sequencing analyses identified two arginine residues (R667 and R797) as potential protease cleavage site(s). The effect of protease-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV infection was demonstrated with ACE2 expressing human bronchial epithelial cells 16HBE. Airway proteases regulate the infectivity of SARS-CoV in a fashion dependent on previous receptor binding. The role of arginine residues was further shown with mutant constructs (R667A, R797A or R797AR667A). Mutation of R667 or R797 did not affect the expression of S-protein but resulted in a differential efficacy of pseudotyping into SARS-CoVpp. The R667A SARS-CoVpp mutant exhibited a lack of virus entry enhancement following protease treatment. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that SARS S-protein is susceptible to airway protease cleavage and, furthermore, that protease mediated enhancement of virus entry depends on specific conformation of SARS S-protein upon ACE2 binding. These data have direct implications for the cell entry mechanism of SARS-CoV along the respiratory system and, furthermore expand the possibility of identifying potential therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV.
Collapse
|
147
|
Voss D, Pfefferle S, Drosten C, Stevermann L, Traggiai E, Lanzavecchia A, Becker S. Studies on membrane topology, N-glycosylation and functionality of SARS-CoV membrane protein. Virol J 2009; 6:79. [PMID: 19534833 PMCID: PMC2705359 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosylated membrane protein M of the severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the main structural component of the virion and mediates assembly and budding of viral particles. The membrane topology of SARS-CoV M and the functional significance of its N-glycosylation are not completely understood as is its interaction with the surface glycoprotein S. Using biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses we found that M consists of a short glycosylated N-terminal ectodomain, three transmembrane segments and a long, immunogenic C-terminal endodomain. Although the N-glycosylation site of M seems to be highly conserved between group 1 and 3 coronaviruses, studies using a recombinant SARS-CoV expressing a glycosylation-deficient M revealed that N-glycosylation of M neither influence the shape of the virions nor their infectivity in cell culture. Further functional analysis of truncated M proteins showed that the N-terminal 134 amino acids comprising the three transmembrane domains are sufficient to mediate accumulation of M in the Golgi complex and to enforce recruitment of the viral spike protein S to the sites of virus assembly and budding in the ERGIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Voss
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Siu KL, Kok KH, Ng MHJ, Poon VKM, Yuen KY, Zheng BJ, Jin DY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein inhibits type I interferon production by impeding the formation of TRAF3.TANK.TBK1/IKKepsilon complex. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16202-16209. [PMID: 19380580 PMCID: PMC2713514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.008227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus is highly pathogenic in humans and
evades innate immunity at multiple levels. It has evolved various strategies to counteract
the production and action of type I interferons, which mobilize the front-line defense
against viral infection. In this study we demonstrate that SARS coronavirus M protein
inhibits gene transcription of type I interferons. M protein potently antagonizes the
activation of interferon-stimulated response element-dependent transcription by
double-stranded RNA, RIG-I, MDA5, TBK1, IKKϵ, and virus-induced signaling adaptor
(VISA) but has no influence on the transcriptional activity of this element when IRF3 or
IRF7 is overexpressed. M protein physically associates with RIG-I, TBK1, IKKϵ, and
TRAF3 and likely sequesters some of them in membrane-associated cytoplasmic compartments.
Consequently, the expression of M protein prevents the formation of
TRAF3·TANK·TBK1/IKKϵ complex and thereby inhibits
TBK1/IKKϵ-dependent activation of IRF3/IRF7 transcription factors. Taken together,
our findings reveal a new mechanism by which SARS coronavirus circumvents the production
of type I interferons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Leung Siu
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ming-Him James Ng
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent K M Poon
- Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Expression and membrane integration of SARS-CoV E protein and its interaction with M protein. Virus Genes 2009; 38:365-71. [PMID: 19322648 PMCID: PMC7088807 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV E gene fragment was cloned and expressed as a recombinant protein fused with a myc tag at the N-terminus in vitro and in Vero E6 cells. Similar to other N-glycosylated proteins, the glycosylation of SARS-CoV E protein occurred co-translationally in the presence of microsomes. The SARS-CoV E protein is predicted to be a double-spanning membrane protein lacking a conventional signal peptide. Both of the transmembrane regions (a.a. 11–33 and 37–59) are predicted to be α-helices, which penetrate into membranes by themselves. As expected, these two transmembrane regions inserted a cytoplasmic protein into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Either of these two transmembrane domains co-localized with M protein. Both the transmembrane domains of E protein are required to interact with M protein, while either of the hydrophilic regions (a.a. 1–10 or 60–76) is dispensable as shown by co-immunoprecipitation assay. These results are important for the study of SARS-CoV assembly.
Collapse
|
150
|
Chan CM, Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Tse H, Chen HL, Li F, Zheng BJ, Chen L, Huang JD, Yuen KY. Spike protein, S, of human coronavirus HKU1: role in viral life cycle and application in antibody detection. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:1527-36. [PMID: 18849544 DOI: 10.3181/0806-rm-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described the discovery, genome, clinical features, genotypes and evolution of a novel and global human respiratory virus named human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) which is not yet culturable. We expressed a C-terminal FLAG-tagged CoV-HKU1 spike (S) protein by the Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) system and investigated its maturation profile. Pulse chase labeling revealed that S-FLAG was expressed as high-mannose N-glycans of monomers and trimers. It was predominantly cleaved into subdomains S1 and S2 during maturation. S1 was secreted into the medium. Immunofluorescence analysis visualized S along the secretory pathway from endoplasmic reticulum to plasma membrane. Cleavage of S and release of HCoV-HKU1 S pseudotyped virus were inhibited by furin or furin-like enzyme inhibitors. The cell-based expressed full-length S-FLAG could be recognized by the convalescent serum obtained from a patient with HCoV-HKU1 pneumonia. The data suggest that the native form of HCoV-HKU1 spike expressed in our system can be used in developing serological diagnostic assay and in understanding the role of S in the viral life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Man Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|