101
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Ando M, Goto M, Hojo M, Kita A, Kitagawa M, Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R, Miyamoto S. The proneural bHLH genes Mash1, Math3 and NeuroD are required for pituitary development. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:127-138. [PMID: 30307165 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multiple signaling molecules and transcription factors are required for pituitary development. Activator-type bHLH genes Mash1, Math, NeuroD (Neurod) and Neurogenin (Neurog) are well known as key molecules in neural development. Although analyses of targeted mouse mutants have demonstrated involvement of these bHLH genes in pituitary development, studies with single-mutant mice could not elucidate their exact functions, because they cooperatively function and compensate each other. The aim of this study was to elucidate the roles of Mash1, Math3 and NeuroD in pituitary development. Mash1;Math3;NeuroD triple-mutant mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Misexpression studies with retroviruses in pituisphere cultures were also performed. The triple-mutant adenohypophysis was morphologically normal, though the lumen of the neurohypophysis remained unclosed. However, in triple-mutant pituitaries, somatotropes, gonadotropes and corticotropes were severely decreased, whereas lactotropes were increased. Misexpression of Mash1 alone with retrovirus could not induce generation of hormonal cells, though Mash1 was involved in differentiation of pituitary progenitor cells. These data suggest that Mash1, Math3 and NeuroD cooperatively control the timing of pituitary progenitor cell differentiation and that they are also required for subtype specification of pituitary hormonal cells. Mash1 is necessary for corticotroph and gonadotroph differentiation, and compensated by Math3 and NeuroD. Math3 is necessary for somatotroph differentiation, and compensated by Mash1 and NeuroD. Neurog2 may compensate Mash1, Math3 and NeuroD during pituitary development. Furthermore, Mash1, Math3 and NeuroD are required for neurohypophysis development. Thus, Mash1, Math3 and NeuroD are required for pituitary development, and compensate each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsushige Ando
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Goto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Hojo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiga Medical Center for Adults, Shiga, Japan
| | - Aya Kita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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102
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Scavuzzo MA, Hill MC, Chmielowiec J, Yang D, Teaw J, Sheng K, Kong Y, Bettini M, Zong C, Martin JF, Borowiak M. Endocrine lineage biases arise in temporally distinct endocrine progenitors during pancreatic morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3356. [PMID: 30135482 PMCID: PMC6105717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decoding the molecular composition of individual Ngn3 + endocrine progenitors (EPs) during pancreatic morphogenesis could provide insight into the mechanisms regulating hormonal cell fate. Here, we identify population markers and extensive cellular diversity including four EP subtypes reflecting EP maturation using high-resolution single-cell RNA-sequencing of the e14.5 and e16.5 mouse pancreas. While e14.5 and e16.5 EPs are constantly born and share select genes, these EPs are overall transcriptionally distinct concomitant with changes in the underlying epithelium. As a consequence, e16.5 EPs are not the same as e14.5 EPs: e16.5 EPs have a higher propensity to form beta cells. Analysis of e14.5 and e16.5 EP chromatin states reveals temporal shifts, with enrichment of beta cell motifs in accessible regions at later stages. Finally, we provide transcriptional maps outlining the route progenitors take as they make cell fate decisions, which can be applied to advance the in vitro generation of beta cells. Endocrine progenitors form early in pancreatic development but the diversity of this cell population is unclear. Here, the authors use single cell RNA sequencing of the mouse pancreas at e14.5 and e16.5 to show that endocrine progenitors are temporally distinct and those formed later are more likely to become beta cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Scavuzzo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Hill
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jessica Teaw
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kuanwei Sheng
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuelin Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chenghang Zong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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103
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Zang L, Maddison LA, Chen W. Zebrafish as a Model for Obesity and Diabetes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:91. [PMID: 30177968 PMCID: PMC6110173 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes now considered global epidemics. The prevalence rates of diabetes are increasing in parallel with the rates of obesity and the strong connection between these two diseases has been coined as “diabesity.” The health risks of overweight or obesity include Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), coronary heart disease and cancer of numerous organs. Both obesity and diabetes are complex diseases that involve the interaction of genetics and environmental factors. The underlying pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes are not well understood and further research is needed for pharmacological and surgical management. Consequently, the use of animal models of obesity and/or diabetes is important for both improving the understanding of these diseases and to identify and develop effective treatments. Zebrafish is an attractive model system for studying metabolic diseases because of the functional conservation in lipid metabolism, adipose biology, pancreas structure, and glucose homeostasis. It is also suited for identification of novel targets associated with the risk and treatment of obesity and diabetes in humans. In this review, we highlight studies using zebrafish to model metabolic diseases, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of studying pathologies associated with obesity and diabetes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Lisette A Maddison
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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104
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Buchanan KL, Bohórquez DV. You Are What You (First) Eat. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:323. [PMID: 30150928 PMCID: PMC6099179 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As far back as we can remember, we eat. In fact, we eat before we can remember. Our first meal is amniotic fluid. We swallow it during the first trimester of gestation, and with that, we expose our gut to a universe of molecules. These early molecules have a profound influence on gut and brain function. For example, the taste of the amniotic fluid changes based on the mother's diet. Indeed, recent findings suggest that food preferences begin in utero. Likewise, a baby's first exposure to bacteria, previously thought to be during birth, appears to be in utero as well. And just as postnatal food and microbiota are implicated in brain function and dysfunction, prenatal nutrients and microbes may have a long-lasting impact on the development of the gut-brain neural circuits processing food, especially considering their plasticity during this vulnerable period. Here, we use current literature to put forward concepts needed to understand how the gut first meets the brain, and how this encounter may help us remember food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego V. Bohórquez
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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105
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Demirbilek H, Hatipoglu N, Gul U, Tatli ZU, Ellard S, Flanagan SE, De Franco E, Kurtoglu S. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus and neurological abnormalities due to a novel homozygous missense mutation in NEUROD1. Pediatr Diabetes 2018. [PMID: 29521454 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, neuronal differentiation 1 (NEUROD1) (also known as BETA2) is involved in the development of neural elements and endocrine pancreas. Less than 10 reports of adult-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) due to heterozygous NEUROD1 mutations and 2 cases with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) and neurological abnormalities due to homozygous NEUROD1 mutations have been published. A 13 year-old female was referred to endocrine department due to hyperglycemia. She was on insulin therapy following a diagnosis of neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) at the age of 9-weeks but missed regular follow-up. Parents are second cousin. There was a significant family history of adult onset NIDDM including patient's father. Auxological measurements were within normal ranges. On laboratory examination blood glucose was 33.2 mmol/L with undetectable c-peptide and glycosylated hemoglobin level of 8.9% (73.8 mmol/mol). She had developed difficulty in walking at the age of 4 years which had worsened over time. On further evaluation, a diagnosis of visual impairment, mental retardation, ataxic gait, retinitis pigmentosa and sensory-neural deafness were considered. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed cerebellar hypoplasia. Molecular genetic analysis using targeted next generation sequencing detected a novel homozygous missense mutation, p.Ile150Asn(c.449T>A), in NEUROD1. Both parents and 2 unaffected siblings were heterozygous for the mutation. We report the third case of PNDM with neurological abnormalities caused by homozygous NEUROD1 mutation, the first caused by a missense mutation. Heterozygous carriers of the p.Ile150Asn mutation were either unaffected or diagnosed with diabetes in adulthood. It is currently unclear whether the NEUROD1 heterozygous mutation has contributed to diabetes development in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Demirbilek
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nihal Hatipoglu
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ulku Gul
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zeynep U Tatli
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sian Ellard
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Elisa De Franco
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Selim Kurtoglu
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
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106
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Hancili S, Bonnefond A, Philippe J, Vaillant E, De Graeve F, Sand O, Busiah K, Robert JJ, Polak M, Froguel P, Güven A, Vaxillaire M. A novel NEUROG3 mutation in neonatal diabetes associated with a neuro-intestinal syndrome. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19:381-387. [PMID: 28940958 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare form of non-autoimmune diabetes usually diagnosed in the first 6 months of life. Various genetic defects have been shown to cause NDM with diverse clinical presentations and variable severity. Among transcriptional factor genes associated with isolated or syndromic NDM, a few cases of homozygous mutations in the NEUROG3 gene have been reported, all mutated patients presenting with congenital malabsorptive diarrhea with or without diabetes at a variable age of onset from early life to childhood. Through a targeted next-generation sequencing assay for monogenic diabetes genes, we aimed to search for pathogenic deleterious mutation in a Turkish patient with NDM, severe malabsorptive diarrhea, neurointestinal dysplasia and other atypical features. In this patient, we identified a novel homozygous nonsense mutation (p.Q4*) in NEUROG3. The same biallelic mutation was found in another affected family member. Of note, the study proband presents with abnormalities of the intrahepatic biliary tract, thyroid gland and central nervous system, which has never been reported before in NEUROG3 mutation carriers. Our findings extend the usually described clinical features associated with NEUROG3 deficiency in humans, and question the extent to which a complete lack of NEUROG3 expression may affect pancreas endocrine function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Hancili
- Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Göztepe Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- University of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille, France.,UMR 8199, Integrative Genomics and Modelling of Metabolic Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julien Philippe
- University of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille, France.,UMR 8199, Integrative Genomics and Modelling of Metabolic Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Vaillant
- University of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille, France.,UMR 8199, Integrative Genomics and Modelling of Metabolic Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Franck De Graeve
- University of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille, France.,UMR 8199, Integrative Genomics and Modelling of Metabolic Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Sand
- University of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille, France.,UMR 8199, Integrative Genomics and Modelling of Metabolic Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Kanetee Busiah
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Robert
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille, France.,UMR 8199, Integrative Genomics and Modelling of Metabolic Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ayla Güven
- Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Göztepe Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.,Amasya University Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Martine Vaxillaire
- University of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille, France.,UMR 8199, Integrative Genomics and Modelling of Metabolic Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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107
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An SCF FBXO28 E3 Ligase Protects Pancreatic β-Cells from Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040975. [PMID: 29587369 PMCID: PMC5979299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of pancreatic β-cell function and/or mass is a central hallmark of all forms of diabetes but its molecular basis is incompletely understood. β-cell apoptosis contributes to the reduced β-cell mass in diabetes. Therefore, the identification of important signaling molecules that promote β-cell survival in diabetes could lead to a promising therapeutic intervention to block β-cell decline during development and progression of diabetes. In the present study, we identified F-box protein 28 (FBXO28), a substrate-recruiting component of the Skp1-Cul1-F-box (SCF) ligase complex, as a regulator of pancreatic β-cell survival. FBXO28 was down-regulated in β-cells and in isolated human islets under diabetic conditions. Consistently, genetic silencing of FBXO28 impaired β-cell survival, and restoration of FBXO28 protected β-cells from the harmful effects of the diabetic milieu. Although FBXO28 expression positively correlated with β-cell transcription factor NEUROD1 and FBXO28 depletion also reduced insulin mRNA expression, neither FBXO28 overexpression nor depletion had any significant impact on insulin content, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) or on other genes involved in glucose sensing and metabolism or on important β-cell transcription factors in isolated human islets. Consistently, FBXO28 overexpression did not further alter insulin content and GSIS in freshly isolated islets from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our data show that FBXO28 improves pancreatic β-cell survival under diabetogenic conditions without affecting insulin secretion, and its restoration may be a novel therapeutic tool to promote β-cell survival in diabetes.
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108
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Yu XX, Qiu WL, Yang L, Li LC, Zhang YW, Xu CR. Dynamics of chromatin marks and the role of JMJD3 during pancreatic endocrine cell fate commitment. Development 2018; 145:145/6/dev163162. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.163162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Pancreatic endocrine lineages are derived from pancreatic progenitors that undergo a cell fate transition requiring a switch from low to high Ngn3 expression. However, the underlying chromatin regulatory mechanisms are unclear. Here, we performed epigenomic analysis of gene regulatory loci featuring histone marks in cells with low or high level of Ngn3 expression. In combination with transcriptomic analysis, we discovered that in Ngn3-high cells, the removal of H3K27me3 was associated with the activation of key transcription factors and the establishment of primed and active enhancers. Deletion of Jmjd3, a histone demethylase for H3K27me3, at the pancreatic progenitor stage impaired the efficiency of endocrine cell fate transition and thereafter islet formation. Curiously, single-cell RNA-seq revealed that the transcriptome and developmental pathway of Ngn3-high cells were not affected by the deletion of Jmjd3. Our study indicates sequential chromatin events and identifies a crucial role for Jmjd3 in regulating the efficiency of the transition from Ngn3-low to Ngn3-high cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Lin Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin-Chen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cheng-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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109
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Horikawa Y, Enya M, Mabe H, Fukushima K, Takubo N, Ohashi M, Ikeda F, Hashimoto KI, Watada H, Takeda J. NEUROD1-deficient diabetes (MODY6): Identification of the first cases in Japanese and the clinical features. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19:236-242. [PMID: 28664602 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Only a few families with neuronal differentiation 1 (NEUROD1)-deficient diabetes, currently designated as maturity-onset diabetes of the young 6 (MODY6), have been reported, but mostly in Caucasian, and no mutation has been identified by family-based screening in Japanese. Accordingly, the phenotypic details of the disease remain to be elucidated. METHODS We examined a total of 275 subjects having diabetes suspected to be MODY who were negative for mutations in MODY1-5 referred from 155 medical institutions throughout Japan. So as not to miss low penetrant cases, we examined non-obese Japanese patients with early-onset diabetes regardless of the presence of family history by direct sequencing of all exons and flanking regions of NEUROD1 . Large genomic rearrangements also were examined. RESULTS Four patients with 3 frameshift mutations and 1 missense mutation, all of which were heterozygous and 3 of which were novel, were identified. Diabetic ketosis was found occasionally in these patients even under conditions of chronic hyperglycemia, for unknown reasons. Although the capacity of early-phase insulin secretion was low in these patients, the insulin secretory capacity was relatively preserved compared to that in hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1A- and HNF1B-MODY. One of the patients and 2 of their diabetic mothers were found to have some mental or neuronal abnormality. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of NEUROD1 mutations in Japanese, who have a genetic background of intrinsically lower capacity of insulin secretion. NEUROD1-deficient diabetes appears to be low penetrant, and may occur in concert with other genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Horikawa
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mayumi Enya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Mabe
- Department of Child Development, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kei Fukushima
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Takubo
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ohashi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Saku Central Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - Fuki Ikeda
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hashimoto
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Takeda
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
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110
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Azizi Z, Lange C, Paroni F, Ardestani A, Meyer A, Wu Y, Zander AR, Westenfelder C, Maedler K. β-MSCs: successful fusion of MSCs with β-cells results in a β-cell like phenotype. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48963-48977. [PMID: 27374092 PMCID: PMC5226484 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and immunosuppressive properties and are a potent source for cell therapy. Cell fusion has been proposed for rapid generation of functional new reprogrammed cells. In this study, we aimed to establish a fusion protocol of bone marrow−derived human MSCs with the rat beta-cell line (INS-1E) as well as human isolated pancreatic islets in order to generate insulin producing beta-MSCs as a cell-based treatment for diabetes. Human eGFP+ puromycin+ MSCs were co-cultured with either stably mCherry-expressing rat INS-1E cells or human dispersed islet cells and treated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to induce fusion. MSCs and fused cells were selected by puromycin treatment. With an improved fusion protocol, 29.8 ± 2.9% of all MSCs were β-MSC heterokaryons based on double positivity for mCherry and eGFP. After fusion and puromycin selection, human NKX6.1 and insulin as well as rat Neurod1, Nkx2.2, MafA, Pdx1 and Ins1 mRNA were highly elevated in fused human MSC/INS-1E cells, compared to the mixed control population. Such induction of beta-cell markers was confirmed in fused human MSC/human dispersed islet cells, which showed elevated NEUROD1, NKX2.2, MAFA, PDX1 and insulin mRNA compared to the mixed control. Fused cells had higher insulin content and improved insulin secretion compared to the mixed control and insulin positive beta-MSCs also expressed nuclear PDX1. We established a protocol for fusion of human MSCs and beta cells, which resulted in a beta cell like phenotype. This could be a novel tool for cell-based therapies of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Azizi
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Lange
- Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Federico Paroni
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Amin Ardestani
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anke Meyer
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yonghua Wu
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Axel R Zander
- Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christof Westenfelder
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and George E Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) project partner, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of diabetes is mainly attributed to insulin deficiency due to the lack of β cells (type 1), or to insulin resistance that eventually results in β cell dysfunction (type 2). Therefore, an ultimate cure for diabetes requires the ability to replace the lost insulin-secreting β cells. Strategies for regenerating β cells are under extensive investigation. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors first summarize the mechanisms underlying embryonic β cell development and spontaneous adult β cell regeneration, which forms the basis for developing β cell regeneration strategies. Then the rationale and progress of each β cell regeneration strategy is reviewed. Current β cell regeneration strategies can be classified into two main categories: in vitro β cell regeneration using pluripotent stem cells and in vivo reprogramming of non-β cells into β cells. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. EXPERT OPINION Regenerating β cells has shown its potential as a cure for the treatment of insulin-deficient diabetes. Much progress has been made, and β cell regeneration therapy is getting closer to a clinical reality. Nevertheless, more hurdles need to be overcome before any of the strategies suggested can be fully translated from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Dong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hongju Wu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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112
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Westerman BA, Breuer RHJ, Poutsma A, Chhatta A, Noorduyn LA, Koolen MGJ, Postmus PE, Blankenstein MA, Oudejans CBM. Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor Profiling of Lung Tumors Shows Aberrant Expression of the Proneural Gene Atonal Homolog 1 (ATOH1, HATH1, MATH1) in Neuroendocrine Tumors. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 22:114-23. [PMID: 17549667 DOI: 10.1177/172460080702200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microarray-based expression profiling studies of lung adenocarcinomas have defined neuroendocrine subclasses with poor prognosis. As neuroendocrine development is regulated by members of the achaetescute and atonal classes of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, we analyzed lung tumors for expression of these factors. Out of 13 bHLH genes tested, 4 genes, i.e., achaetescute complex-like 1 (ASCL1, HASH1, Mash1), atonal homolog 1 (ATOH1, HATH1, MATH1), NEUROD4 (ATH-3, Atoh3, MATH-3) and neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (NEUROD1, NEUROD, BE-TA2), showed differential expression among lung tumors and absent or low expression in normal lung. As expected, tumors that have high levels of ASCL1 also express neuroendocrine markers, and we found that this is accompanied by increased levels of NEUROD1. In addition, we found ATOH1 expression in 9 (16%) out of 56 analyzed adenocarcinomas and these tumors showed neuroendocrine features as shown by dopa decarboxylase mRNA expression and immunostaining for neuroendocrine markers. ATOH1 expression as well as NEUROD4 was observed in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), a known neuroendocrine tumor. Since ATOH1 is not known to be involved in normal lung development, our results suggest that aberrant activation of ATOH1 leads to a neuroendocrine phenotype similar to what is observed for ASCL1 activation during normal neuroendocrine development and in lung malignancies. Our preliminary data indicate that patients with ATOH1-expressing adenocarcinomas might have a worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Westerman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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113
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Worthington JJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Enteroendocrine cells-sensory sentinels of the intestinal environment and orchestrators of mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:3-20. [PMID: 28853441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium must balance efficient absorption of nutrients with partitioning commensals and pathogens from the bodies' largest immune system. If this crucial barrier fails, inappropriate immune responses can result in inflammatory bowel disease or chronic infection. Enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of this epithelium and have classically been studied for their detection of nutrients and release of peptide hormones to mediate digestion. Intriguingly, enteroendocrine cells are the key sensors of microbial metabolites, can release cytokines in response to pathogen associated molecules and peptide hormone receptors are expressed on numerous intestinal immune cells; thus enteroendocrine cells are uniquely equipped to be crucial and novel orchestrators of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we introduce enteroendocrine chemosensory roles, summarize studies correlating enteroendocrine perturbations with intestinal inflammation and describe the mechanistic interactions by which enteroendocrine and mucosal immune cells interact during disease; highlighting this immunoendocrine axis as a key aspect of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Worthington
- Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - F Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - F M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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114
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Firdous P, Nissar K, Ali S, Ganai BA, Shabir U, Hassan T, Masoodi SR. Genetic Testing of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young Current Status and Future Perspectives. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:253. [PMID: 29867778 PMCID: PMC5966560 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a global epidemic problem growing exponentially in Asian countries posing a serious threat. Among diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a heterogeneous group of monogenic disorders that occurs due to β cell dysfunction. Genetic defects in the pancreatic β-cells result in the decrease of insulin production required for glucose utilization thereby lead to early-onset diabetes (often <25 years). It is generally considered as non-insulin dependent form of diabetes and comprises of 1-5% of total diabetes. Till date, 14 genes have been identified and mutation in them may lead to MODY. Different genetic testing methodologies like linkage analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and DNA sequencing are used for the accurate and correct investigation of gene mutations associated with MODY. The next-generation sequencing has emerged as one of the most promising and effective tools to identify novel mutated genes related to MODY. Diagnosis of MODY is mainly relying on the sequential screening of the three marker genes like hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1α), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α), and glucokinase (GCK). Interestingly, MODY patients can be managed by diet alone for many years and may also require minimal doses of sulfonylureas. The primary objective of this article is to provide a review on current status of MODY, its prevalence, genetic testing/diagnosis, possible treatment, and future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveena Firdous
- Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Kamran Nissar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Sajad Ali
- Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- *Correspondence: Bashir Ahmad Ganai,
| | - Uzma Shabir
- Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Toyeeba Hassan
- Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Shariq Rashid Masoodi
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
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Petersen MB, Gonçalves CA, Kim YH, Grapin-Botton A. Recapitulating and Deciphering Human Pancreas Development From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Dish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 129:143-190. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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116
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Huang YH, Ye TT, Liu CX, Wang L, Chen YW, Dong Y. Maternal high-fat diet impairs glucose metabolism, β-cell function and proliferation in the second generation of offspring rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:67. [PMID: 29118817 PMCID: PMC5667458 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the impact of perinatal high-fat (HF) diet in female Sprague-Dawley rats (F0) on glucose metabolism and islet function in their early life of second-generation of offspring (F2). Methods F0 rats were fed with a standard chow (SC) or HF diet for 8 weeks before mating, up to termination of lactation for their first-generation of offspring (F1-SC and F1-HF). F1 females were mated with normal males at the age of week 11, and producing F2 offspring (F2-SC, F2-HF). All the offspring were fed SC diet after weaning for 3 weeks. The glucose level and islet function of F2 offspring were assessed at the age of week 3 and 12. Results The F2-HF offspring had a high birth weight and maintained a higher body mass at the age of week 3 and 12, along with an impaired glucose tolerance and lower serum insulin levels compared with the F2-SC. β-cell proliferation was also impaired in the islets of F2-HF rats at the age of week 3 and 12. The pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor-1 (Pdx1) and Neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1) expressions were decreased in the islet of F2-HF rats at the age of week 12. Conclusions Maternal HF diet during pre-gestation, gestation, and lactation in rats could result in the increased body weight and glucose intolerance in their early life of F2 offspring due to impaired β-cell function and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Ting-Ting Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Chong-Xiao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
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117
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Lee SH, Rhee M, Kim JW, Yoon KH. Generation of Insulin-Expressing Cells in Mouse Small Intestine by Pdx1, MafA, and BETA2/NeuroD. Diabetes Metab J 2017; 41:405-416. [PMID: 29086539 PMCID: PMC5663680 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2017.41.5.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To develop surrogate insulin-producing cells for diabetes therapy, adult stem cells have been identified in various tissues and studied for their conversion into β-cells. Pancreatic progenitor cells are derived from the endodermal epithelium and formed in a manner similar to gut progenitor cells. Here, we generated insulin-producing cells from the intestinal epithelial cells that induced many of the specific pancreatic transcription factors using adenoviral vectors carrying three genes: PMB (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 [Pdx1], V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A [MafA], and BETA2/NeuroD). METHODS By direct injection into the intestine through the cranial mesenteric artery, adenoviruses (Ad) were successfully delivered to the entire intestine. After virus injection, we could confirm that the small intestine of the mouse was appropriately infected with the Ad-Pdx1 and triple Ad-PMB. RESULTS Four weeks after the injection, insulin mRNA was expressed in the small intestine, and the insulin gene expression was induced in Ad-Pdx1 and Ad-PMB compared to control Ad-green fluorescent protein. In addition, the conversion of intestinal cells into insulin-expressing cells was detected in parts of the crypts and villi located in the small intestine. CONCLUSION These data indicated that PMB facilitate the differentiation of mouse intestinal cells into insulin-expressing cells. In conclusion, the small intestine is an accessible and abundant source of surrogate insulin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hyun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marie Rhee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun Ho Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Zhu D, Zhang X, Niu Y, Diao Z, Ren B, Li X, Liu Z, Liu X. Cichoric acid improved hyperglycaemia and restored muscle injury via activating antioxidant response in MLD-STZ-induced diabetic mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:138-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hartenstein V, Takashima S, Hartenstein P, Asanad S, Asanad K. bHLH proneural genes as cell fate determinants of entero-endocrine cells, an evolutionarily conserved lineage sharing a common root with sensory neurons. Dev Biol 2017; 431:36-47. [PMID: 28751238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Entero-endocrine cells involved in the regulation of digestive function form a large and diverse cell population within the intestinal epithelium of all animals. Together with absorptive enterocytes and secretory gland cells, entero-endocrine cells are generated by the embryonic endoderm and, in the mature animal, from a pool of endoderm derived, self-renewing stem cells. Entero-endocrine cells share many structural/functional and developmental properties with sensory neurons, which hints at the possibility of an ancient evolutionary relationship between these two cell types. We will survey in this article recent findings that emphasize the similarities between entero-endocrine cells and sensory neurons in vertebrates and insects, for which a substantial volume of data pertaining to the entero-endocrine system has been compiled. We will then report new findings that shed light on the specification and morphogenesis of entero-endocrine cells in Drosophila. In this system, presumptive intestinal stem cells (pISCs), generated during early metamorphosis, undergo several rounds of mitosis that produce the endocrine cells and stem cells (ISCs) with which the fly is born. Clonal analysis demonstrated that individual pISCs can give rise to endocrine cells expressing different types of peptides. Immature endocrine cells start out as unpolarized cells located basally of the gut epithelium; they each extend an apical process into the epithelium which establishes a junctional complex and apical membrane specializations contacting the lumen of the gut. Finally, we show that the Drosophila homolog of ngn3, a bHLH gene that defines the entero-endocrine lineage in mammals, is expressed and required for the differentiation of this cell type in the fly gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Parvana Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Samuel Asanad
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Kian Asanad
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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Al-Khawaga S, Memon B, Butler AE, Taheri S, Abou-Samra AB, Abdelalim EM. Pathways governing development of stem cell-derived pancreatic β cells: lessons from embryogenesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Al-Khawaga
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| | - Bushra Memon
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095 U.S.A
| | - Shahrad Taheri
- Department of Medicine; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO BOX 24144; Doha Qatar
- Department of Medicine; Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
| | - Abdul B. Abou-Samra
- Department of Medicine; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO BOX 24144; Doha Qatar
- Department of Medicine; Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
| | - Essam M. Abdelalim
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
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Vieira A, Druelle N, Avolio F, Napolitano T, Navarro-Sanz S, Silvano S, Collombat P. β-Cell Replacement Strategies: The Increasing Need for a "β-Cell Dogma". Front Genet 2017. [PMID: 28634486 PMCID: PMC5459879 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease resulting in the loss of pancreatic β-cells and, consequently, in chronic hyperglycemia. Insulin supplementation allows diabetic patients to control their glycaemia quite efficiently, but treated patients still display an overall shortened life expectancy and an altered quality of life as compared to their healthy counterparts. In this context and due to the ever increasing number of diabetics, establishing alternative therapies has become a crucial research goal. Most current efforts therefore aim at generating fully functional insulin-secreting β-like cells using multiple approaches. In this review, we screened the literature published since 2011 and inventoried the selected markers used to characterize insulin-secreting cells generated by in vitro differentiation of stem/precursor cells or by means of in vivo transdifferentiation. By listing these features, we noted important discrepancies when comparing the different approaches for the initial characterization of insulin-producing cells as true β-cells. Considering the recent advances achieved in this field of research, the necessity to establish strict guidelines has become a subject of crucial importance, especially should one contemplate the next step, which is the transplantation of in vitro or ex vivo generated insulin-secreting cells in type 1 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andhira Vieira
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, iBV, Université Côte d'AzurNice, France
| | - Noémie Druelle
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, iBV, Université Côte d'AzurNice, France
| | - Fabio Avolio
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, iBV, Université Côte d'AzurNice, France
| | - Tiziana Napolitano
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, iBV, Université Côte d'AzurNice, France
| | - Sergi Navarro-Sanz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, iBV, Université Côte d'AzurNice, France
| | - Serena Silvano
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, iBV, Université Côte d'AzurNice, France
| | - Patrick Collombat
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, iBV, Université Côte d'AzurNice, France
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Suzuki K, Iwasaki K, Murata Y, Harada N, Yamane S, Hamasaki A, Shibue K, Joo E, Sankoda A, Fujiwara Y, Hayashi Y, Inagaki N. Distribution and hormonal characterization of primary murine L cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract. J Diabetes Investig 2017; 9:25-32. [PMID: 28429513 PMCID: PMC5754545 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) secreted from enteroendocrine L cells is an incretin that potentiates insulin secretion and is already applied in therapies for type 2 diabetes. However, detailed examination of L cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract remains unclear, because of difficulties in purifying scattered L cells from other cells. In the present study, we identified characteristics of L cells of the upper small intestine (UI), the lower small intestine (LI) and the colon using glucagon‐green fluorescent protein‐expressing mice that express GFP driven by the proglucagon promoter. Materials and Methods The localization and density of primary L cells were evaluated by anti‐green fluorescent protein antibody reactivity. GLP‐1 content, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels and secretion in purified L cells were measured. Results The number of L cells significantly increased toward the colon. In contrast, the GLP‐1 content and secretion from L cells were higher in the UI than in the LI and colon. L cells from the UI and LI expressed notably high mRNA levels of the transcription factor, islet 1. The mRNA expression levels of peptide YY in L cells were higher in the LI than in the UI and colon. The mRNA expression levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in L cells from the UI were significantly higher compared with those from the LI and colon. Conclusions L cells show different numbers and characteristics throughout the gut, and they express different mRNA levels of transcription factors and gastrointestinal hormones. These results contribute to the therapeutic application of promoting GLP‐1 release from L cells for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hamasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Shibue
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erina Joo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Sankoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Fujiwara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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El-Salhy M, Umezawa K, Hatlebakk JG, Gilja OH. Abnormal differentiation of stem cells into enteroendocrine cells in rats with DSS-induced colitis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2106-2112. [PMID: 28259987 PMCID: PMC5364957 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether there is an association between abnormalities in enteroendocrine cells in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and the clonogenic and/or proliferative activities of stem cells. A total of 48 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Animals in the control group were provided with normal drinking water, whereas DSS colitis was induced in the remaining three groups. The rats with DSS-induced colitis were randomized into the following three groups: i) DSS group, which received 0.5 ml 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC; vehicle); ii) DSS-G group, which was treated with 3-[(dodecylthiocarbonyl)-methyl]-glutarimide at 20 mg/kg body weight in 0.5% CMC; and iii) DSS-Q group, which was treated with dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin at 15 mg/kg body weight in 0.5% CMC. Treatments were administered intraperitoneally twice daily for 5 days in all groups. Subsequently, tissue samples from the colon were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, or immunostained for chromogranin A (CgA), Musashi 1 (Msi1), Math-1, neurogenin 3 (Neurog3) and neurogenic differentiation D1 (NeuroD1). The densities of CgA, Msi1-, Math-1-, Neurog3- and NeuroD1-immunoreactive cells were determined. DTCM-G, and DHMEQ ameliorated the inflammation in DSS-induced colitis. The density of CgA-, Neurog3- and NeuroD1-immunoreactive cells was significantly higher in the DSS group compared with in the control group, and the density of CgA cells was correlated with the densities of Neurog3- and NeuroD1-immunoreactive cells. There were no significant differences in the densities of Msi1- and Math-1-immunoreactive cells among the four experimental groups. The elevated densities of enteroendocrine cells detected in DSS-induced colitis may be due to the increased differentiation of early enteroendocrine progenitors during secretory lineage. It is probable that the DSS-induced inflammatory processes trigger certain signaling pathways, which control differentiation of the stem-cell secretory lineage into mature enteroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Hospital, 5409 Stord, Norway
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480‑1195, Japan
| | - Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
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Survival of a Novel Subset of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Projecting to the Lateral Septum Is Dependent on NeuroD Proteins. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2305-2316. [PMID: 28130357 PMCID: PMC5354344 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2414-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons are highly heterogeneous. They differ in their connectivity and firing patterns and, therefore, in their functional properties. The molecular underpinnings of this heterogeneity are largely unknown, and there is a paucity of markers that distinguish these functional subsets. In this paper, we report the identification and characterization of a novel subset of midbrain dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral tegmental area that expresses the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Neurogenic Differentiation Factor-6 (NEUROD6). Retrograde fluorogold tracing experiments demonstrate that Neurod6+ midbrain dopaminergic neurons neurons project to two distinct septal regions: the dorsal and intermediate region of the lateral septum. Loss-of-function studies in mice demonstrate that Neurod6 and the closely related family member Neurod1 are both specifically required for the survival of this lateral-septum projecting neuronal subset during development. Our findings underscore the complex organization of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and provide an entry point for future studies of the functions of the Neurod6+ subset of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Midbrain dopaminergic neurons regulate diverse brain functions, including voluntary movement and cognitive and emotive behaviors. These neurons are heterogeneous, and distinct subsets are thought to regulate different behaviors. However, we currently lack the means to identify and modify gene function in specific subsets of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. In this study, we identify the transcription factor NEUROD6 as a specific marker for a novel subset of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain that project to the lateral septum, and we reveal essential roles for Neurod1 and Neurod6 in the survival of these neurons during development. Our findings highlight the molecular and anatomical heterogeneity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and contribute to a better understanding of this functionally complex group of neurons.
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Larsen HL, Grapin-Botton A. The molecular and morphogenetic basis of pancreas organogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:51-68. [PMID: 28089869 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas is an essential endoderm-derived organ that ensures nutrient metabolism via its endocrine and exocrine functions. Here we review the essential processes governing the embryonic and early postnatal development of the pancreas discussing both the mechanisms and molecules controlling progenitor specification, expansion and differentiation. We elaborate on how these processes are orchestrated in space and coordinated with morphogenesis. We draw mainly from experiments conducted in the mouse model but also from investigations in other model organisms, complementing a recent comprehensive review of human pancreas development (Jennings et al., 2015) [1]. The understanding of pancreas development in model organisms provides a framework to interpret how human mutations lead to neonatal diabetes and may contribute to other forms of diabetes and to guide the production of desired pancreatic cell types from pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalte List Larsen
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, 3 B Blegdamsvej, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, 3 B Blegdamsvej, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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126
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Churchill AJ, Gutiérrez GD, Singer RA, Lorberbaum DS, Fischer KA, Sussel L. Genetic evidence that Nkx2.2 acts primarily downstream of Neurog3 in pancreatic endocrine lineage development. eLife 2017; 6:e20010. [PMID: 28071588 PMCID: PMC5224921 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pancreatic transcription factors that are essential for islet cell differentiation have been well characterized; however, because they are often expressed in several different cell populations, their functional hierarchy remains unclear. To parse out the spatiotemporal regulation of islet cell differentiation, we used a Neurog3-Cre allele to ablate Nkx2.2, one of the earliest and most broadly expressed islet transcription factors, specifically in the Neurog3+ endocrine progenitor lineage (Nkx2.2△endo). Remarkably, many essential components of the β cell transcriptional network that were down-regulated in the Nkx2.2KO mice, were maintained in the Nkx2.2△endo mice - yet the Nkx2.2△endo mice displayed defective β cell differentiation and recapitulated the Nkx2.2KO phenotype. This suggests that Nkx2.2 is not only required in the early pancreatic progenitors, but has additional essential activities within the endocrine progenitor population. Consistently, we demonstrate Nkx2.2 functions as an integral component of a modular regulatory program to correctly specify pancreatic islet cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Churchill
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Institute, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Genetics and Development Doctoral Program, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
| | - Giselle Dominguez Gutiérrez
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Institute, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Nutritional and Metabolic Biology Doctoral Program, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
| | - Ruth A Singer
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Institute, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- The Integrated Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
| | | | - Kevin A Fischer
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado, Denver, United States
| | - Lori Sussel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Institute, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Genetics and Development Doctoral Program, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Nutritional and Metabolic Biology Doctoral Program, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- The Integrated Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado, Denver, United States
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127
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Gutiérrez GD, Bender AS, Cirulli V, Mastracci TL, Kelly SM, Tsirigos A, Kaestner KH, Sussel L. Pancreatic β cell identity requires continual repression of non-β cell programs. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:244-259. [PMID: 27941248 DOI: 10.1172/jci88017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of β cell identity, the presence of polyhormonal cells, and reprogramming are emerging as important features of β cell dysfunction in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we have demonstrated that the transcription factor NKX2.2 is essential for the active maintenance of adult β cell identity as well as function. Deletion of Nkx2.2 in β cells caused rapid onset of a diabetic phenotype in mice that was attributed to loss of insulin and downregulation of many β cell functional genes. Concomitantly, NKX2.2-deficient murine β cells acquired non-β cell endocrine features, resulting in populations of completely reprogrammed cells and bihormonal cells that displayed hybrid endocrine cell morphological characteristics. Molecular analysis in mouse and human islets revealed that NKX2.2 is a conserved master regulatory protein that controls the acquisition and maintenance of a functional, monohormonal β cell identity by directly activating critical β cell genes and actively repressing genes that specify the alternative islet endocrine cell lineages. This study demonstrates the highly volatile nature of the β cell, indicating that acquiring and sustaining β cell identity and function requires not only active maintaining of the expression of genes involved in β cell function, but also continual repression of closely related endocrine gene programs.
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128
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Arregi I, Climent M, Iliev D, Strasser J, Gouignard N, Johansson JK, Singh T, Mazur M, Semb H, Artner I, Minichiello L, Pera EM. Retinol Dehydrogenase-10 Regulates Pancreas Organogenesis and Endocrine Cell Differentiation via Paracrine Retinoic Acid Signaling. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4615-4631. [PMID: 27740873 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A-derived retinoic acid (RA) signals are critical for the development of several organs, including the pancreas. However, the tissue-specific control of RA synthesis in organ and cell lineage development has only poorly been addressed in vivo. Here, we show that retinol dehydrogenase-10 (Rdh10), a key enzyme in embryonic RA production, has important functions in pancreas organogenesis and endocrine cell differentiation. Rdh10 was expressed in the developing pancreas epithelium and surrounding mesenchyme. Rdh10 null mutant mouse embryos exhibited dorsal pancreas agenesis and a hypoplastic ventral pancreas with retarded tubulogenesis and branching. Conditional disruption of Rdh10 from the endoderm caused increased mortality, reduced body weight, and lowered blood glucose levels after birth. Endodermal Rdh10 deficiency led to a smaller dorsal pancreas with a reduced density of early glucagon+ and insulin+ cells. During the secondary transition, the reduction of Neurogenin3+ endocrine progenitors in the mutant dorsal pancreas accounted for fewer α- and β-cells. Changes in the expression of α- and β-cell-specific transcription factors indicated that Rdh10 might also participate in the terminal differentiation of endocrine cells. Together, our results highlight the importance of both mesenchymal and epithelial Rdh10 for pancreogenesis and the first wave of endocrine cell differentiation. We further propose a model in which the Rdh10-expressing exocrine tissue acts as an essential source of RA signals in the second wave of endocrine cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Arregi
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Climent
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dobromir Iliev
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Strasser
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nadège Gouignard
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny K Johansson
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Singh
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Mazur
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Semb
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Artner
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liliana Minichiello
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edgar M Pera
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
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Involvement of GSK-3β Phosphorylation Through PI3-K/Akt in Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neurogenesis in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7917-7927. [PMID: 27866373 PMCID: PMC5684253 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, which is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, regulates various cellular processes including gene expression, cell proliferation, and differentiation. However, involvement of GSK-3β in cerebral ischemia-induced endogenous neurogenesis is not yet fully understood. Appropriate strategies to prevent ischemic cell damage and subsequent severe sequelae are needed. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between pathophysiological alteration of the GSK-3β signaling pathway and cerebral ischemia-induced endogenous neurogenesis in rats. Severe cerebral ischemia was produced by the injection of 700 microspheres into the right internal carotid artery of rats. We demonstrated that phosphorylation of GSK-3β at its Ser9 and that of Akt was significantly enhanced on day 7 after the cerebral ischemia, as was the number of NeuroD-positive cells. Treatment with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor decreased the cerebral ischemia-induced phosphorylation of Akt and that of GSK-3β at its Ser9. In addition, as the protein levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were decreased, they might not have been essential for activation of the PI3-K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway after severe cerebral ischemia. Although it remains to be determined what factors activate this pathway, our results suggest that PI3K/Akt-dependent GSK-3β signaling and subsequent expression of NeuroD were involved in the neurogenesis elicited by cerebral ischemia.
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130
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El-Salhy M, Mazzawi T, Umezawa K, Gilja OH. Enteroendocrine cells, stem cells and differentiation progenitors in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1743-1751. [PMID: 27779708 PMCID: PMC5117771 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as well as animal models of human IBD have abnormal enteroendocrine cells. The present study aimed to identify the possible mechanisms underlying these abnormalities. For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups as follows: the control group, the group with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis with no treatment (TNBS group), the group with TNBS-induced colitis treated with 3-[(dodecylthiocarbonyl)-methyl]-glutarimide (DTCM-G; an activator protein-1 inhibitor) (DTCM-G group), and the group with TNBS-induced colitis treated with dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ; a nuclear factor-κB inhibitor) treatment (DHMEQ group). Three days following the administration of TNBS, the rats were treated as follows: those in the control and TNBS groups received 0.5 ml of the vehicle [0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)], those in the DTCM-G group received DTCM-G at 20 mg/kg body weight in 0.5% CMC, and those in the DHMEQ group received DHMEQ at 15 mg/kg body weight in 0.5% CMC. All injections were administered intraperitoneally twice daily for 5 days. The rats were then sacrificed, and tissue samples were taken from the colon. The tissue sections were stained with hemotoxylin-eosin and immunostained for chromogranin A (CgA), serotonin, peptide YY (PYY), oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin, Musashi1 (Msi1), Math1, Neurogenin3 (Neurog3) and NeuroD1. The staining was quantified using image analysis software. The densities of CgA-, PYY-, PP-, Msi1-, Neurog3- and NeuroD1-positive cells were significantly lower in the TNBS group than those in the control group, while those of serotonin-, oxyntomodulin- and somatostatin-positive cells were significantly higher in the TNBS group than those in the control group. Treatment with either DTCM-G or DHMEQ restored the densities of enteroendocrine cells, stem cells and their progenitors to normal levels. It was thus concluded that the abnormalities in enteroendocrine cells and stem cells and their differentiation progenitors may be caused by certain signaling substances produced under inflammatory processes, resulting in changes in hormone expression in enteroendocrine cells. These substances may also interfere with the colonogenic activity and the differentiation of the stem-cell secretory lineage into mature enteroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Helse-Fonna Hospital, 5416 Stord, Norway
| | - Tarek Mazzawi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, School of Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, 480-1195 Aichi, Japan
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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131
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Prasadan K, Shiota C, Xiangwei X, Ricks D, Fusco J, Gittes G. A synopsis of factors regulating beta cell development and beta cell mass. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3623-37. [PMID: 27105622 PMCID: PMC5002366 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-secreting beta cells in the endocrine pancreas regulate blood glucose levels, and loss of functional beta cells leads to insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) and diabetes mellitus. Current treatment strategies for type-1 (autoimmune) diabetes are islet transplantation, which has significant risks and limitations, or normalization of blood glucose with insulin injections, which is clearly not ideal. The type-1 patients can lack insulin counter-regulatory mechanism; therefore, hypoglycemia is a potential risk. Hence, a cell-based therapy offers a better alternative for the treatment of diabetes. Past research was focused on attempting to generate replacement beta cells from stem cells; however, recently there has been an increasing interest in identifying mechanisms that will lead to the conversion of pre-existing differentiated endocrine cells into beta cells. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of several of the key factors that regulate new beta cell formation (neogenesis) and beta cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasadan
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Xiao Xiangwei
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - David Ricks
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Joseph Fusco
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - George Gittes
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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Zhao Y, Shi K, Su X, Xie L, Yan Y. Microcystin-LR induces dysfunction of insulin secretion in rat insulinoma (INS-1) cells: Implications for diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 314:11-21. [PMID: 27107231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most frequent cyanobacterial toxins observed in freshwater systems. Accumulating evidence suggests that MCs pose a serious threat to public health. However, the contributions of the exposure of MCs to the occurrence of human diseases remain largely unknown. This study provides the evidence of the effects of MC-LR on pancreatic β-cell function through the exposure of rat insulinoma (INS-1) cells to 0, 10, 20, or 40μM MC-LR for 72h and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that exposure to MC-LR for 72h suppresses cell viability, disturbs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), and decreases the expression of insulin protein. Moreover, MC-LR disrupts the cell cycle distribution and increases cell apoptosis at 20 or 40μM for 72h, respectively, indicating that the β-cell mass would be decreased by MC-LR exposure. A transcriptomic analysis revealed several key genes (e.g., Pdx-1, Neurod1, and Abcc8) involved in insulin secretion are significantly differentially expressed in INS-1 cells in response to MC-LR exposure. In addition, several signal transduction pathways associated with diabetes (e.g., type 1 and 2 diabetes) were also identified compared with the control cells. We recommend that MC be considered as a new environmental factor that promotes diabetes development. The identified key genes or pathways may potentially contribute to the future therapies in the environmental contaminants induced β-cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Kun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Yunjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Li M, Du A, Xu J, Ma Y, Cao H, Yang C, Yang XD, Xing CG, Chen M, Zhu W, Zhang S, Cao J. Neurogenic differentiation factor NeuroD confers protection against radiation-induced intestinal injury in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30180. [PMID: 27436572 PMCID: PMC4951798 DOI: 10.1038/srep30180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine, is particularly sensitive to radiation, and is prone to radiation-induced injury as a result. Neurogenic differentiation factor (NeuroD) is an evolutionarily-conserved basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. NeuroD contains a protein transduction domain (PTD), which allows it to be exogenously delivered across the membrane of mammalian cells, whereupon its transcription activity can be unleashed. Whether NeuroD has therapeutic effects for radiation-induced injury remains unclear. In the present study, we prepared a NeuroD-EGFP recombinant protein, and explored its protective effects on the survival and intestinal damage induced by ionizing radiation. Our results showed that NeuroD-EGFP could be transduced into small intestine epithelial cells and tissues. NeuroD-EGFP administration significantly increased overall survival of mice exposed to lethal total body irradiation (TBI). This recombinant NeuroD also reduced radiation-induced intestinal mucosal injury and apoptosis, and improved crypt survival. Expression profiling of NeuroD-EGFP-treated mice revealed upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), a known inhibitor of apoptosis in mammalian cells. In conclusion, NeuroD confers protection against radiation-induced intestinal injury, and provides a novel therapeutic clinical option for the prevention of intestinal side effects of radiotherapy and the treatment of victims of incidental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aonan Du
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanchao Ma
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Han Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Chun-Gen Xing
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Gross S, Garofalo DC, Balderes DA, Mastracci TL, Dias JM, Perlmann T, Ericson J, Sussel L. The novel enterochromaffin marker Lmx1a regulates serotonin biosynthesis in enteroendocrine cell lineages downstream of Nkx2.2. Development 2016; 143:2616-28. [PMID: 27287799 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal hormone-producing cells represent the largest endocrine system in the body, but remarkably little is known about enteroendocrine cell type specification in the embryo and adult. We analyzed stage- and cell type-specific deletions of Nkx2.2 and its functional domains in order to characterize its role in the development and maintenance of enteroendocrine cell lineages in the mouse duodenum and colon. Although Nkx2.2 regulates enteroendocrine cell specification in the duodenum at all stages examined, it controls the differentiation of progressively fewer enteroendocrine cell populations when deleted from Ngn3(+) progenitor cells or in the adult duodenum. During embryonic development Nkx2.2 regulates all enteroendocrine cell types, except gastrin and preproglucagon. In developing Ngn3(+) enteroendocrine progenitor cells, Nkx2.2 is not required for the specification of neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, indicating that a subset of these cell populations derive from an Nkx2.2-independent lineage. In adult duodenum, Nkx2.2 becomes dispensable for cholecystokinin and secretin production. In all stages and Nkx2.2 mutant conditions, serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells were the most severely reduced enteroendocrine lineage in the duodenum and colon. We determined that the transcription factor Lmx1a is expressed in enterochromaffin cells and functions downstream of Nkx2.2. Lmx1a-deficient mice have reduced expression of Tph1, the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis. These data clarify the function of Nkx2.2 in the specification and homeostatic maintenance of enteroendocrine populations, and identify Lmx1a as a novel enterochromaffin cell marker that is also essential for the production of the serotonin biosynthetic enzyme Tph1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gross
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana C Garofalo
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dina A Balderes
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa L Mastracci
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - José M Dias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, von Eulers v. 3, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, von Eulers v. 3, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm Branch, Nobels v. 3, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ericson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, von Eulers v. 3, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lori Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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135
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Yang Y, Chan L. Monogenic Diabetes: What It Teaches Us on the Common Forms of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:190-222. [PMID: 27035557 PMCID: PMC4890265 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, more than 30 genes have been linked to monogenic diabetes. Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have identified > 50 susceptibility loci for common type 1 diabetes (T1D) and approximately 100 susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes (T2D). About 1-5% of all cases of diabetes result from single-gene mutations and are called monogenic diabetes. Here, we review the pathophysiological basis of the role of monogenic diabetes genes that have also been found to be associated with common T1D and/or T2D. Variants of approximately one-third of monogenic diabetes genes are associated with T2D, but not T1D. Two of the T2D-associated monogenic diabetes genes-potassium inward-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 (KCNJ11), which controls glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the β-cell; and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG), which impacts multiple tissue targets in relation to inflammation and insulin sensitivity-have been developed as major antidiabetic drug targets. Another monogenic diabetes gene, the preproinsulin gene (INS), is unique in that INS mutations can cause hyperinsulinemia, hyperproinsulinemia, neonatal diabetes mellitus, one type of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY10), and autoantibody-negative T1D. Dominant heterozygous INS mutations are the second most common cause of permanent neonatal diabetes. Moreover, INS gene variants are strongly associated with common T1D (type 1a), but inconsistently with T2D. Variants of the monogenic diabetes gene Gli-similar 3 (GLIS3) are associated with both T1D and T2D. GLIS3 is a key transcription factor in insulin production and β-cell differentiation during embryonic development, which perturbation forms the basis of monogenic diabetes as well as its association with T1D. GLIS3 is also required for compensatory β-cell proliferation in adults; impairment of this function predisposes to T2D. Thus, monogenic forms of diabetes are invaluable "human models" that have contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiological basis of common T1D and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Yang
- Division of Endocrinology (Y.Y.), Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109; and Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Division of Endocrinology (Y.Y.), Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109; and Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (L.C.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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136
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Ren B, Tao C, Swan MA, Joachim N, Martiniello-Wilks R, Nassif NT, O'Brien BA, Simpson AM. Pancreatic Transdifferentiation and Glucose-Regulated Production of Human Insulin in the H4IIE Rat Liver Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:534. [PMID: 27070593 PMCID: PMC4848990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations of current treatment regimes, gene therapy is a promising strategy being explored to correct blood glucose concentrations in diabetic patients. In the current study, we used a retroviral vector to deliver either the human insulin gene alone, the rat NeuroD1 gene alone, or the human insulin gene and rat NeuroD1 genes together, to the rat liver cell line, H4IIE, to determine if storage of insulin and pancreatic transdifferentiation occurred. Stable clones were selected and expanded into cell lines: H4IIEins (insulin gene alone), H4IIE/ND (NeuroD1 gene alone), and H4IIEins/ND (insulin and NeuroD1 genes). The H4IIEins cells did not store insulin; however, H4IIE/ND and H4IIEins/ND cells stored 65.5 ± 5.6 and 1475.4 ± 171.8 pmol/insulin/5 × 106 cells, respectively. Additionally, several β cell transcription factors and pancreatic hormones were expressed in both H4IIE/ND and H4IIEins/ND cells. Electron microscopy revealed insulin storage vesicles in the H4IIE/ND and H4IIEins/ND cell lines. Regulated secretion of insulin to glucose (0–20 mmol/L) was seen in the H4IIEins/ND cell line. The H4IIEins/ND cells were transplanted into diabetic immunoincompetent mice, resulting in normalization of blood glucose. This data shows that the expression of NeuroD1 and insulin in liver cells may be a useful strategy for inducing islet neogenesis and reversing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhai Ren
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Chang Tao
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Margaret Anne Swan
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, 2006 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nichole Joachim
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, 2006 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rosetta Martiniello-Wilks
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Najah T Nassif
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Bronwyn A O'Brien
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ann M Simpson
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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137
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Ağladıoğlu SY, Aycan Z, Çetinkaya S, Baş VN, Önder A, Peltek Kendirci HN, Doğan H, Ceylaner S. Maturity onset diabetes of youth (MODY) in Turkish children: sequence analysis of 11 causative genes by next generation sequencing. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:487-96. [PMID: 26669242 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maturity-onset diabetes of the youth (MODY), is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of diseasesand is often misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate both novel and proven mutations of 11 MODY genes in Turkish children by using targeted next generation sequencing. METHODS A panel of 11 MODY genes were screened in 43 children with MODY diagnosed by clinical criterias. Studies of index cases was done with MISEQ-ILLUMINA, and family screenings and confirmation studies of mutations was done by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS We identified 28 (65%) point mutations among 43 patients. Eighteen patients have GCK mutations, four have HNF1A, one has HNF4A, one has HNF1B, two have NEUROD1, one has PDX1 gene variations and one patient has both HNF1A and HNF4A heterozygote mutations. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study including molecular studies of 11 MODY genes in Turkish children. GCK is the most frequent type of MODY in our study population. Very high frequency of novel mutations (42%) in our study population, supports that in heterogenous disorders like MODY sequence analysis provides rapid, cost effective and accurate genetic diagnosis.
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138
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Kaneto H, Matsuoka TA, Kimura T, Obata A, Shimoda M, Kamei S, Mune T, Kaku K. Appropriate therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in view of pancreatic β-cell glucose toxicity: "the earlier, the better". J Diabetes 2016. [PMID: 26223490 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells secrete insulin when blood glucose levels become high; however, when β-cells are chronically exposed to hyperglycemia, β-cell function gradually deteriorates, which is known as β-cell glucose toxicity. In the diabetic state, nuclear expression of the pancreatic transcription factors pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) and v-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein A (MafA) is decreased. In addition, incretin receptor expression in β-cells is decreased, which is likely involved in the impairment of incretin effects in diabetes. Clinically, it is important to select appropriate therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) so that β-cell function can be preserved. In addition, when appropriate pharmacological interventions against β-cell glucose toxicity are started at the early stages of diabetes, β-cell function is substantially restored, which is not observed if treatment is started at advanced stages. These observations indicate that it is likely that downregulation of pancreatic transcription factors and/or incretin receptors is involved in β-cell dysfunction observed in T2DM and it is very important to start appropriate pharmacological intervention against β-cell glucose toxicity in the early stages of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Taka-Aki Matsuoka
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Kimura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Atsushi Obata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Masashi Shimoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Shinji Kamei
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Tomoatsu Mune
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
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139
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Diabetes Caused by Elastase-Cre-Mediated Pdx1 Inactivation in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21211. [PMID: 26887806 PMCID: PMC4758062 DOI: 10.1038/srep21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine and exocrine pancreas tissues are both derived from the posterior foregut endoderm, however, the interdependence of these two cell types during their formation is not well understood. In this study, we generated mutant mice, in which the exocrine tissue is hypoplastic, in order to reveal a possible requirement for exocrine pancreas tissue in endocrine development and/or function. Since previous studies showed an indispensable role for Pdx1 in pancreas organogenesis, we used Elastase-Cre-mediated recombination to inactivate Pdx1 in the pancreatic exocrine lineage during embryonic stages. Along with exocrine defects, including impaired acinar cell maturation, the mutant mice exhibited substantial endocrine defects, including disturbed tip/trunk patterning of the developing ductal structure, a reduced number of Ngn3-expressing endocrine precursors, and ultimately fewer β cells. Notably, postnatal expansion of the endocrine cell content was extremely poor, and the mutant mice exhibited impaired glucose homeostasis. These findings suggest the existence of an unknown but essential factor(s) in the adjacent exocrine tissue that regulates proper formation of endocrine precursors and the expansion and function of endocrine tissues during embryonic and postnatal stages.
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140
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Zhao Q, Yang Y, Hu J, Shan Z, Wu Y, Lei L. Exendin-4 enhances expression of Neurod1 and Glut2 in insulin-producing cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:199-207. [PMID: 26925137 PMCID: PMC4754381 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.57596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cells involved cell replacement therapies for type 1 diabetes mellitus is promising, yet time-consuming and inefficient. Exendin-4 is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist which has been reported to possess anti-apoptotic effects, thereby increasing β-cell mass and improving β-cell function. The present study aimed to investigate whether exendin-4 would enhance the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into insulin-secreting cells and improve the pancreatic differentiation strategy. MATERIAL AND METHODS R1 embryonic stem cells were treated with different concentrations of exendin-4 and divided into three groups. In the high dosage group (group H), exendin-4 was added at the dosage of 10 nmol/l. In the low dosage group (group L), exendin-4 was added at the dosage of 0.1 nmol/l. Group C was a control. Expression of genes related to the β-cell phenotype and immunofluorescence staining of insulin and C-peptide were detected. RESULTS Compared with groups L and C, group H had the highest mRNA expression levels of Isl1, Pdx1, Ngn3, and Insulin1 (p < 0.05). Neurod1 and Glut2 only emerged at the final stage of differentiation in group H. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that exendin-4 upregulated the protein expression of insulin and C-peptide. CONCLUSIONS Exendin-4 remarkably facilitated Neurod1 and Glut2 gene transcription, and was able to induce differentiation of embryonic stem cells into endocrine and insulin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoshi Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzhi Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyan Shan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanshuang Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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141
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Dusaulcy R, Handgraaf S, Heddad-Masson M, Visentin F, Vesin C, Reimann F, Gribble F, Philippe J, Gosmain Y. α-Cell Dysfunctions and Molecular Alterations in Male Insulinopenic Diabetic Mice Are Not Completely Corrected by Insulin. Endocrinology 2016; 157:536-47. [PMID: 26696123 PMCID: PMC7228809 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon and α-cell dysfunction are critical in the development of hyperglycemia during diabetes both in humans and rodents. We hypothesized that α-cell dysfunction leading to dysregulated glucagon secretion in diabetes is due to both a lack of insulin and intrinsic defects. To characterize α-cell dysfunction in diabetes, we used glucagon-Venus transgenic male mice and induced insulinopenic hyperglycemia by streptozotocin administration leading to alterations of glucagon secretion. We investigated the in vivo impact of insulinopenic hyperglycemia on glucagon-producing cells using FACS-sorted α-cells from control and diabetic mice. We demonstrate that increased glucagonemia in diabetic mice is mainly due to increases of glucagon release and biosynthesis per cell compared with controls without changes in α-cell mass. We identified genes coding for proteins involved in glucagon biosynthesis and secretion, α-cell differentiation, and potential stress markers such as the glucagon, Arx, MafB, cMaf, Brain4, Foxa1, Foxa3, HNF4α, TCF7L2, Glut1, Sglt2, Cav2.1, Cav2.2, Nav1.7, Kir6.2/Sur1, Pten, IR, NeuroD1, GPR40, and Sumo1 genes, which were abnormally regulated in diabetic mice. Importantly, insulin treatment partially corrected α-cell function and expression of genes coding for proglucagon, or involved in glucagon secretion, glucose transport and insulin signaling but not those coding for cMAF, FOXA1, and α-cell differentiation markers as well as GPR40, NEUROD1, CAV2.1, and SUMO1. Our results indicate that insulinopenic diabetes induce marked α-cell dysfunction and molecular alteration, which are only partially corrected by in vivo insulin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Dusaulcy
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Handgraaf
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mounia Heddad-Masson
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Visentin
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Vesin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Franck Reimann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, cambridge, U.K
| | - Fiona Gribble
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, cambridge, U.K
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Gosmain
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes-Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ibarra Urizar A, Friberg J, Christensen DP, Lund Christensen G, Billestrup N. Inflammatory Cytokines Stimulate Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Expression and Release from Pancreatic Beta Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:20-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ibarra Urizar
- Section of Cellular and Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Josefine Friberg
- Section of Cellular and Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Dan Ploug Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gitte Lund Christensen
- Section of Cellular and Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nils Billestrup
- Section of Cellular and Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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143
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Abstract
Lineage tracing studies have revealed that transcription factors play a cardinal role in pancreatic development, differentiation and function. Three transitions define pancreatic organogenesis, differentiation and maturation. In the primary transition, when pancreatic organogenesis is initiated, there is active proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells. During the secondary transition, defined by differentiation, there is growth, branching, differentiation and pancreatic cell lineage allocation. The tertiary transition is characterized by differentiated pancreatic cells that undergo further remodeling, including apoptosis, replication and neogenesis thereby establishing a mature organ. Transcription factors function at multiple levels and may regulate one another and auto-regulate. The interaction between extrinsic signals from non-pancreatic tissues and intrinsic transcription factors form a complex gene regulatory network ultimately culminating in the different cell lineages and tissue types in the developing pancreas. Mutations in these transcription factors clinically manifest as subtypes of diabetes mellitus. Current treatment for diabetes is not curative and thus, developmental biologists and stem cell researchers are utilizing knowledge of normal pancreatic development to explore novel therapeutic alternatives. This review summarizes current knowledge of transcription factors involved in pancreatic development and β-cell differentiation in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Dassaye
- a Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Strini Naidoo
- a Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Marlon E Cerf
- b Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council , Cape Town , South Africa
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Knudsen LA, Petersen N, Schwartz TW, Egerod KL. The MicroRNA Repertoire in Enteroendocrine Cells: Identification of miR-375 as a Potential Regulator of the Enteroendocrine Lineage. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3971-83. [PMID: 26322371 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are crucial for many biological processes, but their role in the enteroendocrine development and differentiation has been neglected due to the elusive nature of the enteroendocrine cells. However, transgenic mice expressing fluorescent reporter proteins under the control of promoters for Cck, Gpr41, and Lgr5, ie, two different enteroendocrine markers and a marker for the stem cells, now enables identification and FACS purification of enteroendocrine cells at different stages of their differentiation along the crypt-villus axis. Surprisingly few of the 746 analyzed miRNAs differed in their expression pattern between enteroendocrine and nonenteroendocrine cells of the gut mucosa and between enteroendocrine cells of the crypt versus the villus. Thus, only let-7g-3p, miR-7b-5p (miR-7b), and miR-375-3p (miR-375) were up-regulated in the enteroendocrine cells of both the crypt and villus compared with nonenteroendocrine cells, and in situ hybridization confirmed colocalization of miR-375 with the enteroendocrine cells. Finally, functional assays using miR-375 inhibitor and mimetic in organoid cultures revealed miR-375 as a potential regulator of the enteroendocrine lineage. Overexpression of miR-375 inhibited enteroendocrine lineage development, whereas inhibition of miR-375 stimulated the development of enteroendocrine cells in vitro. Thus, through an unbiased expression screening of all miRNA, we find very few miRNAs that are differentially expressed in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Of these, miR-375 is found to be both highly expressed and enriched in the enteroendocrine cells. Additionally, miR-375 appears to negatively regulate the development of enteroendocrine cells. Consequently, miR-375 emerges as a potential target to modulate the function of the enteroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina A Knudsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (L.A.K., N.P., T.W.S., K.L.E.) and Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (L.A.K., N.P., T.W.S., K.L.E.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (L.A.K., N.P., T.W.S., K.L.E.) and Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (L.A.K., N.P., T.W.S., K.L.E.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (L.A.K., N.P., T.W.S., K.L.E.) and Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (L.A.K., N.P., T.W.S., K.L.E.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer L Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (L.A.K., N.P., T.W.S., K.L.E.) and Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (L.A.K., N.P., T.W.S., K.L.E.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
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145
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Islet Neogenesis Associated Protein (INGAP) induces the differentiation of an adult human pancreatic ductal cell line into insulin-expressing cells through stepwise activation of key transcription factors for embryonic beta cell development. Differentiation 2015; 90:77-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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146
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Nomoto H, Kondo T, Miyoshi H, Nakamura A, Hida Y, Yamashita KI, Sharma AJ, Atsumi T. Inhibition of Small Maf Function in Pancreatic β-Cells Improves Glucose Tolerance Through the Enhancement of Insulin Gene Transcription and Insulin Secretion. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3570-80. [PMID: 25763640 PMCID: PMC4588816 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The large-Maf transcription factor v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA) has been found to be crucial for insulin transcription and synthesis and for pancreatic β-cell function and maturation. However, insights about the effects of small Maf factors on β-cells are limited. Our goal was to elucidate the function of small-Maf factors on β-cells using an animal model of endogenous small-Maf dysfunction. Transgenic (Tg) mice with β-cell-specific expression of dominant-negative MafK (DN-MafK) experiments, which can suppress the function of all endogenous small-Mafs, were fed a high-fat diet, and their in vivo phenotypes were evaluated. Phenotypic analysis, glucose tolerance tests, morphologic examination of β-cells, and islet experiments were performed. DN-MafK-expressed MIN6 cells were also used for in vitro analysis. The results showed that DN-MafK expression inhibited endogenous small-Maf binding to insulin promoter while increasing MafA binding. DN-MafK Tg mice under high-fat diet conditions showed improved glucose metabolism compared with control mice via incremental insulin secretion, without causing changes in insulin sensitivity or MafA expression. Moreover, up-regulation of insulin and glucokinase gene expression was observed both in vivo and in vitro under DN-MafK expression. We concluded that endogenous small-Maf factors negatively regulates β-cell function by competing for MafA binding, and thus, the inhibition of small-Maf activity can improve β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nomoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology (H.N., T.K., H.M., A.N., Y.H., T.A.), and Department of Transplant Surgery (K.Y.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan 060-8638; Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology (A.J.S.), Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and MedImmune LLC (A.J.S.), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Takuma Kondo
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology (H.N., T.K., H.M., A.N., Y.H., T.A.), and Department of Transplant Surgery (K.Y.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan 060-8638; Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology (A.J.S.), Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and MedImmune LLC (A.J.S.), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Hideaki Miyoshi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology (H.N., T.K., H.M., A.N., Y.H., T.A.), and Department of Transplant Surgery (K.Y.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan 060-8638; Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology (A.J.S.), Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and MedImmune LLC (A.J.S.), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Akinobu Nakamura
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology (H.N., T.K., H.M., A.N., Y.H., T.A.), and Department of Transplant Surgery (K.Y.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan 060-8638; Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology (A.J.S.), Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and MedImmune LLC (A.J.S.), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Yoko Hida
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology (H.N., T.K., H.M., A.N., Y.H., T.A.), and Department of Transplant Surgery (K.Y.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan 060-8638; Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology (A.J.S.), Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and MedImmune LLC (A.J.S.), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Ken-ichiro Yamashita
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology (H.N., T.K., H.M., A.N., Y.H., T.A.), and Department of Transplant Surgery (K.Y.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan 060-8638; Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology (A.J.S.), Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and MedImmune LLC (A.J.S.), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Arun J Sharma
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology (H.N., T.K., H.M., A.N., Y.H., T.A.), and Department of Transplant Surgery (K.Y.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan 060-8638; Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology (A.J.S.), Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and MedImmune LLC (A.J.S.), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology (H.N., T.K., H.M., A.N., Y.H., T.A.), and Department of Transplant Surgery (K.Y.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan 060-8638; Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology (A.J.S.), Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and MedImmune LLC (A.J.S.), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
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147
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McNelis JC, Lee YS, Mayoral R, van der Kant R, Johnson AMF, Wollam J, Olefsky JM. GPR43 Potentiates β-Cell Function in Obesity. Diabetes 2015; 64:3203-17. [PMID: 26023106 PMCID: PMC4542437 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome can regulate host energy homeostasis and the development of metabolic disease. Here we identify GPR43, a receptor for bacterially produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as a modulator of microbiota-host interaction. β-Cell expression of GPR43 and serum levels of acetate, an endogenous SCFA, are increased with a high-fat diet (HFD). HFD-fed GPR43 knockout (KO) mice develop glucose intolerance due to a defect in insulin secretion. In vitro treatment of isolated murine islets, human islets, and Min6 cells with (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)butanamide (PA), a specific agonist of GPR43, increased intracellular inositol triphosphate and Ca(2+) levels, and potentiated insulin secretion in a GPR43-, Gαq-, and phospholipase C-dependent manner. In addition, KO mice fed an HFD displayed reduced β-cell mass and expression of differentiation genes, and the treatment of Min6 cells with PA increased β-cell proliferation and gene expression. Together these findings identify GPR43 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C McNelis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yun Sok Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rafael Mayoral
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrew M F Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Joshua Wollam
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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148
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Shi YC, Loh K, Bensellam M, Lee K, Zhai L, Lau J, Cantley J, Luzuriaga J, Laybutt DR, Herzog H. Pancreatic PYY Is Critical in the Control of Insulin Secretion and Glucose Homeostasis in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3122-36. [PMID: 26125465 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion is tightly controlled through coordinated actions of a number of systemic and local factors. Peptide YY (PYY) is expressed in α-cells of the islet, but its role in control of islet function such as insulin release is not clear. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse model (Pyy(tg/+)/Rip-Cre) overexpressing the Pyy gene under the control of the rat insulin 2 gene promoter and assessed the impact of islet-released PYY on β-cell function, insulin release, and glucose homeostasis in mice. Our results show that up-regulation of PYY in islet β-cells leads to an increase in serum insulin levels as well as improved glucose tolerance. Interestingly, PYY-overproducing mice show increased lean mass and reduced fat mass with no significant changes in food intake or body weight. Energy expenditure is also increased accompanied by increased respiratory exchange ratio. Mechanistically, the enhanced insulin levels and improved glucose tolerance are primarily due to increased β-cell mass and secretion. This is associated with alterations in the expression of genes important for β-cell proliferation and function as well as the maintenance of the β-cell phenotype. Taken together, these data demonstrate that pancreatic islet-derived PYY plays an important role in controlling glucose homeostasis through the modulation of β-cell mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Kim Loh
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Bensellam
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Kailun Lee
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zhai
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Lau
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - James Cantley
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Jude Luzuriaga
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
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149
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Gomez DL, O’Driscoll M, Sheets TP, Hruban RH, Oberholzer J, McGarrigle JJ, Shamblott MJ. Neurogenin 3 Expressing Cells in the Human Exocrine Pancreas Have the Capacity for Endocrine Cell Fate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133862. [PMID: 26288179 PMCID: PMC4545947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenin 3 (NGN3) is necessary and sufficient for endocrine differentiation during pancreatic development and is expressed by a population of progenitor cells that give rise exclusively to hormone-secreting cells within islets. NGN3 protein can be detected in the adult rodent pancreas only following certain types of injury, when it is transiently expressed by exocrine cells undergoing reprogramming to an endocrine cell fate. Here, NGN3 protein can be detected in 2% of acinar and duct cells in living biopsies of histologically normal adult human pancreata and 10% in cadaveric biopsies of organ donor pancreata. The percentage and total number of NGN3+ cells increase during culture without evidence of proliferation or selective cell death. Isolation of highly purified and viable NGN3+ cell populations can be achieved based on coexpression of the cell surface glycoprotein CD133. Transcriptome and targeted expression analyses of isolated CD133+ / NGN3+ cells indicate that they are distinct from surrounding exocrine tissue with respect to expression phenotype and Notch signaling activity, but retain high level mRNA expression of genes indicative of acinar and duct cell function. NGN3+ cells have an mRNA expression profile that resembles that of mouse early endocrine progenitor cells. During in vitro differentiation, NGN3+ cells express genes in a pattern characteristic of endocrine development and result in cells that resemble beta cells on the basis of coexpression of insulin C-peptide, chromogranin A and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1. NGN3 expression in the adult human exocrine pancreas marks a dedifferentiating cell population with the capacity to take on an endocrine cell fate. These cells represent a potential source for the treatment of diabetes either through ex vivo manipulation, or in vivo by targeting mechanisms controlling their population size and endocrine cell fate commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Gomez
- Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Marci O’Driscoll
- Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Sheets
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - James J. McGarrigle
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Shamblott
- Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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150
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Pax4 acts as a key player in pancreas development and plasticity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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