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Abstract
In bacteria, more than half of the genes in the genome are organized in operons. In contrast, in eukaryotes, functionally related genes are usually dispersed across the genome. There are, however, numerous examples of functional clusters of nonhomologous genes for metabolic pathways in fungi and plants. Despite superficial similarities with operons (physical clustering, coordinate regulation), these clusters have not usually originated by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, and (unlike operons) the genes are typically transcribed separately rather than as a single polycistronic message. This clustering phenomenon raises intriguing questions about the origins of clustered metabolic pathways in eukaryotes and the significance of clustering for pathway function. Here we review metabolic gene clusters from fungi and plants, highlight commonalities and differences, and consider how these clusters form and are regulated. We also identify opportunities for future research in the areas of large-scale genomics, synthetic biology, and experimental evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; .,Current affiliation: Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom;
| | - Claudio Scazzocchio
- Department of Microbiology, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; .,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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102
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Paolo D, Bianchi G, Scalzo RL, Morelli CF, Rabuffetti M, Speranza G. The Chemistry behind Tomato Quality. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato is one of the most widely consumed fresh vegetables in the industrialized world and an important source of healthy constituents of the human diet. Despite the unique flavor characteristics of tomatoes, which make them extremely valuable in cooking, and their recognized beneficial role in the diet, the quality of tomato was traditionally only considered in connection to external appearances. As it happened with other highly requested crops, breeding programs of tomato focused their efforts on developing new varieties with higher yields and stress resistance, with better uniformity in fruit size, brighter color and prolonged shelf life. The downside of these strategies was that organoleptic features and nutritional value were often neglected, with a detrimental effect on commercial tomatoes. Over the last years, there has been an increase in consumers’ demand for tasty and healthy products. This aspect, paired with novel and multidisciplinary approaches to tomato research, allowed both sensory and nutritional qualities to be reconsidered as valuable parameters in breeding. In this review we describe the main chemical constituents of tomato, focusing on the flavor compounds (both volatile and non-volatile compounds) and secondary metabolites. Particular attention is paid to their beneficial effects on human health and their relevance to the overall quality of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Paolo
- Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, CREA-IT, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Bianchi
- Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, CREA-IT, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Lo Scalzo
- Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, CREA-IT, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo F. Morelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Rabuffetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
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103
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Comparative Metabolic Phenotyping of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) for the Identification of Metabolic Signatures in Cultivars Differing in Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092558. [PMID: 30158424 PMCID: PMC6163672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important dietary source which contains numerous bioactive phytochemicals. Active breeding programs constantly produce new cultivars possessing superior and desirable traits. However, the underlying molecular signatures that functionally describe these traits are yet to be elucidated. Thus, in this study we used an untargeted metabolomic approach to describe differential metabolic profiles of four cultivars described as having high to intermediate resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. Metabolites were methanol-extracted from leaves, stems and root tissues and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with high definition mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis revealed cultivar-related differential metabolic phenotypes. A total of 41 metabolites were statistically selected and annotated, consisting of amino acids, organic acids, lipids, derivatives of cinnamic acid and benzoic acids, flavonoids and steroidal glycoalkaloids which were especially prominent in the two highly resistant cultivars. Interestingly, the less resistant cultivars had various fatty acid derivatives in root extracts that contributed to the differentiated metabolic signatures. Moreover, the metabolic phenotype of the STAR9008 (8SC) cultivar with intermediate resistance, was characterized by derivatives of cinnamic acids and flavonoids but at lower levels compared to the resistant cultivars. The 8SC cultivar also exhibited a lack of hydroxybenzoic acid biomarkers, which may be attributed to its lower resistance. These metabolic phenotypes provide insights into the differential metabolic signatures underlying the metabolism of these four cultivars, defining their respective phenotypic traits such as their resistance, tolerance or susceptibility to Ralstonia solanacearum.
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104
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Knoch E, Sugawara S, Mori T, Poulsen C, Fukushima A, Harholt J, Fujimoto Y, Umemoto N, Saito K. Third DWF1 paralog in Solanaceae, sterol Δ 24-isomerase, branches withanolide biosynthesis from the general phytosterol pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8096-E8103. [PMID: 30082386 PMCID: PMC6112714 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807482115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A large part of chemodiversity of plant triterpenes is due to the modification of their side chains. Reduction or isomerization of double bonds in the side chains is often an important step for the diversification of triterpenes, although the enzymes involved are not fully understood. Withanolides are a large group of structurally diverse C28 steroidal lactones derived from 24-methylenecholesterol. These compounds are found in the Indian medicinal plant Withania somnifera, also known as ashwagandha, and other members of the Solanaceae. The pathway for withanolide biosynthesis is unknown, preventing sustainable production via white biotechnology and downstream pharmaceutical usages. In the present study, based on genome and transcriptome data we have identified a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of withanolides: a DWF1 paralog encoding a sterol Δ24-isomerase (24ISO). 24ISO originated from DWF1 after two subsequent duplication events in Solanoideae plants. Withanolides and 24ISO appear only in the medicinal plants in the Solanoideae, not in crop plants such as potato and tomato, indicating negative selection during domestication. 24ISO is a unique isomerase enzyme evolved from a reductase and as such has maintained the FAD-binding oxidoreductase structure and requirement for NADPH. Using phylogenetic, metabolomic, and gene expression analysis in combination with heterologous expression and virus-induced gene silencing, we showed that 24ISO catalyzes the conversion of 24-methylenecholesterol to 24-methyldesmosterol. We propose that this catalytic step is the committing step in withanolide biosynthesis, opening up elucidation of the whole pathway and future larger-scale sustainable production of withanolides and related compounds with pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knoch
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Sugawara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Fukushima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinori Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan;
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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105
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Shinde BA, Dholakia BB, Hussain K, Aharoni A, Giri AP, Kamble AC. WRKY1 acts as a key component improving resistance against Alternaria solani in wild tomato, Solanum arcanum Peralta. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1502-1513. [PMID: 29377467 PMCID: PMC6041441 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early blight (EB), caused by Alternaria solani, is a major threat to global tomato production. In comparison with cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a wild relative, S. arcanum exhibits strong resistance against EB. However, molecular cascades operating during EB resistance in wild or cultivated tomato plants are largely obscure. Here, we provide novel insight into spatio-temporal molecular events in S. arcanum against A. solani. Transcriptome and co-expression analysis presented 33-WRKYs as promising candidates of which 12 SaWRKYs displayed differential expression patterns in resistant and susceptible accessions during EB disease progression. Among these, SaWRKY1 exhibited induced expression with significant modulation in xyloglucan endotrans hydrolase 5 (XTH5) and MYB2 expressions that correlated with the disease phenotypes. Electro-mobility shift assay confirmed physical interaction of recombinant SaWRKY1 to SaXTH5 and SaMYB2 promoters. Comparative WRKY1 promoter analysis between resistant and susceptible plants revealed the presence of crucial motifs for defence mechanism exclusively in resistant accession. Additionally, many defence-related genes displayed significant expression variations in both the accessions. Further, WRKY1 overexpressing transgenic plants exhibited higher levels of EB resistance while RNAi silencing lines had increased susceptibility to A. solani with altered expression of XTH5 and MYB2. Overall, these findings demonstrate the positive influence of WRKY1 in improving EB resistance in wild tomato and this could be further utilized as a potential target through genetic engineering to augment protection against A. solani in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkrishna A. Shinde
- Department of BotanySavitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune)PuneIndia
- Division of Biochemical SciencesPlant Molecular Biology UnitCSIR‐National Chemical LaboratoryPuneIndia
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Bhushan B. Dholakia
- Division of Biochemical SciencesPlant Molecular Biology UnitCSIR‐National Chemical LaboratoryPuneIndia
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of BotanySavitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune)PuneIndia
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Division of Biochemical SciencesPlant Molecular Biology UnitCSIR‐National Chemical LaboratoryPuneIndia
| | - Avinash C. Kamble
- Department of BotanySavitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune)PuneIndia
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106
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Feldberg L, Dong Y, Heinig U, Rogachev I, Aharoni A. DLEMMA-MS-Imaging for Identification of Spatially Localized Metabolites and Metabolic Network Map Reconstruction. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10231-10238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liron Feldberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yonghui Dong
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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107
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Hameed A, Zaidi SSEA, Shakir S, Mansoor S. Applications of New Breeding Technologies for Potato Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:925. [PMID: 30008733 PMCID: PMC6034203 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The first decade of genetic engineering primarily focused on quantitative crop improvement. With the advances in technology, the focus of agricultural biotechnology has shifted toward both quantitative and qualitative crop improvement, to deal with the challenges of food security and nutrition. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a solanaceous food crop having potential to feed the populating world. It can provide more carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins per unit area of land as compared to other potential food crops, and is the major staple food in many developing countries. These aspects have driven the scientific attention to engineer potato for nutrition improvement, keeping the yield unaffected. Several studies have shown the improved nutritional value of potato tubers, for example by enhancing Amaranth Albumin-1 seed protein content, vitamin C content, β-carotene level, triacylglycerol, tuber methionine content, and amylose content, etc. Removal of anti-nutritional compounds like steroidal glycoalkaloids, acrylamide and food toxins is another research priority for scientists and breeders to improve potato tuber quality. Trait improvement using genetic engineering mostly involved the generation of transgenic products. The commercialization of these engineered products has been a challenge due to consumer preference and regulatory/ethical restrictions. In this context, new breeding technolgies like TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nucleases) and CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9) have been employed to generate transgene-free products in a more precise, prompt and effective way. Moreover, the availability of potato genome sequence and efficient potato transformation systems have remarkably facilitated potato genetic engineering. Here we summarize the potato trait improvement and potential application of new breeding technologies (NBTs) to genetically improve the overall agronomic profile of potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hameed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shan-e-Ali Zaidi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sara Shakir
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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108
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Ogawara H. Comparison of Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: Learning from Various Kingdoms. Molecules 2018; 23:E1476. [PMID: 29912169 PMCID: PMC6100412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, especially antibiotic resistance, is a growing threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is significant to know precisely the mechanisms of drug resistance and/or self-resistance in various kingdoms, from bacteria through plants to animals, once more. This review compares the molecular mechanisms of the resistance against phycotoxins, toxins from marine and terrestrial animals, plants and fungi, and antibiotics. The results reveal that each kingdom possesses the characteristic features. The main mechanisms in each kingdom are transporters/efflux pumps in phycotoxins, mutation and modification of targets and sequestration in marine and terrestrial animal toxins, ABC transporters and sequestration in plant toxins, transporters in fungal toxins, and various or mixed mechanisms in antibiotics. Antibiotic producers in particular make tremendous efforts for avoiding suicide, and are more flexible and adaptable to the changes of environments. With these features in mind, potential alternative strategies to overcome these resistance problems are discussed. This paper will provide clues for solving the issues of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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109
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Nakayasu M, Shioya N, Shikata M, Thagun C, Abdelkareem A, Okabe Y, Ariizumi T, Arimura GI, Mizutani M, Ezura H, Hashimoto T, Shoji T. JRE4 is a master transcriptional regulator of defense-related steroidal glycoalkaloids in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:975-990. [PMID: 29569783 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are specialized anti-nutritional metabolites that accumulate in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Solanum tuberosum (potato). A series of SGA biosynthetic genes is known to be upregulated in Solanaceae species by jasmonate-responsive Ethylene Response Factor transcription factors, including JRE4 (otherwise known as GAME9), but the exact regulatory significance in planta of each factor has remained unaddressed. Here, via TILLING-based screening of an EMS-mutagenized tomato population, we isolated a JRE4 loss-of-function line that carries an amino acid residue missense change in a region of the protein important for DNA binding. In this jre4 mutant, we observed downregulated expression of SGA biosynthetic genes and decreased SGA accumulation. Moreover, JRE4 overexpression stimulated SGA production. Further characterization of jre4 plants revealed their increased susceptibility to the generalist herbivore Spodoptera litura larvae. This susceptibility illustrates that herbivory resistance is dependent on JRE4-mediated defense responses, which include SGA accumulation. Ethylene treatment attenuated the jasmonate-mediated JRE4 expression induction and downstream SGA biosynthesis in tomato leaves and hairy roots. Overall, this study indicated that JRE4 functions as a primary master regulator of SGA biosynthesis, and thereby contributes toward plant defense against chewing insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakayasu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Shioya
- Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Shikata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chonprakun Thagun
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Ayman Abdelkareem
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Arimura
- Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Shoji
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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110
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Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase governs steroidal specialized metabolites structural diversity and toxicity in the genus Solanum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5419-E5428. [PMID: 29784829 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804835115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of specialized, steroidal metabolites are found in a wide spectrum of plants. These include the steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), produced primarily by most species of the genus Solanum, and metabolites belonging to the steroidal saponins class that are widespread throughout the plant kingdom. SGAs play a protective role in plants and have potent activity in mammals, including antinutritional effects in humans. The presence or absence of the double bond at the C-5,6 position (unsaturated and saturated, respectively) creates vast structural diversity within this metabolite class and determines the degree of SGA toxicity. For many years, the elimination of the double bond from unsaturated SGAs was presumed to occur through a single hydrogenation step. In contrast to this prior assumption, here, we show that the tomato GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM25 (GAME25), a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, catalyzes the first of three prospective reactions required to reduce the C-5,6 double bond in dehydrotomatidine to form tomatidine. The recombinant GAME25 enzyme displayed 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5,4 isomerase activity not only on diverse steroidal alkaloid aglycone substrates but also on steroidal saponin aglycones. Notably, GAME25 down-regulation rerouted the entire tomato SGA repertoire toward the dehydro-SGAs branch rather than forming the typically abundant saturated α-tomatine derivatives. Overexpressing the tomato GAME25 in the tomato plant resulted in significant accumulation of α-tomatine in ripe fruit, while heterologous expression in cultivated eggplant generated saturated SGAs and atypical saturated steroidal saponin glycosides. This study demonstrates how a single scaffold modification of steroidal metabolites in plants results in extensive structural diversity and modulation of product toxicity.
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111
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Abstract
More understanding of the risk-benefit effect of the glycoalkaloid tomatine is required to be able to estimate the role it might play in our diet. In this work, we focused on effects towards intestinal epithelial cells based on a Caco-2 model in order to analyze the influence on the cell monolayer integrity and on the expression levels of genes involved in cholesterol/sterol biosynthesis (LDLR), lipid metabolism (NR2F2), glucose and amino acid uptake (SGLT1, PAT1), cell cycle (PCNA, CDKN1A), apoptosis (CASP-3, BMF, KLF6), tight junctions (CLDN4, OCLN2) and cytokine-mediated signaling (IL-8, IL1β, TSLP, TNF-α). Furthermore, since the bioactivity of the compound might vary in the presence of a food matrix and following digestion, the influence of both pure tomatine and in vitro digested tomatine with and without tomato fruit matrix was studied. The obtained results suggested that concentrations <20 µg/mL of tomatine, either undigested or in vitro digested, do not compromise the viability of Caco-2 cells and stimulate cytokine expression. This effect of tomatine, in vitro digested tomatine or in vitro digested tomatine with tomato matrix differs slightly, probably due to variations of bioactivity or bioavailability of the tomatine. The results lead to the hypothesis that tomatine acts as hormetic compound that can induce beneficial or risk toxic effects whether used in low or high dose.
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112
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Singh G, Dhar YV, Asif MH, Misra P. Exploring the functional significance of sterol glycosyltransferase enzymes. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 69:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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113
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Wang CC, Meng LH, Gao Y, Grierson D, Fu DQ. Manipulation of Light Signal Transduction Factors as a Means of Modifying Steroidal Glycoalkaloids Accumulation in Tomato Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:437. [PMID: 29706975 PMCID: PMC5906708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived specialized metabolites produced by Solanaceous plant species. They contribute to pathogen defense but are considered as anti-nutritional compounds and toxic to humans. Although the genes involved in the SGA biosynthetic pathway have been successfully cloned and identified, transcription factors regulating this pathway are still poorly understood. We report that silencing tomato light signal transduction transcription factors ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (SlHY5) and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR3 (SlPIF3), by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), altered glycoalkaloids levels in tomato leaves compared to control plant. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis confirmed that SlHY5 and SlPIF3 bind to the promoter of target genes of GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM (GAME1, GAME4, GAME17), affecting the steady-state concentrations of transcripts coding for SGA pathway enzymes. The results indicate that light-signaling transcription factors HY5 and PIF3 regulate the abundance of SGAs by modulating the transcript levels of these GAME genes. This insight into the regulation of SGA biosynthesis can be used for manipulating the level of these metabolites in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-cui Wang
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-huan Meng
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Da-qi Fu
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Da-qi Fu
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114
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Nadakuduti SS, Buell CR, Voytas DF, Starker CG, Douches DS. Genome Editing for Crop Improvement - Applications in Clonally Propagated Polyploids With a Focus on Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1607. [PMID: 30483283 PMCID: PMC6243044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome-editing has revolutionized biology. When coupled with a recently streamlined regulatory process by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the potential to generate transgene-free varieties, genome-editing provides a new avenue for crop improvement. For heterozygous, polyploid and vegetatively propagated crops such as cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum Group Tuberosum L., genome-editing presents tremendous opportunities for trait improvement. In potato, traits such as improved resistance to cold-induced sweetening, processing efficiency, herbicide tolerance, modified starch quality and self-incompatibility have been targeted utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN reagents in diploid and tetraploid clones. However, limited progress has been made in other such crops including sweetpotato, strawberry, grapes, citrus, banana etc., In this review we summarize the developments in genome-editing platforms, delivery mechanisms applicable to plants and then discuss the recent developments in regulation of genome-edited crops in the United States and The European Union. Next, we provide insight into the challenges of genome-editing in clonally propagated polyploid crops, their current status for trait improvement with future prospects focused on potato, a global food security crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Swathi Nadakuduti
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Satya Swathi Nadakuduti, David S. Douches,
| | - C. Robin Buell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- AgBioResearch – Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Daniel F. Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Colby G. Starker
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - David S. Douches
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- AgBioResearch – Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Satya Swathi Nadakuduti, David S. Douches,
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Foerster H, Bombarely A, Battey JND, Sierro N, Ivanov NV, Mueller LA. SolCyc: a database hub at the Sol Genomics Network (SGN) for the manual curation of metabolic networks in Solanum and Nicotiana specific databases. Database (Oxford) 2018; 2018:4995113. [PMID: 29762652 PMCID: PMC5946812 DOI: 10.1093/database/bay035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Database URL https://solgenomics.net/tools/solcyc/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Foerster
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1801, USA
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - James N D Battey
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 6, Neuchâtel CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 6, Neuchâtel CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 6, Neuchâtel CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1801, USA
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116
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Wang CC, Sulli M, Fu DQ. The role of phytochromes in regulating biosynthesis of sterol glycoalkaloid in eggplant leaves. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189481. [PMID: 29236780 PMCID: PMC5728552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoalkaloids are toxic compounds that are synthesized by many Solanum species. Glycoalkaloid biosynthesis is influenced by plant genetic and environmental conditions. Although many studies have shown that light is an important factor affecting glycoalkaloid biosynthesis, the specific mechanism is currently unknown. Chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis depend on light signal transduction and share some intermediate metabolites with the glycoalkaloid biosynthetic pathway. Here, we used virus-induced gene silencing to silence genes encoding phytoene desaturase (PDS) and magnesium chelatase (CHLI and CHLH) to reduce chlorophyll and carotenoid levels in eggplant leaves. Quantification of carotenoid and chlorophyll levels is analyzed by LC/PDA/APCI/MS and semipolar metabolite profiling by LC/HESI/MS. Notably, the resulting lines showed decreases in glycoalkaloid production. We further found that the expression of some genes involved in the production of glycoalkaloids and other metabolites were suppressed in these silenced lines. Our results indicate that photosynthetic pigment accumulation affects steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in eggplant leaves. This finding lays the foundation for reducing the levels of endogenous antinutritional compounds in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Wang
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Maria Sulli
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development, Roma, Italy
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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117
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Paudel JR, Davidson C, Song J, Maxim I, Aharoni A, Tai HH. Pathogen and Pest Responses Are Altered Due to RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 4 in Solanum tuberosum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:876-885. [PMID: 28786312 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0033-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are major secondary metabolites constitutively produced in cultivated potato Solanum tuberosum, and α-solanine and α-chaconine are the most abundant SGAs. SGAs are toxic to humans at high levels but their role in plant protection against pests and pathogens is yet to be established. In this study, levels of SGAs in potato were reduced by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 4 (GAME4)-a gene encoding cytochrome P450, involved in an oxidation step in the conversion of cholesterol to SGA aglycones. Two GAME4 RNAi lines, T8 and T9, were used to investigate the effects of manipulation of the SGA biosynthetic pathway in potato. Growth and development of an insect pest, Colorado potato beetle (CPB), were affected in these lines. While no effect on CPB leaf consumption or weight gain was observed, early instar larval death and accelerated development of the insect was found while feeding on leaves of GAME4 RNAi lines. Modulation of SGA biosynthetic pathway in GAME4 RNAi plants was associated with a larger alteration to the metabolite profile, including increased levels of one or both the steroidal saponins or phytoecdysteroids, which could affect insect mortality as well as development time. Colonization by Verticillium dahliae on GAME4 RNAi plants was also tested. There were increased pathogen levels in the T8 GAME4 RNAi line but not in the T9. Metabolite differences between T8 and T9 were found and may have contributed to differences in V. dahliae infection. Drought responses created by osmotic stress were not affected by modulation of SGA biosynthetic pathway in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamuna Risal Paudel
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Charlotte Davidson
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Jun Song
- 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | | | - Asaph Aharoni
- 4 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Helen H Tai
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Fredericton, NB, Canada
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118
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Shinde BA, Dholakia BB, Hussain K, Panda S, Meir S, Rogachev I, Aharoni A, Giri AP, Kamble AC. Dynamic metabolic reprogramming of steroidal glycol-alkaloid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis may impart early blight resistance in wild tomato (Solanum arcanum Peralta). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:411-423. [PMID: 28980117 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exploration with high throughput leaf metabolomics along with functional genomics in wild tomato unreveal potential role of steroidal glyco-alkaloids and phenylpropanoids during early blight resistance. Alternaria solani severely affects tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield causing early blight (EB) disease in tropical environment. Wild relative, Solanum arcanum Peralta could be a potential source of EB resistance; however, its underlying molecular mechanism largely remains unexplored. Hence, non-targeted metabolomics was applied on resistant and susceptible S. arcanum accessions upon A. solani inoculation to unravel metabolic dynamics during different stages of disease progression. Total 2047 potential metabolite peaks (mass signals) were detected of which 681 and 684 metabolites revealed significant modulation and clear differentiation in resistant and susceptible accessions, respectively. Majority of the EB-triggered metabolic changes were active from steroidal glycol-alkaloid (SGA), lignin and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Further, biochemical and gene expression analyses of key enzymes from these pathways positively correlated with phenotypic variation in the S. arcanum accessions indicating their potential role in EB. Additionally, transcription factors regulating lignin biosynthesis were also up-regulated in resistant plants and electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed sequence-specific binding of rSaWRKY1 with MYB20 promoter. Moreover, transcript accumulation of key genes from phenylpropanoid and SGA pathways along with WRKY and MYB in WRKY1 transgenic tomato lines supported above findings. Overall, this study highlights vital roles of SGAs as phytoalexins and phenylpropanoids along with lignin accumulation unrevealing possible mechanistic basis of EB resistance in wild tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkrishna A Shinde
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology Unit, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bhushan B Dholakia
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology Unit, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Sayantan Panda
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology Unit, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India.
| | - Avinash C Kamble
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
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119
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Nakayasu M, Umemoto N, Ohyama K, Fujimoto Y, Lee HJ, Watanabe B, Muranaka T, Saito K, Sugimoto Y, Mizutani M. A Dioxygenase Catalyzes Steroid 16α-Hydroxylation in Steroidal Glycoalkaloid Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:120-133. [PMID: 28754839 PMCID: PMC5580751 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are toxic specialized metabolites that are found in the Solanaceae. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) contains the SGAs α-solanine and α-chaconine, while tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) contains α-tomatine, all of which are biosynthesized from cholesterol. However, although two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases that catalyze the 22- and 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol have been identified, the 16-hydroxylase remains unknown. Feeding with deuterium-labeled cholesterol indicated that the 16α- and 16β-hydrogen atoms of cholesterol were eliminated to form α-solanine and α-chaconine in potato, while only the 16α-hydrogen atom was eliminated in α-tomatine biosynthesis, suggesting that a single oxidation at C-16 takes place during tomato SGA biosynthesis while a two-step oxidation occurs in potato. Here, we show that a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, designated as 16DOX, is involved in SGA biosynthesis. We found that the transcript of potato 16DOX (St16DOX) was expressed at high levels in the tuber sprouts, where large amounts of SGAs are accumulated. Biochemical analysis of the recombinant St16DOX protein revealed that St16DOX catalyzes the 16α-hydroxylation of hydroxycholesterols and that (22S)-22,26-dihydroxycholesterol was the best substrate among the nine compounds tested. St16DOX-silenced potato plants contained significantly lower levels of SGAs, and a detailed metabolite analysis revealed that they accumulated the glycosides of (22S)-22,26-dihydroxycholesterol. Analysis of the tomato 16DOX (Sl16DOX) gene gave essentially the same results. These findings clearly indicate that 16DOX is a steroid 16α-hydroxylase that functions in the SGA biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, St16DOX silencing did not affect potato tuber yield, indicating that 16DOX may be a suitable target for controlling toxic SGA levels in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakayasu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hyoung Jae Lee
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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120
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Dahlin P, Müller MC, Ekengren S, McKee LS, Bulone V. The Impact of Steroidal Glycoalkaloids on the Physiology of Phytophthora infestans, the Causative Agent of Potato Late Blight. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:531-542. [PMID: 28510502 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-16-0186-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are plant secondary metabolites known to be toxic to animals and humans and that have putative roles in defense against pests. The proposed mechanisms of SGA toxicity are sterol-mediated disruption of membranes and inhibition of cholinesterase activity in neurons. It has been suggested that phytopathogenic microorganisms can overcome SGA toxicity by enzymatic deglycosylation of SGAs. Here, we have explored SGA-mediated toxicity toward the invasive oomycete Phytophthora infestans, the causative agent of the late blight disease in potato and tomato, as well as the potential for SGA deglycosylation by this species. Our growth studies indicate that solanidine, the nonglycosylated precursor of the potato SGAs α-chaconine and α-solanine, has a greater physiological impact than its glycosylated forms. All of these compounds were incorporated into the mycelium, but only solanidine could strongly inhibit the growth of P. infestans in liquid culture. Genes encoding several glycoside hydrolases with potential activity on SGAs were identified in the genome of P. infestans and were shown to be expressed. However, we found no indication that deglycosylation of SGAs takes place. We present additional evidence for apparent host-specific adaptation to potato SGAs and assess all results in terms of future pathogen management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dahlin
- 1 Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- 2 Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marion C Müller
- 1 Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- 2 Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Ekengren
- 1 Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- 2 Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauren S McKee
- 1 Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- 3 Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Vincent Bulone
- 1 Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- 4 ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
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121
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Jasmonate-induced biosynthesis of steroidal glycoalkaloids depends on COI1 proteins in tomato. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:206-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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122
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Nakabayashi R, Hashimoto K, Toyooka K, Saito K. Top-down Metabolomic Approaches for Nitrogen-Containing Metabolites. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2698-2703. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for
Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kei Hashimoto
- RIKEN Center for
Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for
Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for
Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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123
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Ramirez-Estrada K, Castillo N, Lara JA, Arró M, Boronat A, Ferrer A, Altabella T. Tomato UDP-Glucose Sterol Glycosyltransferases: A Family of Developmental and Stress Regulated Genes that Encode Cytosolic and Membrane-Associated Forms of the Enzyme. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28649260 PMCID: PMC5465953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) catalyze the glycosylation of the free hydroxyl group at C-3 position of sterols to produce sterol glycosides. Glycosylated sterols and free sterols are primarily located in cell membranes where in combination with other membrane-bound lipids play a key role in modulating their properties and functioning. In contrast to most plant species, those of the genus Solanum contain very high levels of glycosylated sterols, which in the case of tomato may account for more than 85% of the total sterol content. In this study, we report the identification and functional characterization of the four members of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) SGT gene family. Expression of recombinant SlSGT proteins in E. coli cells and N. benthamiana leaves demonstrated the ability of the four enzymes to glycosylate different sterol species including cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol, which is consistent with the occurrence in their primary structure of the putative steroid-binding domain found in steroid UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and the UDP-sugar binding domain characteristic for a superfamily of nucleoside diphosphosugar glycosyltransferases. Subcellular localization studies based on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and cell fractionation analyses revealed that the four tomato SGTs, like the Arabidopsis SGTs UGT80A2 and UGT80B1, localize into the cytosol and the PM, although there are clear differences in their relative distribution between these two cell fractions. The SlSGT genes have specialized but still largely overlapping expression patterns in different organs of tomato plants and throughout the different stages of fruit development and ripening. Moreover, they are differentially regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. SlSGT4 expression increases markedly in response to osmotic, salt, and cold stress, as well as upon treatment with abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate. Stress-induced SlSGT2 expression largely parallels that of SlSGT4. On the contrary, SlSGT1 and SlSGT3 expression remains almost unaltered under the tested stress conditions. Overall, this study contributes to broaden the current knowledge on plant SGTs and provides support to the view that tomato SGTs play overlapping but not completely redundant biological functions involved in mediating developmental and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Ramirez-Estrada
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB)Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nídia Castillo
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB)Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan A. Lara
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB)Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monserrat Arró
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB)Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB)Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB)Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Teresa Altabella, Albert Ferrer,
| | - Teresa Altabella
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB)Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Teresa Altabella, Albert Ferrer,
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124
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Sun W, Wang B, Yang J, Wang W, Liu A, Leng L, Xiang L, Song C, Chen S. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis of the Dioscin Rich Medicinal Plant Dioscorea nipponica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:789. [PMID: 28638386 PMCID: PMC5461258 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dioscorea contains critically important species which can be used as staple foods or sources of bioactive substances, including Dioscorea nipponica, which has been used to develop highly successful drugs to treat cardiovascular disease. Its major active ingredients are thought to be sterol compounds such as diosgenin, which has been called "medicinal gold" because of its valuable properties. However, reliance on naturally growing plants as a production system limits the potential use of D. nipponica, raising interest in engineering metabolic pathways to enhance the production of secondary metabolites. However, the biosynthetic pathway of diosgenin is still poorly understood, and D. nipponica is poorly characterized at a molecular level, hindering in-depth investigation. In the present work, the RNAs from five organs and seven methyl jasmonate treated D. nipponica rhizomes were sequenced using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform, yielding 52 gigabases of data, which were pooled and assembled into a reference transcriptome. Four hundred and eighty two genes were found to be highly expressed in the rhizomes, and these genes are mainly involved in stress response and transcriptional regulation. Based on their expression patterns, 36 genes were selected for further investigation as candidate genes involved in dioscin biosynthesis. Constructing co-expression networks based on significant changes in gene expression revealed 15 gene modules. Of these, four modules with properties correlating to dioscin regulation and biosynthesis, consisting of 4,665 genes in total, were selected for further functional investigation. These results improve our understanding of dioscin biosynthesis in this important medicinal plant and will help guide more intensive investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- Hubei Institute for Food and Drug ControlWuhan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Liang Leng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Chi Song
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chi Song, Shilin Chen,
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chi Song, Shilin Chen,
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125
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Sonawane PD, Pollier J, Panda S, Szymanski J, Massalha H, Yona M, Unger T, Malitsky S, Arendt P, Pauwels L, Almekias-Siegl E, Rogachev I, Meir S, Cárdenas PD, Masri A, Petrikov M, Schaller H, Schaffer AA, Kamble A, Giri AP, Goossens A, Aharoni A. Plant cholesterol biosynthetic pathway overlaps with phytosterol metabolism. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 3:16205. [PMID: 28005066 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The amount of cholesterol made by many plants is not negligible. Whereas cholesterogenesis in animals was elucidated decades ago, the plant pathway has remained enigmatic. Among other roles, cholesterol is a key precursor for thousands of bioactive plant metabolites, including the well-known Solanum steroidal glycoalkaloids. Integrating tomato transcript and protein co-expression data revealed candidate genes putatively associated with cholesterol biosynthesis. A combination of functional assays including gene silencing, examination of recombinant enzyme activity and yeast mutant complementation suggests the cholesterol pathway comprises 12 enzymes acting in 10 steps. It appears that half of the cholesterogenesis-specific enzymes evolved through gene duplication and divergence from phytosterol biosynthetic enzymes, whereas others act reciprocally in both cholesterol and phytosterol metabolism. Our findings provide a unique example of nature's capacity to exploit existing protein folds and catalytic machineries from primary metabolism to assemble a new, multi-step metabolic pathway. Finally, the engineering of a 'high-cholesterol' model plant underscores the future value of our gene toolbox to produce high-value steroidal compounds via synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Jedrzej Szymanski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- School of Computer Sciences and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hassan Massalha
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Meital Yona
- Israel Structural Proteomics Centre, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tamar Unger
- Israel Structural Proteomics Centre, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Efrat Almekias-Siegl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Pablo D Cárdenas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Athar Masri
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Marina Petrikov
- Department of Vegetable Research, ARO-Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS &Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Arthur A Schaffer
- Department of Vegetable Research, ARO-Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Avinash Kamble
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Lelario F, Labella C, Napolitano G, Scrano L, Bufo SA. Fragmentation study of major spirosolane-type glycoalkaloids by collision-induced dissociation linear ion trap and infrared multiphoton dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2395-2406. [PMID: 27593526 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glycoalkaloids play a key role in the plant protection system against phytopathogens including fungi, viruses, bacteria, insects and worms. They can be toxic to humans if consumed in high concentrations causing gastrointestinal disturbances. METHODS The structural characterization of the major spirosolane glycoalkaloids, solasonine, solamargine, α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine, were investigated by positive electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with a hybrid linear ion trap (LIT) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of spirosolane glycoalkaloids was performed by both collision-induced dissociation (CID) within the LIT and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) in conjunction with the FTICR cell. RESULTS Several common product ions were observed, generated by losses of the sugar moiety or aglycone fragmentation in the B- or E-ring, that can provide information on the accurate mass of aglycone and the primary sequence and branching of the oligosaccharide chains. Thanks to the multistage CID it was possible to understand the fragmentation pathways and thanks to the high resolution of IRMPD-FTICR the elemental compositions of product ions were obtained. CONCLUSIONS Because the investigated tandem mass spectra data were acquired with high mass accuracy, unambiguous interpretation and determination of the chemical compositions for the majority of detected fragment ions were feasible. From these data, generalized fragmentation pathways were proposed, providing guidance for the characterization of unknown glycoalkaloids in plants. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lelario
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
| | - C Labella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - G Napolitano
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - L Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - S A Bufo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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127
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Li D, Heiling S, Baldwin IT, Gaquerel E. Illuminating a plant's tissue-specific metabolic diversity using computational metabolomics and information theory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7610-E7618. [PMID: 27821729 PMCID: PMC5127351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610218113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolite diversity is considered an important fitness determinant for plants' biotic and abiotic interactions in nature. This diversity can be examined in two dimensions. The first one considers metabolite diversity across plant species. A second way of looking at this diversity is by considering the tissue-specific localization of pathways underlying secondary metabolism within a plant. Although these cross-tissue metabolite variations are increasingly regarded as important readouts of tissue-level gene function and regulatory processes, they have rarely been comprehensively explored by nontargeted metabolomics. As such, important questions have remained superficially addressed. For instance, which tissues exhibit prevalent signatures of metabolic specialization? Reciprocally, which metabolites contribute most to this tissue specialization in contrast to those metabolites exhibiting housekeeping characteristics? Here, we explore tissue-level metabolic specialization in Nicotiana attenuata, an ecological model with rich secondary metabolism, by combining tissue-wide nontargeted mass spectral data acquisition, information theory analysis, and tandem MS (MS/MS) molecular networks. This analysis was conducted for two different methanolic extracts of 14 tissues and deconvoluted 895 nonredundant MS/MS spectra. Using information theory analysis, anthers were found to harbor the most specialized metabolome, and most unique metabolites of anthers and other tissues were annotated through MS/MS molecular networks. Tissue-metabolite association maps were used to predict tissue-specific gene functions. Predictions for the function of two UDP-glycosyltransferases in flavonoid metabolism were confirmed by virus-induced gene silencing. The present workflow allows biologists to amortize the vast amount of data produced by modern MS instrumentation in their quest to understand gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Heiling
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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128
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Shahaf N, Rogachev I, Heinig U, Meir S, Malitsky S, Battat M, Wyner H, Zheng S, Wehrens R, Aharoni A. The WEIZMASS spectral library for high-confidence metabolite identification. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12423. [PMID: 27571918 PMCID: PMC5013563 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Annotation of metabolites is an essential, yet problematic, aspect of mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics assays. The current repertoire of definitive annotations of metabolite spectra in public MS databases is limited and suffers from lack of chemical and taxonomic diversity. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of the data prevents the development of universally applicable metabolite annotation tools. Here we present a combined experimental and computational platform to advance this key issue in metabolomics. WEIZMASS is a unique reference metabolite spectral library developed from high-resolution MS data acquired from a structurally diverse set of 3,540 plant metabolites. We also present MatchWeiz, a multi-module strategy using a probabilistic approach to match library and experimental data. This strategy allows efficient and high-confidence identification of dozens of metabolites in model and exotic plants, including metabolites not previously reported in plants or found in few plant species to date. Unambiguous metabolite annotation is a critical, yet problematic step, in mass spectrometry based metabolomics. Here, Shahaf et al. present WEIZMASS, a platform consisting of a diverse spectral library of more than 3500 plant metabolites and software to aid their identification in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Shahaf
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Institute of Plant Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38010 Trento, Italy
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maor Battat
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hilary Wyner
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shuning Zheng
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ron Wehrens
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38010 Trento, Italy.,Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Nützmann HW, Huang A, Osbourn A. Plant metabolic clusters - from genetics to genomics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:771-89. [PMID: 27112429 PMCID: PMC5449196 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents 771 I. 771 II. 772 III. 780 IV. 781 V. 786 786 References 786 SUMMARY: Plant natural products are of great value for agriculture, medicine and a wide range of other industrial applications. The discovery of new plant natural product pathways is currently being revolutionized by two key developments. First, breakthroughs in sequencing technology and reduced cost of sequencing are accelerating the ability to find enzymes and pathways for the biosynthesis of new natural products by identifying the underlying genes. Second, there are now multiple examples in which the genes encoding certain natural product pathways have been found to be grouped together in biosynthetic gene clusters within plant genomes. These advances are now making it possible to develop strategies for systematically mining multiple plant genomes for the discovery of new enzymes, pathways and chemistries. Increased knowledge of the features of plant metabolic gene clusters - architecture, regulation and assembly - will be instrumental in expediting natural product discovery. This review summarizes progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ancheng Huang
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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130
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Umemoto N, Nakayasu M, Ohyama K, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Mizutani M, Seki H, Saito K, Muranaka T. Two Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases Catalyze Early Hydroxylation Steps in the Potato Steroid Glycoalkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2458-67. [PMID: 27307258 PMCID: PMC4972264 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
α-Solanine and α-chaconine, steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) found in potato (Solanum tuberosum), are among the best-known secondary metabolites in food crops. At low concentrations in potato tubers, SGAs are distasteful; however, at high concentrations, SGAs are harmful to humans and animals. Here, we show that POTATO GLYCOALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS1 (PGA1) and PGA2, two genes that encode cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP72A208 and CYP72A188), are involved in the SGA biosynthetic pathway, respectively. The knockdown plants of either PGA1 or PGA2 contained very little SGA, yet vegetative growth and tuber production were not affected. Analyzing metabolites that accumulated in the plants and produced by in vitro enzyme assays revealed that PGA1 and PGA2 catalyzed the 26- and 22-hydroxylation steps, respectively, in the SGA biosynthetic pathway. The PGA-knockdown plants had two unique phenotypic characteristics: The plants were sterile and tubers of these knockdown plants did not sprout during storage. Functional analyses of PGA1 and PGA2 have provided clues for controlling both potato glycoalkaloid biosynthesis and tuber sprouting, two traits that can significantly impact potato breeding and the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Umemoto
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Co., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan (N.U.); RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (N.U., K.O., K.S.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan (M.N., M.M.); Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan (K.O.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan (M.Y.-Y.); Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (H.S., T.M.); and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Masaru Nakayasu
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Co., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan (N.U.); RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (N.U., K.O., K.S.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan (M.N., M.M.); Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan (K.O.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan (M.Y.-Y.); Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (H.S., T.M.); and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Co., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan (N.U.); RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (N.U., K.O., K.S.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan (M.N., M.M.); Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan (K.O.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan (M.Y.-Y.); Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (H.S., T.M.); and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Co., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan (N.U.); RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (N.U., K.O., K.S.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan (M.N., M.M.); Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan (K.O.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan (M.Y.-Y.); Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (H.S., T.M.); and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Co., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan (N.U.); RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (N.U., K.O., K.S.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan (M.N., M.M.); Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan (K.O.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan (M.Y.-Y.); Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (H.S., T.M.); and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Co., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan (N.U.); RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (N.U., K.O., K.S.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan (M.N., M.M.); Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan (K.O.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan (M.Y.-Y.); Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (H.S., T.M.); and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Co., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan (N.U.); RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (N.U., K.O., K.S.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan (M.N., M.M.); Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan (K.O.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan (M.Y.-Y.); Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (H.S., T.M.); and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Co., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan (N.U.); RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (N.U., K.O., K.S.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan (M.N., M.M.); Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan (K.O.); Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan (M.Y.-Y.); Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (H.S., T.M.); and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
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Nakabayashi R, Saito K. Ultrahigh resolution metabolomics for S-containing metabolites. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 43:8-16. [PMID: 27459328 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The advent of the genome-editing era greatly increases the opportunities for synthetic biology research that aims to enhance production of potentially useful bioactive metabolites in heterologous hosts. A wide variety of sulfur (S)-containing metabolites (S-metabolites) are known to possess bioactivities and health-promoting properties, but finding them and their chemical assignment using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics has been difficult. In this review, we highlight recent advances on the targeted metabolomic analysis of S-metabolites (S-omics) in plants using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. The use of exact mass and signal intensity differences between 32S-containing monoisotopic ions and counterpart 34S isotopic ions exploits an entirely new method to characterize S-metabolites. Finally, we discuss the availability of S-omics for synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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132
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Thagun C, Imanishi S, Kudo T, Nakabayashi R, Ohyama K, Mori T, Kawamoto K, Nakamura Y, Katayama M, Nonaka S, Matsukura C, Yano K, Ezura H, Saito K, Hashimoto T, Shoji T. Jasmonate-Responsive ERF Transcription Factors Regulate Steroidal Glycoalkaloid Biosynthesis in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:961-75. [PMID: 27084593 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived specialized metabolites produced in species of the Solanaceae. Here, we report that a group of jasmonate-responsive transcription factors of the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) family (JREs) are close homologs of alkaloid regulators in Cathranthus roseus and tobacco, and regulate production of SGAs in tomato. In transgenic tomato, overexpression and dominant suppression of JRE genes caused drastic changes in SGA accumulation and in the expression of genes for metabolic enzymes involved in the multistep pathway leading to SGA biosynthesis, including the upstream mevalonate pathway. Transactivation and DNA-protein binding assays demonstrate that JRE4 activates the transcription of SGA biosynthetic genes by binding to GCC box-like elements in their promoters. These JRE-binding elements occur at significantly higher frequencies in proximal promoter regions of the genes regulated by JRE genes, supporting the conclusion that JREs mediate transcriptional co-ordination of a series of metabolic genes involved in SGA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonprakun Thagun
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0101 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Imanishi
- Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, 514-2392 Japan
| | - Toru Kudo
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, 152-8551 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Yukino Nakamura
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Minami Katayama
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Satoko Nonaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Chiaki Matsukura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0101 Japan
| | - Tsubasa Shoji
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0101 Japan
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El-Hawary S, Mohammed R, AbouZid S, Bakeer W, Ebel R, Sayed A, Rateb M. Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:900-11. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S.S. El-Hawary
- Pharmacognosy Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - R. Mohammed
- Pharmacognosy Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - S.F. AbouZid
- Pharmacognosy Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - W. Bakeer
- Microbiology Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - R. Ebel
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - A.M. Sayed
- Pharmacognosy Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
- Pharmacognosy Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Nahda University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - M.E. Rateb
- Pharmacognosy Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
- School of Science & Sport; University of the West of Scotland; Paisley UK
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134
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GAME9 regulates the biosynthesis of steroidal alkaloids and upstream isoprenoids in the plant mevalonate pathway. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10654. [PMID: 26876023 PMCID: PMC4756317 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules produced by solanaceous species. They contribute to pathogen defence but are toxic to humans and considered as anti-nutritional compounds. Here we show that GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 9 (GAME9), an APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor, related to regulators of alkaloid production in tobacco and Catharanthus roseus, controls SGA biosynthesis. GAME9 knockdown and overexpression in tomato and potato alters expression of SGAs and upstream mevalonate pathway genes including the cholesterol biosynthesis gene STEROL SIDE CHAIN REDUCTASE 2 (SSR2). Levels of SGAs, C24-alkylsterols and the upstream mevalonate and cholesterol pathways intermediates are modified in these plants. Δ(7)-STEROL-C5(6)-DESATURASE (C5-SD) in the hitherto unresolved cholesterol pathway is a direct target of GAME9. Transactivation and promoter-binding assays show that GAME9 exerts its activity either directly or cooperatively with the SlMYC2 transcription factor as in the case of the C5-SD gene promoter. Our findings provide insight into the regulation of SGA biosynthesis and means for manipulating these metabolites in crops.
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135
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Ballester AR, Tikunov Y, Molthoff J, Grandillo S, Viquez-Zamora M, de Vos R, de Maagd RA, van Heusden S, Bovy AG. Identification of Loci Affecting Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Tomato Fruit of a Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum chmielewskii Introgression Line Population. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1428. [PMID: 27733856 PMCID: PMC5040107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Semi-polar metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids are very important health-related compounds in tomato. As a first step to identify genes responsible for the synthesis of semi-polar metabolites, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence the semi-polar metabolite content in red-ripe tomato fruit were identified, by characterizing fruits of a population of introgression lines (ILs) derived from a cross between the cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum and the wild species Solanum chmielewskii. By analyzing fruits of plants grown at two different locations, we were able to identify robust metabolite QTLs for changes in phenylpropanoid glycoconjugation on chromosome 9, for accumulation of flavonol glycosides on chromosome 5, and for alkaloids on chromosome 7. To further characterize the QTLs we used a combination of genome sequencing, transcriptomics and targeted metabolomics to identify candidate key genes underlying the observed metabolic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jos Molthoff
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Silvana Grandillo
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of ItalyPortici, Italy
| | | | - Ric de Vos
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. de Maagd
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems GenomicsWageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Arnaud G. Bovy,
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136
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Toppino L, Barchi L, Lo Scalzo R, Palazzolo E, Francese G, Fibiani M, D'Alessandro A, Papa V, Laudicina VA, Sabatino L, Pulcini L, Sala T, Acciarri N, Portis E, Lanteri S, Mennella G, Rotino GL. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Biochemical and Morphological Fruit Properties in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:256. [PMID: 26973692 PMCID: PMC4777957 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Eggplant berries are a source of health-promoting metabolites including antioxidant and nutraceutical compounds, mainly anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid; however, they also contain some anti-nutritional compounds such as steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA) and saponins, which are responsible for the bitter taste of the flesh and with potential toxic effects on humans. Up to now, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for the metabolic content are far from being characterized in eggplant, thus hampering the application of breeding programs aimed at improving its fruit quality. Here we report on the identification of some QTL for the fruit metabolic content in an F2 intraspecific mapping population of 156 individuals, obtained by crossing the eggplant breeding lines "305E40" × "67/3." The same population was previously employed for the development of a RAD-tag based linkage map and the identification of QTL associated to morphological and physiological traits. The mapping population was biochemically characterized for both fruit basic qualitative data, like dry matter, °Brix, sugars, and organic acids, as well as for health-related compounds such chlorogenic acid, (the main flesh monomeric phenol), the two peel anthocyanins [i.e., delphinidin-3-rutinoside (D3R) and delphinidin-3-(p- coumaroylrutinoside)-5-glucoside (nasunin)] and the two main steroidal glycoalkaloids, solasonine, and solamargine. For most of the traits, one major QTL (PVE ≥10%) was spotted and putative orthologies with other Solanaceae crops are discussed. The present results supply valuable information to eggplant breeders on the inheritance of key fruit quality traits, thus providing potential tools to assist future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Toppino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-ORL, Unità di Ricerca per l'OrticolturaMontanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Barchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Roberto Lo Scalzo
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-IAA, Unità di Ricerca per i Processi dell'Industria AgroalimentareMilano, Italy
| | - Eristanna Palazzolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Francese
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-ORT, Centro di Ricerca per l'OrticolturaPontecagnano-Faiano, Italy
| | - Marta Fibiani
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-IAA, Unità di Ricerca per i Processi dell'Industria AgroalimentareMilano, Italy
| | - Antonietta D'Alessandro
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-ORT, Centro di Ricerca per l'OrticolturaPontecagnano-Faiano, Italy
| | - Vincenza Papa
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-IAA, Unità di Ricerca per i Processi dell'Industria AgroalimentareMilano, Italy
| | - Vito A. Laudicina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Leo Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Laura Pulcini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-ORA, Unità di Ricerca per l'OrticolturaMonsampolo del Tronto, Italy
| | - Tea Sala
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-ORL, Unità di Ricerca per l'OrticolturaMontanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Acciarri
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-ORA, Unità di Ricerca per l'OrticolturaMonsampolo del Tronto, Italy
| | - Ezio Portis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mennella
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-ORT, Centro di Ricerca per l'OrticolturaPontecagnano-Faiano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe L. Rotino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-ORL, Unità di Ricerca per l'OrticolturaMontanaso Lombardo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe L. Rotino
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137
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Hou J, Bai L, Xie Y, Liu X, Cui B. Biomarker discovery and gene expression responses in Lycopersicon esculentum root exposed to lead. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:495-503. [PMID: 26252993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression analysis has shown particular promise for the identification of molecular biomarkers that can be used for further evaluation of potential toxicity of chemicals present in agricultural soil. In the study, we focused on the development of molecular markers to detect Pb toxicity in agricultural soil. Using the results obtained from microarray analysis, twelve Pb-responsive genes were selected and tested in different Pb concentrations to examine their concentration-response characteristics using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). All the Pb treatments set in our study could generally induce the differential expression of the 12 genes, while the lowest observable adverse effect concentration (LOAEC) of Pb for seed germination, root elongation, biomass and structural modification derived from 1,297, 177, 177, and 1,297 mg Pb/kg soil, respectively, suggesting that the transcriptional approach was more sensitive than the traditional end points of death, growth, and morphology for the evaluation of Pb toxicity. The relative expression of glycoalkaloid metabolism 1 (P=-0.790), ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF017 (P=-0.686) and CASP-like protein 4C2 (P=-0.652) demonstrates a dose-dependent response with Pb content in roots, implying that the three genes can be used as sensitive bioindicators of Pb stress in Lycopersicon esculentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lili Bai
- School of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yujia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Baoshan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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138
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Alkan N, Fortes AM. Insights into molecular and metabolic events associated with fruit response to post-harvest fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:889. [PMID: 26539204 PMCID: PMC4612155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to post-harvest losses more than 30% of harvested fruits will not reach the consumers' plate. Fungal pathogens play a key role in those losses, as they cause most of the fruit rots and the customer complaints. Many of the fungal pathogens are already present in the unripe fruit but remain quiescent during fruit growth until a particular phase of fruit ripening and senescence. The pathogens sense the developmental change and switch into the devastating necrotrophic life style that causes fruit rotting. Colonization of unripe fruit by the fungus initiates defensive responses that limit fungal growth and development. However, during fruit ripening several physiological processes occur that correlate with increased fruit susceptibility. In contrast to plant defenses in unripe fruit, the defense posture of ripe fruit entails a different subset of defense responses that will end with fruit rotting and losses. This review will focus on several aspects of molecular and metabolic events associated with fleshy fruit responses induced by post-harvest fungal pathogens during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ana M. Fortes
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
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139
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Del Giudice R, Raiola A, Tenore GC, Frusciante L, Barone A, Monti DM, Rigano MM. Antioxidant bioactive compounds in tomato fruits at different ripening stages and their effects on normal and cancer cells. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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140
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Tohge T, Fernie AR. Metabolomics-Inspired Insight into Developmental, Environmental and Genetic Aspects of Tomato Fruit Chemical Composition and Quality. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1681-96. [PMID: 26228272 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato was one of the first plant species to be evaluated using metabolomics and remains one of the best characterized, with tomato fruit being both an important source of nutrition in the human diet and a valuable model system for the development of fleshy fruits. Additionally, given the broad habitat range of members of the tomato clade and the extensive use of exotic germplasm in tomato genetic research, it represents an excellent genetic model system for understanding both metabolism per se and the importance of various metabolites in conferring stress tolerance. This review summarizes technical approaches used to characterize the tomato metabolome to date and details insights into metabolic pathway structure and regulation that have been obtained via analysis of tissue samples taken under different developmental or environmental circumstance as well as following genetic perturbation. Particular attention is paid to compounds of importance for nutrition or the shelf-life of tomatoes. We propose furthermore how metabolomics information can be coupled to the burgeoning wealth of genome sequence data from the tomato clade to enhance further our understanding of (i) the shifts in metabolic regulation occurring during development and (ii) specialization of metabolism within the tomato clade as a consequence of either adaptive evolution or domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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141
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Cárdenas PD, Sonawane PD, Heinig U, Bocobza SE, Burdman S, Aharoni A. The bitter side of the nightshades: Genomics drives discovery in Solanaceae steroidal alkaloid metabolism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 113:24-32. [PMID: 25556315 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids (SAs) and their glycosylated forms (SGAs) are toxic compounds largely produced by members of the Solanaceae and Liliaceae plant families. This class of specialized metabolites serves as a chemical barrier against a broad range of pest and pathogens. In humans and animals, SAs are considered anti-nutritional factors because they affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food and might even cause poisoning. In spite of the first report on SAs nearly 200 years ago, much of the molecular basis of their biosynthesis and regulation remains unknown. Aspects concerning chemical structures and biological activities of SAs have been reviewed extensively elsewhere; therefore, in this review the latest insights to the elucidation of the SAs biosynthetic pathway are highlighted. Recently, co-expression analysis combined with metabolic profiling revealed metabolic gene clusters in tomato and potato that contain core genes required for production of the prominent SGAs in these two species. Elaborating the knowledge regarding the SAs biosynthetic pathway, the subcellular transport of these molecules, as well as the identification of regulatory and signaling factors associated with SA metabolism will likely advance understanding of chemical defense mechanisms in Solanaceae and Liliaceae plants. It will also provide the means to develop, through classical breeding or genetic engineering, crops with modified levels of anti-nutritional SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cárdenas
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - P D Sonawane
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - U Heinig
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - S E Bocobza
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - S Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - A Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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142
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Friedman M. Chemistry and anticarcinogenic mechanisms of glycoalkaloids produced by eggplants, potatoes, and tomatoes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3323-37. [PMID: 25821990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of cancer can occur via apoptosis, a genetically directed process of cell self-destruction that involves numerous biomarkers and signaling pathways. Glycoalkaloids are nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites found in numerous Solanaceous plants including eggplants, potatoes, and tomatoes. Exposure of cancer cells to glycoalkaloids produced by eggplants (α-solamargine and α-solasonine), potatoes (α-chaconine and α-solanine), and tomatoes (α-tomatine) or their hydrolysis products (mono-, di-, and trisaccharide derivatives and the aglycones solasodine, solanidine, and tomatidine) inhibits the growth of the cells in culture (in vitro) as well as tumor growth in vivo. This overview comprehensively surveys and consolidates worldwide efforts to define the following aspects of these natural compounds: (a) their prevalence in the three foods; (b) their chemistry and structure-activity relationships; (c) the reported factors (biomarkers, signaling pathways) associated with apoptosis of bone, breast, cervical, colon, gastric, glioblastoma, leukemia, liver, lung, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreas, prostate, and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines in vitro and the in vivo inhibition of tumor formation and growth in fish and mice and in human skin cancers; and (d) future research needs. The described results may make it possible to better relate the structures of the active compounds to their health-promoting function, individually, in combination, and in food, and allow the consumer to select glycoalkaloid-containing food with the optimal content of nontoxic beneficial compounds. The described findings are expected to be a valuable record and resource for further investigation of the health benefits of food-related natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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143
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Alseekh S, Tohge T, Wendenberg R, Scossa F, Omranian N, Li J, Kleessen S, Giavalisco P, Pleban T, Mueller-Roeber B, Zamir D, Nikoloski Z, Fernie AR. Identification and mode of inheritance of quantitative trait loci for secondary metabolite abundance in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:485-512. [PMID: 25770107 PMCID: PMC4558650 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.132266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale metabolic quantitative trait loci (mQTL) analysis was performed on the well-characterized Solanum pennellii introgression lines to investigate the genomic regions associated with secondary metabolism in tomato fruit pericarp. In total, 679 mQTLs were detected across the 76 introgression lines. Heritability analyses revealed that mQTLs of secondary metabolism were less affected by environment than mQTLs of primary metabolism. Network analysis allowed us to assess the interconnectivity of primary and secondary metabolism as well as to compare and contrast their respective associations with morphological traits. Additionally, we applied a recently established real-time quantitative PCR platform to gain insight into transcriptional control mechanisms of a subset of the mQTLs, including those for hydroxycinnamates, acyl-sugar, naringenin chalcone, and a range of glycoalkaloids. Intriguingly, many of these compounds displayed a dominant-negative mode of inheritance, which is contrary to the conventional wisdom that secondary metabolite contents decreased on domestication. We additionally performed an exemplary evaluation of two candidate genes for glycolalkaloid mQTLs via the use of virus-induced gene silencing. The combined data of this study were compared with previous results on primary metabolism obtained from the same material and to other studies of natural variance of secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Wendenberg
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Federico Scossa
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Nooshin Omranian
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Kleessen
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tzili Pleban
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics and Otto Warburg Centre for Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dani Zamir
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics and Otto Warburg Centre for Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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144
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Nakabayashi R, Tsugawa H, Kitajima M, Takayama H, Saito K. Boosting Sensitivity in Liquid Chromatography-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Product Ion Analysis of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1127. [PMID: 26734034 PMCID: PMC4681812 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In metabolomics, the analysis of product ions in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is noteworthy to chemically assign structural information. However, the development of relevant analytical methods are less advanced. Here, we developed a method to boost sensitivity in liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (MS/MS boost analysis). To verify the MS/MS boost analysis, both quercetin and uniformly labeled (13)C quercetin were analyzed, revealing that the origin of the product ions is not the instrument, but the analyzed compounds resulting in sensitive product ions. Next, we applied this method to the analysis of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs). The comparative analyses of MIAs having indole basic skeleton (ajmalicine, catharanthine, hirsuteine, and hirsutine) and oxindole skeleton (formosanine, isoformosanine, pteropodine, isopteropodine, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, and mitraphylline) identified 86 and 73 common monoisotopic ions, respectively. The comparative analyses of the three pairs of stereoisomers showed more than 170 common monoisotopic ions in each pair. This method was also applied to the targeted analysis of MIAs in Catharanthus roseus and Uncaria rhynchophylla to profile indole and oxindole compounds using the product ions. This analysis is suitable for chemically assigning features of the metabolite groups, which contributes to targeted metabolome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryo Nakabayashi,
| | - Hiroshi Tsugawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
| | - Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
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145
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Alba JM, Schimmel BCJ, Glas JJ, Ataide LMS, Pappas ML, Villarroel CA, Schuurink RC, Sabelis MW, Kant MR. Spider mites suppress tomato defenses downstream of jasmonate and salicylate independently of hormonal crosstalk. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:828-40. [PMID: 25297722 PMCID: PMC4301184 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivory by mounting a defense. Some plant-eating spider mites (Tetranychus spp.) have adapted to plant defenses to maintain a high reproductive performance. From natural populations we selected three spider mite strains from two species, Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus evansi, that can suppress plant defenses, using a fourth defense-inducing strain as a benchmark, to assess to which extent these strains suppress defenses differently. We characterized timing and magnitude of phytohormone accumulation and defense-gene expression, and determined if mites that cannot suppress defenses benefit from sharing a leaf with suppressors. The nonsuppressor strain induced a mixture of jasmonate- (JA) and salicylate (SA)-dependent defenses. Induced defense genes separated into three groups: 'early' (expression peak at 1 d postinfestation (dpi)); 'intermediate' (4 dpi); and 'late', whose expression increased until the leaf died. The T. evansi strains suppressed genes from all three groups, but the T. urticae strain only suppressed the late ones. Suppression occurred downstream of JA and SA accumulation, independently of the JA-SA antagonism, and was powerful enough to boost the reproductive performance of nonsuppressors up to 45%. Our results show that suppressing defenses not only brings benefits but, within herbivore communities, can also generate a considerable ecological cost when promoting the population growth of a competitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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146
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Goossens A. It is easy to get huge candidate gene lists for plant metabolism now, but how to get beyond? MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:2-5. [PMID: 25578267 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.
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147
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Alkan N, Friedlander G, Ment D, Prusky D, Fluhr R. Simultaneous transcriptome analysis of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and tomato fruit pathosystem reveals novel fungal pathogenicity and fruit defense strategies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:801-15. [PMID: 25377514 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides breaches the fruit cuticle but remains quiescent until fruit ripening signals a switch to necrotrophy, culminating in devastating anthracnose disease. There is a need to understand the distinct fungal arms strategy and the simultaneous fruit response. Transcriptome analysis of fungal-fruit interactions was carried out concurrently in the appressoria, quiescent and necrotrophic stages. Conidia germinating on unripe fruit cuticle showed stage-specific transcription that was accompanied by massive fruit defense responses. The subsequent quiescent stage showed the development of dendritic-like structures and swollen hyphae within the fruit epidermis. The quiescent fungal transcriptome was characterized by activation of chromatin remodeling genes and unsuspected environmental alkalization. Fruit response was portrayed by continued highly integrated massive up-regulation of defense genes. During cuticle infection of green or ripe fruit, fungi recapitulate the same developmental stages but with differing quiescent time spans. The necrotrophic stage showed a dramatic shift in fungal metabolism and up-regulation of pathogenicity factors. Fruit response to necrotrophy showed activation of the salicylic acid pathway, climaxing in cell death. Transcriptome analysis of C. gloeosporioides infection of fruit reveals its distinct stage-specific lifestyle and the concurrent changing fruit response, deepening our perception of the unfolding fungal-fruit arms and defenses race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Alkan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
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148
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Mizzotti C, Ezquer I, Paolo D, Rueda-Romero P, Guerra RF, Battaglia R, Rogachev I, Aharoni A, Kater MM, Caporali E, Colombo L. SEEDSTICK is a master regulator of development and metabolism in the Arabidopsis seed coat. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004856. [PMID: 25521508 PMCID: PMC4270456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of secondary metabolites in the determination of cell identity has been an area of particular interest over recent years, and studies strongly indicate a connection between cell fate and the regulation of enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the maternally derived seed coat plays pivotal roles in both the protection of the developing embryo and the first steps of germination. In this regard, a characteristic feature of seed coat development is the accumulation of proanthocyanidins (PAs - a class of phenylpropanoid metabolites) in the innermost layer of the seed coat. Our genome-wide transcriptomic analysis suggests that the ovule identity factor SEEDSTICK (STK) is involved in the regulation of several metabolic processes, providing a strong basis for a connection between cell fate determination, development and metabolism. Using phenotypic, genetic, biochemical and transcriptomic approaches, we have focused specifically on the role of STK in PA biosynthesis. Our results indicate that STK exerts its effect by direct regulation of the gene encoding BANYULS/ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE (BAN/ANR), which converts anthocyanidins into their corresponding 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ols. Our study also demonstrates that the levels of H3K9ac chromatin modification directly correlate with the active state of BAN in an STK-dependent way. This is consistent with the idea that MADS-domain proteins control the expression of their target genes through the modification of chromatin states. STK might thus recruit or regulate histone modifying factors to control their activity. In addition, we show that STK is able to regulate other BAN regulators. Our study demonstrates for the first time how a floral homeotic gene controls tissue identity through the regulation of a wide range of processes including the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Plant secondary metabolites accumulate in seeds to protect the developing embryo. Using an RNA sequencing approach in conjunction with enrichment analyses we identified the homeotic MADS-domain gene SEEDSTICK (STK) as a regulator of metabolic processes during seed development. We analyzed the role of STK as a key regulator of the production of proanthocyanidins, compounds which are important for the pigmentation of the seed. STK directly regulates a network of metabolic genes, and is also implicated in changes occurring in the chromatin landscape. Our work demonstrates that a key homeotic transcription factor not only determines the identity of ovules but also controls metabolic processes that occur subsequent to the initial identity determination process, thus suggesting a link between identity determination and cell-specific (metabolic) processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Paolo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paloma Rueda-Romero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas-UPM-INIA, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Martin M. Kater
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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149
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Moses T, Papadopoulou KK, Osbourn A. Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:439-62. [PMID: 25286183 PMCID: PMC4266039 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.953628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are widely distributed plant natural products with vast structural and functional diversity. They are typically composed of a hydrophobic aglycone, which is extensively decorated with functional groups prior to the addition of hydrophilic sugar moieties, to result in surface-active amphipathic compounds. The saponins are broadly classified as triterpenoids, steroids or steroidal glycoalkaloids, based on the aglycone structure from which they are derived. The saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates display a variety of biological activities of interest to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food sectors. Although their relevance in industrial applications has long been recognized, their role in plants is underexplored. Recent research on modulating native pathway flux in saponin biosynthesis has demonstrated the roles of saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates in plant growth and development. Here, we review the literature on the effects of these molecules on plant physiology, which collectively implicate them in plant primary processes. The industrial uses and potential of saponins are discussed with respect to structure and activity, highlighting the undoubted value of these molecules as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Moses
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes CentreColney Lane, NorwichUK
| | | | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes CentreColney Lane, NorwichUK
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Schwahn K, de Souza LP, Fernie AR, Tohge T. Metabolomics-assisted refinement of the pathways of steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in the tomato clade. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:864-75. [PMID: 25109688 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites of the Solanum species, which are known to have large chemical and bioactive diversity in nature. While recent effort and development on LC/MS techniques for SGA profiling have elucidated the main pathways of SGA metabolism in tomato, the problem of peak annotation still remains due to the vast diversity of chemical structure and similar on overlapping of chemical formula. Here we provide a case study of peak classification and annotation approach by integration of species and tissue specificities of SGA accumulation for provision of comprehensive pathways of SGA biosynthesis. In order to elucidate natural diversity of SGA biosynthesis, a total of 169 putative SGAs found in eight tomato accessions (Solanum lycopersicum, S. pimpinellifolium, S. cheesmaniae, S. chmielewskii, S. neorickii, S. peruvianum, S. habrochaites, S. pennellii) and four tissue types were used for correlation analysis. The results obtained in this study contribute annotation and classification of SGAs as well as detecting putative novel biosynthetic branch points. As such this represents a novel strategy for peak annotation for plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schwahn
- University of Potsdam, AG Bioinformatics, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str 24-25, 14479, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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