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Zou Y, Wang S, Zhou Y, Bai J, Huang G, Liu X, Zhang Y, Tang D, Lu D. Transcriptional Regulation of the Immune Receptor FLS2 Controls the Ontogeny of Plant Innate Immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2779-2794. [PMID: 30337428 PMCID: PMC6305972 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a vital role in protecting plants and animals from pathogen infections. Immunity varies with age in both animals and plants. However, little is known about the ontogeny of plant innate immunity during seedling development. We report here that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) microRNA miR172b regulates the transcription of the immune receptor gene FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) through TARGET OF EAT1 (TOE1) and TOE2, which directly bind to the FLS2 promoter and inhibit its activity. The level of miR172b is very low in the early stage of seedling development but increases over time, which results in decreased TOE1/2 protein accumulation and, consequently, increased FLS2 transcription and the ontogeny of FLS2-mediated immunity during seedling development. Our study reveals a role for the miR172b-TOE1/2 module in regulating plant innate immunity and elucidates a regulatory mechanism underlying the ontogeny of plant innate immunity.plantcell;30/11/2779/FX1F1fx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Shuangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaojiao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guozhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding, and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
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102
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Oelmüller R. Sensing environmental and developmental signals via cellooligomers. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 229:1-6. [PMID: 30005268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Roots respond to a cocktail of chemicals from microbes in the rhizosphere. Infochemicals in nmol concentrations activate receptor-mediated signal pathways, which reprogram the plant responses to environmental changes. The microbial signals have to pass the cell wall to activate pattern recognition receptors at the surface of the plant plasma membrane. The structure of the cell wall is not only a barrier for the signaling molecules, but also changes permanently during growth and development, as well as in response to microbial attacks or abiotic stress. Recently, cellooligomers (COMs) were identified as novel chemical mediators in Arabidopsis thaliana, which inform the cell about the alterations in and around the cell wall. They can be of microbial and plant origin and represent novel invasion patterns (Cook et al., 2015). COMs initiate Ca2+-dependent signaling events that reprogram the cell and adjust the expression and metabolite profiles as well as innate immunity in response to changes in their rhizosphere environment and the state of the cell wall. COMs operate synergistically with other signals or their recognition machineries and activates local and systemic responses in the entire plant. They also adjust the performance of the areal parts of the plant to signals perceived by the roots. Here, I summarize our current knowledge about COMs and propose strategies for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias-Schleiden-Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburgerstr. 159, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
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103
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Gruszka D. Crosstalk of the Brassinosteroid Signalosome with Phytohormonal and Stress Signaling Components Maintains a Balance between the Processes of Growth and Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092675. [PMID: 30205610 PMCID: PMC6163518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of phytohormones, which regulate various processes during plant life cycle. Intensive studies conducted with genetic, physiological and molecular approaches allowed identification of various components participating in the BR signaling—from the ligand perception, through cytoplasmic signal transduction, up to the BR-dependent gene expression, which is regulated by transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes. The identification of new components of the BR signaling is an ongoing process, however an emerging view of the BR signalosome indicates that this process is interconnected at various stages with other metabolic pathways. The signaling crosstalk is mediated by the BR signaling proteins, which function as components of the transmembrane BR receptor, by a cytoplasmic kinase playing a role of the major negative regulator of the BR signaling, and by the transcription factors, which regulate the BR-dependent gene expression and form a complicated regulatory system. This molecular network of interdependencies allows a balance in homeostasis of various phytohormones to be maintained. Moreover, the components of the BR signalosome interact with factors regulating plant reactions to environmental cues and stress conditions. This intricate network of interactions enables a rapid adaptation of plant metabolism to constantly changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Gruszka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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104
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Claus LAN, Savatin DV, Russinova E. The crossroads of receptor-mediated signaling and endocytosis in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:827-840. [PMID: 29877613 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy numerous plasma membrane receptors to sense and rapidly react to environmental changes. Correct localization and adequate protein levels of the cell-surface receptors are critical for signaling activation and modulation of plant development and defense against pathogens. After ligand binding, receptors are internalized for degradation and signaling attenuation. However, one emerging notion is that the ligand-induced endocytosis of receptor complexes is important for the signal duration, amplitude, and specificity. Recently, mutants of major endocytosis players, including clathrin and dynamin, have been shown to display defects in activation of a subset of signal transduction pathways, implying that signaling in plants might not be solely restricted to the plasma membrane. Here, we summarize the up-to-date knowledge of receptor complex endocytosis and its effect on the signaling outcome, in the context of plant development and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Alves Neubus Claus
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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105
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Qi J, Song CP, Wang B, Zhou J, Kangasjärvi J, Zhu JK, Gong Z. Reactive oxygen species signaling and stomatal movement in plant responses to drought stress and pathogen attack. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:805-826. [PMID: 29660240 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, the pores formed by a pair of guard cells, are the main gateways for water transpiration and photosynthetic CO2 exchange, as well as pathogen invasion in land plants. Guard cell movement is regulated by a combination of environmental factors, including water status, light, CO2 levels and pathogen attack, as well as endogenous signals, such as abscisic acid and apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under abiotic and biotic stress conditions, extracellular ROS are mainly produced by plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases, whereas intracellular ROS are produced in multiple organelles. These ROS form a sophisticated cellular signaling network, with the accumulation of apoplastic ROS an early hallmark of stomatal movement. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the ROS signaling network, primarily during drought stress and pathogen attack. We summarize the roles of apoplastic ROS in regulating stomatal movement, ABA and CO2 signaling, and immunity responses. Finally, we discuss ROS accumulation and communication between organelles and cells. This information provides a conceptual framework for understanding how ROS signaling is integrated with various signaling pathways during plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250000, China
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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106
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Wang M, Rui L, Yan H, Shi H, Zhao W, Lin JE, Zhang K, Blakeslee JJ, Mackey D, Tang D, Wei Z, Wang G. The major leaf ferredoxin Fd2 regulates plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1377-1390. [PMID: 28976113 PMCID: PMC6637997 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins, the major distributors for electrons to various acceptor systems in plastids, contribute to redox regulation and antioxidant defence in plants. However, their function in plant immunity is not fully understood. In this study, we show that the expression of the major leaf ferredoxin gene Fd2 is suppressed by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 infection, and that knockout of Fd2 (Fd2-KO) in Arabidopsis increases the plant's susceptibility to both Pst DC3000 and Golovinomyces cichoracearum. On Pst DC3000 infection, the Fd2-KO mutant accumulates increased levels of jasmonic acid and displays compromised salicylic acid-related immune responses. Fd2-KO also shows defects in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species induced by pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity. However, Fd2-KO shows enhanced R-protein-mediated resistance to Pst DC3000/AvrRpt2 infection, suggesting that Fd2 plays a negative role in effector-triggered immunity. Furthermore, Fd2 interacts with FIBRILLIN4 (FIB4), a harpin-binding protein localized in chloroplasts. Interestingly, Fd2, but not FIB4, localizes to stromules that extend from chloroplasts. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Fd2 plays an important role in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyOhio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant–Microbe InteractionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China
| | - Lu Rui
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian‐Taiwan Crop PestsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China
| | - Haojie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China
| | - Hua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian‐Taiwan Crop PestsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China
| | - Wanying Zhao
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceOhio State University, Columbus/WoosterOH 43210USA
| | - Jinshan Ella Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceOhio State University, Columbus/WoosterOH 43210USA
- Department of Horticulture and Crop SciencesOARDC Metabolite Analysis Cluster (OMAC)WoosterOH 44691USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyOhio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China
| | - Joshua J. Blakeslee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceOhio State University, Columbus/WoosterOH 43210USA
- Department of Horticulture and Crop SciencesOARDC Metabolite Analysis Cluster (OMAC)WoosterOH 44691USA
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceOhio State University, Columbus/WoosterOH 43210USA
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian‐Taiwan Crop PestsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China
| | | | - Guo‐Liang Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyOhio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China
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107
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Liang X, Zhou JM. Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases: Central Players in Plant Receptor Kinase-Mediated Signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:267-299. [PMID: 29719165 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor kinases (RKs) are of paramount importance in transmembrane signaling that governs plant reproduction, growth, development, and adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs), which lack extracellular ligand-binding domains, have emerged as a major class of signaling proteins that regulate plant cellular activities in response to biotic/abiotic stresses and endogenous extracellular signaling molecules. By associating with immune RKs, RLCKs regulate multiple downstream signaling nodes to orchestrate a complex array of defense responses against microbial pathogens. RLCKs also associate with RKs that perceive brassinosteroids and signaling peptides to coordinate growth, pollen tube guidance, embryonic and stomatal patterning, floral organ abscission, and abiotic stress responses. The activity and stability of RLCKs are dynamically regulated not only by RKs but also by other RLCK-associated proteins. Analyses of RLCK-associated components and substrates have suggested phosphorylation relays as a major mechanism underlying RK-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China;
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China;
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108
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Liu S, Zhang C, Chao N, Lu J, Zhang Y. Cloning, Characterization, and Functional Investigation of VaHAESA from Vitis amurensis Inoculated with Plasmopara viticola. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1204. [PMID: 29659493 PMCID: PMC5979312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are essential for immune responses and establishing symbiosis. Plants detect invaders via the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by PRRs. This phenomenon is termed PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). We investigated disease resistance in Vitis amurensis to identify PRRs that are important for resistance against downy mildew, analyzed the PRRs that were upregulated by incompatible Plasmopara viticola infection, and cloned the full-length cDNA of the VaHAESA gene. We then analyzed the structure, subcellular localization, and relative disease resistance of VaHAESA. VaHAESA and PRR-receptor-like kinase 5 (RLK5) are highly similar, belonging to the leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-RLK family and localizing to the plasma membrane. The expression of PRR genes changed after the inoculation of V. amurensis with compatible and incompatible P. viticola; during early disease development, transiently transformed V. vinifera plants expressing VaHAESA were more resistant to pathogens than those transformed with the empty vector and untransformed controls, potentially due to increased H₂O₂, NO, and callose levels in the transformants. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana showed upregulated expression of genes related to the PTI pathway and improved disease resistance. These results show that VaHAESA is a positive regulator of resistance against downy mildew in grapevines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Liu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Nan Chao
- Center for Plant Biology, TSinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200024, China.
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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109
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Yan H, Zhao Y, Shi H, Li J, Wang Y, Tang D. BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE1 Phosphorylates MAPKKK5 to Regulate Immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2991-3002. [PMID: 29440595 PMCID: PMC5884618 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) immune receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) rapidly forms a complex to activate pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) upon perception of the bacterial protein flagellin. The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALINGKINASE1 (BSK1) interacts with FLS2 and is critical for the activation of PTI. However, it is unknown how BSK1 transduces signals to activate downstream immune responses. We identified MEK Kinase5 (MAPKKK5) as a potential substrate of BSK1 by whole-genome phosphorylation analysis. In addition, we demonstrated that BSK1 interacts with and phosphorylates MAPKKK5. In the bsk1-1 mutant, the Ser-289 residue of MAPKKK5 was not phosphorylated as it was in the wild type. Similar to the bsk1 mutant, the mapkkk5 mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility to virulent and avirulent strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000, and to the fungal powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum Phosphorylation of the Ser-289 residue is not involved in MAPKKK5-triggered cell death but is critical for MAPKKK5-mediated resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens. Furthermore, MAPKKK5 interacts with multiple MAPK kinases, including MKK1, MKK2, MKK4, MKK5, and MKK6. Overall, these results indicate that BSK1 regulates plant immunity by phosphorylating MAPKKK5 and suggest a direct regulatory mode of signaling from the immune complex to the MAPK cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaofei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop by Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | | | - Yingchun Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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110
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Peng Y, van Wersch R, Zhang Y. Convergent and Divergent Signaling in PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Effector-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:403-409. [PMID: 29135338 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0145-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use diverse immune receptors to sense pathogen attacks. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors localized on the plasma membrane leads to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Detection of pathogen effectors by intracellular or plasma membrane-localized immune receptors results in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Despite the large variations in the magnitude and duration of immune responses triggered by different PAMPs or pathogen effectors during PTI and ETI, plasma membrane-localized immune receptors activate similar downstream molecular events such as mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, oxidative burst, ion influx, and increased biosynthesis of plant defense hormones, indicating that defense signals initiated at the plasma membrane converge at later points. On the other hand, activation of ETI by immune receptors localized to the nucleus appears to be more directly associated with transcriptional regulation of defense gene expression. Here, we review recent progress in signal transductions downstream of different groups of plant immune receptors, highlighting the converging and diverging molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Peng
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rowan van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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111
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Johnson JM, Thürich J, Petutschnig EK, Altschmied L, Meichsner D, Sherameti I, Dindas J, Mrozinska A, Paetz C, Scholz SS, Furch ACU, Lipka V, Hedrich R, Schneider B, Svatoš A, Oelmüller R. A Poly(A) Ribonuclease Controls the Cellotriose-Based Interaction between Piriformospora indica and Its Host Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2496-2514. [PMID: 29371249 PMCID: PMC5841714 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Piriformospora indica, an endophytic root-colonizing fungus, efficiently promotes plant growth and induces resistance to abiotic stress and biotic diseases. P. indica fungal cell wall extract induces cytoplasmic calcium elevation in host plant roots. Here, we show that cellotriose (CT) is an elicitor-active cell wall moiety released by P. indica into the medium. CT induces a mild defense-like response, including the production of reactive oxygen species, changes in membrane potential, and the expression of genes involved in growth regulation and root development. CT-based cytoplasmic calcium elevation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots does not require the BAK1 coreceptor or the putative Ca2+ channels TPC1, GLR3.3, GLR2.4, and GLR2.5 and operates synergistically with the elicitor chitin. We identified an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant (cytoplasmiccalcium elevation mutant) impaired in the response to CT and various other cellooligomers (n = 2-7), but not to chitooligomers (n = 4-8), in roots. The mutant contains a single nucleotide exchange in the gene encoding a poly(A) ribonuclease (AtPARN; At1g55870) that degrades the poly(A) tails of specific mRNAs. The wild-type PARN cDNA, expressed under the control of a 35S promoter, complements the mutant phenotype. Our identification of cellotriose as a novel chemical mediator casts light on the complex P. indica-plant mutualistic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M Johnson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Thürich
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Elena K Petutschnig
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Doreen Meichsner
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Irena Sherameti
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Dindas
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Mrozinska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra S Scholz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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112
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Majeran W, Le Caer JP, Ponnala L, Meinnel T, Giglione C. Targeted Profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana Subproteomes Illuminates Co- and Posttranslationally N-Terminal Myristoylated Proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:543-562. [PMID: 29453228 PMCID: PMC5894833 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal myristoylation, a major eukaryotic protein lipid modification, is difficult to detect in vivo and challenging to predict in silico. We developed a proteomics strategy involving subfractionation of cellular membranes, combined with separation of hydrophobic peptides by mass spectrometry-coupled liquid chromatography to identify the Arabidopsis thaliana myristoylated proteome. This approach identified a starting pool of 8837 proteins in all analyzed cellular fractions, comprising 32% of the Arabidopsis proteome. Of these, 906 proteins contain an N-terminal Gly at position 2, a prerequisite for myristoylation, and 214 belong to the predicted myristoylome (comprising 51% of the predicted myristoylome of 421 proteins). We further show direct evidence of myristoylation in 72 proteins; 18 of these myristoylated proteins were not previously predicted. We found one myristoylation site downstream of a predicted initiation codon, indicating that posttranslational myristoylation occurs in plants. Over half of the identified proteins could be quantified and assigned to a subcellular compartment. Hierarchical clustering of protein accumulation combined with myristoylation and S-acylation data revealed that N-terminal double acylation influences redirection to the plasma membrane. In a few cases, MYR function extended beyond simple membrane association. This study identified hundreds of N-acylated proteins for which lipid modifications could control protein localization and expand protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Majeran
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Le Caer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Lalit Ponnala
- Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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113
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Wang J, Grubb LE, Wang J, Liang X, Li L, Gao C, Ma M, Feng F, Li M, Li L, Zhang X, Yu F, Xie Q, Chen S, Zipfel C, Monaghan J, Zhou JM. A Regulatory Module Controlling Homeostasis of a Plant Immune Kinase. Mol Cell 2018; 69:493-504.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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114
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Saijo Y, Loo EPI, Yasuda S. Pattern recognition receptors and signaling in plant-microbe interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:592-613. [PMID: 29266555 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe- and host damage-associated molecular patterns leads to the first layer of inducible defenses, termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) described to date are all membrane-associated receptor-like kinases or receptor-like proteins, reflecting the prevalence of apoplastic colonization of plant-infecting microbes. An increasing inventory of elicitor-active patterns and PRRs indicates that a large number of them are limited to a certain range of plant groups/species, pointing to dynamic and convergent evolution of pattern recognition specificities. In addition to common molecular principles of PRR signaling, recent studies have revealed substantial diversification between PRRs in their functions and regulatory mechanisms. This serves to confer robustness and plasticity to the whole PTI system in natural infections, wherein different PRRs are simultaneously engaged and faced with microbial assaults. We review the functional significance and molecular basis of PRR-mediated pathogen recognition and disease resistance, and also an emerging role for PRRs in homeostatic association with beneficial or commensal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Eliza Po-Iian Loo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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115
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He Y, Zhou J, Shan L, Meng X. Plant cell surface receptor-mediated signaling - a common theme amid diversity. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/2/jcs209353. [PMID: 29378836 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sessile plants employ a diverse array of plasma membrane-bound receptors to perceive endogenous and exogenous signals for regulation of plant growth, development and immunity. These cell surface receptors include receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that harbor different extracellular domains for perception of distinct ligands. Several RLK and RLP signaling pathways converge at the somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (SERKs), which function as shared co-receptors. A repertoire of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) associate with the receptor complexes to relay intracellular signaling. Downstream of the receptor complexes, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are among the key signaling modules at which the signals converge, and these cascades regulate diverse cellular and physiological responses through phosphorylation of different downstream substrates. In this Review, we summarize the emerging common theme that underlies cell surface receptor-mediated signaling pathways in Arabidopsisthaliana: the dynamic association of RLKs and RLPs with specific co-receptors and RLCKs for signal transduction. We further discuss how signaling specificities are maintained through modules at which signals converge, with a focus on SERK-mediated receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jinggeng Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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116
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Burkart RC, Stahl Y. Dynamic complexity: plant receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:15-21. [PMID: 28715768 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor complexes at the cell surface perceive many different external and internal signalling molecules and relay these signals into the cell to regulate development, growth and immunity. Recent progress in the analyses of receptor complexes using different live cell imaging approaches have shown that receptor complex formation and composition are dynamic and take place at specific microdomains at the plasma membrane. In this review we focus on three prominent examples of Arabidopsis thaliana receptor complexes and how their dynamic spatio-temporal distribution at the PM has been studied recently. We will elaborate on the newly emerging concept of plasma membrane microdomains as potential hubs for specific receptor complex assembly and signalling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Burkart
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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117
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Que F, Wang GL, Xu ZS, Wang F, Xiong AS. Transcriptional Regulation of Brassinosteroid Accumulation during Carrot Development and the Potential Role of Brassinosteroids in Petiole Elongation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1356. [PMID: 28848570 PMCID: PMC5554516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It is widely known that brassinosteroids (BRs) are involved in various physiological processes during plant growth and development. Roles of BRs have been reported in many plants. However, relevant report is yet not found in carrot. Carrot is a nutrient-rich vegetable from the Apiaceae family. Here, we measured the bioactive contents of BRs at five successive stages and analyzed the expression profiles of genes involved in BR biosynthesis, signaling pathway and catabolism. We found that most biosynthesis regulated genes had higher expression level at the first development stage of carrot and the catabolism gene BAS1/CYP734A1 had significantly high expression level at the first stage in carrot roots and petioles. In addition, we treated carrot plants with exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) and examined the morphological changes after treating. Compared with control plants, carrot plants treated with 24-EBL had higher plant height, more number of petioles and heavier aboveground weight. The expression levels of DcBRI1, DcBZR1, and DcBSU1 in the petioles were significantly up-regulated by treating with exogenous 24-EBL. The expression profiles of DcCYP734A1 were all significantly up-regulated in the three organs when treated with 0.5 mg/L 24-EBL. The elongation of carrot petioles can be promoted by treating with exogenous 24-EBL. These results indicate that BRs playing potential roles during the growth and development of carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Que
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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118
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Yu X, Feng B, He P, Shan L. From Chaos to Harmony: Responses and Signaling upon Microbial Pattern Recognition. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:109-137. [PMID: 28525309 PMCID: PMC6240913 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) are detected as nonself by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Microbial invasions often trigger the production of host-derived endogenous signals referred to as danger- or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are also perceived by PRRs to modulate PTI responses. Collectively, PTI contributes to host defense against infections by a broad range of pathogens. Remarkable progress has been made toward demonstrating the cellular and physiological responses upon pattern recognition, elucidating the molecular, biochemical, and genetic mechanisms of PRR activation, and dissecting the complex signaling networks that orchestrate PTI responses. In this review, we present an update on the current understanding of how plants recognize and respond to nonself patterns, a process from which the seemingly chaotic responses form into a harmonic defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
| | - Baomin Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
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119
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Wheeler JI, Wong A, Marondedze C, Groen AJ, Kwezi L, Freihat L, Vyas J, Raji MA, Irving HR, Gehring C. The brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 can generate cGMP enabling cGMP-dependent downstream signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:590-600. [PMID: 28482142 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The brassinosteroid receptor brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1) is a member of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase family. The intracellular kinase domain of BRI1 is an active kinase and also encapsulates a guanylate cyclase catalytic centre. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we confirmed that the recombinant cytoplasmic domain of BRI1 generates pmol amounts of cGMP per μg protein with a preference for magnesium over manganese as a co-factor. Importantly, a functional BRI1 kinase is essential for optimal cGMP generation. Therefore, the guanylate cyclase activity of BRI1 is modulated by the kinase while cGMP, the product of the guanylate cyclase, in turn inhibits BRI1 kinase activity. Furthermore, we show using Arabidopsis root cell cultures that cGMP rapidly potentiates phosphorylation of the downstream substrate brassinosteroid signaling kinase 1 (BSK1). Taken together, our results suggest that cGMP acts as a modulator that enhances downstream signaling while dampening signal generation from the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet I Wheeler
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Aloysius Wong
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, 325060
| | - Claudius Marondedze
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arnoud J Groen
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lusisizwe Kwezi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Biosciences, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Lubna Freihat
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jignesh Vyas
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Misjudeen A Raji
- Analytical Chemistry Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen R Irving
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Chris Gehring
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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120
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Cross-talk of Brassinosteroid signaling in controlling growth and stress responses. Biochem J 2017; 474:2641-2661. [PMID: 28751549 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants are faced with a barrage of stresses in their environment and must constantly balance their growth and survival. As such, plants have evolved complex control systems that perceive and respond to external and internal stimuli in order to optimize these responses, many of which are mediated by signaling molecules such as phytohormones. One such class of molecules called Brassinosteroids (BRs) are an important group of plant steroid hormones involved in numerous aspects of plant life including growth, development and response to various stresses. The molecular determinants of the BR signaling pathway have been extensively defined, starting with the membrane-localized receptor BRI1 and co-receptor BAK1 and ultimately culminating in the activation of BES1/BZR1 family transcription factors, which direct a transcriptional network controlling the expression of thousands of genes enabling BRs to influence growth and stress programs. Here, we highlight recent progress in understanding the relationship between the BR pathway and plant stress responses and provide an integrated view of the mechanisms mediating cross-talk between BR and stress signaling.
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121
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Sun L, Qin J, Wang K, Zhang J. Expansion of pathogen recognition specificity in plants using pattern recognition receptors and artificially designed decoys. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:797-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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122
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Ma Y, Zhao Y, Berkowitz GA. Intracellular Ca2+ is important for flagellin-triggered defense in Arabidopsis and involves inositol polyphosphate signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3617-3628. [PMID: 28595359 PMCID: PMC5853439 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic Ca2+ increase is a crucial and early step of plant immunity evoked by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as flagellin (flg). Components responsible for this increase are still not uncovered, although current models of plant immune signaling portray extracellular Ca2+ influx as paramount to flg activation of defense pathways. Work presented here provides new insights into cytosolic Ca2+ increase associated with flg-induced defense responses. We show that extracellular Ca2+ contributes more to immune responses evoked by plant elicitor peptide (Pep3) than that evoked by flg, indicating an intracellular Ca2+ source responsible for immune responses evoked by flg. Genetic impairment of the inositol polyphosphate (InsP) and G-protein signal associated with flg perception reduced flg-dependent immune responses. Previous work indicates that prior exposure of Arabidopsis plants to flg leads to an immune response reflected by less vigorous growth of a pathogenic microbe. We found that this immune response to flg was compromised in mutants lacking the ability to generate an InsP or G-protein signal. We conclude that the recruitment of intracellular Ca2+ stores by flg may involve InsP and G-protein signaling. We also found a notable difference in contribution of intracellular stores of Ca2+ to the immune signaling evoked by another PAMP, elf18 peptide, which had a very different response profile to impairment of InsP signaling. Although Ca2+ signaling is at the core of the innate immune as well as hypersensitive response to plant pathogens, it appears that the molecular mechanisms generating the Ca2+ signal in response to different PAMPs are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yichen Zhao
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Gerald A Berkowitz
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Correspondence:
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123
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Zhang H, Sonnewald U. Differences and commonalities of plant responses to single and combined stresses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:839-855. [PMID: 28370754 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In natural or agricultural environments, plants are constantly exposed to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Given the forecasted global climate changes, plants will cope with heat waves, drought periods and pathogens at the same time or consecutively. Heat and drought cause opposing physiological responses, while pathogens may or may not profit from climate changes depending on their lifestyle. Several studies have been conducted to find stress-specific signatures or stress-independent commonalities. Previously this has been done by comparing different single stress treatments. This approach has been proven difficult since most studies, comparing single and combined stress conditions, have come to the conclusion that each stress treatment results in specific transcriptional changes. Although transcriptional changes at the level of individual genes are highly variable and stress-specific, central metabolic and signaling responses seem to be common, often leading to an overall reduced plant growth. Understanding how specific transcriptional changes are linked to stress adaptations and identifying central hubs controlling this interaction will be the challenge for the coming years. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on plant responses to different individual and combined stresses and try to find a common thread potentially underlying these responses. We will begin with a brief summary of known physiological, metabolic, transcriptional and hormonal responses to individual stresses, elucidate potential commonalities and conflicts and finally we will describe results obtained during combined stress experiments. Here we will concentrate on simultaneous application of stress conditions but we will also touch consequences of sequential stress treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Zhang
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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124
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Yamada K, Yamaguchi K, Yoshimura S, Terauchi A, Kawasaki T. Conservation of Chitin-Induced MAPK Signaling Pathways in Rice and Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:993-1002. [PMID: 28371870 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) including chitin by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) rapidly induces activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, how PRRs transmit immune signals to the MAPK cascade is largely unknown. Recently, Arabidopsis receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27 has been reported to activate MAPKs through phosphorylation of AtMAPKKK5 in the chitin signaling pathway. In this study, we found that OsRLCK185, a rice ortholog of PBL27, regulates chitin-induced MAPK activation in a similar fashion to PBL27 in rice. Upon chitin perception, OsRLCK185 is phosphorylated by OsCERK1, a component of the chitin receptor complex. OsRLCK185 interacted with OsMAPKKK11 and OsMAPKKK18, rice orthologs of AtMAPKKK5, in yeast two-hybrid assays. Silencing of both OsMAPKKK11 and OsMAPKKK18 significantly reduced chitin-induced activation of OsMPK3 and OsMPK6. Expression levels of OsMAPKKK18 were much higher than that of OsMAPKKK11 in rice cells, which was consistent with the fact that the Osmapkkk11 single mutation did not affect MAPK activation. This result suggested that OsMAPKKK18 plays a more important role than OsMAPKKK11 in the chitin-induced activation of OsMPK3 and OsMPK6. The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiment indicated that OsRLCK185 interacted with OsMAPKKK18 at the plasma membrane in planta. In vitro phosphorylation experiments showed that OsRLCK185 directly phosphorylates OsMAPKKK18. Furthermore, OsMAPKKK18 interacted with the MAPKK OsMKK4, the upstream component of OsMPK3/6. These results suggested that OsRLCK185 connects the chitin receptor to the MAPK cascade consisting of OsMAPKKK18-OsMKK4-OsMPK3/6. Our data revealed that chitin-induced MAPK activation in rice and Arabidopsis is regulated by common homologous elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamada
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Satomi Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Akira Terauchi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
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125
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Arabidopsis glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein LLG1 associates with and modulates FLS2 to regulate innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5749-5754. [PMID: 28507137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614468114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants detect and respond to pathogen invasion with membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate downstream immune responses. Here we report that Arabidopsis thaliana LORELEI-LIKE GPI-ANCHORED PROTEIN 1 (LLG1), a coreceptor of the receptor-like kinase FERONIA, regulates PRR signaling. In a forward genetic screen for suppressors of enhanced disease resistance 1 (edr1), we identified the point mutation llg1-3, which suppresses edr1 disease resistance but does not affect plant growth and development. The llg1 mutants show enhanced susceptibility to various virulent pathogens, indicating that LLG1 has an important role in plant immunity. LLG1 constitutively associates with the PAMP receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) and the elongation factor-Tu receptor, and forms a complex with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 in a ligand-dependent manner, indicating that LLG1 functions as a key component of PAMP-recognition immune complexes. Moreover, LLG1 contributes to accumulation and ligand-induced degradation of FLS2, and is required for downstream innate immunity responses, including ligand-induced phosphorylation of BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 and production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, our findings reveal that LLG1 associates with PAMP receptors and modulates their function to regulate disease responses. As LLG1 functions as a coreceptor of FERONIA and plays central roles in plant growth and development, our findings indicate that LLG1 participates in separate pathways, and may suggest a potential connection between development and innate immunity in plants.
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Wang C, Wang G, Zhang C, Zhu P, Dai H, Yu N, He Z, Xu L, Wang E. OsCERK1-Mediated Chitin Perception and Immune Signaling Requires Receptor-like Cytoplasmic Kinase 185 to Activate an MAPK Cascade in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:619-633. [PMID: 28111288 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as chitin, are perceived by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) located at the host cell surface and trigger rapid activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, which are required for plant resistance to pathogens. However, the direct links from PAMP perception to MAPK activation in plants remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that the PRR-associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase Oryza sativa RLCK185 transmits immune signaling from the PAMP receptor OsCERK1 to an MAPK signaling cascade through interaction with an MAPK kinase kinase, OsMAPKKKε, which is the initial kinase of the MAPK cascade. OsRLCK185 interacts with and phosphorylates the C-terminal regulatory domain of OsMAPKKKε. Coexpression of phosphomimetic OsRLCK185 and OsMAPKKKε activates MAPK3/6 phosphorylation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Moreover, OsMAPKKKε interacts with and phosphorylates OsMKK4, a key MAPK kinase that transduces the chitin signal. Overexpression of OsMAPKKKε increases chitin-induced MAPK3/6 activation, whereas OsMAPKKKε knockdown compromises chitin-induced MAPK3/6 activation and resistance to rice blast fungus. Taken together, our results suggest the existence of a phospho-signaling pathway from cell surface chitin perception to intracellular activation of an MAPK cascade in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pinkuan Zhu
- Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huiling Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Liu N, Hake K, Wang W, Zhao T, Romeis T, Tang D. CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE5 Associates with the Truncated NLR Protein TIR-NBS2 to Contribute to exo70B1-Mediated Immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:746-759. [PMID: 28351987 PMCID: PMC5435426 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) function as calcium sensors and play important roles in plant immunity. Loss of function of the exocyst complex subunit EXO70B1 leads to autoimmunity caused by activation of TN2, a truncated Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-nucleotide binding sequence protein. Here we show, based on a screen for suppressors of exo70B1, that exo70B1-activated autoimmune responses require CPK5 However, the CPK5 homologs CPK4, CPK6, and CPK11, which were previously reported to function redundantly with CPK5 in effector-triggered immunity, did not contribute to exo70B1-associated phenotypes, indicating that CPK5 plays a unique role in plant immunity. Overexpressing CPK5 results in TN2-dependent autoimmunity and enhanced disease resistance, reminiscent of the exo70B1 phenotypes. Ectopic expression of CPK5 in the exo70B1 mutant led to constitutive CPK5 protein kinase activity, which was not detectable in tn2 mutants. Furthermore, TN2 interacts with the CPK5 N-terminal variable and kinase domains, stabilizing CPK5 kinase activity in vitro. This work uncovers a direct functional link between an atypical immune receptor and a crucial component of early immune signaling: increased immunity in exo70B1 depends on TN2 and CPK5 and, in a positive feedback loop, TN2 keeps CPK5 enzymatically active beyond the initiating stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Katharina Hake
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tina Romeis
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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128
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Tang D, Wang G, Zhou JM. Receptor Kinases in Plant-Pathogen Interactions: More Than Pattern Recognition. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:618-637. [PMID: 28302675 PMCID: PMC5435430 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) play crucial roles in plant immunity, growth, and development. Plants deploy a large number of RLKs and RLPs as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect microbe- and host-derived molecular patterns as the first layer of inducible defense. Recent advances have uncovered novel PRRs, their corresponding ligands, and mechanisms underlying PRR activation and signaling. In general, PRRs associate with other RLKs and function as part of multiprotein immune complexes at the cell surface. Innovative strategies have emerged for the rapid identification of microbial patterns and their cognate PRRs. Successful pathogens can evade or block host recognition by secreting effector proteins to "hide" microbial patterns or inhibit PRR-mediated signaling. Furthermore, newly identified pathogen effectors have been shown to manipulate RLKs controlling growth and development by mimicking peptide hormones of host plants. The ongoing studies illustrate the importance of diverse plant RLKs in plant disease resistance and microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoxun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Bücherl CA, Jarsch IK, Schudoma C, Segonzac C, Mbengue M, Robatzek S, MacLean D, Ott T, Zipfel C. Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling components but localise to distinct plasma membrane nanodomains. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28262094 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25114.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors govern a multitude of signalling pathways in multicellular organisms. In plants, prominent examples are the receptor kinases FLS2 and BRI1, which activate immunity and steroid-mediated growth, respectively. Intriguingly, despite inducing distinct signalling outputs, both receptors employ common downstream signalling components, which exist in plasma membrane (PM)-localised protein complexes. An important question is thus how these receptor complexes maintain signalling specificity. Live-cell imaging revealed that FLS2 and BRI1 form PM nanoclusters. Using single-particle tracking we could discriminate both cluster populations and we observed spatiotemporal separation between immune and growth signalling platforms. This finding was confirmed by visualising FLS2 and BRI1 within distinct PM nanodomains marked by specific remorin proteins and differential co-localisation with the cytoskeleton. Our results thus suggest that signalling specificity between these pathways may be explained by the spatial separation of FLS2 and BRI1 with their associated signalling components within dedicated PM nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris K Jarsch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Schudoma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ott
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Bücherl CA, Jarsch IK, Schudoma C, Segonzac C, Mbengue M, Robatzek S, MacLean D, Ott T, Zipfel C. Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling components but localise to distinct plasma membrane nanodomains. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28262094 PMCID: PMC5383397 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors govern a multitude of signalling pathways in multicellular organisms. In plants, prominent examples are the receptor kinases FLS2 and BRI1, which activate immunity and steroid-mediated growth, respectively. Intriguingly, despite inducing distinct signalling outputs, both receptors employ common downstream signalling components, which exist in plasma membrane (PM)-localised protein complexes. An important question is thus how these receptor complexes maintain signalling specificity. Live-cell imaging revealed that FLS2 and BRI1 form PM nanoclusters. Using single-particle tracking we could discriminate both cluster populations and we observed spatiotemporal separation between immune and growth signalling platforms. This finding was confirmed by visualising FLS2 and BRI1 within distinct PM nanodomains marked by specific remorin proteins and differential co-localisation with the cytoskeleton. Our results thus suggest that signalling specificity between these pathways may be explained by the spatial separation of FLS2 and BRI1 with their associated signalling components within dedicated PM nanodomains. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25114.001 Unlike most animals, plants cannot move away if their environment changes for the worse. Instead, a plant must sense these changes and respond appropriately, for example by changing how much it grows. Disease-causing microbes in the immediate environment represent another potential threat to plants. To detect these microbes, plant cells have proteins called “pattern recognition receptors” in their surface membranes that sense certain molecules from the microbes (similar receptors are found in animals too). When a receptor protein recognises one such microbial molecule, it becomes activated and forms a complex with other proteins referred to as co-receptors. The protein complex then sends a signal into the cell to trigger an immune response. Plants also use similar receptor proteins to sense their own signalling molecules and regulate their growth and development. These growth-related receptors rely on many of the same co-receptors and signalling components as the immunity-related receptors. This posed the question: how can plant cells use the same proteins to trigger different responses to different signals? Bücherl et al. have now used high-resolution microscopy and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to show that the plant’s immune receptors and growth receptors are found in separate clusters at the plant cell’s surface membrane. These clusters are only a few hundred nanometres wide, and they also contained other signalling components that are needed to quickly relay the signals into the plant cell. Bücherl et al. suggest that, by organizing their receptors into these physically distinct clusters, plant cells can use similar proteins to sense different signals and respond in then different ways. This idea will need to be tested in future studies. Further work is also needed to understand how these clusters of signalling proteins are assembled and inserted at specific locations within the surface membrane of a plant cell. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25114.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris K Jarsch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Schudoma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ott
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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131
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Kim JY, Moon JC, Kim HC, Shin S, Song K, Kim KH, Lee BM. Identification of downy mildew resistance gene candidates by positional cloning in maize ( Zea mays subsp. mays; Poaceae). APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2017; 5:apps1600132. [PMID: 28224059 PMCID: PMC5315382 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1600132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Positional cloning in combination with phenotyping is a general approach to identify disease-resistance gene candidates in plants; however, it requires several time-consuming steps including population or fine mapping. Therefore, in the present study, we suggest a new combined strategy to improve the identification of disease-resistance gene candidates. METHODS AND RESULTS Downy mildew (DM)-resistant maize was selected from five cultivars using a spreader row technique. Positional cloning and bioinformatics tools were used to identify the DM-resistance quantitative trait locus marker (bnlg1702) and 47 protein-coding gene annotations. Eventually, five DM-resistance gene candidates, including bZIP34, Bak1, and Ppr, were identified by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) without fine mapping of the bnlg1702 locus. CONCLUSIONS The combined protocol with the spreader row technique, quantitative trait locus positional cloning, and quantitative RT-PCR was effective for identifying DM-resistance candidate genes. This cloning approach may be applied to other whole-genome-sequenced crops or resistance to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yoon Kim
- Department of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Cheol Moon
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Chul Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University–Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungho Shin
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University–Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Song
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University–Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University–Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Moo Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University–Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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132
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Jwa NS, Hwang BK. Convergent Evolution of Pathogen Effectors toward Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling Networks in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1687. [PMID: 29033963 PMCID: PMC5627460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens have evolved protein effectors to promote virulence and cause disease in host plants. Pathogen effectors delivered into plant cells suppress plant immune responses and modulate host metabolism to support the infection processes of pathogens. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as cellular signaling molecules to trigger plant immune responses, such as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity. In this review, we discuss recent insights into the molecular functions of pathogen effectors that target multiple steps in the ROS signaling pathway in plants. The perception of PAMPs by pattern recognition receptors leads to the rapid and strong production of ROS through activation of NADPH oxidase Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs (RBOHs) as well as peroxidases. Specific pathogen effectors directly or indirectly interact with plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors to induce ROS production and the hypersensitive response in plant cells. By contrast, virulent pathogens possess effectors capable of suppressing plant ROS bursts in different ways during infection. PAMP-triggered ROS bursts are suppressed by pathogen effectors that target mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Moreover, pathogen effectors target vesicle trafficking or metabolic priming, leading to the suppression of ROS production. Secreted pathogen effectors block the metabolic coenzyme NADP-malic enzyme, inhibiting the transfer of electrons to the NADPH oxidases (RBOHs) responsible for ROS generation. Collectively, pathogen effectors may have evolved to converge on a common host protein network to suppress the common plant immune system, including the ROS burst and cell death response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Nam-Soo Jwa,
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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133
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Lozano-Durán R, Belkhadir Y. A Technical Framework for Studying the Signaling Nexus of Brassinosteroids and Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1564:49-61. [PMID: 28124246 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6813-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathway cross-communication cannot be simply tackled by studying isolated signaling systems. Yet understanding how signal transduction pathways attenuate or reinforce each other in vivo is a challenging task. In plants, biosynthesis and signaling of brassinosteroids (BRs) finely regulate growth and defense programs through a complex array of mechanistic and physiological interactions. Conversely, induction of defenses also impacts on the BR biosynthesis at the transcriptional level. In this chapter, we present an experimental framework to study the physiological connection between BR-controlled growth and defenses. We focus on the signaling pathways regulated by the two archetypal cell surface receptors, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) and FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE2 (FLS2), to illustrate the signaling nexus of BRs and plant immunity. In Arabidopsis thaliana, these pathways provide one of the very few systems in which the tools and mechanistic details exist to study cross talk at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology (PSC), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 201602, Shanghai, China.
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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Mostafa I, Yoo MJ, Zhu N, Geng S, Dufresne C, Abou-Hashem M, El-Domiaty M, Chen S. Membrane Proteomics of Arabidopsis Glucosinolate Mutants cyp79B2/B3 and myb28/29. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:534. [PMID: 28443122 PMCID: PMC5387099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (Gls) constitute a major group of natural metabolites represented by three major classes (aliphatic, indolic and aromatic) of more than 120 chemical structures. In our previous work, soluble proteins and metabolites in Arabidopsis mutants deficient of aliphatic (myb28/29) and indolic Gls (cyp79B2B3) were analyzed. Here we focus on investigating the changes at the level of membrane proteins in these mutants. Our LC/MS-MS analyses of tandem mass tag (TMT) labeled peptides derived from the cyp79B2/B3 and myb28/29 relative to wild type resulted in the identification of 4,673 proteins, from which 2,171 are membrane proteins. Fold changes and statistical analysis showed 64 increased and 74 decreased in cyp79B2/B3, while 28 increased and 17 decreased in myb28/29. As to the shared protein changes between the mutants, one protein was increased and eight were decreased. Bioinformatics analysis of the changed proteins led to the discovery of three cytochromes in glucosinolate molecular network (GMN): cytochrome P450 86A7 (At1g63710), cytochrome P450 71B26 (At3g26290), and probable cytochrome c (At1g22840). CYP86A7 and CYP71B26 may play a role in hydroxyl-indolic Gls production. In addition, flavone 3'-O-methyltransferase 1 represents an interesting finding as it is likely to participate in the methylation process of the hydroxyl-indolic Gls to form methoxy-indolic Gls. The analysis also revealed additional new nodes in the GMN related to stress and defense activity, transport, photosynthesis, and translation processes. Gene expression and protein levels were found to be correlated in the cyp79B2/B3, but not in the myb28/29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Mostafa
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig UniversityZagazig, Egypt
| | - Mi-Jeong Yoo
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sisi Geng
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Maged Abou-Hashem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig UniversityZagazig, Egypt
| | - Maher El-Domiaty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig UniversityZagazig, Egypt
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Sixue Chen
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135
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Wang J, Shi H, Zhou L, Peng C, Liu D, Zhou X, Wu W, Yin J, Qin H, Ma W, He M, Li W, Wang J, Li S, Chen X. OsBSK1-2, an Orthologous of AtBSK1, Is Involved in Rice Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:908. [PMID: 28680425 PMCID: PMC5478731 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The brassinosteroid-SIGNALING KINASE (BSK) belongs to the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase XII subgroup. BSK1 regulates development and immunity in Arabidopsis. However, the function of rice (Oryza sativa) BSK1 is largely unknown. Here, we report that the expression level of OsBSK1-2 is induced after a chitin or fagellin22 (flg22) treatment. Silencing OsBSK1-2 in rice results in compromised responses to chitin- or flg22-triggered immunity and resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae, but does not alter the plant's architecture nor reduce plant responses to brassinosteroid signaling. Our study reveals that OsBSK1-2 functions as a major regulator in rice plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Lian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Chunfang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Dingyou Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Agricultural Academy of Sciences at Mianyang, MianyangChina
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Wenguan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Junjie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Hai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Weiwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Weitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Jichun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Shigui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases & Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, ChengduChina
- *Correspondence: Xuewei Chen,
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Receptor kinase complex transmits RALF peptide signal to inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8326-E8334. [PMID: 27930296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609626113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of hormones work together to control plant cell growth. Rapid Alkalinization Factor 1 (RALF1), a plant-derived small regulatory peptide, inhibits cell elongation through suppression of rhizosphere acidification in plants. Although a receptor-like kinase, FERONIA (FER), has been shown to act as a receptor for RALF1, the signaling mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we identified a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RPM1-induced protein kinase, RIPK), a plasma membrane-associated member of the RLCK-VII subfamily, that is recruited to the receptor complex through interacting with FER in response to RALF1. RALF1 triggers the phosphorylation of both FER and RIPK in a mutually dependent manner. Genetic analysis of the fer-4 and ripk mutants reveals RIPK, as well as FER, to be required for RALF1 response in roots. The RALF1-FER-RIPK interactions may thus represent a mechanism for peptide signaling in plants.
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137
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Ma X, Xu G, He P, Shan L. SERKing Coreceptors for Receptors. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:1017-1033. [PMID: 27660030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a large number of cell surface-resident receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), many of which are implicated in sensing extrinsic and intrinsic signals, and govern diverse cellular responses. The signaling pathways mediated by RLKs and RLPs converge at a small group of RLKs, somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (SERKs), via ligand-induced heterodimerization and transphosphorylation. As shared coreceptors in diverse signaling receptorsomes, SERKs exhibit functional plasticity yet maintain a high degree of signaling specificity. Here, we review recent advances in newly identified SERK functions in plant cell differentiation, growth, and immunity; discuss the regulation and activation mechanisms of SERK-associated receptorsomes; and provide insights into how SERKs maintain signaling specificity as convergent hubs in various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Ma
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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138
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Yamada K, Yamaguchi K, Shirakawa T, Nakagami H, Mine A, Ishikawa K, Fujiwara M, Narusaka M, Narusaka Y, Ichimura K, Kobayashi Y, Matsui H, Nomura Y, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Fukao Y, Fukamizo T, Tsuda K, Shirasu K, Shibuya N, Kawasaki T. The Arabidopsis CERK1-associated kinase PBL27 connects chitin perception to MAPK activation. EMBO J 2016. [PMID: 26657708 DOI: 10.15252/embj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns by host cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggers the intracellular activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, it is not known how PRRs transmit immune signals to MAPK cascades in plants. Here, we identify a complete phospho-signaling transduction pathway from PRR-mediated pathogen recognition to MAPK activation in plants. We found that the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27 connects the chitin receptor complex CERK1-LYK5 and a MAPK cascade. PBL27 interacts with both CERK1 and the MAPK kinase kinase MAPKKK5 at the plasma membrane. Knockout mutants of MAPKKK5 compromise chitin-induced MAPK activation and disease resistance to Alternaria brassicicola PBL27 phosphorylates MAPKKK5 in vitro, which is enhanced by phosphorylation of PBL27 by CERK1. The chitin perception induces disassociation between PBL27 and MAPKKK5 in vivo Furthermore, genetic evidence suggests that phosphorylation of MAPKKK5 by PBL27 is essential for chitin-induced MAPK activation in plants. These data indicate that PBL27 is the MAPKKK kinase that provides the missing link between the cell surface chitin receptor and the intracellular MAPK cascade in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamada
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shirakawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Mine
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Kaga-gun Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Kaga-gun Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ichimura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho Kita-gun Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu Shiga, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
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139
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Yamada K, Yamaguchi K, Shirakawa T, Nakagami H, Mine A, Ishikawa K, Fujiwara M, Narusaka M, Narusaka Y, Ichimura K, Kobayashi Y, Matsui H, Nomura Y, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Fukao Y, Fukamizo T, Tsuda K, Shirasu K, Shibuya N, Kawasaki T. The Arabidopsis CERK1-associated kinase PBL27 connects chitin perception to MAPK activation. EMBO J 2016; 35:2468-2483. [PMID: 27679653 PMCID: PMC5109243 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns by host cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggers the intracellular activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, it is not known how PRRs transmit immune signals to MAPK cascades in plants. Here, we identify a complete phospho-signaling transduction pathway from PRR-mediated pathogen recognition to MAPK activation in plants. We found that the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27 connects the chitin receptor complex CERK1-LYK5 and a MAPK cascade. PBL27 interacts with both CERK1 and the MAPK kinase kinase MAPKKK5 at the plasma membrane. Knockout mutants of MAPKKK5 compromise chitin-induced MAPK activation and disease resistance to Alternaria brassicicola PBL27 phosphorylates MAPKKK5 in vitro, which is enhanced by phosphorylation of PBL27 by CERK1. The chitin perception induces disassociation between PBL27 and MAPKKK5 in vivo Furthermore, genetic evidence suggests that phosphorylation of MAPKKK5 by PBL27 is essential for chitin-induced MAPK activation in plants. These data indicate that PBL27 is the MAPKKK kinase that provides the missing link between the cell surface chitin receptor and the intracellular MAPK cascade in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamada
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shirakawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Mine
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Kaga-gun Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Kaga-gun Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ichimura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho Kita-gun Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu Shiga, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
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140
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Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms exposed constantly to potential virulent microbes seeking for full pathogenesis in hosts. Different from animals employing both adaptive and innate immune systems, plants only rely on innate immunity to detect and fight against pathogen invasions. Plant innate immunity is proposed to be a two-tiered immune system including pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity. In PTI, PAMPs, the elicitors derived from microbial pathogens, are perceived by cell surface-localized proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). As single-pass transmembrane proteins, RLKs and RLPs contain an extracellular domain (ECD) responsible for ligand binding. Recognitions of signal molecules by PRR-ECDs induce homo- or heterooligomerization of RLKs and RLPs to trigger corresponding intracellular immune responses. RLKs possess a cytoplasmic Ser/Thr kinase domain that is absent in RLPs, implying that protein phosphorylations underlie key mechanism in transducing immunity signalings and that RLPs unlikely mediate signal transduction independently, and recruitment of other patterns, such as RLKs, is required for the function of RLPs in plant immunity. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, resembling RLK structures but lacking the ECD, act as immediate substrates of PRRs, modulating PRR activities and linking PRRs with downstream signaling mediators. In this chapter, we summarize recent discoveries illustrating the molecular machines of major components of PRR complexes in mediating pathogen perception and immunity activation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Y Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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141
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Li L, Yu Y, Zhou Z, Zhou JM. Plant pattern-recognition receptors controlling innate immunity. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:878-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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142
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Wang S, Sun J, Fan F, Tan Z, Zou Y, Lu D. A Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae effector, XopR, associates with receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases and suppresses PAMP-triggered stomatal closure. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:897-905. [PMID: 27520828 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play important roles in plant immunity signaling; thus, many are hijacked by pathogen effectors to promote successful pathogenesis. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the causal agent of rice leaf blight disease. The strain PXO99A has 18 non-TAL (transcription activation-like) effectors; however, their mechanisms of action and host target proteins remain largely unknown. Although the effector XopR from the Xoo strain MAFF311018 was shown to suppress PAMP-triggered immune responses in Arabidopsis, its target has not yet been identified. Here, we show that PXO99A XopR interacts with BIK1 at the plasma membrane. BIK1 is a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) belonging to the RLK family of proteins and mediates PAMP-triggered stomatal immunity. In turn, BIK1 phosphorylates XopR. Furthermore, XopR suppresses PAMP-triggered stomatal closure in transgenic Arabidopsis expressing XopR. In addition, XopR is able to associate with RLCKs other than BIK1. These results suggest that XopR likely suppresses plant immunity by targeting BIK1 and other RLCKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fenggui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
| | - Yanmin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China.
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143
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Couto D, Niebergall R, Liang X, Bücherl CA, Sklenar J, Macho AP, Ntoukakis V, Derbyshire P, Altenbach D, Maclean D, Robatzek S, Uhrig J, Menke F, Zhou JM, Zipfel C. The Arabidopsis Protein Phosphatase PP2C38 Negatively Regulates the Central Immune Kinase BIK1. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005811. [PMID: 27494702 PMCID: PMC4975489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to PRR-triggered immunity (PTI). The Arabidopsis cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 is a downstream substrate of several PRR complexes. How plant PTI is negatively regulated is not fully understood. Here, we identify the protein phosphatase PP2C38 as a negative regulator of BIK1 activity and BIK1-mediated immunity. PP2C38 dynamically associates with BIK1, as well as with the PRRs FLS2 and EFR, but not with the co-receptor BAK1. PP2C38 regulates PAMP-induced BIK1 phosphorylation and impairs the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD by BIK1, leading to reduced oxidative burst and stomatal immunity. Upon PAMP perception, PP2C38 is phosphorylated on serine 77 and dissociates from the FLS2/EFR-BIK1 complexes, enabling full BIK1 activation. Together with our recent work on the control of BIK1 turnover, this study reveals another important regulatory mechanism of this central immune component. Plants use immune receptors at the cell surface to perceive microbial molecules and initiate a broad-spectrum defence response against pathogens. However, the induction and amplitude of immune signalling must be tightly regulated. Immune responses are triggered by ligand binding to a cognate receptor, which is present in dynamic kinase complexes that heavily rely on trans-phosphorylation to initiate signalling. The cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 associates with different immune receptors and plays a central role in the activation of downstream immune signalling. We show here that the Arabidopsis thaliana protein phosphatase PP2C38 negatively regulates immune responses by controlling the phosphorylation and activation status of BIK1. Furthermore, we propose a mechanism that relieves this negative regulation involving PP2C38 phosphorylation and dissociation from BIK1. These findings extend our knowledge on how plant immunity is appropriately regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Couto
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Roda Niebergall
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangxiu Liang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto P. Macho
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Altenbach
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dan Maclean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Uhrig
- Botanical Institute III, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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145
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Yeh YH, Panzeri D, Kadota Y, Huang YC, Huang PY, Tao CN, Roux M, Chien HC, Chin TC, Chu PW, Zipfel C, Zimmerli L. The Arabidopsis Malectin-Like/LRR-RLK IOS1 Is Critical for BAK1-Dependent and BAK1-Independent Pattern-Triggered Immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1701-21. [PMID: 27317676 PMCID: PMC5077175 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2), EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), and CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). A reverse genetics approach on genes responsive to the priming agent β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) revealed IMPAIRED OOMYCETE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (IOS1) as a critical PTI player. Arabidopsis thaliana ios1 mutants were hypersusceptible to Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. Accordingly, ios1 mutants showed defective PTI responses, notably delayed upregulation of the PTI marker gene FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE1, reduced callose deposition, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation upon MAMP treatment. Moreover, Arabidopsis lines overexpressing IOS1 were more resistant to bacteria and showed a primed PTI response. In vitro pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, coimmunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry analyses supported the existence of complexes between the membrane-localized IOS1 and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1)-dependent PRRs FLS2 and EFR, as well as with the BAK1-independent PRR CERK1. IOS1 also associated with BAK1 in a ligand-independent manner and positively regulated FLS2-BAK1 complex formation upon MAMP treatment. In addition, IOS1 was critical for chitin-mediated PTI. Finally, ios1 mutants were defective in BABA-induced resistance and priming. This work reveals IOS1 as a novel regulatory protein of FLS2-, EFR-, and CERK1-mediated signaling pathways that primes PTI activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hung Yeh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Dario Panzeri
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Chun Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yao Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Nan Tao
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Milena Roux
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hsiao-Chiao Chien
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chuan Chin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Chu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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146
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Kong Q, Sun T, Qu N, Ma J, Li M, Cheng YT, Zhang Q, Wu D, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Two Redundant Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases Function Downstream of Pattern Recognition Receptors to Regulate Activation of SA Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1344-54. [PMID: 27208222 PMCID: PMC4902587 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) serves as a critical signaling molecule in plant defense. Two transcription factors, SARD1 and CBP60g, control SA biosynthesis through regulating pathogen-induced expression of Isochorismate Synthase1, which encodes a key enzyme for SA biosynthesis. Here, we report that Pattern-Triggered Immunity Compromised Receptor-like Cytoplasmic Kinase1 (PCRK1) and PCRK2 function as key regulators of SA biosynthesis. In the pcrk1 pcrk2 double mutant, pathogen-induced expression of SARD1, CBP60g, and ICS1 is greatly reduced. The pcrk1 pcrk2 double mutant, but neither of the single mutants, exhibits reduced accumulation of SA and enhanced disease susceptibility to bacterial pathogens. Both PCRK1 and PCRK2 interact with the pattern recognition receptor FLS2, and treatment with pathogen-associated molecular patterns leads to rapid phosphorylation of PCRK2. Our data suggest that PCRK1 and PCRK2 function downstream of pattern recognition receptor in a signal relay leading to the activation of SA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Kong
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (Q.K., T.S., J.M., M.L., Y.-t.C., Q.Z., D.W., Z.Z., Y.Z.);National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China (N.Q.); andCollege of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China (J.M.)
| | - Tongjun Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (Q.K., T.S., J.M., M.L., Y.-t.C., Q.Z., D.W., Z.Z., Y.Z.);National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China (N.Q.); andCollege of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China (J.M.)
| | - Na Qu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (Q.K., T.S., J.M., M.L., Y.-t.C., Q.Z., D.W., Z.Z., Y.Z.);National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China (N.Q.); andCollege of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China (J.M.)
| | - Junling Ma
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (Q.K., T.S., J.M., M.L., Y.-t.C., Q.Z., D.W., Z.Z., Y.Z.);National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China (N.Q.); andCollege of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China (J.M.)
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (Q.K., T.S., J.M., M.L., Y.-t.C., Q.Z., D.W., Z.Z., Y.Z.);National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China (N.Q.); andCollege of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China (J.M.)
| | - Yu-Ti Cheng
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (Q.K., T.S., J.M., M.L., Y.-t.C., Q.Z., D.W., Z.Z., Y.Z.);National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China (N.Q.); andCollege of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China (J.M.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (Q.K., T.S., J.M., M.L., Y.-t.C., Q.Z., D.W., Z.Z., Y.Z.);National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China (N.Q.); andCollege of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China (J.M.)
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (Q.K., T.S., J.M., M.L., Y.-t.C., Q.Z., D.W., Z.Z., Y.Z.);National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China (N.Q.); andCollege of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China (J.M.)
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (Q.K., T.S., J.M., M.L., Y.-t.C., Q.Z., D.W., Z.Z., Y.Z.);National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China (N.Q.); andCollege of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China (J.M.)
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (Q.K., T.S., J.M., M.L., Y.-t.C., Q.Z., D.W., Z.Z., Y.Z.);National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China (N.Q.); andCollege of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China (J.M.)
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147
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Wang YJ, Wei XY, Jing XQ, Chang YL, Hu CH, Wang X, Chen KM. The Fundamental Role of NOX Family Proteins in Plant Immunity and Their Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060805. [PMID: 27240354 PMCID: PMC4926339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs), also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs), are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and are involved in many important processes in plants such as regulation of acclimatory signaling and programmed cell death (PCD). Increasing evidence shows that NOXs play crucial roles in plant immunity and their functions in plant immune responses are not as separate individuals but with other signal molecules such as kinases, Rac/Rop small GTPases and hormones, mediating a series of signal transmissions. In a similar way, NOX-mediated signaling also participates in abiotic stress response of plants. We summarized here the complex role and regulation mechanism of NOXs in mediating plant immune response, and the viewpoint that abiotic stress response of plants may be a kind of special plant immunity is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiao-Yong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiu-Qing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yan-Li Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Chun-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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148
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Deng XG, Zhu T, Peng XJ, Xi DH, Guo H, Yin Y, Zhang DW, Lin HH. Role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating Tobacco mosaic virus resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20579. [PMID: 26838475 PMCID: PMC4738339 DOI: 10.1038/srep20579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), play essential roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, mechanisms by which BRs interfere with plant resistance to virus remain largely unclear. In this study, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches in combination with infection experiments to investigate the role of BRs in plant defense against Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Exogenous applied BRs enhanced plant resistance to virus infection, while application of Bikinin (inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3), which activated BR signaling, increased virus susceptibility. Silencing of NbBRI1 and NbBSK1 blocked BR-induced TMV resistance, and silencing of NbBES1/BZR1 blocked Bikinin-reduced TMV resistance. Silencing of NbMEK2, NbSIPK and NbRBOHB all compromised BR-induced virus resistance and defense-associated genes expression. Furthermore, we found MEK2-SIPK cascade activated while BES1/BZR1 inhibited RBOHB-dependent ROS production, defense gene expression and virus resistance induced by BRs. Thus, our results revealed BR signaling had two opposite effects on viral defense response. On the one hand, BRs enhanced virus resistance through MEK2-SIPK cascade and RBOHB-dependent ROS burst. On the other hand, BES1/BZR1 inhibited RBOHB-dependent ROS production and acted as an important mediator of the trade-off between growth and immunity in BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Guang Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xing-Ji Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - De-Hui Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Hongqing Guo
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Plant Science Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Plant Science Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
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149
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Zhang B, Wang X, Zhao Z, Wang R, Huang X, Zhu Y, Yuan L, Wang Y, Xu X, Burlingame AL, Gao Y, Sun Y, Tang W. OsBRI1 Activates BR Signaling by Preventing Binding between the TPR and Kinase Domains of OsBSK3 via Phosphorylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1149-61. [PMID: 26697897 PMCID: PMC4734578 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plant receptor kinases transduce signals through receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs); however, the molecular mechanisms that create an effective on-off switch are unknown. The receptor kinase BR INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) transduces brassinosteroid (BR) signal by phosphorylating members of the BR-signaling kinase (BSK) family of RLCKs, which contain a kinase domain and a C-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain. Here, we show that the BR signaling function of BSKs is conserved in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) and that the TPR domain of BSKs functions as a "phospho-switchable" autoregulatory domain to control BSKs' activity. Genetic studies revealed that OsBSK3 is a positive regulator of BR signaling in rice, while in vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that OsBRI1 interacts directly with and phosphorylates OsBSK3. The TPR domain of OsBSK3, which interacts directly with the protein's kinase domain, serves as an autoinhibitory domain to prevent OsBSK3 from interacting with bri1-SUPPRESSOR1 (BSU1). Phosphorylation of OsBSK3 by OsBRI1 disrupts the interaction between its TPR and kinase domains, thereby increasing the binding between OsBSK3's kinase domain and BSU1. Our results not only demonstrate that OsBSK3 plays a conserved role in regulating BR signaling in rice, but also provide insight into the molecular mechanism by which BSK family proteins are inhibited under basal conditions but switched on by the upstream receptor kinase BRI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Zhiying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Ruiju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Xiahe Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Yali Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Li Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Yingjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
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150
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Liu S, Bartnikas LM, Volko SM, Ausubel FM, Tang D. Mutation of the Glucosinolate Biosynthesis Enzyme Cytochrome P450 83A1 Monooxygenase Increases Camalexin Accumulation and Powdery Mildew Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:227. [PMID: 26973671 PMCID: PMC4774424 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Small secondary metabolites, including glucosinolates and the major phytoalexin camalexin, play important roles in immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. We isolated an Arabidopsis mutant with increased resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces cichoracearum and identified a mutation in the gene encoding cytochrome P450 83A1 monooxygenase (CYP83A1), which functions in glucosinolate biosynthesis. The cyp83a1-3 mutant exhibited enhanced defense responses to G. cichoracearum and double mutant analysis showed that this enhanced resistance requires NPR1, EDS1, and PAD4, but not SID2 or EDS5. In cyp83a1-3 mutants, the expression of genes related to camalexin synthesis increased upon G. cichoracearum infection. Significantly, the cyp83a1-3 mutant also accumulated higher levels of camalexin. Decreasing camalexin levels by mutation of the camalexin synthetase gene PAD3 or the camalexin synthesis regulator AtWRKY33 compromised the powdery mildew resistance in these mutants. Consistent with these observations, overexpression of PAD3 increased camalexin levels and enhanced resistance to G. cichoracearum. Taken together, our data indicate that accumulation of higher levels of camalexin contributes to increased resistance to powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology – Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lisa M. Bartnikas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, BostonMA, USA
| | - Sigrid M. Volko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, BostonMA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, BostonMA, USA
| | - Frederick M. Ausubel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, BostonMA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, BostonMA, USA
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology – Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dingzhong Tang,
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