101
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Zhou H, Zhao J, Cai J, Patil SB. UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASES function in plant development and stress responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:565-576. [PMID: 28695315 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASES play important roles in plant development and stress responses. Protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination are reversible processes, which can modulate the stability, activity as well as subcellular localization of the substrate proteins. UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE (UBP) protein family participates in protein deubiquitination. Members of UBP family are involved in a variety of physiological processes in plants, as evidenced by their functional characterization in model plant Arabidopsis and other plants. UBPs are conserved in plants and distinct UBPs function in different regulatory processes, although functional redundancies exist between some members. Here we briefly reviewed recent advances in understanding the biological functions of UBP protein family in Arabidopsis, particularly the molecular mechanisms by which UBPs regulate plant development and stress responses. We believe that elucidation of UBPs function and regulation in Arabidopsis will provide new insights about protein deubiquitination and might shed light on the understanding of the mechanistic roles of UBPs in general, which will definitely contribute to crop improvement in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingqing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Suyash B Patil
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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102
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Perea-Resa C, Rodríguez-Milla MA, Iniesto E, Rubio V, Salinas J. Prefoldins Negatively Regulate Cold Acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana by Promoting Nuclear Proteasome-Mediated HY5 Degradation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:791-804. [PMID: 28412546 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The process of cold acclimation is an important adaptive response whereby many plants from temperate regions increase their freezing tolerance after being exposed to low non-freezing temperatures. The correct development of this response relies on proper accumulation of a number of transcription factors that regulate expression patterns of cold-responsive genes. Multiple studies have revealed a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in promoting the accumulation of these transcription factors. Interestingly, however, the mechanisms implicated in controlling such accumulation to ensure their adequate levels remain largely unknown. In this work, we demonstrate that prefoldins (PFDs) control the levels of HY5, an Arabidopsis transcription factor with a key role in cold acclimation by activating anthocyanin biosynthesis, in response to low temperature. Our results show that, under cold conditions, PFDs accumulate into the nucleus through a DELLA-dependent mechanism, where they interact with HY5, triggering its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. The degradation of HY5 would result, in turn, in anthocyanin biosynthesis attenuation, ensuring the accurate development of cold acclimation. These findings uncover an unanticipated nuclear function for PFDs in plant responses to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Perea-Resa
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rodríguez-Milla
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Iniesto
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Salinas
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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103
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Miyakawa T, Tanokura M. Structural basis for the regulation of phytohormone receptors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1261-1273. [PMID: 28417669 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1313696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones are central players in diverse plant physiological events, such as plant growth, development, and environmental stress and defense responses. The elucidation of their regulatory mechanisms through phytohormone receptors could facilitate the generation of transgenic crops with cultivation advantages and the rational design of growth control chemicals. During the last decade, accumulated structural data on phytohormone receptors have provided critical insights into the molecular mechanisms of phytohormone perception and signal transduction. Here, we review the structural bases of phytohormone recognition and receptor activation. As a common feature, phytohormones regulate the interaction between the receptors and their respective target proteins (also called co-receptors) by two types of regulatory mechanisms, acting as either "molecular glue" or an "allosteric regulator." However, individual phytohormone receptors adopt specific structural features that are essential for activation. In addition, recent studies have focused on the molecular diversity of redundant phytohormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyakawa
- a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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104
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Pacurar DI, Pacurar ML, Lakehal A, Pacurar AM, Ranjan A, Bellini C. The Arabidopsis Cop9 signalosome subunit 4 (CNS4) is involved in adventitious root formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:628. [PMID: 28377589 PMCID: PMC5429640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is an evolutionary conserved multiprotein complex that regulates many aspects of plant development by controlling the activity of CULLIN-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). CRLs ubiquitinate and target for proteasomal degradation a vast number of specific substrate proteins involved in many developmental and physiological processes, including light and hormone signaling and cell division. As a consequence of CSN pleiotropic function, complete loss of CSN activity results in seedling lethality. Therefore, a detailed analysis of CSN physiological functions in adult Arabidopsis plants has been hampered by the early seedling lethality of csn null mutants. Here we report the identification and characterization of a viable allele of the Arabidopsis COP9 signalosome subunit 4 (CSN4). The allele, designated csn4-2035, suppresses the adventitious root (AR) phenotype of the Arabidopsis superroot2-1 mutant, potentially by altering its auxin signaling. Furthermore, we show that although the csn4-2035 mutation affects primary and lateral root (LR) formation in the 2035 suppressor mutant, CSN4 and other subunits of the COP9 complex seem to differentially control AR and LR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ioan Pacurar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,SweTree Technologies AB, P.O. Box 4095, SE-904 03, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Monica Lacramioara Pacurar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.,University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,SweTree Technologies AB, P.O. Box 4095, SE-904 03, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Abdellah Lakehal
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Mariana Pacurar
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Institut National de la Research Agronomic, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Univ. Paris-Sud, F-78000, Versailles, France.
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105
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Lim CW, Baek W, Lee SC. The Pepper RING-Type E3 Ligase CaAIRF1 Regulates ABA and Drought Signaling via CaADIP1 Protein Phosphatase Degradation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:2323-2339. [PMID: 28184010 PMCID: PMC5373060 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated protein modification occurs at multiple steps of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Here, we sought proteins responsible for degradation of the pepper (Capsicum annuum) type 2C protein phosphatase CaADIP1 via the 26S proteasome system. We showed that the RING-type E3 ligase CaAIRF1 (Capsicum annuum ADIP1 Interacting RING Finger Protein 1) interacts with and ubiquitinates CaADIP1. CaADIP1 degradation was slower in crude proteins from CaAIRF1-silenced peppers than in those from control plants. CaAIRF1-silenced pepper plants displayed reduced ABA sensitivity and decreased drought tolerance characterized by delayed stomatal closure and suppressed induction of ABA- and drought-responsive marker genes. In contrast, CaAIRF1-overexpressing Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants exhibited ABA-hypersensitive and drought-tolerant phenotypes. Moreover, in these plants, CaADIP1-induced ABA hyposensitivity was strongly suppressed by CaAIRF1 overexpression. Our findings highlight a potential new route for fine-tune regulation of ABA signaling in pepper via CaAIRF1 and CaADIP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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106
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Pepper CaREL1, a ubiquitin E3 ligase, regulates drought tolerance via the ABA-signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:477. [PMID: 28352121 PMCID: PMC5428412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress conditions in soil or air hinder plant growth and development. Here, we report that the hot pepper (Capsicumannuum) RING type E3 Ligase 1 gene (CaREL1) is essential to the drought stress response. CaREL1 encodes a cytoplasmic- and nuclear-localized protein with E3 ligase activity. CaREL1 expression was induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and drought. CaREL1 contains a C3H2C3-type RING finger motif, which functions in ubiquitination of the target protein. We used CaREL1-silenced pepper plants and CaREL1-overexpressing (OX) transgenic Arabidopsis plants to evaluate the in vivo function of CaREL1 in response to drought stress and ABA treatment. CaREL1-silenced pepper plants displayed a drought-tolerant phenotype characterized by ABA hypersensitivity. In contrast, CaREL1-OX plants exhibited ABA hyposensitivity during the germination, seedling, and adult stages. In addition, plant growth was severely impaired under drought stress conditions, via a high level of transpirational water loss and decreased stomatal closure. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that ABA-related drought stress responsive genes were more weakly expressed in CaREL1-OX plants than in wild-type plants, indicating that CaREL1 functions in the drought stress response via the ABA-signalling pathway. Taken together, our results indicate that CaREL1 functions as a negative regulator of ABA-mediated drought stress tolerance.
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107
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Yu J, Ge H, Wang X, Tang R, Wang Y, Zhao F, Lan W, Luan S, Yang L. Overexpression of Pyrabactin Resistance-Like Abscisic Acid Receptors Enhances Drought, Osmotic, and Cold Tolerance in Transgenic Poplars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1752. [PMID: 29081783 PMCID: PMC5645508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) has been known participate in a wider range of adaptive responses to diverse environmental abiotic stresses such as drought, osmosis, and low temperatures. ABA signaling is initiated by its receptors PYR/PYL/RCARs, a type of soluble proteins with a conserved START domain which can bind ABA and trigger the downstream pathway. Previously, we discovered that poplar (Populus trichocarpa) genome encodes 14 PYR/PYL/RCAR orthologs (PtPYRLs), and two of them, PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 have been functionally characterized to positively regulate drought tolerance. However, the physiological function of these ABA receptors in poplar remains uncharacterized. Here, we generated transgenic poplar plants overexpressing PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 and found that they exhibited more vigorous growth and produced greater biomass when exposed to drought stress. The improved drought tolerance was positively correlated with the key physiological responses dictated by the ABA signaling pathway, including increase in stomatal closure and decrease in leaf water loss. Further analyses revealed that overexpression lines showed improved capacity in scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhanced the activation of antioxidant enzymes under drought stress. Moreover, overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 significantly increased the poplar resistance to osmotic and cold stresses. In summary, our results suggest that constitutive expression of PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 significantly enhances the resistance to drought, osmotic and cold stresses by positively regulating ABA signaling in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU–NFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiman Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU–NFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU–NFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renjie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU–NFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fugeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU–NFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenzhi Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU–NFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wenzhi Lan, Sheng Luan, Lei Yang,
| | - Sheng Luan
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU–NFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenzhi Lan, Sheng Luan, Lei Yang,
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU–NFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wenzhi Lan, Sheng Luan, Lei Yang,
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108
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Joo H, Lim CW, Han SW, Lee SC. The Pepper RING Finger E3 Ligase, CaDIR1, Regulates the Drought Stress Response via ABA-Mediated Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:690. [PMID: 28503186 PMCID: PMC5408085 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress from soil or air limits plant growth and development, leading to a reduction in crop productivity. Several E3 ligases positively or negatively regulate the drought stress response. In the present study, we show that the pepper (Capsicum annuum) Drought Induced RING type E3 ligase 1, CaDIR1, regulates the drought stress response via abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated signaling. CaDIR1 contains a C3HC4-type RING finger domain in the N-terminal region; this domain functions during protein degradation via attachment of ubiquitins to the substrate target proteins. The expression levels of the CaDIR1 gene were suppressed and induced by ABA and drought treatments, respectively. We conducted loss-of-function and gain-of function genetic studies to examine the in vivo function of CaDIR1 in response to ABA and drought stress. CaDIR1-silenced pepper plants displayed a drought-tolerant phenotype characterized by a low level of transpirational water loss via increased stomatal closure and elevated leaf temperatures. CaDIR1-overexpressing (OX) Arabidopsis plants exhibited an ABA-hypersensitive phenotype during the germination stage, but an ABA-hyposensitive phenotype-characterized by decreased stomatal closure and reduced leaf temperatures-at the adult stage. Moreover, adult CaDIR1-OX plants exhibited a drought-sensitive phenotype characterized by high levels of transpirational water loss. Our results indicate that CaDIR1 functions as a negative regulator of the drought stress response via ABA-mediated signaling. Our findings provide a valuable insight into the plant defense mechanism that operates during drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Joo
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang UniversityAnseong, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang-Wook Han, Sung C. Lee,
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang-Wook Han, Sung C. Lee,
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109
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Yang W, Zhang W, Wang X. Post-translational control of ABA signalling: the roles of protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:4-14. [PMID: 27767245 PMCID: PMC5253474 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays significant roles in integrating environmental signals with embryogenesis, germination, seedling establishment, the floral transition and the adaptation of plants to stressful environments by modulating stomatal movement and stress-responsive gene expression. ABA signalling consists of ABA perception, signal transduction and ABA-induced responses. ABA receptors such as members of the PYR/PYL family, group A type 2C protein phosphatases (as negative regulators), SnRK2 protein kinases (as positive regulators), bZIP transcription factors and ion channels are key components of ABA signalling. Post-translational modifications, including dephosphorylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination, play important roles in regulating ABA signalling. In this review, we focus on the roles of post-translational modifications in ABA signalling. The studies presented provide a detailed picture of the ABA signalling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yang
- Rice Research InstituteShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Rice Research InstituteShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Rice Research InstituteShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
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110
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Yu F, Lou L, Tian M, Li Q, Ding Y, Cao X, Wu Y, Belda-Palazon B, Rodriguez PL, Yang S, Xie Q. ESCRT-I Component VPS23A Affects ABA Signaling by Recognizing ABA Receptors for Endosomal Degradation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1570-1582. [PMID: 27856401 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent discovery of PYR/PYL/RCAR-type abscisic acid (ABA) receptors has become one of most significant advances in plant science in the past decade. In mammals, endosomal sorting acts as an important pathway to downregulate different types of receptors, but its role in plant hormone signaling is poorly understood. Here, we report that an ubiquitin E2-like protein, VPS23A, which is a key component of ESCRT-I, negatively regulates ABA signaling. VPS23A has epistatic relationship with PYR/PYL/RCAR-type ABA receptors and disruption of VPS23A enhanced the activity of key kinase OST1 in the ABA signaling pathway under ABA treatment. Moreover, VPS23A interacts with PYR1/PYLs and K63-linked diubiquitin, and PYL4 possesses K63-linked ubiquitinated modification in vivo. Further analysis revealed that VPS23A affects the subcellular localization of PYR1 and the stability of PYL4. Taken together, our results suggest that VPS23A affects PYR1/PYL4 via vacuole-mediated degradation, providing an advanced understanding of both the turnover of ABA receptors and ESCRTs in plant hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Qingliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yaorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Borja Belda-Palazon
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China.
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111
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The Arabidopsis MIEL1 E3 ligase negatively regulates ABA signalling by promoting protein turnover of MYB96. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12525. [PMID: 27615387 PMCID: PMC5027273 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates plant responses to various environmental challenges. Controlled protein turnover is an important component of ABA signalling. Here we show that the RING-type E3 ligase MYB30-INTERACTING E3 LIGASE 1 (MIEL1) regulates ABA sensitivity by promoting MYB96 turnover in Arabidopsis. Germination of MIEL1-deficient mutant seeds is hypersensitive to ABA, whereas MIEL1-overexpressing transgenic seeds are less sensitive. MIEL1 can interact with MYB96, a regulator of ABA signalling, and stimulate its ubiquitination and degradation. Genetic analysis shows that MYB96 is epistatic to MIEL1 in the control of ABA sensitivity in seeds. While MIEL1 acts primarily via MYB96 in seed germination, MIEL1 regulates protein turnover of both MYB96 and MYB30 in vegetative tissues. We find that ABA regulates the expression of MYB30-responsive genes during pathogen infection and this regulation is partly dependent on MIEL1. These results suggest that MIEL1 may facilitate crosstalk between ABA and biotic stress signalling. The phytohormone abscisic acid controls plant responses to environmental stress, partly by regulating protein turnover. Here the authors propose that abscisic acid regulates seed germination by promoting degradation of the MYB96 transcription factor via the MIEL1 E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase.
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112
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Fernando VCD, Schroeder DF. Arabidopsis DDB1-CUL4 E3 ligase complexes in det1 salt/osmotic stress resistant germination. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1223004. [PMID: 27547879 PMCID: PMC5058461 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1223004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A key regulatory mechanism in plant growth, development, and stress signaling utilizes E3 ubiquitin ligases, which target a variety of substrates for degradation. DE-ETIOLATED 1 (DET1) forms a complex with DDB1 (DAMAGED DNA BINDING protein 1) and CUL4 (CULLIN 4), and negatively regulates light signaling. Another DDB1-CUL4 complex containing DWA1 and DWA2 (DWD hypersensitive to ABA 1 and 2) has been shown to negatively regulate abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Since distinct DDB1-CUL4 complexes have been shown to influence each other, we analyzed genetic interactions between DET1 and components of DDB1-CUL4 complexes during seed germination under salt and osmotic stress conditions. det1 germination was resistant to salt and osmotic stress and dwa1 and dwa2 enhanced this phenotype. In contrast, ddb1a partially suppressed the det1 germination phenotype on both salt and mannitol, while ddb1b had no effect. Mutations in DDB2, a DDB1-CUL4 complex component involved in DNA repair, also partially suppressed the det1 germination phenotype while mutants in COP1, another light signaling component, completely suppressed the det1 resistant germination phenotypes. Taken together these data suggest that components of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes have variable but significant effects on det1 salt/osmotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana F. Schroeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- CONTACT Dana F. Schroeder Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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113
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Belda-Palazon B, Rodriguez L, Fernandez MA, Castillo MC, Anderson EM, Gao C, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Peirats-Llobet M, Zhao Q, De Winne N, Gevaert K, De Jaeger G, Jiang L, León J, Mullen RT, Rodriguez PL. FYVE1/FREE1 Interacts with the PYL4 ABA Receptor and Mediates Its Delivery to the Vacuolar Degradation Pathway. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2291-2311. [PMID: 27495812 PMCID: PMC5059795 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we described the ubiquitylation of PYL4 and PYR1 by the RING E3 ubiquitin ligase RSL1 at the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana This suggested that ubiquitylated abscisic acid (ABA) receptors might be targeted to the vacuolar degradation pathway because such ubiquitylation is usually an internalization signal for the endocytic route. Here, we show that FYVE1 (previously termed FREE1), a recently described component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, interacted with RSL1-receptor complexes and recruited PYL4 to endosomal compartments. Although the ESCRT pathway has been assumed to be reserved for integral membrane proteins, we show the involvement of this pathway in the degradation of ABA receptors, which can be associated with membranes but are not integral membrane proteins. Knockdown fyve1 alleles are hypersensitive to ABA, illustrating the biological relevance of the ESCRT pathway for the modulation of ABA signaling. In addition, fyve1 mutants are impaired in the targeting of ABA receptors for vacuolar degradation, leading to increased accumulation of PYL4 and an enhanced response to ABA Pharmacological and genetic approaches revealed a dynamic turnover of ABA receptors from the plasma membrane to the endosomal/vacuolar degradation pathway, which was mediated by FYVE1 and was dependent on RSL1. This process involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis and trafficking of PYL4 through the ESCRT pathway, which helps to regulate the turnover of ABA receptors and attenuate ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Belda-Palazon
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lesia Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria A Fernandez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mari-Cruz Castillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Erin M Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Caiji Gao
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miguel Gonzalez-Guzman
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Peirats-Llobet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy De Winne
- Department of Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research and Department of Biochemistry, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Wu Q, Zhang X, Peirats-Llobet M, Belda-Palazon B, Wang X, Cui S, Yu X, Rodriguez PL, An C. Ubiquitin Ligases RGLG1 and RGLG5 Regulate Abscisic Acid Signaling by Controlling the Turnover of Phosphatase PP2CA. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2178-2196. [PMID: 27577789 PMCID: PMC5059804 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an essential hormone for plant development and stress responses. ABA signaling is suppressed by clade A PP2C phosphatases, which function as key repressors of this pathway through inhibiting ABA-activated SnRK2s (SNF1-related protein kinases). Upon ABA perception, the PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors bind to PP2Cs with high affinity and biochemically inhibit their activity. While this mechanism has been extensively studied, how PP2Cs are regulated at the protein level is only starting to be explored. Arabidopsis thaliana RING DOMAIN LIGASE5 (RGLG5) belongs to a five-member E3 ubiquitin ligase family whose target proteins remain unknown. We report that RGLG5, together with RGLG1, releases the PP2C blockade of ABA signaling by mediating PP2CA protein degradation. ABA promotes the interaction of PP2CA with both E3 ligases, which mediate ubiquitination of PP2CA and are required for ABA-dependent PP2CA turnover. Downregulation of RGLG1 and RGLG5 stabilizes endogenous PP2CA and diminishes ABA-mediated responses. Moreover, the reduced response to ABA in germination assays is suppressed in the rglg1 amiR (artificial microRNA)-rglg5 pp2ca-1 triple mutant, supporting a functional link among these loci. Overall, our data indicate that RGLG1 and RGLG5 are important modulators of ABA signaling, and they unveil a mechanism for activation of the ABA pathway by controlling PP2C half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Marta Peirats-Llobet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Borja Belda-Palazon
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Shao Cui
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Xiangchun Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Chengcai An
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
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115
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Aleman F, Yazaki J, Lee M, Takahashi Y, Kim AY, Li Z, Kinoshita T, Ecker JR, Schroeder JI. An ABA-increased interaction of the PYL6 ABA receptor with MYC2 Transcription Factor: A putative link of ABA and JA signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28941. [PMID: 27357749 PMCID: PMC4928087 DOI: 10.1038/srep28941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that mediates abiotic stress tolerance and regulates growth and development. ABA binds to members of the PYL/RCAR ABA receptor family that initiate signal transduction inhibiting type 2C protein phosphatases. Although crosstalk between ABA and the hormone Jasmonic Acid (JA) has been shown, the molecular entities that mediate this interaction have yet to be fully elucidated. We report a link between ABA and JA signaling through a direct interaction of the ABA receptor PYL6 (RCAR9) with the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor MYC2. PYL6 and MYC2 interact in yeast two hybrid assays and the interaction is enhanced in the presence of ABA. PYL6 and MYC2 interact in planta based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation of the proteins. Furthermore, PYL6 was able to modify transcription driven by MYC2 using JAZ6 and JAZ8 DNA promoter elements in yeast one hybrid assays. Finally, pyl6 T-DNA mutant plants show an increased sensitivity to the addition of JA along with ABA in cotyledon expansion experiments. Overall, the present study identifies a direct mechanism for transcriptional modulation mediated by an ABA receptor different from the core ABA signaling pathway, and a putative mechanistic link connecting ABA and JA signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aleman
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Junshi Yazaki
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Melissa Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Alice Y. Kim
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Zixing Li
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Joseph R. Ecker
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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116
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Aleman F, Yazaki J, Lee M, Takahashi Y, Kim AY, Li Z, Kinoshita T, Ecker JR, Schroeder JI. An ABA-increased interaction of the PYL6 ABA receptor with MYC2 Transcription Factor: A putative link of ABA and JA signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28941. [PMID: 27357749 DOI: 10.1038/srep2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that mediates abiotic stress tolerance and regulates growth and development. ABA binds to members of the PYL/RCAR ABA receptor family that initiate signal transduction inhibiting type 2C protein phosphatases. Although crosstalk between ABA and the hormone Jasmonic Acid (JA) has been shown, the molecular entities that mediate this interaction have yet to be fully elucidated. We report a link between ABA and JA signaling through a direct interaction of the ABA receptor PYL6 (RCAR9) with the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor MYC2. PYL6 and MYC2 interact in yeast two hybrid assays and the interaction is enhanced in the presence of ABA. PYL6 and MYC2 interact in planta based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation of the proteins. Furthermore, PYL6 was able to modify transcription driven by MYC2 using JAZ6 and JAZ8 DNA promoter elements in yeast one hybrid assays. Finally, pyl6 T-DNA mutant plants show an increased sensitivity to the addition of JA along with ABA in cotyledon expansion experiments. Overall, the present study identifies a direct mechanism for transcriptional modulation mediated by an ABA receptor different from the core ABA signaling pathway, and a putative mechanistic link connecting ABA and JA signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aleman
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Junshi Yazaki
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Melissa Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Alice Y Kim
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Zixing Li
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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117
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Zang G, Zou H, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Huang J, Luo L, Wang C, Lei K, Li X, Song D, Din AU, Wang G. The De-Etiolated 1 Homolog of Arabidopsis Modulates the ABA Signaling Pathway and ABA Biosynthesis in Rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1259-76. [PMID: 27208292 PMCID: PMC4902595 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
DEETIOLATED1 (DET1) plays a critical role in developmental and environmental responses in many plants. To date, the functions of OsDET1 in rice (Oryza sativa) have been largely unknown. OsDET1 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DET1 Here, we found that OsDET1 is essential for maintaining normal rice development. The repression of OsDET1 had detrimental effects on plant development, and leaded to contradictory phenotypes related to abscisic acid (ABA) in OsDET1 interference (RNAi) plants. We found that OsDET1 is involved in modulating ABA signaling in rice. OsDET1 RNAi plants exhibited an ABA hypersensitivity phenotype. Using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we determined that OsDET1 interacts physically with DAMAGED-SPECIFIC DNA-BINDING PROTEIN1 (OsDDB1) and CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC10 (COP10); DET1- and DDB1-ASSOCIATED1 binds to the ABA receptors OsPYL5 and OsDDB1. We found that the degradation of OsPYL5 was delayed in OsDET1 RNAi plants. These findings suggest that OsDET1 deficiency disturbs the COP10-DET1-DDB1 complex, which is responsible for ABA receptor (OsPYL) degradation, eventually leading to ABA sensitivity in rice. Additionally, OsDET1 also modulated ABA biosynthesis, as ABA biosynthesis was inhibited in OsDET1 RNAi plants and promoted in OsDET1-overexpressing transgenic plants. In conclusion, our data suggest that OsDET1 plays an important role in maintaining normal development in rice and mediates the cross talk between ABA biosynthesis and ABA signaling pathways in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Zang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Hanyan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Yuchan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Li Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Chunping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Kairong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Xianyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Deming Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Ahmad Ud Din
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (G.Z., H.Z., Z.X., J.H., L.L., A.U.D., G.W.);Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China (Y.Z.);Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China (C.W., K.L., X.L.); andShuzhou Rice Research Institute, Chongzhou 611200, China (D.S.)
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Sah SK, Reddy KR, Li J. Abscisic Acid and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:571. [PMID: 27200044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00571/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is a primary threat to fulfill the demand of agricultural production to feed the world in coming decades. Plants reduce growth and development process during stress conditions, which ultimately affect the yield. In stress conditions, plants develop various stress mechanism to face the magnitude of stress challenges, although that is not enough to protect them. Therefore, many strategies have been used to produce abiotic stress tolerance crop plants, among them, abscisic acid (ABA) phytohormone engineering could be one of the methods of choice. ABA is an isoprenoid phytohormone, which regulates various physiological processes ranging from stomatal opening to protein storage and provides adaptation to many stresses like drought, salt, and cold stresses. ABA is also called an important messenger that acts as the signaling mediator for regulating the adaptive response of plants to different environmental stress conditions. In this review, we will discuss the role of ABA in response to abiotic stress at the molecular level and ABA signaling. The review also deals with the effect of ABA in respect to gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University Mississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Kambham R Reddy
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University Mississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Jiaxu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University Mississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
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119
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Sah SK, Reddy KR, Li J. Abscisic Acid and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:571. [PMID: 27200044 PMCID: PMC4855980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is a primary threat to fulfill the demand of agricultural production to feed the world in coming decades. Plants reduce growth and development process during stress conditions, which ultimately affect the yield. In stress conditions, plants develop various stress mechanism to face the magnitude of stress challenges, although that is not enough to protect them. Therefore, many strategies have been used to produce abiotic stress tolerance crop plants, among them, abscisic acid (ABA) phytohormone engineering could be one of the methods of choice. ABA is an isoprenoid phytohormone, which regulates various physiological processes ranging from stomatal opening to protein storage and provides adaptation to many stresses like drought, salt, and cold stresses. ABA is also called an important messenger that acts as the signaling mediator for regulating the adaptive response of plants to different environmental stress conditions. In this review, we will discuss the role of ABA in response to abiotic stress at the molecular level and ABA signaling. The review also deals with the effect of ABA in respect to gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K. Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Kambham R. Reddy
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Jiaxu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, Mississippi, MS, USA
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120
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Li Y, Zhang L, Li D, Liu Z, Wang J, Li X, Yang Y. The Arabidopsis F-box E3 ligase RIFP1 plays a negative role in abscisic acid signalling by facilitating ABA receptor RCAR3 degradation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:571-582. [PMID: 26386272 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a vital role in plant growth and development. The function of ABA is mediated by a group of newly discovered ABA receptors, named PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1/PYR-LIKE/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORs (PYR1/PYLs/RCARs). Here, we report that an Arabidopsis thaliana F-box protein RCAR3 INTERACTING F-BOX PROTEIN 1 (RIFP1) interacts with ABA receptor (RCAR3) and SCF E3 ligase complex subunits Arabidopsis SKP1-LIKE PROTEINs (ASKs) in vitro and in vivo. The rifp1 mutant plants displayed increased ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination and water loss of detached leaves, while the overexpression of RIFP1 in Arabidopsis led to plants being insensitive to ABA. Meanwhile, the rifp1 mutant plants showed greater tolerance to water deficit. In addition, the RCAR3 protein level was more stable in the rifp1 mutant plants than in the wild-type plants, indicating that RIFP1 facilitates the proteasome degradation of RCAR3. Accordingly, the loss of RIFP1 increased the transcript levels of several ABA-responsive genes. Taken together, these data indicate that RIFP1 plays a negative role in the RCAR3-mediated ABA signalling pathway and likely functions as an adaptor subunit of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex to regulate ABA receptor RCAR3 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Dekuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Zhao J, Zhou H, Zhang M, Gao Y, Li L, Gao Y, Li M, Yang Y, Guo Y, Li X. Ubiquitin-specific protease 24 negatively regulates abscisic acid signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:427-40. [PMID: 26290265 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important plant hormone integrating environmental stress and plant growth. Protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination are reversible processes catalysed by E3 ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Lots of E3 ubiquitin ligase and transcriptional factors modified by ubiquitination were reported to modulate ABA signalling. However, no deubiquitinating enzyme has been identified that functions in ABA signalling until now. Here, we isolated an ABA overly sensitive mutant, ubp24, in which the gene encoding ubiquitin-specific protease 24 (UBP24, At4g30890) was disrupted by a T-DNA insertion. The ubp24 mutant was hypersensitive to ABA and salt stress in both post-germinative growth and seedling growth. However, stomata closure in the ubp24 mutant was less sensitive to ABA, and the ubp24 mutant showed drought sensitivity. UBP24 possessed deubiquitinating enzyme activity, and the activity was essential for UBP24 function. Additionally, UBP24 formed homodimer in vivo. UBP24 was genetically upstream of ABI2, and the phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2C was decreased in the ubp24 mutant compared with the wild type in the presence of ABA. These results uncover an important regulatory role for the ubiquitin-specific protease in response to ABA and salt stress in plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huapeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Industrial Crop Institute, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Ying Gao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueyong Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Tang X, Miao M, Niu X, Zhang D, Cao X, Jin X, Zhu Y, Fan Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Sui Y, Wang W, Wang A, Xiao F, Giovannoni J, Liu Y. Ubiquitin-conjugated degradation of golden 2-like transcription factor is mediated by CUL4-DDB1-based E3 ligase complex in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1028-39. [PMID: 26352615 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CULLIN4-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL4s) as well as their targets are fundamental regulators functioning in many key developmental and stress responses in eukaryotes. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), molecular cloning has revealed that the underlying genes of natural spontaneous mutations high pigment 1 (hp1), high pigment 2 (hp2) and uniform ripening (u) encode UV-DAMAGED DNA BINDING PROTEIN 1 (DDB1), DE-ETIOLATED 1 (DET1) and GOLDEN 2-LIKE (GLK2), respectively. However, the molecular basis of the opposite actions of tomato GLK2 vs CUL4-DDB1-DET1 complex on regulating plastid level and fruit quality remains unknown. Here, we provide molecular evidence showing that the tomato GLK2 protein is a substrate of the CUL4-DDB1-DET1 ubiquitin ligase complex for the proteasome degradation. SlGLK2 is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is mainly determined by two lysine residues (K11 and K253). SlGLK2 associates with the CUL4-DDB1-DET1 E3 complex in plant cells. Genetically impairing CUL4, DDB1 or DET1 results in a retardation of SlGLK2 degradation by the 26S proteasome. These findings are relevant to the potential of nutrient accumulation in tomato fruit by mediating the plastid level and contribute to a deeper understanding of an important regulatory loop, linking protein turnover to gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Min Miao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xiangli Niu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xulv Cao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xichen Jin
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yunye Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Youhong Fan
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Anquan Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Fangming Xiao
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Jim Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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123
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Yu F, Wu Y, Xie Q. Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in ABA Signaling: From Perception to Action. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:21-33. [PMID: 26455462 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modification (PTM) by ubiquitination has been observed during many aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. The ubiquitin-proteasome system precisely regulates phytohormone signaling by affecting protein activity, localization, assembly, and interaction ability. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a major phytohormone, and plays important roles in plants under normal or stressed growth conditions. The ABA signaling pathway is composed of phosphatases, kinases, transcription factors, and membrane ion channels. It has been reported that multiple ABA signaling transducers are subjected to the regulations by ubiquitination. In particular, recent studies have identified different types of E3 ligases that mediate ubiquitination of ABA receptors in different cell compartments. This review focuses on modulation of these components by monoubiquitination or polyubiquitination that occurs in the plasma membrane, endomembranes, and from the cytosol to the nucleus; this implies the existence of retrograde and trafficking processes that are regulated by ubiquitination in ABA signaling. A number of single-unit E3 ligases, components of multi-subunit E3 ligases, E2s, and specific subunits of the 26S proteasome involved in ABA signal regulation are discussed. Dissecting the precise functions of ubiquitination in the ABA pathway may help us understand key factors in the signaling of other phytohormones regulated by ubiquitination and other types of PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yaorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.
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124
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Sharma B, Joshi D, Yadav PK, Gupta AK, Bhatt TK. Role of Ubiquitin-Mediated Degradation System in Plant Biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:806. [PMID: 27375660 PMCID: PMC4897311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation is an important mechanism to control protein load in the cells. Ubiquitin binds to a protein on lysine residue and usually promotes its degradation through 26S proteasome system. Abnormal proteins and regulators of many processes, are targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. It allows cells to maintain the response to cellular level signals and altered environmental conditions. The ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation system plays a key role in the plant biology, including abiotic stress, immunity, and hormonal signaling by interfering with key components of these pathways. The involvement of the ubiquitin system in many vital processes led scientists to explore more about the ubiquitin machinery and most importantly its targets. In this review, we have summarized recent discoveries of the plant ubiquitin system and its involvement in critical processes of plant biology.
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125
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Shull TE, Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Cytokinin signaling promotes differential stability of type-B ARRs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1169354. [PMID: 27031369 PMCID: PMC4883968 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1169354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins control key aspects of plant growth, including shoot and root meristem development and the timing of senescence of leaves and stems. Cytokinin perception triggers a 2-component signaling mechanism that ultimately leads to phosphorylation-dependent activation of a class of transcriptional regulators called type-B ARRs (RRBs). We have recently shown that the stability of the RRB family member ARR1 is increased in response to elevated cytokinin concentrations. In contrast, cytokinin decreases the stability of the closely related RRB member ARR2. The molecular mechanism governing the differential stability regulation of these 2 closely related RRBs remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Shull
- University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jasmina Kurepa
- University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jan A. Smalle
- University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Lexington, KY, USA
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126
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Mitula F, Tajdel M, Cieśla A, Kasprowicz-Maluśki A, Kulik A, Babula-Skowrońska D, Michalak M, Dobrowolska G, Sadowski J, Ludwików A. Arabidopsis ABA-Activated Kinase MAPKKK18 is Regulated by Protein Phosphatase 2C ABI1 and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2351-67. [PMID: 26443375 PMCID: PMC4675898 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events play an important role in the transmission of the ABA signal. Although SnRK2 [sucrose non-fermenting1-related kinase2] protein kinases and group A protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2C)-type phosphatases constitute the core ABA pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are also involved in plant response to ABA. However, little is known about the interplay between MAPKs and PP2Cs or SnRK2 in the regulation of ABA pathways. In this study, an effort was made to elucidate the role of MAP kinase kinase kinase18 (MKKK18) in relation to ABA signaling and response. The MKKK18 knockout lines showed more vigorous root growth, decreased abaxial stomatal index and increased stomatal aperture under normal growth conditions, compared with the control wild-type Columbia line. In addition to transcriptional regulation of the MKKK18 promoter by ABA, we demonstrated using in vitro and in vivo kinase assays that the kinase activity of MKKK18 was regulated by ABA. Analysis of the cellular localization of MKKK18 showed that the active kinase was targeted specifically to the nucleus. Notably, we identified abscisic acid insensitive 1 (ABI1) PP2C as a MKKK18-interacting protein, and demonstrated that ABI1 inhibited its activity. Using a cell-free degradation assay, we also established that MKKK18 was unstable and was degraded by the proteasome pathway. The rate of MKKK18 degradation was delayed in the ABI1 knockout line. Overall, we provide evidence that ABI1 regulates the activity and promotes proteasomal degradation of MKKK18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Mitula
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Tajdel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Cieśla
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kasprowicz-Maluśki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michal Michalak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grazyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Sadowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ludwików
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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127
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Franciosini A, Moubayidin L, Du K, Matari NH, Boccaccini A, Butera S, Vittorioso P, Sabatini S, Jenik PD, Costantino P, Serino G. The COP9 SIGNALOSOME Is Required for Postembryonic Meristem Maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1623-34. [PMID: 26277260 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cullin-RING E3 ligases (CRLs) regulate different aspects of plant development and are activated by modification of their cullin subunit with the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (NEural precursor cell expressed Developmentally Down-regulated 8) (neddylation) and deactivated by NEDD8 removal (deneddylation). The constitutively photomorphogenic9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN) acts as a molecular switch of CRLs activity by reverting their neddylation status, but its contribution to embryonic and early seedling development remains poorly characterized. Here, we analyzed the phenotypic defects of csn mutants and monitored the cullin deneddylation/neddylation ratio during embryonic and early seedling development. We show that while csn mutants can complete embryogenesis (albeit at a slower pace than wild-type) and are able to germinate (albeit at a reduced rate), they progressively lose meristem activity upon germination until they become unable to sustain growth. We also show that the majority of cullin proteins are progressively neddylated during the late stages of seed maturation and become deneddylated upon seed germination. This developmentally regulated shift in the cullin neddylation status is absent in csn mutants. We conclude that the CSN and its cullin deneddylation activity are required to sustain postembryonic meristem function in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Franciosini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laila Moubayidin
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Kaiqi Du
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
| | - Nahill H Matari
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
| | - Alessandra Boccaccini
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Butera
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Vittorioso
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pablo D Jenik
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA.
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Serino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
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128
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Ding S, Zhang B, Qin F. Arabidopsis RZFP34/CHYR1, a Ubiquitin E3 Ligase, Regulates Stomatal Movement and Drought Tolerance via SnRK2.6-Mediated Phosphorylation. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:3228-44. [PMID: 26508764 PMCID: PMC4682294 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that plays a fundamental role in plant development and stress response, especially in the regulation of stomatal closure in response to water deficit stress. The signal transduction that occurs in response to ABA and drought stress is mediated by protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination. This research identified Arabidopsis thaliana RING ZINC-FINGER PROTEIN34 (RZP34; renamed here as CHY ZINC-FINGER AND RING PROTEIN1 [CHYR1]) as an ubiquitin E3 ligase. CHYR1 expression was significantly induced by ABA and drought, and along with its corresponding protein, was expressed mainly in vascular tissues and stomata. Analysis of CHYR1 gain-of-function and loss-of-function plants revealed that CHYR1 promotes ABA-induced stomatal closure, reactive oxygen species production, and plant drought tolerance. Furthermore, CHYR1 interacted with SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE2 (SnRK2) kinases and could be phosphorylated by SnRK2.6 on the Thr-178 residue. Overexpression of CHYR1(T178A), a phosphorylation-deficient mutant, interfered with the proper function of CHYR1, whereas CHYR1(T178D) phenocopied the gain of function of CHYR1. Thus, this study identified a RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase that functions positively in ABA and drought responses and detailed how its ubiquitin E3 ligase activity is regulated by SnRK2.6-mediated protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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129
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Degradation of the ABA co-receptor ABI1 by PUB12/13 U-box E3 ligases. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8630. [PMID: 26482222 PMCID: PMC4667695 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Clade A protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs) are abscisic acid (ABA) co-receptors that block ABA signalling by inhibiting the downstream protein kinases. ABA signalling is activated after PP2Cs are inhibited by ABA-bound PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors (PYLs) in Arabidopsis. However, whether these PP2Cs are regulated by other factors remains unknown. Here, we report that ABI1 (ABA-INSENSITIVE 1) can interact with the U-box E3 ligases PUB12 and PUB13, but is ubiquitinated only when it interacts with ABA receptors in an in vitro assay. A mutant form of ABI1-1 that is unable to interact with PYLs is more stable than the wild-type protein. Both ABI1 degradation and all tested ABA responses are reduced in pub12 pub13 mutants compared with the wild type. Introducing the abi1-3 loss-of-function mutation into pub12 pub13 mutant recovers the ABA-insensitive phenotypes of the pub12 pub13 mutant. We thus uncover an important regulatory mechanism for regulating ABI1 levels by PUB12 and PUB13.
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130
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Fernando VCD, Schroeder DF. Genetic interactions between DET1 and intermediate genes in Arabidopsis ABA signalling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:166-79. [PMID: 26398801 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is regulated positively by light and negatively by the dormancy-promoting phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). DE-ETIOLATED 1 (DET1) is a negative regulator of light signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast, the bZIP transcription factor LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) is a positive regulator of light signalling. HY5 also positively regulates ABA signalling by promoting the expression of ABA INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5), a dormancy promoting transcription factor. Here we show that germination in det1 mutants is sensitive to ABA. Double mutant analysis indicates that det1 ABA sensitive germination requires HY5 and ABI5. DET1 forms a complex with DAMAGED DNA BINDING protein 1A/B (DDB1A/B). Another DDB1 complex containing DWA1 and 2 (DWD hypersensitive to ABA 1/2) has also been shown to negatively regulate ABA response. Double mutant analysis indicates that DWA1, DWA2, DDB1A, and DDB1B are also required for the det1 ABA sensitive germination phenotype. We also examined water loss in adult plants and found that the det1 rapid water loss phenotype is independent of HY5, ABI5, DWA1, DWA2, and DDB1B. These findings provide insight into interactions between ABA and light signalling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Dilukshi Fernando
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dana F Schroeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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131
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Castillo MC, Lozano-Juste J, González-Guzmán M, Rodriguez L, Rodriguez PL, León J. Inactivation of PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors by tyrosine nitration may enable rapid inhibition of ABA signaling by nitric oxide in plants. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra89. [PMID: 26329583 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa7981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that inhibits growth and enhances adaptation to stress in plants. ABA perception and signaling rely on its binding to receptors of the pyrabactin resistance1/PYR1-like/regulatory components of ABA receptors (PYR/PYL/RCAR) family, the subsequent inhibition of clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), and the phosphorylation of ion channels and transcription factors by protein kinases of the SnRK2 family. Nitric oxide (NO) may inhibit ABA signaling because NO-deficient plants are hypersensitive to ABA. Regulation by NO often involves posttranslational modification of proteins. Mass spectrometry analysis of ABA receptors expressed in plants and recombinant receptors modified in vitro revealed that the receptors were nitrated at tyrosine residues and S-nitrosylated at cysteine residues. In an in vitro ABA-induced, PP2C inhibition assay, tyrosine nitration reduced receptor activity, whereas S-nitrosylated receptors were fully capable of ABA-induced inhibition of the phosphatase. PYR/PYL/RCAR proteins with nitrated tyrosine, which is an irreversible covalent modification, were polyubiquitylated and underwent proteasome-mediated degradation. We propose that tyrosine nitration, which requires NO and superoxide anions, is a rapid mechanism by which NO limits ABA signaling under conditions in which NO and reactive oxygen species are both produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Cruz Castillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), CPI Edificio 8E, Avda. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Lozano-Juste
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), CPI Edificio 8E, Avda. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Guzmán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), CPI Edificio 8E, Avda. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lesia Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), CPI Edificio 8E, Avda. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), CPI Edificio 8E, Avda. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), CPI Edificio 8E, Avda. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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132
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Lim CW, Hwang BK, Lee SC. Functional roles of the pepper RING finger protein gene, CaRING1, in abscisic acid signaling and dehydration tolerance. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:143-56. [PMID: 26249046 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses, which include pathogens and conditions of high salinity, low temperature, and drought. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a major plant hormone involved in signal transduction pathways that mediate the defense response of plants to abiotic stress. Previously, we isolated Ring finger protein gene (CaRING1) from pepper (Capsicum annuum), which is associated with resistance to bacterial pathogens, accompanied by hypersensitive cell death. Here, we report a new function of the CaRING1 gene product in the ABA-mediated defense responses of plants to dehydration stress. The expression of the CaRING1 gene was induced in pepper leaves treated with ABA or exposed to dehydration or NaCl. Virus-induced gene silencing of CaRING1 in pepper plants exhibited low degree of ABA-induced stomatal closure and high levels of transpirational water loss in dehydrated leaves. These led to be more vulnerable to dehydration stress in CaRING1-silenced pepper than in the control pepper, accompanied by reduction of ABA-regulated gene expression and low accumulation of ABA and H2O2. In contrast, CaRING1-overexpressing transgenic plants showed enhanced sensitivity to ABA during the seedling growth and establishment. These plants were also more tolerant to dehydration stress than the wild-type plants because of high ABA accumulation, enhanced stomatal closure and increased expression of stress-responsive genes. Together, these results suggest that the CaRING1 acts as positive factor for dehydration tolerance in Arabidopsis by modulating ABA biosynthesis and ABA-mediated stomatal closing and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Korea.
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133
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Park C, Lim CW, Baek W, Lee SC. RING Type E3 Ligase CaAIR1 in Pepper Acts in the Regulation of ABA Signaling and Drought Stress Response. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1808-19. [PMID: 26169196 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several E3 ubiquitin ligases have been associated with the response to abiotic and biotic stresses in higher plants. Here, we report that the hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) ABA-Insensitive RING protein 1 gene (CaAIR1) is essential for a hypersensitive response to drought stress. CaAIR1 contains a C3HC4-type RING finger motif, which plays a role for attachment of ubiquitins to the target protein, and a putative transmembrane domain. The expression levels of CaAIR1 are up-regulated in pepper leaves by ABA treatments, drought and NaCl, suggesting its role in the response to abiotic stress. Our analysis showed that CaAIR1 displays self-ubiquitination and is localized in the nucleus. We generated CaAIR1-silenced peppers via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and CaAIR1-overexpressing (OX) transgenic Arabidopsis plants to evaluate their responses to ABA and drought. VIGS of CaAIR1 in pepper plants conferred an enhanced tolerance to drought stress, which was accompanied by low levels of transpirational water loss in the drought-treated leaves. CaAIR1-OX plants displayed an impaired sensitivity to ABA during seed germination, seedling and adult stages. Moreover, these plants showed enhanced sensitivity to drought stress because of reduced stomatal closure and decreased expression of stress-responsive genes. Thus, our data indicate that CaAIR1 is a negative regulator of the ABA-mediated drought stress tolerance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanmi Park
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756 Republic of Korea These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756 Republic of Korea These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756 Republic of Korea
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134
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The SnRK2-APC/C(TE) regulatory module mediates the antagonistic action of gibberellic acid and abscisic acid pathways. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7981. [PMID: 26272249 PMCID: PMC4557272 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) antagonistically regulate many developmental processes and responses to biotic or abiotic stresses in higher plants. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this antagonism is still poorly understood. Here, we show that loss-of-function mutation in rice Tiller Enhancer (TE), an activator of the APC/C(TE) complex, causes hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity to ABA and GA, respectively. We find that TE physically interacts with ABA receptor OsPYL/RCARs and promotes their degradation by the proteasome. Genetic analysis also shows OsPYL/RCARs act downstream of TE in mediating ABA responses. Conversely, ABA inhibits APC/C(TE) activity by phosphorylating TE through activating the SNF1-related protein kinases (SnRK2s), which may interrupt the interaction between TE and OsPYL/RCARs and subsequently stabilize OsPYL/RCARs. In contrast, GA can reduce the level of SnRK2s and may promote APC/C(TE)-mediated degradation of OsPYL/RCARs. Thus, we propose that the SnRK2-APC/C(TE) regulatory module represents a regulatory hub underlying the antagonistic action of GA and ABA in plants.
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135
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Lim CW, Baek W, Jung J, Kim JH, Lee SC. Function of ABA in Stomatal Defense against Biotic and Drought Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15251-70. [PMID: 26154766 PMCID: PMC4519898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many key processes involved in plant development and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Under stress conditions, plants synthesize ABA in various organs and initiate defense mechanisms, such as the regulation of stomatal aperture and expression of defense-related genes conferring resistance to environmental stresses. The regulation of stomatal opening and closure is important to pathogen defense and control of transpirational water loss. Recent studies using a combination of approaches, including genetics, physiology, and molecular biology, have contributed considerably to our understanding of ABA signal transduction. A number of proteins associated with ABA signaling and responses—especially ABA receptors—have been identified. ABA signal transduction initiates signal perception by ABA receptors and transfer via downstream proteins, including protein kinases and phosphatases. In the present review, we focus on the function of ABA in stomatal defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, through analysis of each ABA signal component and the relationships of these components in the complex network of interactions. In particular, two ABA signal pathway models in response to biotic and abiotic stress were proposed, from stress signaling to stomatal closure, involving the pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL) or regulatory component of ABA receptor (RCAR) family proteins, 2C-type protein phosphatases, and SnRK2-type protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jangho Jung
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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136
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Lim CW, Baek W, Jung J, Kim JH, Lee SC. Function of ABA in Stomatal Defense against Biotic and Drought Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15251-15270. [PMID: 26154766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16071525111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many key processes involved in plant development and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Under stress conditions, plants synthesize ABA in various organs and initiate defense mechanisms, such as the regulation of stomatal aperture and expression of defense-related genes conferring resistance to environmental stresses. The regulation of stomatal opening and closure is important to pathogen defense and control of transpirational water loss. Recent studies using a combination of approaches, including genetics, physiology, and molecular biology, have contributed considerably to our understanding of ABA signal transduction. A number of proteins associated with ABA signaling and responses--especially ABA receptors--have been identified. ABA signal transduction initiates signal perception by ABA receptors and transfer via downstream proteins, including protein kinases and phosphatases. In the present review, we focus on the function of ABA in stomatal defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, through analysis of each ABA signal component and the relationships of these components in the complex network of interactions. In particular, two ABA signal pathway models in response to biotic and abiotic stress were proposed, from stress signaling to stomatal closure, involving the pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL) or regulatory component of ABA receptor (RCAR) family proteins, 2C-type protein phosphatases, and SnRK2-type protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jangho Jung
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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137
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Guerra D, Crosatti C, Khoshro HH, Mastrangelo AM, Mica E, Mazzucotelli E. Post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations of drought and heat response in plants: a spider's web of mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:57. [PMID: 25717333 PMCID: PMC4324062 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought and heat tolerance are complex quantitative traits. Moreover, the adaptive significance of some stress-related traits is more related to plant survival than to agronomic performance. A web of regulatory mechanisms fine-tunes the expression of stress-related traits and integrates both environmental and developmental signals. Both post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications contribute substantially to this network with a pivotal regulatory function of the transcriptional changes related to cellular and plant stress response. Alternative splicing and RNA-mediated silencing control the amount of specific transcripts, while ubiquitin and SUMO modify activity, sub-cellular localization and half-life of proteins. Interactions across these modification mechanisms ensure temporally and spatially appropriate patterns of downstream-gene expression. For key molecular components of these regulatory mechanisms, natural genetic diversity exists among genotypes with different behavior in terms of stress tolerance, with effects upon the expression of adaptive morphological and/or physiological target traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Guerra
- Genomics Research Centre, Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Cristina Crosatti
- Genomics Research Centre, Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Hamid H. Khoshro
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Anna M. Mastrangelo
- Cereal Research Centre, Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Foggia, Italy
| | - Erica Mica
- Genomics Research Centre, Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mazzucotelli
- Genomics Research Centre, Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
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138
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Vilela B, Pagès M, Riera M. Emerging roles of protein kinase CK2 in abscisic acid signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:966. [PMID: 26579189 PMCID: PMC4630567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many aspects of plant growth and development as well as responses to multiple stresses. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation or ubiquitination have pivotal roles in the regulation of ABA signaling. In addition to the positive regulator sucrose non-fermenting-1 related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2), the relevance of the role of other protein kinases, such as CK2, has been recently highlighted. We have recently established that CK2 phosphorylates the maize ortholog of open stomata 1 OST1, ZmOST1, suggesting a role of CK2 phosphorylation in the control of ZmOST1 protein degradation (Vilela et al., 2015). CK2 is a pleiotropic enzyme involved in multiple developmental and stress-responsive pathways. This review summarizes recent advances that taken together suggest a prominent role of protein kinase CK2 in ABA signaling and related processes.
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139
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Ludwików A. Targeting proteins for proteasomal degradation-a new function of Arabidopsis ABI1 protein phosphatase 2C. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:310. [PMID: 25999974 PMCID: PMC4419600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (UPS) has been implicated in the regulation of many physiological processes including hormone signaling. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) employs the UPS to control its own synthesis and signaling and to regulate stress response and tolerance. Among the known effectors of ABA signaling, the ABI1 (abscisic acid-insensitive 1) protein phosphatase, which belongs to group A of the type 2C protein phosphatases, is recognized as a key component of the pathway. Molecular and genetic evidence implicates this protein phosphatase in numerous plant responses. This mini-review discusses recent progress in understanding the role of ABI1 in ABA signaling, with particular emphasis on recent data that link ABI1 to protein degradation via the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ludwików
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Ludwików, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89 Street, Collegium Biologicum, 61-614 Poznan, Poland,
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140
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Bueso E, Rodriguez L, Lorenzo-Orts L, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Sayas E, Muñoz-Bertomeu J, Ibañez C, Serrano R, Rodriguez PL. The single-subunit RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase RSL1 targets PYL4 and PYR1 ABA receptors in plasma membrane to modulate abscisic acid signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:1057-71. [PMID: 25330042 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-delimited events play a crucial role for ABA signaling and PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, clade A PP2Cs and SnRK2/CPK kinases modulate the activity of different plasma membrane components involved in ABA action. Therefore, the turnover of PYR/PYL/RCARs in the proximity of plasma membrane might be a step that affects receptor function and downstream signaling. In this study we describe a single-subunit RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase RSL1 that interacts with the PYL4 and PYR1 ABA receptors at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of RSL1 reduces ABA sensitivity and rsl1 RNAi lines that impair expression of several members of the RSL1/RFA gene family show enhanced sensitivity to ABA. RSL1 bears a C-terminal transmembrane domain that targets the E3 ligase to plasma membrane. Accordingly, bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) studies showed the RSL1-PYL4 and RSL1-PYR1 interaction is localized to plasma membrane. RSL1 promoted PYL4 and PYR1 degradation in vivo and mediated in vitro ubiquitylation of the receptors. Taken together, these results suggest ubiquitylation of ABA receptors at plasma membrane is a process that might affect their function via effect on their half-life, protein interactions or trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bueso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Cullin E3 ligases and their rewiring by viral factors. Biomolecules 2014; 4:897-930. [PMID: 25314029 PMCID: PMC4279162 DOI: 10.3390/biom4040897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of viruses to subvert host pathways is central in disease pathogenesis. Over the past decade, a critical role for the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) in counteracting host immune factors during viral infection has emerged. This counteraction is commonly achieved by the expression of viral proteins capable of sequestering host ubiquitin E3 ligases and their regulators. In particular, many viruses hijack members of the Cullin-RING E3 Ligase (CRL) family. Viruses interact in many ways with CRLs in order to impact their ligase activity; one key recurring interaction involves re-directing CRL complexes to degrade host targets that are otherwise not degraded within host cells. Removal of host immune factors by this mechanism creates a more amenable cellular environment for viral propagation. To date, a small number of target host factors have been identified, many of which are degraded via a CRL-proteasome pathway. Substantial effort within the field is ongoing to uncover the identities of further host proteins targeted in this fashion and the underlying mechanisms driving their turnover by the UPS. Elucidation of these targets and mechanisms will provide appealing anti-viral therapeutic opportunities. This review is focused on the many methods used by viruses to perturb host CRLs, focusing on substrate sequestration and viral regulation of E3 activity.
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142
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Zhao Y, Xing L, Wang X, Hou YJ, Gao J, Wang P, Duan CG, Zhu X, Zhu JK. The ABA receptor PYL8 promotes lateral root growth by enhancing MYB77-dependent transcription of auxin-responsive genes. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra53. [PMID: 24894996 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. ABA signaling is mediated by a group of receptors known as the PYR1/PYL/RCAR family, which includes the pyrabactin resistance 1-like protein PYL8. Under stress conditions, ABA signaling activates SnRK2 protein kinases to inhibit lateral root growth after emergence from the primary root. However, even in the case of persistent stress, lateral root growth eventually recovers from inhibition. We showed that PYL8 is required for the recovery of lateral root growth, following inhibition by ABA. PYL8 directly interacted with the transcription factors MYB77, MYB44, and MYB73. The interaction of PYL8 and MYB77 increased the binding of MYB77 to its target MBSI motif in the promoters of multiple auxin-responsive genes. Compared to wild-type seedlings, the lateral root growth of pyl8 mutant seedlings and myb77 mutant seedlings was more sensitive to inhibition by ABA. The recovery of lateral root growth was delayed in pyl8 mutant seedlings in the presence of ABA, and the defect was rescued by exposing pyl8 mutant seedlings to the auxin IAA (3-indoleacetic acid). Thus, PYL8 promotes lateral root growth independently of the core ABA-SnRK2 signaling pathway by enhancing the activities of MYB77 and its paralogs, MYB44 and MYB73, to augment auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lu Xing
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yueh-Ju Hou
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jinghui Gao
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaan'xi 712100, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Cheng-Guo Duan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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143
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Lockhart J. Breaking "bad" proteins to modulate abscisic acid signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:519. [PMID: 24563200 PMCID: PMC3967022 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.124347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Stone SL. The role of ubiquitin and the 26S proteasome in plant abiotic stress signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:135. [PMID: 24795732 PMCID: PMC3997020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a small, highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed eukaryotic protein with immensely important and diverse regulatory functions. A well-studied function of ubiquitin is its role in selective proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS has emerged as an integral player in plant response and adaptation to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, cold and nutrient deprivation. The UPS has also been shown to influence the production and signal transduction of stress-related hormones such as abscisic acid. Understanding UPS function has centered mainly on defining the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases, which are the substrate-recruiting component of the ubiquitination pathway. The recent identification of stress signaling/regulatory proteins that are the subject of ubiquitin-dependent degradation has increased our knowledge of how the UPS facilitates responses to adverse environmental conditions. A brief overview is provided on role of the UPS in modulating protein stability during abiotic stress signaling. E3 ubiquitin ligases for which stress-related substrate proteins have been identified are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L. Stone
- *Correspondence: Sophia L. Stone, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. BOX 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada e-mail:
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Choi CM, Gray WM, Mooney S, Hellmann H. Composition, roles, and regulation of cullin-based ubiquitin e3 ligases. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0175. [PMID: 25505853 PMCID: PMC4262284 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their sessile nature, plants depend on flexible regulatory systems that allow them to adequately regulate developmental and physiological processes in context with environmental cues. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway, which targets a great number of proteins for degradation, is cellular tool that provides the necessary flexibility to accomplish this task. Ubiquitin E3 ligases provide the needed specificity to the pathway by selectively binding to particular substrates and facilitating their ubiquitylation. The largest group of E3 ligases known in plants is represented by CULLIN-REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE (RING) E3 ligases (CRLs). In recent years, a great amount of knowledge has been generated to reveal the critical roles of these enzymes across all aspects of plant life. This review provides an overview of the different classes of CRLs in plants, their specific complex compositions, the variety of biological processes they control, and the regulatory steps that can affect their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanjo Hellmann
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
- Address correspondence to
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