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Rattan S, Flaws JA. The epigenetic impacts of endocrine disruptors on female reproduction across generations†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:635-644. [PMID: 31077281 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals are repeatedly exposed to endocrine disruptors, many of which are ubiquitous in the environment. Endocrine disruptors interfere with hormone action; thus, causing non-monotonic dose responses that are atypical of standard toxicant exposures. The female reproductive system is particularly susceptible to the effects of endocrine disruptors. Likewise, exposures to endocrine disruptors during developmental periods are particularly concerning because programming during development can be adversely impacted by hormone level changes. Subsequently, developing reproductive tissues can be predisposed to diseases in adulthood and these diseases can be passed down to future generations. The mechanisms of action by which endocrine disruptors cause disease transmission to future generations are thought to include epigenetic modifications. This review highlights the effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system, with an emphasis on the multi- and transgenerational epigenetic effects of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Rattan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
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102
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Zhang X, Cui W, Wang K, Chen R, Chen M, Lan K, Wei Y, Pan C, Lan X. Chlorpyrifos inhibits sperm maturation and induces a decrease in mouse male fertility. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109785. [PMID: 32798940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides, especially organophosphorus pesticides such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), play an important role in modern agriculture. Studies have shown that pesticide residues are an important cause of male reproductive injury in mammal. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive damage caused by CPF in male mice and investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS In vivo, C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old) were treated with CPF for 14, 70, and 80 days by intraperitoneal injection, intragastric administration, and dietary supplementation, respectively. Then, sperm from the cauda epididymidis was cultured in vitro to confirm the deleterious effects of CPF. RESULTS The in vivo results indicated that, after treatment with CPF by dietary supplementation and intraperitoneal injection, the expression of reproduction-related genes in the mouse testes was altered, although the mice were fertile and the testes presented no morphological abnormalities. Notably, mating experiments revealed that the fertility of male mice was decreased following CPF administration by gavage. Sperm motility within the cauda epididymidis declined significantly after CPF treatment, which was accompanied by a decrease in sperm density, upregulation of relative reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and downregulation of glutathione reductase activity. In vitro incubation experiments showed that sperm rapidly lost their capacity for linear movement; the relative ROS levels also increased significantly, while the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) showed a significant decrease. However, the integrity of the plasma membrane was not affected by CPF administration. CONCLUSIONS The above data indicated that exposure to CPF reduces sperm motility by disrupting mitochondrial function and increasing the level of oxidative stress during sperm maturation, thereby reducing the fecundity of male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wenbo Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Mingyue Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Kangshu Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanpei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chuanying Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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103
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Detrimental effects of temephos on male fertility: An in vitro study on a mouse model. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:150-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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104
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Gestational exposures to organophosphorus insecticides: From acute poisoning to developmental neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108271. [PMID: 32814088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For over three-quarters of a century, organophosphorus (OP) insecticides have been ubiquitously used in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings and in public health programs to mitigate insect-borne diseases. Their broad-spectrum insecticidal effectiveness is accounted for by the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that catalyzes acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis, in the nervous system of insects. However, because AChE is evolutionarily conserved, OP insecticides are also toxic to mammals, including humans, and acute OP intoxication remains a major public health concern in countries where OP insecticide usage is poorly regulated. Environmental exposures to OP levels that are generally too low to cause marked inhibition of AChE and to trigger acute signs of intoxication, on the other hand, represent an insidious public health issue worldwide. Gestational exposures to OP insecticides are particularly concerning because of the exquisite sensitivity of the developing brain to these insecticides. The present article overviews and discusses: (i) the health effects and therapeutic management of acute OP poisoning during pregnancy, (ii) epidemiological studies examining associations between environmental OP exposures during gestation and health outcomes of offspring, (iii) preclinical evidence that OP insecticides are developmental neurotoxicants, and (iv) potential mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Understanding how gestational exposures to different levels of OP insecticides affect pregnancy and childhood development is critical to guiding implementation of preventive measures and direct research aimed at identifying effective therapeutic interventions that can limit the negative impact of these exposures on public health.
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105
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Perez-Fernandez C, Morales-Navas M, Guardia-Escote L, Colomina MT, Giménez E, Sánchez-Santed F. Postnatal exposure to low doses of Chlorpyrifos induces long-term effects on 5C-SRTT learning and performance, cholinergic and GABAergic systems and BDNF expression. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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106
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Li J, Fang B, Ren F, Xing H, Zhao G, Yin X, Pang G, Li Y. TCP structure intensified the chlorpyrifos-induced decrease in testosterone synthesis via LH-LHR-PKA-CREB-Star pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138496. [PMID: 32481206 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Similar to diethylphosphate (DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) is also a characteristic chemical substance and ultimate transformation product of chlorpyrifos (CPF) because the structure of TCP is equivalent to the trichloro pyridine structure of CPF. TCP is often used as a biomarker of CPF exposure. TCP and DEP are often detected in human blood and urine due to the widespread use of CPF. No studies have sufficiently clarified which structure contributes to the negative effect of CPF on testosterone synthesis. This study aims to explain which structure promotes the inhibitory effect of CPF on testosterone synthesis and the related influence mechanisms. After 20 weeks of exposure, the testosterone level in testes was significantly reduced by different doses of CPF (0.3 mg/kg body weight CPF and 3.0 mg/kg body weight CPF). Meanwhile, the level of testosterone synthesized by isolated primary Leydig cells was also reduced by CPF. In addition, TCP but not DEP aggravated the decrease in testosterone synthesis in isolated primary Leydig cells. On the other hand, CPF and TCP significantly decreased the levels of the Star protein, CREB phosphorylation and PKA phosphorylation, which are important in regulating testosterone synthesis. Based on these results, TCP is a key structure that mediates the CPF-induced decrease in testosterone synthesis by terminating the signal transmission of the LH-LHR-PKA-CREB-Star pathway. Thus, chemicals with the TCP structure may be potential endocrine disruptors that decrease fertility. Chemicals that can be converted to TCP or achieve a trichloro pyridine structure must be considered during reproductive toxicity risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Hanzhu Xing
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuefeng Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guofang Pang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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107
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Lumsden EW, McCowan L, Pescrille JD, Fawcett WP, Chen H, Albuquerque EX, Mamczarz J, Pereira EFR. Learning and memory retention deficits in prepubertal guinea pigs prenatally exposed to low levels of the organophosphorus insecticide malathion. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 81:106914. [PMID: 32652103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High doses of malathion, an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide ubiquitously used in agriculture, residential settings, and public health programs worldwide, induce a well-defined toxidrome that results from the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, prenatal exposures to malathion levels that are below the threshold for AChE inhibition have been associated with increased risks of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability comorbidity. The present study tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposures to a non-AChE-inhibiting dose of malathion are causally related to sex-biased cognitive deficits later in life in a precocial species. To this end, pregnant guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with malathion (20 mg/kg) or vehicle (peanut oil, 0.5 ml/kg) once daily between approximate gestational days 53 and 63. This malathion dose regimen caused no significant AChE inhibition in the brain or blood of dams and offspring and had no significant effect on the postnatal growth of the offspring. Around postnatal day 30, locomotor activity and habituation, a form of non-associative learning, were comparable between malathion- and peanut oil-exposed offspring. However, in the Morris water maze, malathion-exposed offspring presented significant sex-dependent spatial learning deficits in addition to memory impairments. These results are far-reaching as they indicate that: (i) malathion is a developmental neurotoxicant and (ii) AChE inhibition is not an adequate biomarker to derive safety limits of malathion exposures during gestation. Continued studies are necessary to identify the time and dose dependence of the developmental neurotoxicity of malathion and the mechanisms underlying the detrimental effects of this insecticide in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Lumsden
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Lillian McCowan
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Joseph D Pescrille
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - William P Fawcett
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Hegang Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Jacek Mamczarz
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
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108
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Shahid A, Saher M. Repeated exposure of pyriproxyfen to pregnant female mice causes developmental abnormalities in prenatal pups. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26998-27009. [PMID: 32382916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08656-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The continuous exposure to conventional pesticides leads to severe health and environmental issues especially at prenatal stage during developmental period. Herein, we aimed to investigate the anomalies due to repeated exposure of pyriproxyfen in pregnant female mice and their neonates. Twenty-four pregnant female mice were repeatedly administered with pyriproxyfen at 30, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg by oral gauge from gestation day (GD) 7 to gestation day 17 and six females were given distilled water in the control group. All the live pups were euthanized at postnatal day (PND) 7 and their organs (heart, liver, kidney, and brain) were dissected out, weighed, and assessed for further histopathological examinations. The results exhibited a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the body weight gain of all treated pregnant mice in comparison to the controls and a significant increase in the gestational length was observed in group IV (P < 0.01) and group V (P < 0.001). In addition, no live pups were born in groups IV and V and one pregnant female mouse was also found dead in both treatments. The body weights of the pups were significantly decreased in group II (P < 0.05) and group III (P < 0.001) and the relative organ (liver, heart, and kidney) weight of the pups was increased significantly (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.05) due to prenatal exposure in group II as compared to group I. The relative brain weights of the pups were decreased significantly (P < 0.001) in groups II and III as compared to group I. The liver, kidney, heart, and brain sections exhibited various histological alterations in groups II and III by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of the coronal sections of pup's brain showed significant (P < 0.001) reduction in cortical radial thickness and total neural count in group II and III as compared to group I. Therefore, the prenatal exposure to pyriproxyfen provoked the damage to various organs in mice offspring and an increase in fetal death at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Shahid
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Katchery Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Marryam Saher
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Katchery Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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109
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Postnatal Guinea Pig Brain Development, as Revealed by Magnetic Resonance and Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060365. [PMID: 32545593 PMCID: PMC7349860 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify age dependent brain structural characteristics in Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs. Anatomical T2-weighted images, diffusion kurtosis (DKI) imaging, and T2 relaxometry measures were acquired from a cohort of male guinea pigs from postnatal day (PND) 18–25 (juvenile) to PND 46–51 (adolescent) and PND 118–123 (young adult). Whole-brain diffusion measures revealed the distinct effects of maturation on the microstructural complexity of the male guinea pig brain. Specifically, fractional anisotropy (FA), as well as mean, axial, and radial kurtosis in the corpus callosum, amygdala, dorsal-ventral striatum, and thalamus significantly increased from PND 18–25 to PND 118–123. Age-related alterations in DKI measures within these brain regions paralleled the overall alterations observed in the whole brain. Age-related changes in FA and kurtosis in the gray matter-dominant parietal cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus were less pronounced than in the other brain regions. The regional data analysis revealed that between-age changes of diffusion kurtosis metrics were more pronounced than those observed in diffusion tensor metrics. The age-related anatomical differences reported here may be important determinants of the age-dependent neurobehavior of guinea pigs in different tasks.
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110
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Perez-Fernandez C, Morales-Navas M, Aguilera-Sáez LM, Abreu AC, Guardia-Escote L, Fernández I, Garrido-Cárdenas JA, Colomina MT, Giménez E, Sánchez-Santed F. Medium and long-term effects of low doses of Chlorpyrifos during the postnatal, preweaning developmental stage on sociability, dominance, gut microbiota and plasma metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109341. [PMID: 32179266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental pathology characterized by altered verbalizations, reduced social interaction behavior, and stereotypies. Environmental factors have been associated with its development. Some researchers have focused on pesticide exposure. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the most used Organophosphate. Previous developmental studies with CPF showed decreased, enhanced or no effect on social outcomes eminently in mice. The study of CPF exposure during preweaning stages on social behavior is sparse in mice and non-existent in rats. d stressors could be at the basis of ASD development, and around postnatal day 10 in the rat is equivalent to the human birthday in neurodevelopmental terms. We explored the effects of exposure to low doses (1mg/kg/mL/day) of CPF during this stage regarding: sociability, dominance gut microbiome and plasma metabolomic profile, since alterations in these systems have also been linked to ASD. There was a modest influence of CPF on social behavior in adulthood, with null effects during adolescence. Dominance and hierarchical status were not affected by exposure. Dominance status explained the significant reduction in reaction to social novelty observed on the sociability test. CPF induced a significant gut microbiome dysbiosis and triggered a hyperlipidemic, hypoglycemic/hypogluconeogenesis and a general altered cell energy production in females. These behavioral results in rats extend and complement previous studies with mice and show novel influences on gut metagenomics and plasma lipid profile and metabolomics, but do not stablish a relation between the exposure to CPF and the ASD phenotype. The effects of dominance status on reaction to social novelty have an important methodological meaning for future research on sociability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Perez-Fernandez
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Miguel Morales-Navas
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Luis Manuel Aguilera-Sáez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Ana Cristina Abreu
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Laia Guardia-Escote
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology and Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, C/ Macel.lí Domingo 1, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | | | - María Teresa Colomina
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, C/ Carretera de Valls, s/n, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Estela Giménez
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Santed
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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111
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Hicks DJ. Census Demographics and Chlorpyrifos Use in California's Central Valley, 2011-15: A Distributional Environmental Justice Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072593. [PMID: 32290125 PMCID: PMC7177971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (ACI), is one of the most widely used insecticides in the world, and is generally recognized to be a moderate human neurotoxin. This paper reports a distributional environmental justice (dEJ) analysis of chlorpyrifos use in California’s Central Valley, examining the way distributions of environmental risks are associated with race, ethnicity, class, gender, and other systems of structural oppression. Spatial data on chlorpyrifos use were retrieved from California’s Department of Pesticide Registration public pesticide use records for 2011–2015. These data were combined with demographic data for the Central Valley from the American Community Survey (ACS). Spatial regression models were used to estimate effects of demographic covariates on local chlorpyrifos use. A novel bootstrap method was used to account for measurement error in the ACS estimates. This study finds consistent evidence that Hispanic population proportion is associated with increased local chlorpyrifos use. A 10-point increase in Hispanic proportion is associated with an estimated 1.05–1.4-fold increase in local chlorpyrifos use across Census tract models. By contrast, effects of agricultural employment and poverty on local chlorpyrifos use are ambiguous and inconsistent between Census tracts and Census-designated places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hicks
- Data Science Initiative, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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112
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Neuropathological Mechanisms Associated with Pesticides in Alzheimer's Disease. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020021. [PMID: 32218337 PMCID: PMC7355712 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxicants have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, and pesticide exposure is a suspected environmental risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several epidemiological analyses have affirmed a link between pesticides and incidence of sporadic AD. Meanwhile, in vitro and animal models of AD have shed light on potential neuropathological mechanisms. In this paper, a perspective on neuropathological mechanisms underlying pesticides’ induction of AD is provided. Proposed mechanisms range from generic oxidative stress induction in neurons to more AD-specific processes involving amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau). Mechanisms that are more speculative or indirect in nature, including somatic mutation, epigenetic modulation, impairment of adult neurogenesis, and microbiota dysbiosis, are also discussed. Chronic toxicity mechanisms of environmental pesticide exposure crosstalks in complex ways and could potentially be mutually enhancing, thus making the deciphering of simplistic causal relationships difficult.
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113
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Kudavidanage EP, Dissanayake DMI, Keerthirathna WLR, Nishshanke NLW, Peiris LDC. Commercial Formulation of Chlorpyrifos Alters Neurological Behaviors and Fertility. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9030049. [PMID: 32156097 PMCID: PMC7150932 DOI: 10.3390/biology9030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are known to result in toxic insult. We aimed to evaluate Judo 40, the commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos on the neurological activities, fertility, and hormone levels of male rats. Male Wistar rats were treated orally with 1 mL of 20 or 50 mg/kg Judo 40. The doses were administered four times, twice a day. Sexual and exploratory behavior indices, fertility indices, serum androgen levels, blood acetylcholinesterase (BChE) levels, and neurological and muscular effects were evaluated. Serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone were significantly reduced in the rats receiving 50 mg/kg Judo 40. A reduction in viable implantation sites and live pups born were evident in the female rats mated with the male rats treated with the highest dose. Similarly, in the rats treated with the highest dose of Judo 40, a significant reduction in plasma BChE enzyme was observed. According to the results, prolonged Judo 40 exposure can cause impairment of the neurological alterations and sex hormones leading to impaired fertility. Therefore, chemical handlers should be educated on protection and risk minimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoka P. Kudavidanage
- Department of Natural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University, Belhiloya 70140, Sri Lanka;
| | - D. M. I. Dissanayake
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences (Center for Biotechnology), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (D.M.I.D.); (W.L.R.K.); (N.L.W.N.)
| | - W. L. Rangi Keerthirathna
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences (Center for Biotechnology), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (D.M.I.D.); (W.L.R.K.); (N.L.W.N.)
| | - N. Lasni Wathima Nishshanke
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences (Center for Biotechnology), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (D.M.I.D.); (W.L.R.K.); (N.L.W.N.)
| | - L. Dinithi C. Peiris
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences (Center for Biotechnology), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (D.M.I.D.); (W.L.R.K.); (N.L.W.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +94-714-018-537
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Nasirova N, Quina LA, Agosto-Marlin IM, Ramirez JM, Lambe EK, Turner EE. Dual recombinase fate mapping reveals a transient cholinergic phenotype in multiple populations of developing glutamatergic neurons. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:283-307. [PMID: 31396962 PMCID: PMC6889053 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic transmission shapes the maturation of glutamatergic circuits, yet the developmental sources of acetylcholine have not been systematically explored. Here, we have used Cre-recombinase-mediated genetic labeling to identify and map both mature and developing CNS neurons that express choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Correction of a significant problem with a widely used ChatCre transgenic line ensures that this map does not contain expression artifacts. ChatCre marks all known cholinergic systems in the adult brain, but also identifies several brain areas not usually regarded as cholinergic, including specific thalamic and hypothalamic neurons, the subiculum, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the cuneate/gracilis nuclei, and the pontocerebellar system. This ChatCre fate map suggests transient developmental expression of a cholinergic phenotype in areas important for cognition, motor control, and respiration. We therefore examined expression of ChAT and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the embryonic and early postnatal brain to determine the developmental timing of this transient cholinergic phenotype, and found that it mirrored the establishment of relevant glutamatergic projection pathways. We then used an intersectional genetic strategy combining ChatCre with Vglut2Flp to show that these neurons adopt a glutamatergic fate in the adult brain. The transient cholinergic phenotype of these glutamatergic neurons suggests a homosynaptic source of acetylcholine for the maturation of developing glutamatergic synapses. These findings thus define critical windows during which specific glutamatergic circuits may be vulnerable to disruption by nicotine in utero, and suggest new mechanisms for pediatric disorders associated with maternal smoking, such as sudden infant death syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailyam Nasirova
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
| | - Lely A. Quina
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
| | | | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
| | - Evelyn K. Lambe
- Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric E. Turner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 98101
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115
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Obesogenic effects of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111171. [PMID: 32017950 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus pesticide widely and extensively used in agriculture in more than one hundred countries and found ubiquitously in the environment. The present study was aimed at providing a better understanding of the obesogenic potential of CPF and its metabolites, as well as to evaluate their effects on the adipocyte differentiation process. For it, during the initial differentiation process, 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes were exposed to different concentrations of CPF, CPF-oxon (CPO), or 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), which did not affect cell survival. Results showed how CPF and, to a lesser extent, its metabolite TCP, had a positive metabolic influence over the adipogenic process by fostering an increase in the number of differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and by enhancing the capacity to store lipid droplets. These processes seem to occur through the upregulation of the transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), which are related to a significant higher expression of the fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) adipokine. Based on this finding, CPF exposure could be one of the many factors that contributes to the worldwide increase in the incidence of obesity. However, additional investigations are clearly needed.
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116
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Sang C, Sørensen PB, An W, Andersen JH, Yang M. Chronic health risk comparison between China and Denmark on dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113590. [PMID: 31761588 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural insect prevention globally. Given the potential neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos and its high detection rates in food and drinking water, health risks attributable to chlorpyrifos residue in Chinese drinking water and food in both China and Denmark were assessed in this study. Mixed left-censored handling models were used to deal with the non-detected values in chlorpyrifos concentrations. Results show that chronic exposure imputed to chlorpyrifos residue is much lower than the reference dose, and will thus not pose appreciable health risk to the consumer. Compared to the total exposure from chlorpyrifos in drinking water and food sources, chronic exposure from drinking water sources in China accounts for 0-4.4%. Health risk owing to chlorpyrifos in food within China is 6-7-fold higher than in Denmark, and this coincides with the fact that all application of chlorpyrifos is banned in Denmark, in contrast to China. However, the Danish consumers are still exposed from imported food items. The main health risk contributors in China are the food groups of Grains and grain-based products and Vegetable and vegetable products, while the main chronic health risk contributor in Denmark is the food group of imported fruit and fruit products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Sang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Borgen Sørensen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Wei An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, China.
| | | | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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117
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Aybar MJ. The role of teratogens in neural crest development. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:584-632. [PMID: 31926062 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC), discovered by Wilhelm His 150 years ago, gives rise to a multipotent migratory embryonic cell population that generates a remarkably diverse and important array of cell types during the development of the vertebrate embryo. These cells originate in the neural plate border (NPB), which is the ectoderm between the neural plate and the epidermis. They give rise to the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies are a class of congenital diseases resulting from the abnormal induction, specification, migration, differentiation or death of NC cells (NCCs) during embryonic development and have an important medical and societal impact. In general, congenital defects affect an appreciable percentage of newborns worldwide. Some of these defects are caused by teratogens, which are agents that negatively impact the formation of tissues and organs during development. In this review, we will discuss the teratogens linked to the development of many birth defects, with a strong focus on those that specifically affect the development of the NC, thereby producing neurocristopathies. Although increasing attention is being paid to the effect of teratogens on embryonic development in general, there is a strong need to critically evaluate the specific role of these agents in NC development. Therefore, increased understanding of the role of these factors in NC development will contribute to the planning of strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of human neurocristopathies, whose etiology was previously not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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118
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Guardia-Escote L, Basaure P, Biosca-Brull J, Cabré M, Blanco J, Pérez-Fernández C, Sánchez-Santed F, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. APOE genotype and postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure modulate gut microbiota and cerebral short-chain fatty acids in preweaning mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:110872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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119
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Perez-Fernandez C, Morales-Navas M, Guardia-Escote L, Garrido-Cárdenas JA, Colomina MT, Giménez E, Sánchez-Santed F. Long-term effects of low doses of Chlorpyrifos exposure at the preweaning developmental stage: A locomotor, pharmacological, brain gene expression and gut microbiome analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:110865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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120
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Rapid quantitative determination of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in tomatoes by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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121
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Gestational and perinatal exposure to diazinon causes long-lasting neurobehavioral consequences in the rat. Toxicology 2019; 429:152327. [PMID: 31704166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon is a widely-used organophosphate pesticide. Pulsatile exposure to diazinon during neonatal development has previously been shown cause long-term neurobehavioral impairments in rats. However, the effects of chronic low concentration exposures during perinatal development remain unclear. This experiment evaluated such effects in Sprague-Dawley rats by implanting osmotic pumps in breeder females prior to conception (N = 13-15 litters per condition) which then delivered chronic, zero order kinetic low-level infusions of 0, 114 or 228 ug/day of diazinon throughout pregnancy. One male and one female from each litter was assessed with a battery of behavioral tests that continued from four weeks of age into adulthood. Litter was used as the unit of variance for the analysis of variance test of significance, with sex as a within litter factor. Diazinon treatment condition was the between subjects factor and time or sessions were repeated measures. Chronic diazinon exposure from pre-mating until the neonatal period caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in percent of time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, an index of risk-taking behavior. Gestational and lactational diazinon exposure also caused a significant (p < 0.05) degree of hyperactivity in the Figure-8 apparatus during adolescence, specifically affecting the early part of the hour-long test session. This effect had dissipated by the time the rats reached adulthood. Diazinon exposure also caused a significant impairment in novel object recognition, a test of cognitive function. Offspring exposed to 228 ug/day diazinon (p < 0.05) showed significantly less preference for the novel vs. familiar object than controls during the first five minutes of the novel object recognition test.
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122
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Basaure P, Guardia-Escote L, Biosca-Brull J, Blanco J, Cabré M, Peris-Sampedro F, Sánchez-Santed F, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. Exposure to chlorpyrifos at different ages triggers APOE genotype-specific responses in social behavior, body weight and hypothalamic gene expression. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108684. [PMID: 31472362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, we have shown that apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms differentially modulate the neurobehavioral and metabolic effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely used pesticide, which is detected as residue in food. We previously reported that, after being exposed to CPF, APOE3 subjects exhibit metabolic dysfunctions while APOE4 subjects undergo changes in behavior. In the current study, we investigated the effects of a double exposure to CPF on social behavior and hypothalamic gene expression in apoE-targeted replacement (TR) mice. Male apoE3-and apoE4-TR mice were exposed to CPF at 0 or 1 mg/kg/day on postnatal days 10-15 and then, during adulthood (5 months of age), fed a CPF-supplemented diet (0 or 2 mg/kg/day) for 15 days. During adult exposure to CPF, body weight gain and food intake were monitored. At the end of the adult exposure period, we evaluated social behavior in a three-chamber test, as well as mRNA levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides and receptors related to social behavior and feeding control. Adult CPF exposure increased food intake in general, but only apoE4 mice increased their body weight. Postnatal CPF exposure improved preference for the social contexts in apoE4 mice while adult CPF exposure did the same in apoE3 mice. Anorexigenic-peptide and social-related behavior gene expression decreased as a result of adult CPF exposure in apoE4 mice, and neuropeptide Y was more expressed in apoE4 mice. These results indicate that CPF exposure produces orexigenic and metabolic effects and enlarges individual differences in social behavior, especially in apoE3 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Basaure
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Laia Guardia-Escote
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Judit Biosca-Brull
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Blanco
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria Cabré
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fiona Peris-Sampedro
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Colomina
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
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123
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Siokas V, Dardiotis E, Tsatsakis A, Bowman AB, da Rocha JBT, Aschner M. Brain diseases in changing climate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108637. [PMID: 31416010 PMCID: PMC6717544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the biggest and most urgent challenges for the 21st century. Rising average temperatures and ocean levels, altered precipitation patterns and increased occurrence of extreme weather events affect not only the global landscape and ecosystem, but also human health. Multiple environmental factors influence the onset and severity of human diseases and changing climate may have a great impact on these factors. Climate shifts disrupt the quantity and quality of water, increase environmental pollution, change the distribution of pathogens and severely impacts food production - all of which are important regarding public health. This paper focuses on brain health and provides an overview of climate change impacts on risk factors specific to brain diseases and disorders. We also discuss emerging hazards in brain health due to mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Trace Element Institute for UNESCO, Lyon, France
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - João B T da Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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124
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Roman P, Cardona D, Sempere L, Carvajal F. Microbiota and organophosphates. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:200-208. [PMID: 31560873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are important toxic compounds commonly used for a variety of purposes in agriculture, industry and household settings. Consumption of these compounds affects several central nervous system functions. Some of the most recognised consequences of organophosphate pesticide exposure in humans include neonatal developmental abnormalities, endocrine disruption, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and cancer. In addition, neurobehavioral and emotional deficits following OP exposure have been reported. It would be of great value to discover a therapeutic strategy which produces a protective effect against these neurotoxic compounds. Moreover, a growing body of preclinical data suggests that the microbiota may affect metabolism and neurotoxic outcomes through exposure to OPs. The human gut is colonised by a broad variety of microorganisms. This huge number of bacteria and other microorganisms which survive by colonising the gastrointestinal tract is defined as "gut microbiota". The gut microbiome plays a profound role in metabolic processing, energy production, immune and cognitive development and homeostasis. The effects are not only localized in the gut, but also influence many other organs, such as the brain through the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Therefore, given the gut microbiota's key role in host homeostasis, this microbiota may be altered or modified temporarily by factors such as antibiotics, diet and toxins such as pesticides. The aim of this review is to examine scientific articles concerning the impact of microbiota in OP toxicity. Studies focussed on the possible contribution the microbiota has on variable host pharmacokinetic responses such as absorption and biotransformation of xenobiotics will be evaluated. Microbiome manipulation by antibiotic or probiotic administration and faecal transplantation are experimental approaches recently proposed as treatments for several diseases. Finally, microbiota manipulation as a possible therapeutic strategy in order to reduce OP toxicity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Roman
- Departamento de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Medicina, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almería, Spain; Health Sciences Research Group (CTS-451), University of Almería, Spain
| | - Diana Cardona
- Departamento de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Medicina, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almería, Spain; Research Center for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology BITAL, Universidad de Almería, Spain.
| | - Lluis Sempere
- NeuroCritical Care Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, IBIS/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Francisca Carvajal
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almería, Spain
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125
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Sandoval L, Rosca A, Oniga A, Zambrano A, Ramos JJ, González MC, Liste I, Motas M. Effects of chlorpyrifos on cell death and cellular phenotypic specification of human neural stem cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:445-454. [PMID: 31136966 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide widely used in agriculture, whose traditional and well-known mechanism of action is the inhibition of the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Subacute exposures to CPF have been associated with alterations different from the inhibition of AChE. Because of the vulnerability of the developing nervous system, prenatal and early postnatal exposures are of special concern. Human neural stem cells (hNSC) provide the opportunity to study early stages of neural development and may be a valuable tool for developmental neurotoxicology (DNT). In the current work, the cell line hNS1 was used as a model system with the aim of validating this cell line as a reliable testing method. To evaluate the effects of CPF on early developmental stages, hNS1 cells were exposed to different concentrations of the pesticide and cell death, proliferation and cell fate specification were analyzed under differentiation conditions. Since hNS1 cells responded to CPF in a similar way to other human cell lines, we consider it may be a valid model for DNT chemical assessment. CPF induced apoptotic cell death only at the highest doses tested, suggesting that it is not toxic for the specific developmental stage here addressed under short term exposure. In addition, the higher doses of CPF promoted the generation of astroglial cells, without affecting neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sandoval
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreea Rosca
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreea Oniga
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen González
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Liste
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Motas
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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126
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Effect of Chlorpyrifos on human extravillous-like trophoblast cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 90:118-125. [PMID: 31509763 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An increased risk of pregnancy disorders has been reported in women and animal models exposed to organophosphate pesticides. However, less information is available on impacts to human placental function. Here, we addressed the impact of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on extravillous cytotrophoblasts (evCTB) employing HTR8/SVneo cells as an in vitro model. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were not affected by CPF under conditions where cell viability was not compromised; however, we observed reduced expression of genes for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, and the β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. These results are the first effects reported by organophosphate pesticide in evCTB cells and show altered expression of several genes important for placental development that could serve as potential biomarkers for future research.
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127
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Richardson JR, Fitsanakis V, Westerink RHS, Kanthasamy AG. Neurotoxicity of pesticides. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:343-362. [PMID: 31197504 PMCID: PMC6826260 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are unique environmental contaminants that are specifically introduced into the environment to control pests, often by killing them. Although pesticide application serves many important purposes, including protection against crop loss and against vector-borne diseases, there are significant concerns over the potential toxic effects of pesticides to non-target organisms, including humans. In many cases, the molecular target of a pesticide is shared by non-target species, leading to the potential for untoward effects. Here, we review the history of pesticide usage and the neurotoxicity of selected classes of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, to humans and experimental animals. Specific emphasis is given to linkages between exposure to pesticides and risk of neurological disease and dysfunction in humans coupled with mechanistic findings in humans and animal models. Finally, we discuss emerging techniques and strategies to improve translation from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Vanessa Fitsanakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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128
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Mahajan G, Lee MY, Kothapalli C. Biophysical and biomechanical properties of neural progenitor cells as indicators of developmental neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2979-2992. [PMID: 31428840 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conventional in vitro toxicity studies have focused on identifying IC50 and the underlying mechanisms, but how toxicants influence biophysical and biomechanical changes in human cells, especially during developmental stages, remain understudied. Here, using an atomic force microscope, we characterized changes in biophysical (cell area, actin organization) and biomechanical (Young's modulus, force of adhesion, tether force, membrane tension, tether radius) aspects of human fetal brain-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induced by four classes of widely used toxic compounds, including rotenone, digoxin, N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), and chlorpyrifos, under exposure up to 36 h. The sub-cellular mechanisms (apoptosis, mitochondria membrane potential, DNA damage, glutathione levels) by which these toxicants induced biochemical changes in NPCs were assessed. Results suggest a significant compromise in cell viability with increasing toxicant concentration (p < 0.01), and biophysical and biomechanical characteristics with increasing exposure time (p < 0.01) as well as toxicant concentration (p < 0.01). Impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential appears to be the most sensitive mechanism of neurotoxicity for rotenone, AEA and chlorpyrifos exposure, but compromise in plasma membrane integrity for digoxin exposure. The surviving NPCs remarkably retained stemness (SOX2 expression) even at high toxicant concentrations. A negative linear correlation (R2 = 0.92) exists between the elastic modulus of surviving cells and the number of living cells in that environment. We propose that even subtle compromise in cell mechanics could serve as a crucial marker of developmental neurotoxicity (mechanotoxicology) and therefore should be included as part of toxicology assessment repertoire to characterize as well as predict developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Mahajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Washkewicz College of Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, FH 460, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Washkewicz College of Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, FH 460, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Washkewicz College of Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, FH 460, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
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129
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Owumi SE, Dim UJ. Manganese suppresses oxidative stress, inflammation and caspase-3 activation in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:202-209. [PMID: 30859069 PMCID: PMC6396099 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the individual and combined impact of organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and manganese (Mn), a naturally occurring trace metal, on hepatorenal function in adult rats. The four experimental groups namely control, CPF alone (5 mg/kg), Mn alone (10 mg/kg) and the co-exposure group consisted of eight rats which were orally gavage for 14 consecutive days. Following sacrifice, the biomarkers of hepatorenal damage, antioxidant enzyme activities, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as levels of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen and nitrogen (RONS) species and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were analysed spectrophotometrically. Further, the concentration of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and caspase-3 activity were assessed using ELISA. Results showed that the CPF-induced increase in biomarkers of hepatorenal toxicity were significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated in rats co-expose to CPF and Mn. Moreover, the decrease in antioxidant status as well as the elevation in RONS and LPO were significantly assuaged in rats co-treated with CPF and Mn. In addition, CPF mediated increase in TNF-α, IL-1β and caspase-3 activity were significantly diminished in the liver and kidney of rats co-exposed to CPF and Mn. Light microscopic examination evidenced that the severity of histopathological lesions induced by CPF were alleviated in rats co-exposed to CPF and Mn. In conclusion, the results highlight that co-exposure to CPF and Mn in rats assuaged CPF-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and caspase-3 activation in the liver and kidney of the rats.
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130
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Roberts JR, Dawley EH, Reigart JR. Children's low-level pesticide exposure and associations with autism and ADHD: a review. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:234-241. [PMID: 30337670 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are chemicals that are designed specifically for the purpose of killing or suppressing another living organism. Human toxicity is possible with any pesticide, and a growing body of literature has investigated possible associations with neurodevelopmental disorders. Attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two of these specific disorders that have garnered particular interest. Exposure to toxic chemicals during critical windows of brain development is a biologically plausible mechanism. This review describes the basic laboratory science including controlled pesticide dosing experiments in animals that supports a mechanistic relationship in the development of ADHD and/or ASD. Epidemiological relationships are also described for low-level pesticide exposure and ADHD and/or ASD. The available evidence supports the hypothesis that pesticide exposure at levels that do not cause acute toxicity may be among the multifactorial causes of ADHD and ASD, though further study is needed, especially for some of the newer pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Erin H Dawley
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - J Routt Reigart
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Cekovska S, Stoleski S, Soleva V, Tosheska-Trajkovska K, Labudovik D, Bogdanska J, Brezovska-Kavrakova J, Kostovska I, Bauer B, Topuzovska S. Enzymatic changes in orchard workers with occupational exposure to pesticides. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2019. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2018.64.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OP) and carbamates, frequently used pesticides, can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between chronic occupational pesticide exposure and changes in serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in orchard workers. In the study, 47 peach orchard workers were included, at the age from 19 to 60 years, with monthly exposure to pesticides from 5 to 20 days and 1 to 35 working years. The control group consisted of 40 healthy age-matched men, without exposure to pesticides. All orchard workers kept to safety precautions. 68% of workers reported some physical signs and symptoms. A significantly decreased AChE activity was detected in 10.6% of orchard workers and increased CPK activity in 40.4%. Very weak negative correlation was detected between AChE and ALP activities (r = -0.34, p = 0.001) and between AChE and CPK activities (r = -0.25, p = 0.02). No correlation was found between the serum AChE and day of monthly exposure, as well as years of exposure. The results have shown that orchard workers with decreased AChE activity and increased CPK activity should be monitored as workers with an increased risk for severe pesticide poisoning. These findings suggest that chronic occupational exposure to pesticides elicit mild toxic effects, as well as biochemical changes of unknown long-term consequences.
Keywords: Toxic effects; Carbamates pesticide, Organophosphate pesticide, Serum enzymes, Orchard workers, Occupational exposure
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Cekovska
- nstitute of Medical and Experimental biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Str. 50 Divizija No. 6, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Sasho Stoleski
- Institute of Occupational Health of R. Macedonia, WHO CC, Str. Vtora Makedonska Brigada 43, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Violeta Soleva
- Private health institution Avicena laboratory, Boulevard 8-mi Septemvri 12, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Katerina Tosheska-Trajkovska
- nstitute of Medical and Experimental biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Str. 50 Divizija No. 6, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Danica Labudovik
- nstitute of Medical and Experimental biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Str. 50 Divizija No. 6, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Jasna Bogdanska
- nstitute of Medical and Experimental biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Str. 50 Divizija No. 6, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Julijana Brezovska-Kavrakova
- nstitute of Medical and Experimental biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Str. 50 Divizija No. 6, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Irena Kostovska
- nstitute of Medical and Experimental biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Str. 50 Divizija No. 6, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Biljana Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Str. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Sonja Topuzovska
- nstitute of Medical and Experimental biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Str. 50 Divizija No. 6, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
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132
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Guignet M, Lein PJ. Neuroinflammation in organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity. ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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133
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Jusko TA, van den Dries MA, Pronk A, Shaw PA, Guxens M, Spaan S, Jaddoe VW, Tiemeier H, Longnecker MP. Organophosphate Pesticide Metabolite Concentrations in Urine during Pregnancy and Offspring Nonverbal IQ at Age 6 Years. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:17007. [PMID: 30688513 PMCID: PMC6381821 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susceptibility to organophosphate (OP) pesticide neurotoxicity may be greatest during the prenatal period; however, previous studies have produced mixed findings concerning in utero OP pesticide exposure and child cognition. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to determine whether maternal urinary concentrations of OP pesticide metabolites are inversely associated with child nonverbal IQ at 6 y of age and to examine potential effect measure modification by the PON1 gene. METHODS Data came from 708 mother–child pairs participating in the Generation R Study. Maternal urine concentrations of six dialkylphosphates (DAPs), collected at [Formula: see text], 18–25, and [Formula: see text] of gestation, were determined. Child nonverbal IQ was measured at 6 y of age using the Mosaics and Categories subtests from the Snijders-Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test-Revised. PON1 was determined in cord blood for 474 infants. Multiple linear regression models were fit to estimate the DAP-IQ associations and PON1 interactions. RESULTS Overall, associations between child nonverbal IQ and maternal DAP concentrations were small and imprecise, and these associations were inconsistent across urine sampling periods. Howover, for a 10-fold difference in total DAP concentration for the [Formula: see text] of gestation samples, adjusted child nonverbal IQ was 3.9 points lower (95% CI: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). Heterogeneity in the DAP–IQ association by PON1 gene allele status was not observed ([Formula: see text]). CONCLUSIONS Consistent evidence of an association between higher maternal urinary DAP concentrations and lower child IQ scores at 6 y of age was not observed. There was some evidence for an inverse relation of child nonverbal IQ and late pregnancy urinary DAPs, but the estimated association was imprecise. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Jusko
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michiel A van den Dries
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Pamela A Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Suzanne Spaan
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew P Longnecker
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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134
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Wang P, Dai H, Zhang C, Tian J, Deng Y, Zhao M, Zhao M, Bing G, Zhao L. Evaluation of the effects of chlorpyrifos combined with lipopolysaccharide stress on neuroinflammation and spatial memory in neonatal rats. Toxicology 2018; 410:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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135
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Imam A, Sulaiman NA, Oyewole AL, Chengetanai S, Williams V, Ajibola MI, Folarin RO, Muhammad AS, Shittu STT, Ajao MS. Chlorpyrifos- and Dichlorvos-Induced Oxidative and Neurogenic Damage Elicits Neuro-Cognitive Deficits and Increases Anxiety-Like Behavior in Wild-Type Rats. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6040071. [PMID: 30513797 PMCID: PMC6316642 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The execution of agricultural activities on an industrial scale has led to indiscriminate deposition of toxic xenobiotics, including organophosphates, in the biome. This has led to intoxication characterized by deleterious oxidative and neuronal changes. This study investigated the consequences of oxidative and neurogenic disruptions that follow exposure to a combination of two organophosphates, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and dichlorvos (DDVP), on neuro-cognitive performance and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats (150–170 g) were randomly divided into four groups, orally exposed to normal saline (NS), DDVP (8.8 mg/kg), CPF (14.9 mg/kg), and DDVP + CPF for 14 consecutive days. On day 10 of exposure, anxiety-like behavior and amygdala-dependent fear learning were assessed using open field and elevated plus maze paradigms, respectively, while spatial working memory was assessed on day 14 in the Morris water maze paradigm, following three training trials on days 11, 12, and 13. On day 15, the rats were euthanized, and their brains excised, with the hippocampus and amygdala removed. Five of these samples were homogenized and centrifuged to analyze nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, total reactive oxygen species (ROS), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and the other three were processed for histology (cresyl violet stain) and proliferative markers (Ki67 immunohistochemistry). Marked (p ≤0.05) loss in body weight, AChE depletion, and overproduction of both NO and ROS were observed after repeated exposure to individual and combined doses of CPF and DDVP. Insults from DDVP exposure appeared more severe owing to the observed greater losses in the body weights of exposed rats. There was also a significant (p ≤0.05) effect on the cognitive behaviors recorded from the exposed rats, and these deficits were related to the oxidative damage and neurogenic cell loss in the hippocampus and the amygdala of the exposed rats. Taken together, these results provided an insight that oxidative and neurogenic damage are central to the severity of neuro-cognitive dysfunction and increased anxiety-like behaviors that follow organophosphate poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Imam
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria.
- Comparative Neurobiology Unit, School of Anatomical sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Nafeesah Abdulkareem Sulaiman
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria.
| | - Aboyeji Lukuman Oyewole
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria.
| | - Samson Chengetanai
- Comparative Neurobiology Unit, School of Anatomical sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo 0000, Zimbabwe.
| | - Victoria Williams
- Comparative Neurobiology Unit, School of Anatomical sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Musa Iyiola Ajibola
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Shih-Pai, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | | | - Asma'u Shehu Muhammad
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Dutse, PMB 7156, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria.
| | - Sheu-Tijani Toyin Shittu
- Endocrinology and metabolism Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria.
| | - Moyosore Salihu Ajao
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria.
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Hussein RM, Mohamed WR, Omar HA. A neuroprotective role of kaempferol against chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress and memory deficits in rats via GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 152:29-37. [PMID: 30497708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an agricultural pesticide and a potential food contaminant, which causes neurotoxicity. Here, we aimed at exploring the link between the repeated exposure to CPF and memory dysfunction in rats and the possible protective effect of kaempferol, a flavonoid with appreciable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Rats were divided into: Control group (received drug vehicles for 14 days); CPF-treated group (received subcutaneous 18 mg/kg BW of CPF daily for 14 days and CPF + Kaempferol treated group (received the same CPF dose +21 mg/kg BW of Kaempferol intraperitoneally for 14 days. On the 14th day, Y-maze and novel target recognition behavioral tests were employed to evaluate memory deficits. 24 h after the last dose of CPF, animals were sacrificed, and brain tissues were used for the determination of oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression levels of GSK3β and Nrf2. The results revealed that CPF-treated rats suffered from severe deterioration of spatial and non-spatial memory functions with low activities of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The administration of kaempferol significantly protected against CPF-induced neuronal damage, increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and AChE and induced a better performance in the behavioral tests. The protective effect of kaempferol was mediated through the inhibition of GSK3β gene expression and the induction of Nrf2 expression in the brain tissues. In conclusion, the repeated exposure to CPF is associated with oxidative stress and memory deficits in rats. However, kaempferol administration effectively alleviated CPF- induced brain toxicity, possibly through the modulation of GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62514 Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa R Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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137
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Method validation for simultaneous determination of atropine, pralidoxime and 12 organophosphorus compounds in blood samples by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1097-1098:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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138
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Adedara IA, Owoeye O, Ajayi BO, Awogbindin IO, Rocha JB, Farombi EO. Diphenyl diselenide abrogates chlorpyrifos-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis impairment in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:171-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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139
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Naughton SX, Terry AV. Neurotoxicity in acute and repeated organophosphate exposure. Toxicology 2018; 408:101-112. [PMID: 30144465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The term organophosphate (OP) refers to a diverse group of chemicals that are found in hundreds of products worldwide. As pesticides, their most common use, OPs are clearly beneficial for agricultural productivity and the control of deadly vector-borne illnesses. However, as a consequence of their widespread use, OPs are now among the most common synthetic chemicals detected in the environment as well as in animal and human tissues. This is an increasing environmental concern because many OPs are highly toxic and both accidental and intentional exposures to OPs resulting in deleterious health effects have been documented for decades. Some of these deleterious health effects include a variety of long-term neurological and psychiatric disturbances including impairments in attention, memory, and other domains of cognition. Moreover, some chronic illnesses that manifest these symptoms such as Gulf War Illness and Aerotoxic Syndrome have (at least in part) been attributed to OP exposure. In addition to acute acetylcholinesterase inhibition, OPs may affect a number of additional targets that lead to oxidative stress, axonal transport deficits, neuroinflammation, and autoimmunity. Some of these targets could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this review is thus to: 1) describe the important uses of organophosphate (OP)-based compounds worldwide, 2) provide an overview of the various risks and toxicology associated with OP exposure, particularly long-term neurologic and psychiatric symptoms, 3) discuss mechanisms of OP toxicity beyond cholinesterase inhibition, 4) review potential therapeutic strategies to reverse the acute toxicity and long term deleterious effects of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia.
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140
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental contaminants ranging from legacy chemicals like p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to emerging chemicals like phthalates are ubiquitous. Research aims/questions: This research aims to examine the presence and co-occurrence of contaminants in human milk and effects of pasteurization on human milk chemical contaminants. METHODS We analyzed human milk donated by 21 women to a milk bank for 23 chemicals, including the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) isomers that are known to sequester in adipose tissue, along with the current-use and nonpersistent pesticides chlorpyrifos and permethrin, phthalates, and bisphenol A (BPA). Human milk was analyzed raw and pasteurized for these chemicals using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the POPs and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for non-POPs. RESULTS Within the different chemical classes, PBDE47, PCB153, ppDDE, and MEHHP (phthalate metabolite) had the highest median concentrations and were observed in all samples. We also observed chlorpyrifos and BPA in all samples and permethrin in 90% of the samples tested. Only two chemicals, chlorpyrifos and permethrin, were susceptible to substantial degradation from pasteurization, a standard method for processing donated human milk. CONCLUSION We detected 19 of 23 chemicals in all of our prepasteurized milk and 18 of 23 chemicals in all of our pasteurized milk. Pasteurization did not affect the presence of most of the chemicals. Future research should continue to explore human milk for potential chemical contamination and as a means to surveil exposures among women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald S. Cohen
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Mother’s Milk Bank, San José, CA, USA
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141
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Abstract
One of the major classes of pesticides is that of the organophosphates (OPs). Initial developments date back almost 2 centuries but it was only in the mid-1940s that OPs reached a prominent status as insecticides, a status that, albeit declining, is still ongoing. OPs are highly toxic to nontarget species including humans, the primary effects being an acute cholinergic toxicity (responsible for thousands of poisoning each year) and a delayed polyneuropathy. Several issues of current debate and investigation on the toxicology of OPs are discussed in this brief review. These include (1) possible additional targets of OPs, (2) OPs as developmental neurotoxicants, (3) OPs and neurodegenerative diseases, (4) OPs and the "aerotoxic syndrome," (5) OPs and the microbiome, and (6) OPs and cancer. Some of these issues have been debated and studied for some time, while others are newer, suggesting that the study of the toxicology of OPs will remain an important scientific and public health issue for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy
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142
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Guo-Ross SX, Meek EC, Chambers JE, Carr RL. Effects of Chlorpyrifos or Methyl Parathion on Regional Cholinesterase Activity and Muscarinic Receptor Subtype Binding in Juvenile Rat Brain. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 1:018. [PMID: 30035273 PMCID: PMC6052801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of developmental exposure to two organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and methyl parathion (MPS), on cholinesterase (ChE) activity and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) binding were investigated in preweanling rat brain. Animals were orally gavaged daily with low, medium, and high dosages of the insecticides using an incremental dosing regimen from postnatal day 1 (PND1) to PND20. On PND12, PND17 and PND20, the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, hippocampus, and medulla-pons were collected for determination of ChE activity, total mAChR density, and the density of the individual mAChR subtypes. ChE activity was inhibited by the medium and high dosages of CPF and MPS at equal levels in all four brain regions at all three ages examined. Exposure to both compounds decreased the levels of the M1, M2/M4, and M3 subtypes and the total mAChR level in all brain regions, but the effects varied by dosage group and brain region. On PND12, only the high dosages induced receptor changes while on PND17 and PND20, greater effects became evident. In general, the effects on the M1 subtype and total receptor levels appeared to be greater in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus than in the corpus striatum and medulla-pons. This did not appear to be the case for the M2/M4 and M3 subtypes effects. The differences between CPF and MPS were minimal even though in some cases, CPF exerted statistically greater effects than MPS did. In general, repeated exposure to organophosphorus insecticides can alter the levels of the various mAChR subtypes in various brain regions which could induce perturbation in cholinergic neurochemistry during the maturation of the brain regions.
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143
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Prado MAM, Marchot P, Silman I. Preface: Cholinergic Mechanisms. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:3-6. [PMID: 28791707 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This special issue is a companion to the meeting 'XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms', and is edited by Israel Silman, Marco Prado and Pascale Marchot. In the review articles, renowned researchers in the field capture key mechanisms of cholinergic neurotransmission, from genomic amplification of cholinesterase genes, splicing and post-translational modifications; features of the neuromuscular junction, implications of cholinergic circuitry that are relevant to addiction, anxiety and mood, to preclinical models, protein biomarkers, and clinical findings that are relevant to pathology, for example, developmental neurotoxicity. The broad variety of features reflects the impact of cholinergic mechanisms on many physiological events and emphasizes the importance of research in this area. This is the Preface for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pascale Marchot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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