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Howden EJ, Lawley JS, Esler M, Levine BD. Potential role of endurance training in altering renal sympathetic nerve activity in CKD? Auton Neurosci 2016; 204:74-80. [PMID: 27908698 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), is characterized by a progressive loss of renal function and increase in cardiovascular risk. In this review paper, we discuss the pathophysiology of increased sympathetic nerve activity in CKD patients and raise the possibility of endurance exercise being an effective countermeasure to address this problem. We specifically focus on the potential role of endurance training in altering renal sympathetic nerve activity as increased renal sympathetic nerve activity negatively impacts kidney function as well indirectly effects multiple other systems and organs. Recent technological advances in device based therapy have highlighted the detrimental effect of elevated renal sympathetic nerve activity in CKD patients, with kidney function and blood pressure being improved post renal artery nerve denervation in selected patients. These developments provide optimism for the development of alternative and/or complementary strategies to lower renal sympathetic nerve activity. However, appropriately designed studies are required to confirm preliminary observations, as the widespread use of the renal denervation approach to lower sympathetic activity presently has limited feasibility. Endurance training may be one alternative strategy to reduce renal sympathetic nerve activity. Here we review the role of endurance training as a potential alternative or adjunctive to current therapy in CKD patients. We also provide recommendations for future research to assist in establishing an evidence base for the use of endurance training to lower renal sympathetic activity in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Howden
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX 75231, United States; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, United States; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX 75231, United States; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, United States
| | - Murray Esler
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX 75231, United States; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, United States
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102
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Batacan RB, Duncan MJ, Dalbo VJ, Tucker PS, Fenning AS. Effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:494-503. [PMID: 27797726 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The current review clarifies the cardiometabolic health effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in adults. A systematic search (PubMed) examining HIIT and cardiometabolic health markers was completed on 15 October 2015. Sixty-five intervention studies were included for review and the methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Downs and Black score. Studies were classified by intervention duration and body mass index classification. Outcomes with at least 5 effect sizes were synthesised using a random-effects meta-analysis of the standardised mean difference (SMD) in cardiometabolic health markers (baseline to postintervention) using Review Manager 5.3. Short-term (ST) HIIT (<12 weeks) significantly improved maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max; SMD 0.74, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.12; p<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; SMD -0.52, 95% CI -0.89 to -0.16; p<0.01) and fasting glucose (SMD -0.35, 95% CI -0.62 to -0.09; p<0.01) in overweight/obese populations. Long-term (LT) HIIT (≥12 weeks) significantly improved waist circumference (SMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.38 to -0.01; p<0.05), % body fat (SMD -0.40, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.06; p<0.05), VO2 max (SMD 1.20, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.83; p<0.001), resting heart rate (SMD -0.33, 95% CI -0.56 to -0.09; p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (SMD -0.35, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.09; p<0.01) and DBP (SMD -0.38, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.10; p<0.01) in overweight/obese populations. HIIT demonstrated no effect on insulin, lipid profile, C reactive protein or interleukin 6 in overweight/obese populations. In normal weight populations, ST-HIIT and LT-HIIT significantly improved VO2 max, but no other significant effects were observed. Current evidence suggests that ST-HIIT and LT-HIIT can increase VO2 max and improve some cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo B Batacan
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Physical Activity Studies, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitch J Duncan
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine & Public Health, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vincent J Dalbo
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick S Tucker
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew S Fenning
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Physical Activity Studies, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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103
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Zinner C, Morales-Alamo D, Ørtenblad N, Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Willis SJ, Gelabert-Rebato M, Perez-Valera M, Boushel R, Calbet JAL, Holmberg HC. The Physiological Mechanisms of Performance Enhancement with Sprint Interval Training Differ between the Upper and Lower Extremities in Humans. Front Physiol 2016; 7:426. [PMID: 27746738 PMCID: PMC5043010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences in adaptation of arm and leg muscles to sprint training, over a period of 11 days 16 untrained men performed six sessions of 4–6 × 30-s all-out sprints (SIT) with the legs and arms, separately, with a 1-h interval of recovery. Limb-specific VO2peak, sprint performance (two 30-s Wingate tests with 4-min recovery), muscle efficiency and time-trial performance (TT, 5-min all-out) were assessed and biopsies from the m. vastus lateralis and m. triceps brachii taken before and after training. VO2peak and Wmax increased 3–11% after training, with a more pronounced change in the arms (P < 0.05). Gross efficiency improved for the arms (+8.8%, P < 0.05), but not the legs (−0.6%). Wingate peak and mean power outputs improved similarly for the arms and legs, as did TT performance. After training, VO2 during the two Wingate tests was increased by 52 and 6% for the arms and legs, respectively (P < 0.001). In the case of the arms, VO2 was higher during the first than second Wingate test (64 vs. 44%, P < 0.05). During the TT, relative exercise intensity, HR, VO2, VCO2, VE, and Vt were all lower during arm-cranking than leg-pedaling, and oxidation of fat was minimal, remaining so after training. Despite the higher relative intensity, fat oxidation was 70% greater during leg-pedaling (P = 0.017). The aerobic energy contribution in the legs was larger than for the arms during the Wingate tests, although VO2 for the arms was enhanced more by training, reducing the O2 deficit after SIT. The levels of muscle glycogen, as well as the myosin heavy chain composition were unchanged in both cases, while the activities of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase and citrate synthase were elevated only in the legs and capillarization enhanced in both limbs. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the variables that predict TT performance differ for the arms and legs. The primary mechanism of adaptation to SIT by both the arms and legs is enhancement of aerobic energy production. However, with their higher proportion of fast muscle fibers, the arms exhibit greater plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport Science, Julius Maximilians University WürzburgWürzburg, Germany; Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden; Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark
| | - Filip J Larsen
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas A Schiffer
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sarah J Willis
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University Östersund, Sweden
| | - Miriam Gelabert-Rebato
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mario Perez-Valera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas, Spain; School of Kinesiology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden; School of Kinesiology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada; School of Sport Sciences, UiT Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway
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104
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Olver TD, Reid SM, Smith AR, Zamir M, Lemon PWR, Laughlin MH, Shoemaker JK. Effects of acute and chronic interval sprint exercise performed on a manually propelled treadmill on upper limb vascular mechanics in healthy young men. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/13/e12861. [PMID: 27405970 PMCID: PMC4945842 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval sprint exercise performed on a manually propelled treadmill, where the hands grip the handle bars, engages lower and upper limb skeletal muscle, but little is known regarding the effects of this exercise modality on the upper limb vasculature. We tested the hypotheses that an acute bout of sprint exercise and 6 weeks of training induces brachial artery (BA) and forearm vascular remodeling, favoring a more compliant system. Before and following a single bout of exercise as well as 6 weeks of training three types of vascular properties/methodologies were examined in healthy men: (1) stiffness of the entire upper limb vascular system (pulse wave velocity (PWV); (2) local stiffness of the BA; and (3) properties of the entire forearm vascular bed (determined by a modified lumped parameter Windkessel model). Following sprint exercise, PWV declined (P < 0.01), indices of BA stiffness did not change (P ≥ 0.10), and forearm vascular bed compliance increased and inertance and viscoelasticity decreased (P ≤ 0.03). Following manually propelled treadmill training, PWV remained unchanged (P = 0.31), indices of BA stiffness increased (P ≤ 0.05) and forearm vascular bed viscoelasticity declined (P = 0.02), but resistance, compliance, and inertance remained unchanged (P ≥ 0.10) compared with pretraining values. Sprint exercise induced a more compliant forearm vascular bed, without altering indices of BA stiffness. These effects were transient, as following training the forearm vascular bed was not more compliant and indices of BA stiffness increased. On the basis of these data, we conclude that adaptations to acute and chronic sprint exercise on a manually propelled treadmill are not uniform along the arterial tree in upper limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Steph M Reid
- Exercise Nutrition Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan R Smith
- Exercise Nutrition Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mair Zamir
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Departments of Applied Mathematics and of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter W R Lemon
- Exercise Nutrition Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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105
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Higgins S, Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Schmidt MD, Evans EM. Sprint interval and moderate-intensity cycling training differentially affect adiposity and aerobic capacity in overweight young-adult women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1177-1183. [PMID: 27806634 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) and moderate-intensity continuous cycle training (MICT), with equal estimated energy expenditure during training on body composition and aerobic capacity. Body composition measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and aerobic capacity were assessed following 6 weeks of training in previously inactive overweight/obese young women (n = 52; age, 20.4 ± 1.5 years; body mass index, 30.3 ± 4.5 kg·m-2, 67.3% white). Training was performed in a group-exercise format that mimicked cycling classes offered by commercial fitness facilities, and included 3 weekly sessions of either 30-s "all-out" sprints followed by 4 min of active recovery (SIT), or continuous cycling at 60%-70% heart rate reserve to expend a similar amount of energy. Participants were randomized to SIT or MICT, attended a similar number of sessions (15.0 ± 1.5 sessions vs. 15.8 ± 1.9 sessions, P = 0.097) and expended a similar amount of energy (541.8 ± 104.6 kJ·session-1 vs. 553.5 ± 138.1 kJ·session-1, P = 0.250). Without significant changes in body mass (P > 0.05), greater relative reductions occurred in SIT than in MICT in total fat mass (3.6% ± 5.6% vs. 0.6% ± 3.9%, P = 0.007), and android fat mass (6.6% ± 6.9% vs. 0.7% ± 6.5%, P = 0.002). Aerobic capacity (mL·kg-1·min-1) increased significantly following both interventions (P < 0.05), but the relative increase was 2-fold greater in SIT than in MICT (14.09% ± 10.31% vs. 7.06% ± 7.81%, P < 0.001). In conclusion, sprint-interval cycling reduces adiposity and increases aerobic capacity more than continuous moderate-intensity cycling of equal estimated energy expenditure in overweight/obese young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Higgins
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Michael V Fedewa
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA.,b Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, 2003 Moore Hall, Box 870312, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0231, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Hathaway
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Michael D Schmidt
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
| | - Ellen M Evans
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA
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106
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Di Meo S, Reed TT, Venditti P, Victor VM. Role of ROS and RNS Sources in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1245049. [PMID: 27478531 PMCID: PMC4960346 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1245049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 744] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is significant evidence that, in living systems, free radicals and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play a double role, because they can cause oxidative damage and tissue dysfunction and serve as molecular signals activating stress responses that are beneficial to the organism. Mitochondria have been thought to both play a major role in tissue oxidative damage and dysfunction and provide protection against excessive tissue dysfunction through several mechanisms, including stimulation of opening of permeability transition pores. Until recently, the functional significance of ROS sources different from mitochondria has received lesser attention. However, the most recent data, besides confirming the mitochondrial role in tissue oxidative stress and protection, show interplay between mitochondria and other ROS cellular sources, so that activation of one can lead to activation of other sources. Thus, it is currently accepted that in various conditions all cellular sources of ROS provide significant contribution to processes that oxidatively damage tissues and assure their survival, through mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Di Meo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Tanea T. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Victor Manuel Victor
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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107
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Metcalfe RS, Tardif N, Thompson D, Vollaard NBJ. Changes in aerobic capacity and glycaemic control in response to reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) are not different between sedentary men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1117-1123. [PMID: 27753506 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previously it has been reported that reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT; total training time of 3 × 10 min per week) improves maximal aerobic capacity in both sedentary men and women, but improves insulin sensitivity in men only. The aim of the present study was to determine whether there is a true sex difference in response to REHIT, or that these findings can be explained by the large interindividual variability in response inherent to all exercise training. Thirty-five sedentary participants (18 women; mean ± SD age for men and women, respectively: age, 33 ± 9 and 36 ± 9 years; body mass index, 25.1 ± 2.1 and 24.1 ± 3.5 kg·m-2; maximal aerobic capacity, 38.6 ± 8.3 and 31.6 ± 4.6 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed a 6-week REHIT programme consisting of eighteen 10-min unloaded cycling sessions with 1 (first session) or 2 (all other sessions) "all-out" 10-20-s sprints against a resistance of 5% of body mass. Maximal aerobic capacity and oral glucose tolerance test-derived insulin sensitivity were determined before and after training. REHIT was associated with an increase in maximal aerobic capacity (2.54 ± 0.65 vs. 2.78 ± 0.68 L·min-1, main effect of time: p < 0.01), a trend toward reduced plasma insulin area-under-the-curve (AUC; 6.7 ± 4.8 vs. 6.1 ± 4.0 IU·min-1·mL-1, p = 0.096), but no significant change in plasma glucose AUC or the Cederholm index of insulin sensitivity. Substantial interindividual variability in response to REHIT was observed for all variables, but there was no significant effect of sex. In conclusion, REHIT improves the key health marker of aerobic capacity within a minimal total training time-commitment. There is large interindividual variability in responses to REHIT, but sex differences in the responses are not apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Metcalfe
- a Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.,b School of Sport, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nicolas Tardif
- c Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 141 52, Sweden
| | - Dylan Thompson
- a Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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108
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Raleigh JP, Giles MD, Scribbans TD, Edgett BA, Sawula LJ, Bonafiglia JT, Graham RB, Gurd BJ. The impact of work-matched interval training on V̇O2peak and V̇O2 kinetics: diminishing returns with increasing intensity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:706-13. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) kinetics, however, it is unknown whether an optimal intensity of HIIT exists for eliciting improvements in these measures of whole-body oxidative metabolism. The purpose of this study was to (i) investigate the effect of interval intensity on training-induced adaptations in V̇O2peak and V̇O2 kinetics, and (ii) examine the impact of interval intensity on the frequency of nonresponders in V̇O2peak. Thirty-six healthy men and women completed 3 weeks of cycle ergometer HIIT, consisting of intervals targeting 80% (LO), 115% (MID), or 150% (HI) of peak aerobic power. Total work performed per training session was matched across groups. A main effect of training (p < 0.05) and a significant interaction effect was observed for V̇O2peak, with the change in V̇O2peak being greater (p < 0.05) in the MID group than the LO group; however, no differences were observed between the HI group and either the MID or LO groups (ΔV̇O2peak; LO, 2.7 ± 0.7 mL·kg–1·min–1; MID, 5.8 ± 0.7; HI, 4.2 ± 1.0). The greatest proportion of responders was observed in the MID group (LO, 8/12; MID, 12/13; HI, 9/11). A nonsignificant relationship (p = 0.26; r2 = 0.04) was found between the changes in V̇O2peak and τV̇O2. These results suggest that training at intensities around V̇O2peak may represent a threshold intensity above which further increases in training intensity provide no additional adaptive benefit. The dissociation between changes in V̇O2peak and V̇O2 kinetics also reflects the different underlying mechanisms regulating these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Raleigh
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew D. Giles
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Trisha D. Scribbans
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brittany A. Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Laura J. Sawula
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jacob T. Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ryan B. Graham
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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109
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Malin SK, Rynders CA, Weltman JY, Roberts LJ, Barrett EJ, Weltman A. Endothelial function following glucose ingestion in adults with prediabetes: Role of exercise intensity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1515-21. [PMID: 27221649 PMCID: PMC4925188 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether high intensity exercise (HIE) would improve endothelial function more than an isocaloric bout of moderate intensity exercise (MIE) following glucose ingestion in adults with prediabetes. METHODS Twelve subjects with prediabetes completed all three conditions: time-course matched control and isocaloric exercise (∼200 kcal) at moderate (MIE; at lactate threshold) and high intensity (HIE; 75% of difference between lactate threshold and VO2 peak). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured before exercise (baseline), within 30 min postexercise, and 1 and 2 hr following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Plasma F2-isoprostanes were also assessed during the protocol (i.e., baseline to 2 hr OGTT) as a biomarker of oxidative stress. RESULTS MIE reduced postexercise F2-isoprostanesAUC compared with time-course matched control and HIE. Although exercise had no statistical effect on FMD postexercise or during the OGTT, elevations in FMDAUC after MIE and HIE were associated with reduced postexercise F2-isoprostanesAUC . CONCLUSIONS Exercise at either intensity had no effect on FMD immediately postexercise following glucose administration. However, individuals with reduced oxidative stress responses to exercise had greater exercise-induced improvement in FMD. Further work is required to identify the mechanism by which exercise alters oxidative stress to enhance endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
- Exercise Physiology Core Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
| | - Corey A. Rynders
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Judy Y. Weltman
- Exercise Physiology Core Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
| | - L. Jackson Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - Eugene J. Barrett
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
| | - Arthur Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
- Exercise Physiology Core Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
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110
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Kong Z, Fan X, Sun S, Song L, Shi Q, Nie J. Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-to-Vigorous Continuous Training for Cardiometabolic Health and Exercise Enjoyment in Obese Young Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158589. [PMID: 27368057 PMCID: PMC4930190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 5-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity continuous training (MVCT) on cardiometabolic health outcomes and enjoyment of exercise in obese young women. Methods A randomized controlled experiment was conducted that involved thirty-one obese females (age range of 18–30) randomly assigned to either HIIT or MVCT five-week training programs. Participants in HIIT condition performed 20 min of repeated 8 s cycling interspersed with 12 s rest intervals, and those in MVCT condition cycled continuously for 40 min at 60–80% of peak oxygen consumption ( V˙O2peak), both for four days in a week. Outcomes such as V˙O2peak, body composition estimated by bioimpedance analysis, blood lipids, and serum sexual hormones were measured at pre-and post-training. The scores of Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES) were collected during the intervention. Results After training, V˙O2peak increased significantly for both training programs (9.1% in HIIT and 10.3% in MVCT) (p = 0.010, η2 = 0.41). Although MVCT group had a significant reduction in total body weight (TBW, −1.8%, p = 0.034), fat mass (FM, - 4.7%, p = 0.002) and percentage body fat (PBF, −2.9%, p = 0.016), there were no significant between-group differences in the change of the pre- and post-measures of these variables. The HIIT group had a higher score on PAES than the MVCT group during the intervention. For both conditions, exercise training led to a decline in resting testosterone and estradiol levels, but had no significant effect on blood lipids. Conclusion Both HIIT and MVCT are effective in improving cardiorespiratory fitness and in reducing sexual hormones in obese young women; however, HIIT is a more enjoyable and time-efficient strategy. The mild-HIIT protocol seems to be useful for at least maintaining the body weight among sedentary individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xitao Fan
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shengyan Sun
- Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lili Song
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
- * E-mail:
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111
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Gibala MJ, Gagnon PJ, Nindl BC. Military Applicability of Interval Training for Health and Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29 Suppl 11:S40-5. [PMID: 26506197 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Militaries from around the globe have predominantly used endurance training as their primary mode of aerobic physical conditioning, with historical emphasis placed on the long distance run. In contrast to this traditional exercise approach to training, interval training is characterized by brief, intermittent bouts of intense exercise, separated by periods of lower intensity exercise or rest for recovery. Although hardly a novel concept, research over the past decade has shed new light on the potency of interval training to elicit physiological adaptations in a time-efficient manner. This work has largely focused on the benefits of low-volume interval training, which involves a relatively small total amount of exercise, as compared with the traditional high-volume approach to training historically favored by militaries. Studies that have directly compared interval and moderate-intensity continuous training have shown similar improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and the capacity for aerobic energy metabolism, despite large differences in total exercise and training time commitment. Interval training can also be applied in a calisthenics manner to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and strength, and this approach could easily be incorporated into a military conditioning environment. Although interval training can elicit physiological changes in men and women, the potential for sex-specific adaptations in the adaptive response to interval training warrants further investigation. Additional work is needed to clarify adaptations occurring over the longer term; however, interval training deserves consideration from a military applicability standpoint as a time-efficient training strategy to enhance soldier health and performance. There is value for military leaders in identifying strategies that reduce the time required for exercise, but nonetheless provide an effective training stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Gibala
- 1Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 2Human Performance Research and Development, Canadian Forces Morale & Welfare Services, National Defence, Ottawa, Canada; 3Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and 4U.S. Army Public Health Center (Provisional), Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
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112
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Taylor CW, Ingham SA, Hunt JEA, Martin NRW, Pringle JSM, Ferguson RA. Exercise duration-matched interval and continuous sprint cycling induce similar increases in AMPK phosphorylation, PGC-1α and VEGF mRNA expression in trained individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1445-54. [PMID: 27251406 PMCID: PMC4943987 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The effects of low-volume interval and continuous ‘all-out’ cycling, matched for total exercise duration, on mitochondrial and angiogenic cell signalling was investigated in trained individuals. Methods In a repeated measures design, 8 trained males (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak, 57 ± 7 ml kg−1 min−1) performed two cycling exercise protocols; interval (INT, 4 × 30 s maximal sprints interspersed by 4 min passive recovery) or continuous (CON, 2 min continuous maximal sprint). Muscle biopsies were obtained before, immediately after and 3 h post-exercise. Results Total work was 53 % greater (P = 0.01) in INT compared to CON (71.2 ± 7.3 vs. 46.3 ± 2.7 kJ, respectively). Phosphorylation of AMPKThr172 increased by a similar magnitude (P = 0.347) immediately post INT and CON (1.6 ± 0.2 and 1.3 ± 0.3 fold, respectively; P = 0.011), before returning to resting values at 3 h post-exercise. mRNA expression of PGC-1α (7.1 ± 2.1 vs. 5.5 ± 1.8 fold; P = 0.007), VEGF (3.5 ± 1.2 vs. 4.3 ± 1.8 fold; P = 0.02) and HIF-1α (2.0 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 fold; P = 0.04) increased at 3 h post-exercise in response to INT and CON, respectively; the magnitude of which were not different between protocols. Conclusions Despite differences in total work done, low-volume INT and CON ‘all-out’ cycling, matched for exercise duration, provides a similar stimulus for the induction of mitochondrial and angiogenic cell signalling pathways in trained skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor W Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.,English Institute of Sport, EIS Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, 299 Alan Turing Way, Manchester, M11 3BS, UK
| | - Stephen A Ingham
- English Institute of Sport, EIS Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Julie E A Hunt
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7YW, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jamie S M Pringle
- English Institute of Sport, EIS Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.,British Athletics, National Performance Institute, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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113
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Gillen JB, Martin BJ, MacInnis MJ, Skelly LE, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Twelve Weeks of Sprint Interval Training Improves Indices of Cardiometabolic Health Similar to Traditional Endurance Training despite a Five-Fold Lower Exercise Volume and Time Commitment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154075. [PMID: 27115137 PMCID: PMC4846072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims We investigated whether sprint interval training (SIT) was a time-efficient exercise strategy to improve insulin sensitivity and other indices of cardiometabolic health to the same extent as traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). SIT involved 1 minute of intense exercise within a 10-minute time commitment, whereas MICT involved 50 minutes of continuous exercise per session. Methods Sedentary men (27±8y; BMI = 26±6kg/m2) performed three weekly sessions of SIT (n = 9) or MICT (n = 10) for 12 weeks or served as non-training controls (n = 6). SIT involved 3x20-second ‘all-out’ cycle sprints (~500W) interspersed with 2 minutes of cycling at 50W, whereas MICT involved 45 minutes of continuous cycling at ~70% maximal heart rate (~110W). Both protocols involved a 2-minute warm-up and 3-minute cool-down at 50W. Results Peak oxygen uptake increased after training by 19% in both groups (SIT: 32±7 to 38±8; MICT: 34±6 to 40±8ml/kg/min; p<0.001 for both). Insulin sensitivity index (CSI), determined by intravenous glucose tolerance tests performed before and 72 hours after training, increased similarly after SIT (4.9±2.5 to 7.5±4.7, p = 0.002) and MICT (5.0±3.3 to 6.7±5.0 x 10−4 min-1 [μU/mL]-1, p = 0.013) (p<0.05). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial content also increased similarly after SIT and MICT, as primarily reflected by the maximal activity of citrate synthase (CS; P<0.001). The corresponding changes in the control group were small for VO2peak (p = 0.99), CSI (p = 0.63) and CS (p = 0.97). Conclusions Twelve weeks of brief intense interval exercise improved indices of cardiometabolic health to the same extent as traditional endurance training in sedentary men, despite a five-fold lower exercise volume and time commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lauren E. Skelly
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin J. Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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114
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SCRIBBANS TRISHAD, VECSEY STEPHAN, HANKINSON PAULB, FOSTER WILLIAMS, GURD BRENDONJ. The Effect of Training Intensity on VO 2max in Young Healthy Adults: A Meta-Regression and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2016; 9:230-247. [PMID: 27182424 PMCID: PMC4836566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training at a variety of intensities increases maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), the strongest predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. The purpose of the present study was to perform a systematic review, meta-regression and meta-analysis of available literature to determine if a dose-response relationship exists between exercise intensity and training-induced increases in VO2max in young healthy adults. Twenty-eight studies involving human participants (Mean age: 23±1 yr; Mean VO2max: 3.4±0.8 l·min-1) were included in the meta-regression with exercise training intensity, session dose, baseline VO2max, and total training volume used as covariates. These studies were also divided into 3 tertiles based on intensity (tertile 1: ~60-70%; 2: ~80-92.5%; 3: ~100-250%VO2max), for comparison using separate meta-analyses. The fixed and random effects meta-regression models examining training intensity, session dose, baseline VO2max and total training volume was non-significant (Q4=1.36; p=0.85; R2=0.05). There was no significant difference between tertiles in mean change in VO2max (tertile 1:+0.29±0.15 l/min, ES (effect size) =0.77; 2:+0.26±0.10 l/min, ES=0.68; 3:+0.35±0.17 l/min, ES=0.80), despite significant (p<0.05) reductions in session dose and total training volume as training intensity increased. These data suggest that exercise training intensity has no effect on the magnitude of training-induced increases in maximal oxygen uptake in young healthy human participants, but similar adaptations can be achieved in low training doses at higher exercise intensities than higher training doses of lower intensity (endurance training).
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Abstract
Aerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important adaptation is the improvement in maximal cardiac output which is the result of an enlargement in cardiac dimension, improved contractility, and an increase in blood volume, allowing for greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume. In parallel with the greater maximal cardiac output, the perfusion capacity of the muscle is increased, permitting for greater oxygen delivery. To accommodate the higher aerobic demands and perfusion levels, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries adapt in structure and number. The diameters of the larger conduit and resistance arteries are increased minimizing resistance to flow as the cardiac output is distributed in the body and the wall thickness of the conduit and resistance arteries is reduced, a factor contributing to increased arterial compliance. Endurance training may also induce alterations in the vasodilator capacity, although such adaptations are more pronounced in individuals with reduced vascular function. The microvascular net increases in size within the muscle allowing for an improved capacity for oxygen extraction by the muscle through a greater area for diffusion, a shorter diffusion distance, and a longer mean transit time for the erythrocyte to pass through the smallest blood vessels. The present article addresses the effect of endurance training on systemic and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations with a focus on humans, but also covers animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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116
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Kapilevich LV, Kironenko TA, Zaharova AN, Kotelevtsev YV, Dulin NO, Orlov SN. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: Role of [Na +] i/[K +] i-mediated excitation-transcription coupling. Genes Dis 2015; 2:328-336. [PMID: 27610402 PMCID: PMC5012537 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades numerous research teams demonstrated that skeletal muscles function as an exercise-dependent endocrine organ secreting dozens of myokines. Variety of physiological and pathophysiological implications of skeletal muscle myokines secretion has been described; however, upstream signals and sensing mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. It is well documented that in skeletal muscles intensive exercise triggers dissipation of transmembrane gradient of monovalent cations caused by permanent activation of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels. Recently, we demonstrated that sustained elevation of the [Na+]i/[K+]i ratio triggers expression of dozens ubiquitous genes including several canonical myokines, such as interleukin 6 and cyclooxygenase 2, in the presence of intra- and extracellular Ca2+ chelators. These data allowed us to suggest a novel [Na+]i/[K+]i-sensitive, Ca2+i-independent mechanism of excitation-transcription coupling which triggers myokine production. This pathway exists in parallel with canonical signaling mediated by Ca2+i, AMP-activated protein kinase and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). In our mini-review we briefly summarize data supporting this hypothesis as well as unresolved issues aiming to forthcoming studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergei N. Orlov
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Siberian Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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117
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Olfert IM, Baum O, Hellsten Y, Egginton S. Advances and challenges in skeletal muscle angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H326-36. [PMID: 26608338 PMCID: PMC4796623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00635.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of capillaries is to serve as the interface for delivery of oxygen and removal of metabolites to/from tissues. During the past decade there has been a proliferation of studies that have advanced our understanding of angiogenesis, demonstrating that tissue capillary supply is under strict control during health but poorly controlled in disease, resulting in either excessive capillary growth (pathological angiogenesis) or losses in capillarity (rarefaction). Given that skeletal muscle comprises nearly 40% of body mass in humans, skeletal muscle capillary density has a significant impact on metabolism, endocrine function, and locomotion and is tightly regulated at many different levels. Skeletal muscle is also high adaptable and thus one of the few organ systems that can be experimentally manipulated (e.g., by exercise) to study physiological regulation of angiogenesis. This review will focus on the methodological concerns that have arisen in determining skeletal muscle capillarity and highlight the concepts that are reshaping our understanding of the angio-adaptation process. We also summarize selected new findings (physical influences, molecular changes, and ultrastructural rearrangement of capillaries) that identify areas of future research with the greatest potential to expand our understanding of how angiogenesis is normally regulated, and that may also help to better understand conditions of uncontrolled (pathological) angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mark Olfert
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;
| | - Oliver Baum
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Stuart Egginton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Jelleyman C, Yates T, O'Donovan G, Gray LJ, King JA, Khunti K, Davies MJ. The effects of high-intensity interval training on glucose regulation and insulin resistance: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2015; 16:942-61. [PMID: 26481101 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on markers of glucose regulation and insulin resistance compared with control conditions (CON) or continuous training (CT). Databases were searched for HIIT interventions based upon the inclusion criteria: training ≥2 weeks, adult participants and outcome measurements that included insulin resistance, fasting glucose, HbA1c or fasting insulin. Dual interventions and participants with type 1 diabetes were excluded. Fifty studies were included. There was a reduction in insulin resistance following HIIT compared with both CON and CT (HIIT vs. CON: standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.49, confidence intervals [CIs] -0.87 to -0.12, P = 0.009; CT: SMD = -0.35, -0.68 to -0.02, P = 0.036). Compared with CON, HbA1c decreased by 0.19% (-0.36 to -0.03, P = 0.021) and body weight decreased by 1.3 kg (-1.9 to -0.7, P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in other outcomes overall. However, participants at risk of or with type 2 diabetes experienced reductions in fasting glucose (-0.92 mmol L(-1), -1.22 to -0.62, P < 0.001) compared with CON. HIIT appears effective at improving metabolic health, particularly in those at risk of or with type 2 diabetes. Larger randomized controlled trials of longer duration than those included in this meta-analysis are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jelleyman
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK
| | - T Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK
| | - G O'Donovan
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - L J Gray
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - J A King
- NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - K Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care - East Midlands (NIHR CLAHRC - EM), Leicester, UK
| | - M J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester & Loughborough, UK
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119
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Taylor CW, Ingham SA, Ferguson RA. Acute and chronic effect of sprint interval training combined with postexercise blood-flow restriction in trained individuals. Exp Physiol 2015; 101:143-54. [PMID: 26391312 DOI: 10.1113/ep085293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This investigation assessed the efficacy of sprint interval training (SIT) combined with postexercise blood-flow restriction as a novel approach to enhance maximal aerobic physiology and performance. In study 1, a between-groups design was used to determine whether 4 weeks (2 days per week) of SIT (repeated 30 s maximal sprint cycling) combined with postexercise blood-flow restriction (BFR) enhanced maximal oxygen uptake (V̇(O2max)) and 15 km cycling time-trial performance (15 km TT) compared with SIT alone (CON) in trained individuals. The V̇(O2max) increased after BFR by 4.5% (P = 0.01) but was unchanged after CON. There was no difference in 15 km TT performance after CON or BFR. In study 2, using a repeated-measures design, participants performed an acute bout of either BFR or CON. Muscle biopsies were taken before and after exercise to examine the activation of signalling pathways regulating angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Phosphorylation of p38MAPK(Thr180/Tyr182) increased by a similar extent after CON and BFR. There was no difference in the magnitude of increase in PGC-1α, VEGF and VEGFR-2 mRNA expression between protocols; however, HIF-1α mRNA expression increased (P = 0.04) at 3 h only after BFR. We have demonstrated the potency of combining BFR with SIT in increasing V̇(O2max) in trained individuals, but this did not translate to an enhanced exercise performance. Sprint interval training alone did not induce any observable adaptation. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, we present preliminary evidence that BFR leads to enhanced HIF-1α-mediated cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor W Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen A Ingham
- English Institute of Sport, Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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120
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Jarvis JC. The Relationship Between Activity Pattern and Muscle Adaptation in Skeletal Muscle. Artif Organs 2015; 39:863-7. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Jarvis
- School of Sport and Exercise Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
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121
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Juraschek SP, Blaha MJ, Whelton SP, Blumenthal R, Jones SR, Keteyian SJ, Schairer J, Brawner CA, Al-Mallah MH. Physical fitness and hypertension in a population at risk for cardiovascular disease: the Henry Ford ExercIse Testing (FIT) Project. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 3:e001268. [PMID: 25520327 PMCID: PMC4338714 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased physical fitness is protective against cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that increased fitness would be inversely associated with hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the association of fitness with prevalent and incident hypertension in 57 284 participants from The Henry Ford ExercIse Testing (FIT) Project (1991–2009). Fitness was measured during a clinician‐referred treadmill stress test. Incident hypertension was defined as a new diagnosis of hypertension on 3 separate consecutive encounters derived from electronic medical records or administrative claims files. Analyses were performed with logistic regression or Cox proportional hazards models and were adjusted for hypertension risk factors. The mean age overall was 53 years, with 49% women and 29% black. Mean peak metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved was 9.2 (SD, 3.0). Fitness was inversely associated with prevalent hypertension even after adjustment (≥12 METs versus <6 METs; OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.80). During a median follow‐up period of 4.4 years (interquartile range: 2.2 to 7.7 years), there were 8053 new cases of hypertension (36.4% of 22 109 participants without baseline hypertension). The unadjusted 5‐year cumulative incidences across categories of METs (<6, 6 to 9, 10 to 11, and ≥12) were 49%, 41%, 30%, and 21%. After adjustment, participants achieving ≥12 METs had a 20% lower risk of incident hypertension compared to participants achieving <6 METs (HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.89). This relationship was preserved across strata of age, sex, race, obesity, resting blood pressure, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Higher fitness is associated with a lower probability of prevalent and incident hypertension independent of baseline risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Juraschek
- The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore
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Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M. Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2015; 45:1469-81. [PMID: 26243014 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancing cardiovascular fitness can lead to substantial health benefits. High-intensity interval training (HIT) is an efficient way to develop cardiovascular fitness, yet comparisons between this type of training and traditional endurance training are equivocal. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to meta-analyse the effects of endurance training and HIT on the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of healthy, young to middle-aged adults. METHODS Six electronic databases were searched (MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, CINAHL and Google Scholar) for original research articles. A search was conducted and search terms included 'high intensity', 'HIT', 'sprint interval training', 'endurance training', 'peak oxygen uptake', and 'VO2max'. Inclusion criteria were controlled trials, healthy adults aged 18-45 years, training duration ≥2 weeks, VO2max assessed pre- and post-training. Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. This resulted in 723 participants with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) age and initial fitness of 25.1 ± 5 years and 40.8 ± 7.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), respectively. We made probabilistic magnitude-based inferences for meta-analysed effects based on standardised thresholds for small, moderate and large changes (0.2, 0.6 and 1.2, respectively) derived from between-subject SDs for baseline VO2max. RESULTS The meta-analysed effect of endurance training on VO2max was a possibly large beneficial effect (4.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); 95 % confidence limits ±1.4 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), when compared with no-exercise controls. A possibly moderate additional increase was observed for typically younger subjects (2.4 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±2.1 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and interventions of longer duration (2.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±3.0 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), and a small additional improvement for subjects with lower baseline fitness (1.4 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±2.0 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)). When compared with no-exercise controls, there was likely a large beneficial effect of HIT (5.5 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), with a likely moderate greater additional increase for subjects with lower baseline fitness (3.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and interventions of longer duration (3.0 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), and a small lesser effect for typically longer HIT repetitions (-1.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±2.7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)). The modifying effects of age (0.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±2.1 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and work/rest ratio (0.5 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) were unclear. When compared with endurance training, there was a possibly small beneficial effect for HIT (1.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±0.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) with small additional improvements for typically longer HIT repetitions (2.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±2.1 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), older subjects (1.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), interventions of longer duration (1.7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), greater work/rest ratio (1.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.5 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and lower baseline fitness (0.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.3 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)). CONCLUSION Endurance training and HIT both elicit large improvements in the VO2max of healthy, young to middle-aged adults, with the gains in VO2max being greater following HIT when compared with endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Čarnojevićeva 10a, 18000, Nis, Serbia.
| | - Goran Sporiš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Business and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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123
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Olver TD, Laughlin MH. Endurance, interval sprint, and resistance exercise training: impact on microvascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H337-50. [PMID: 26408541 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00440.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) alters capillary hemodynamics, causes capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle, and alters endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, resulting in impaired vasodilatory responses. These changes contribute to altered blood flow responses to physiological stimuli, such as exercise and insulin secretion. T2D-induced microvascular dysfunction impairs glucose and insulin delivery to skeletal muscle (and other tissues such as skin and nervous), thereby reducing glucose uptake and perpetuating hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In patients with T2D, exercise training (EX) improves microvascular vasodilator and insulin signaling and attenuates capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle. EX-induced changes subsequently augment glucose and insulin delivery as well as glucose uptake. If these adaptions occur in a sufficient amount of tissue, and skeletal muscle in particular, chronic exposure to hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and the risk of microvascular complications in all vascular beds will decrease. We postulate that EX programs that engage as much skeletal muscle mass as possible and recruit as many muscle fibers within each muscle as possible will generate the greatest improvements in microvascular function, providing that the duration of the stimulus is sufficient. Primary improvements in microvascular function occur in tissues (skeletal muscle primarily) engaged during exercise, and secondary improvements in microvascular function throughout the body may result from improved blood glucose control. We propose that the added benefit of combined resistance and aerobic EX programs and of vigorous intensity EX programs is not simply "more is better." Rather, we believe the additional benefit is the result of EX-induced adaptations in and around more muscle fibers, resulting in more muscle mass and the associated microvasculature being changed. Thus, to acquire primary and secondary improvements in microvascular function and improved blood glucose control, EX programs should involve upper and lower body exercise and modulate intensity to augment skeletal muscle fiber recruitment. Under conditions of limited mobility, it may be necessary to train skeletal muscle groups separately to maximize whole body skeletal muscle fiber recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
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124
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Shepherd SO, Wilson OJ, Taylor AS, Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Adlan AM, Wagenmakers AJM, Shaw CS. Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training in a Gym Setting Improves Cardio-Metabolic and Psychological Health. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139056. [PMID: 26402859 PMCID: PMC4581708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Within a controlled laboratory environment, high-intensity interval training (HIT) elicits similar cardiovascular and metabolic benefits as traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). It is currently unclear how HIT can be applied effectively in a real-world environment. Purpose To investigate the hypothesis that 10 weeks of HIT, performed in an instructor-led, group-based gym setting, elicits improvements in aerobic capacity (VO2max), cardio-metabolic risk and psychological health which are comparable to MICT. Methods Ninety physically inactive volunteers (42±11 y, 27.7±4.8 kg.m-2) were randomly assigned to HIT or MICT group exercise classes. HIT consisted of repeated sprints (15–60 seconds, >90% HRmax) interspersed with periods of recovery cycling (≤25 min.session-1, 3 sessions.week-1). MICT participants performed continuous cycling (~70% HRmax, 30–45 min.session-1, 5 sessions.week-1). VO2max, markers of cardio-metabolic risk, and psychological health were assessed pre and post-intervention. Results Mean weekly training time was 55±10 (HIT) and 128±44 min (MICT) (p<0.05), with greater adherence to HIT (83±14% vs. 61±15% prescribed sessions attended, respectively; p<0.05). HIT improved VO2max, insulin sensitivity, reduced abdominal fat mass, and induced favourable changes in blood lipids (p<0.05). HIT also induced beneficial effects on health perceptions, positive and negative affect, and subjective vitality (p<0.05). No difference between HIT and MICT was seen for any of these variables. Conclusions HIT performed in a real-world gym setting improves cardio-metabolic risk factors and psychological health in physically inactive adults. With a reduced time commitment and greater adherence than MICT, HIT offers a viable and effective exercise strategy to target the growing incidence of metabolic disease and psychological ill-being associated with physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam O. Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J. Wilson
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity & Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra S. Taylor
- UBSport Hi Performance Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ahmed M. Adlan
- Department of Cardiology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anton J. M. Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S. Shaw
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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125
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Joanisse S, McKay BR, Nederveen JP, Scribbans TD, Gurd BJ, Gillen JB, Gibala MJ, Tarnopolsky M, Parise G. Satellite cell activity, without expansion, after nonhypertrophic stimuli. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1101-11. [PMID: 26333785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00249.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present studies was to determine the effect of various nonhypertrophic exercise stimuli on satellite cell (SC) pool activity in human skeletal muscle. Previously untrained men and women (men: 29 ± 9 yr and women: 29 ± 2 yr, n = 7 each) completed 6 wk of very low-volume high-intensity sprint interval training. In a separate study, recreationally active men (n = 16) and women (n = 3) completed 6 wk of either traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise (n = 9, 21 ± 4 yr) or low-volume sprint interval training (n = 10, 21 ± 2 yr). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after training. The fiber type-specific SC response to training was determined, as was the activity of the SC pool using immunofluorescent microscopy of muscle cross sections. Training did not induce hypertrophy, as assessed by muscle cross-sectional area, nor did the SC pool expand in any group. However, there was an increase in the number of active SCs after each intervention. Specifically, the number of activated (Pax7(+)/MyoD(+), P ≤ 0.05) and differentiating (Pax7(-)/MyoD(+), P ≤ 0.05) SCs increased after each training intervention. Here, we report evidence of activated and cycling SCs that may or may not contribute to exercise-induced adaptations while the SC pool remains constant after three nonhypertrophic exercise training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Joanisse
- Departments of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryon R McKay
- Departments of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua P Nederveen
- Departments of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trisha D Scribbans
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenna B Gillen
- Departments of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Departments of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Gianni Parise
- Departments of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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126
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Kanoore Edul VS, Ince C, Estenssoro E, Ferrara G, Arzani Y, Salvatori C, Dubin A. The Effects of Arterial Hypertension and Age on the Sublingual Microcirculation of Healthy Volunteers and Outpatients with Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Microcirculation 2015; 22:485-92. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanina S. Kanoore Edul
- Cátedra de Farmacología Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
- Hospital Fernández; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Translational Physiology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Can Ince
- Translational Physiology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Gonzalo Ferrara
- Cátedra de Farmacología Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
- Hospital San Martín; La Plata Argentina
| | - Yanina Arzani
- Sanatorio Las Lomas; San Isidro, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | | | - Arnaldo Dubin
- Cátedra de Farmacología Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
- Sanatorio Otamendi y Miroli; Buenos Aires Argentina
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127
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Metcalfe RS, Koumanov F, Ruffino JS, Stokes KA, Holman GD, Thompson D, Vollaard NBJ. Physiological and molecular responses to an acute bout of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2321-34. [PMID: 26156806 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously shown that 6 weeks of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) improves VO2max in sedentary men and women and insulin sensitivity in men. Here, we present two studies examining the acute physiological and molecular responses to REHIT. METHODS In Study 1, five men and six women (age: 26 ± 7 year, BMI: 23 ± 3 kg m(-2), VO2max: 51 ± 11 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed a single 10-min REHIT cycling session (60 W and two 20-s 'all-out' sprints), with vastus lateralis biopsies taken before and 0, 30, and 180 min post-exercise for analysis of glycogen content, phosphorylation of AMPK, p38 MAPK and ACC, and gene expression of PGC1α and GLUT4. In Study 2, eight men (21 ± 2 year; 25 ± 4 kg·m(-2); 39 ± 10 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed three trials (REHIT, 30-min cycling at 50 % of VO2max, and a resting control condition) in a randomised cross-over design. Expired air, venous blood samples, and subjective measures of appetite and fatigue were collected before and 0, 15, 30, and 90 min post-exercise. RESULTS Acutely, REHIT was associated with a decrease in muscle glycogen, increased ACC phosphorylation, and activation of PGC1α. When compared to aerobic exercise, changes in VO2, RER, plasma volume, and plasma lactate and ghrelin were significantly more pronounced with REHIT, whereas plasma glucose, NEFAs, PYY, and measures of appetite were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate that REHIT is associated with a pronounced disturbance of physiological homeostasis and associated activation of signalling pathways, which together may help explain previously observed adaptations once considered exclusive to aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Metcalfe
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, School of Sport, University of Ulster, Derry, UK
| | - F Koumanov
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - J S Ruffino
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - K A Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - G D Holman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - D Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - N B J Vollaard
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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128
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Cocks M, Shaw CS, Shepherd SO, Fisher JP, Ranasinghe AM, Barker TA, Tipton KD, Wagenmakers AJM. Effect of resistance training on microvascular density and eNOS content in skeletal muscle of sedentary men. Microcirculation 2015; 21:738-46. [PMID: 24976488 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of RT on muscle mass, strength, and insulin sensitivity are well established, but the underlying mechanisms are only partially understood. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether RT induces changes in endothelial enzymes of the muscle microvasculature, which would increase NO bioavailability and could contribute to improved insulin sensitivity. METHODS Eight previously sedentary males (age 20 ± 0.4 years, BMI 24.5 ± 0.9 kg/m(2) ) completed six weeks of RT 3x/week. Muscle biopsies were taken from the m. vastus lateralis and microvascular density; and endothelial-specific eNOS content, eNOS Ser(1177) phosphorylation, and NOX2 content were assessed pre- and post-RT using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. Whole-body insulin sensitivity (measured as Matsuda Index), microvascular Kf (functional measure of the total available endothelial surface area), and arterial stiffness (AIx, central, and pPWV) were also measured. RESULTS Measures of microvascular density, microvascular Kf , microvascular eNOS content, basal eNOS phosphorylation, and endothelial NOX2 content did not change from pre-RT to post-RT. RT increased insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05) and reduced resting blood pressure and AIx (p < 0.05), but did not change central or pPWV. CONCLUSIONS RT did not change any measure of muscle microvascular structure or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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129
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Physiological and health-related adaptations to low-volume interval training: influences of nutrition and sex. Sports Med 2015; 44 Suppl 2:S127-37. [PMID: 25355187 PMCID: PMC4213388 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interval training refers to the basic concept of alternating periods of relatively intense exercise with periods of lower-intensity effort or complete rest for recovery. Low-volume interval training refers to sessions that involve a relatively small total amount of exercise (i.e. ≤10 min of intense exercise), compared with traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols that are generally reflected in public health guidelines. In an effort to standardize terminology, a classification scheme was recently proposed in which the term 'high-intensity interval training' (HIIT) be used to describe protocols in which the training stimulus is 'near maximal' or the target intensity is between 80 and 100 % of maximal heart rate, and 'sprint interval training' (SIT) be used for protocols that involve 'all out' or 'supramaximal' efforts, in which target intensities correspond to workloads greater than what is required to elicit 100 % of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Both low-volume SIT and HIIT constitute relatively time-efficient training strategies to rapidly enhance the capacity for aerobic energy metabolism and elicit physiological remodeling that resembles changes normally associated with high-volume MICT. Short-term SIT and HIIT protocols have also been shown to improve health-related indices, including cardiorespiratory fitness and markers of glycemic control in both healthy individuals and those at risk for, or afflicted by, cardiometabolic diseases. Recent evidence from a limited number of studies has highlighted potential sex-based differences in the adaptive response to SIT in particular. It has also been suggested that specific nutritional interventions, in particular those that can augment muscle buffering capacity, such as sodium bicarbonate, may enhance the adaptive response to low-volume interval training.
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130
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Bentley RF, Bentley DC. Short and sweet: cardiovascular and metabolic improvements in just one hour per week. J Physiol 2015; 593:2401-2. [PMID: 26033275 DOI: 10.1113/jp270351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Bentley
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle C Bentley
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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131
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Holloway TM, Bloemberg D, da Silva ML, Quadrilatero J, Spriet LL. High-intensity interval and endurance training are associated with divergent skeletal muscle adaptations in a rodent model of hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R927-34. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00048.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is extremely adaptable to a variety of metabolic challenges, as both traditional moderate-intensity endurance (ET) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) increases oxidative potential in a coordinated manner. Although these responses have been clearly demonstrated in healthy individuals, it remains to be determined whether both produce similar responses in the context of hypertension, one of the most prevalent and costly diseases worldwide. Therefore, in the current study, we used the Dahl sodium-sensitive rat, a model of hypertension, to determine the molecular responses to 4 wk of either ET or HIIT in the red (RG) and white gastrocnemius (WG) muscles. In the RG, both ET and HIIT increased the content of electron transport chain proteins and increased succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) content in type I fibers. Although both intensities of exercise shifted fiber type in RG (increased IIA, decreased IIX), only HIIT was associated with a reduction in endothelial nitric oxide synthase and an increase in HIF-1α proteins. In the WG, both ET and HIIT increased markers of the electron transport chain; however, HIIT decreased SDH content in a fiber-specific manner. ET increased type IIA, decreased IIB fibers, and increased capillarization, while, in contrast, HIIT increased the percentage of IIB fibers, decreased capillary-to-fiber ratios, decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and increased hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein. Altogether, these data show that unlike in healthy animals, ET and HIIT have divergent effects in the skeletal muscle of hypertensive rats. This suggests ET may be optimal at improving the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle in animals with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M. Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Darin Bloemberg
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mayne L. da Silva
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence L. Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; and
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132
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Cocks M, Wagenmakers AJM. The effect of different training modes on skeletal muscle microvascular density and endothelial enzymes controlling NO availability. J Physiol 2015; 594:2245-57. [PMID: 25809076 DOI: 10.1113/jp270329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that a high vasodilator response of the skeletal muscle microvasculature to insulin and exercise is of critical importance for adequate muscle perfusion and long-term microvascular and muscle metabolic health. Previous research has shown that a sedentary lifestyle, obesity and ageing lead to impairments in the vasodilator response, while a physically active lifestyle keeps both microvascular density and vasodilator response high. To investigate the molecular mechanisms behind these impairments and the benefits of exercise training interventions, our laboratory has recently developed quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy methods to measure protein content of eNOS and NAD(P)Hoxidase specifically in the endothelial layer of capillaries and arterioles of human skeletal muscle. As eNOS produces nitric oxide (NO) and NAD(P)Hoxidase produces superoxide anions (O2 (-) , quenching NO) we propose that the eNOS/NAD(P)Hoxidase protein ratio is a marker of vasodilator capacity. The novel methods show that endurance training (ET) and high intensity interval training (HIT), generally regarded as a time-efficient alternative to ET, increase eNOS protein content and the eNOS/NADP(H)oxidase protein ratio in previously sedentary lean and obese young men. Resistance exercise training had smaller but qualitatively similar effects. Western blot data of other laboratories suggest that endurance exercise training leads to similar changes in sedentary elderly men. Future research will be required to investigate the relative importance of other sources and tissues in the balance between NO and O2 (-) production seen by the vascular smooth muscle layer of terminal arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Anton J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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133
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Burns SF, Miyashita M, Stensel DJ. High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Postprandial Triacylglycerol. Sports Med 2015; 45:957-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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134
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Wagenmakers AJM, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, Keske MA, Cocks M. Increased muscle blood supply and transendothelial nutrient and insulin transport induced by food intake and exercise: effect of obesity and ageing. J Physiol 2015; 594:2207-22. [PMID: 25627798 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.284513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review concludes that a sedentary lifestyle, obesity and ageing impair the vasodilator response of the muscle microvasculature to insulin, exercise and VEGF-A and reduce microvascular density. Both impairments contribute to the development of insulin resistance, obesity and chronic age-related diseases. A physically active lifestyle keeps both the vasodilator response and microvascular density high. Intravital microscopy has shown that microvascular units (MVUs) are the smallest functional elements to adjust blood flow in response to physiological signals and metabolic demands on muscle fibres. The luminal diameter of a common terminal arteriole (TA) controls blood flow through up to 20 capillaries belonging to a single MVU. Increases in plasma insulin and exercise/muscle contraction lead to recruitment of additional MVUs. Insulin also increases arteriolar vasomotion. Both mechanisms increase the endothelial surface area and therefore transendothelial transport of glucose, fatty acids (FAs) and insulin by specific transporters, present in high concentrations in the capillary endothelium. Future studies should quantify transporter concentration differences between healthy and at risk populations as they may limit nutrient supply and oxidation in muscle and impair glucose and lipid homeostasis. An important recent discovery is that VEGF-B produced by skeletal muscle controls the expression of FA transporter proteins in the capillary endothelium and thus links endothelial FA uptake to the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle, potentially preventing lipotoxic FA accumulation, the dominant cause of insulin resistance in muscle fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Juliette A Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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Cocks M, Shaw CS, Shepherd SO, Fisher JP, Ranasinghe A, Barker TA, Wagenmakers AJM. Sprint interval and moderate-intensity continuous training have equal benefits on aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity, muscle capillarisation and endothelial eNOS/NAD(P)Hoxidase protein ratio in obese men. J Physiol 2015; 594:2307-21. [PMID: 25645978 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.285254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Skeletal muscle capillary density and vasoreactivity are reduced in obesity, due to reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. Sprint interval training (SIT) has been proposed as a time efficient alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), but its effect on the skeletal muscle microvasculature has not been studied in obese individuals. We observed that SIT and MICT led to equal increases in capillarisation and endothelial eNOS content, while reducing endothelial NOX2 content in microvessels of young obese men. We conclude that SIT is equally effective at improving skeletal muscle capillarisation and endothelial enzyme balance, while being a time efficient alternative to traditional MICT. ABSTRACT Sprint interval training (SIT) has been proposed as a time efficient alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), leading to similar improvements in skeletal muscle capillary density and microvascular function in young healthy humans. In this study we made the first comparisons of the muscle microvascular response to SIT and MICT in an obese population. Sixteen young obese men (age 25 ± 1 years, BMI 34.8 ± 0.9 kg m(-2) ) were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of MICT (40-60 min cycling at ∼65% V̇O2 peak , 5 times per week) or constant load SIT (4-7 constant workload intervals of 200% Wmax 3 times per week). Muscle biopsies were taken before and after training from the m. vastus lateralis to measure muscle microvascular endothelial eNOS content, eNOS serine(1177) phosphorylation, NOX2 content and capillarisation using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. Maximal aerobic capacity (V̇O2 peak ), whole body insulin sensitivity and arterial stiffness were also assessed. SIT and MICT increased skeletal muscle microvascular eNOS content and eNOS ser(1177) phosphorylation in terminal arterioles and capillaries (P < 0.05), but the latter effect was eliminated when normalised to eNOS content (P = 0.217). SIT and MICT also reduced microvascular endothelial NOX2 content (P < 0.05) and both increased capillary density and capillary-fibre perimeter exchange index (P < 0.05). In parallel, SIT and MICT increased V̇O2 peak (P < 0.05) and whole body insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05), and reduced central artery stiffness (P < 0.05). As no significant differences were observed between SIT and MICT it is concluded that SIT is a time efficient alternative to MICT to improve aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity and muscle capillarisation and endothelial eNOS/NAD(P)Hoxidase protein ratio in young obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - James P Fisher
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Aaron Ranasinghe
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Thomas A Barker
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anton J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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136
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Durrer C, Robinson E, Wan Z, Martinez N, Hummel ML, Jenkins NT, Kilpatrick MW, Little JP. Differential impact of acute high-intensity exercise on circulating endothelial microparticles and insulin resistance between overweight/obese males and females. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115860. [PMID: 25710559 PMCID: PMC4339732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An acute bout of exercise can improve endothelial function and insulin sensitivity when measured on the day following exercise. Our aim was to compare acute high-intensity continuous exercise (HICE) to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs) and insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese men and women. Methods Inactive males (BMI = 30 ± 3, 25 ± 6 yr, n = 6) and females (BMI = 28 ± 2, 21 ± 3 yr, n = 7) participated in three experimental trials in a randomized counterbalanced crossover design: 1) No exercise control (Control); 2) HICE (20 min cycling @ just above ventilatory threshold); 3) HIIE (10 X 1-min @ ∼90% peak aerobic power). Exercise conditions were matched for external work and diet was controlled post-exercise. Fasting blood samples were obtained ∼18 hr after each condition. CD62E+ and CD31+/CD42b- EMPs were assessed by flow cytometry and insulin resistance (IR) was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Results There was a significant sex X exercise interaction for CD62E+ EMPs, CD31+/CD42b- EMPs, and HOMA-IR (all P<0.05). In males, both HICE and HIIE reduced EMPs compared to Control (P≤0.05). In females, HICE increased CD62E+ EMPs (P<0.05 vs. Control) whereas CD31+/CD42b- EMPs were unaltered by either exercise type. There was a significant increase in HOMA-IR in males but a decrease in females following HIIE compared to Control (P<0.05). Conclusions Overweight/obese males and females appear to respond differently to acute bouts of high-intensity exercise. A single session of HICE and HIIE reduced circulating EMPs measured on the morning following exercise in males but in females CD62E+ EMPs were increased following HICE. Next day HOMA-IR paradoxically increased in males but was reduced in females following HIIE. Future research is needed to investigate mechanisms responsible for potential differential responses between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Durrer
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Robinson
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nic Martinez
- College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Hummel
- College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nathan T. Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marcus W. Kilpatrick
- College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Juraschek SP, Bower JK, Selvin E, Subash Shantha GP, Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM, Young JH. Plasma lactate and incident hypertension in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:216-24. [PMID: 24994607 PMCID: PMC4357800 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that insufficient oxidative capacity or mitochondrial dysfunction may play a causal role in the development of high blood pressure. However, this hypothesis has not been tested in the general population. We hypothesized that lactate, a measure of oxidative capacity, would be positively associated with incident hypertension even after accounting for traditional hypertension risk factors. METHODS Plasma lactate was measured in 5,554 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study with no subclinical or diagnosed hypertension at baseline (1996-1998). Incident hypertension was defined by self-report or hypertension medication use. Analyses were performed with Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS The mean age was 61.9 years, and the mean lactate was 0.8 mmol/L. During a median follow-up period of 11.9 years (range = 26.9 days to 13.4 years), there were 3,849 new cases of hypertension. The fourth quartile of lactate (compared with the first quartile) was associated with an elevated risk of hypertension (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-1.31) even after adjustment for traditional risk factors, including baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This association was stronger when the population was restricted to participants with normal blood pressure (<120mm Hg/<80mm Hg; HR = 1.42; 95% CI = 1.23-1.63). In strata of sex, the association was strong in women vs. null in men (P interaction = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Plasma lactate is associated with incident hypertension in women, especially with a normal blood pressure (<120mm Hg/<80mm Hg). Future studies should elucidate the mechanisms underlying these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Juraschek
- School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie K Bower
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ghanshyam Palamaner Subash Shantha
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ron C Hoogeveen
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart Center, Houston, Texas
| | - J Hunter Young
- School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland;
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Denham J, O'Brien BJ, Marques FZ, Charchar FJ. Changes in the leukocyte methylome and its effect on cardiovascular-related genes after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:475-88. [PMID: 25539938 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00878.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has proven cardiovascular benefits, yet there is no clear understanding of the related molecular mechanisms leading to this. Here we determined the beneficial epigenetic effects of exercise after sprint interval training, a form of exercise known to improve cardiometabolic health. We quantified genome-wide leukocyte DNA methylation of 12 healthy young (18-24 yr) men before and after 4 wk (thrice weekly) of sprint interval training using the 450K BeadChip (Illumina) and validated gene expression changes in an extra seven subjects. Exercise increased subjects' cardiorespiratory fitness and maximal running performance, and decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in conjunction with genome-wide DNA methylation changes. Notably, many CpG island and gene promoter regions were demethylated after exercise, indicating increased genome-wide transcriptional changes. Among genes with DNA methylation changes, epidermal growth factor (EGF), a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor known to be involved in cardiovascular disease, was demethylated and showed decreased mRNA expression. Additionally, we found that in microRNAs miR-21 and miR-210, gene DNA methylation was altered by exercise causing a cascade effect on the expression of the mature microRNA involved in cardiovascular function. Our findings demonstrate that exercise alters DNA methylation in circulating blood cells in microRNA and protein-coding genes associated with cardiovascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Denham
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Brendan J O'Brien
- Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia; and
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139
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Hardcastle SJ, Ray H, Beale L, Hagger MS. Why sprint interval training is inappropriate for a largely sedentary population. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1505. [PMID: 25566166 PMCID: PMC4274872 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hardcastle
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hannah Ray
- School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton Eastbourne, UK
| | - Louisa Beale
- School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton Eastbourne, UK
| | - Martin S Hagger
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University Perth, WA, Australia
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140
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Gliemann L, Gunnarsson TP, Hellsten Y, Bangsbo J. 10-20-30 training increases performance and lowers blood pressure and VEGF in runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e479-89. [PMID: 25439558 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of training by the 10-20-30 concept on performance, blood pressure (BP), and skeletal muscle angiogenesis as well as the feasibility of completing high-intensity interval training in local running communities. One hundred sixty recreational runners were divided into either a control group (CON; n = 28), or a 10-20-30 training group (10-20-30; n = 132) replacing two of three weekly training sessions with 10-20-30 training for 8 weeks and performance of a 5-km run (5-K) and BP was measured. VO2max was measured and resting muscle biopsies were taken in a subgroup of runners (n = 18). 10-20-30 improved 5-K time (38 s) and lowered systolic BP (2 ± 1 mmHg). For hypertensive subjects in 10-20-30 (n = 30), systolic and diastolic BP was lowered by 5 ± 4 and 3 ± 2 mmHg, respectively, which was a greater reduction than in the non-hypertensive subjects (n = 102). 10-20-30 increased VO2max but did not influence muscle fiber area, distribution or capillarization, whereas the expression of the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was lowered by 22%. No changes were observed in CON. These results suggest that 10-20-30 training is an effective and easily implemented training intervention improving endurance performance, VO2max and lowering BP in recreational runners, but does not affect muscle morphology and reduces muscle VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Gliemann
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P Gunnarsson
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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141
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Rowlands DS, Page RA, Sukala WR, Giri M, Ghimbovschi SD, Hayat I, Cheema BS, Lys I, Leikis M, Sheard PW, Wakefield SJ, Breier B, Hathout Y, Brown K, Marathi R, Orkunoglu-Suer FE, Devaney JM, Leiken B, Many G, Krebs J, Hopkins WG, Hoffman EP. Multi-omic integrated networks connect DNA methylation and miRNA with skeletal muscle plasticity to chronic exercise in Type 2 diabetic obesity. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:747-65. [PMID: 25138607 PMCID: PMC4200377 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenomic regulation of the transcriptome by DNA methylation and posttranscriptional gene silencing by miRNAs are potential environmental modulators of skeletal muscle plasticity to chronic exercise in healthy and diseased populations. We utilized transcriptome networks to connect exercise-induced differential methylation and miRNA with functional skeletal muscle plasticity. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis were collected from middle-aged Polynesian men and women with morbid obesity (44 kg/m(2) ± 10) and Type 2 diabetes before and following 16 wk of resistance (n = 9) or endurance training (n = 8). Longitudinal transcriptome, methylome, and microRNA (miRNA) responses were obtained via microarray, filtered by novel effect-size based false discovery rate probe selection preceding bioinformatic interrogation. Metabolic and microvascular transcriptome topology dominated the network landscape following endurance exercise. Lipid and glucose metabolism modules were connected to: microRNA (miR)-29a; promoter region hypomethylation of nuclear receptor factor (NRF1) and fatty acid transporter (SLC27A4), and hypermethylation of fatty acid synthase, and to exon hypomethylation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and Ser/Thr protein kinase. Directional change in the endurance networks was validated by lower intramyocellular lipid, increased capillarity, GLUT4, hexokinase, and mitochondrial enzyme activity and proteome. Resistance training also lowered lipid and increased enzyme activity and caused GLUT4 promoter hypomethylation; however, training was inconsequential to GLUT4, capillarity, and metabolic transcriptome. miR-195 connected to negative regulation of vascular development. To conclude, integrated molecular network modelling revealed differential DNA methylation and miRNA expression changes occur in skeletal muscle in response to chronic exercise training that are most pronounced with endurance training and topographically associated with functional metabolic and microvascular plasticity relevant to diabetes rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand;
| | - Rachel A Page
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - William R Sukala
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Mamta Giri
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Svetlana D Ghimbovschi
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Irum Hayat
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Birinder S Cheema
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia
| | - Isabelle Lys
- Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Australia
| | - Murray Leikis
- Wellington Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Phillip W Sheard
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - St John Wakefield
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; and
| | - Bernhard Breier
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Yetrib Hathout
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kristy Brown
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ramya Marathi
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Funda E Orkunoglu-Suer
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joseph M Devaney
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Benjamin Leiken
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gina Many
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jeremy Krebs
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Will G Hopkins
- Health Science/Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (CGMR), Washington, District of Columbia
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Harris E, Rakobowchuk M, Birch KM. Sprint interval and sprint continuous training increases circulating CD34+ cells and cardio-respiratory fitness in young healthy women. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108720. [PMID: 25265043 PMCID: PMC4181657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The improvement of vascular health in the exercising limb can be attained by sprint interval training (SIT). However, the effects on systemic vascular function and on circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) which may contribute to endothelial repair have not been investigated. Additionally, a comparison between SIT and sprint continuous training (SCT) which is less time committing has not been made. Methods 12 women (22±2 yrs) completed 12 sessions of either SIT (n = 6) or work-matched SCT (n = 6) on 3 days/week. Pre and post-training assessments included brachial artery endothelial function and peripheral blood analysis for CAC number (CD34+/CD34+CD45dim). CAC function was measured by migration and adhesion assays. Cardio-respiratory fitness, carotid arterial stiffness and carotid-radial and brachial-foot pulse wave velocity (PWV) were also evaluated. Results CD34+ CACs increased following training in both groups but CD34+CD45dim did not (Pre CD34+: 40±21/105 leukocytes, Post CD34+: 56±24/105 leukocytes, main time effect p<0.05). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) increased following SIT but SCT had no effect (Pre SIT: 5.0±3.4%, Post SIT: 5.9±3.0%, Pre SCT: 7.2±2.7%, Post SCT: 6.5±2.9%; group x time interaction p = 0.08). increased in both training groups (Pre: 34.6±4.6 ml•kg•ml−1, Post: 36.9±5.4 ml•kg•ml−1, main time effect p<0.05). CAC function, carotid arterial stiffness and PWV did not change after training (p>0.05). Discussion SCT involving little time commitment is comparable to SIT in increasing CD34+ cell number and . An increased mobilisation of CD34+ CACs suggests that sprint training may be an effective method to enhance vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Harris
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- School of Sport and Education, Brunel University, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M. Birch
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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143
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Jones AM. Influence of dietary nitrate on the physiological determinants of exercise performance: a critical review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:1019-28. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate supplementation, usually in the form of beetroot juice, has been heralded as a possible new ergogenic aid for sport and exercise performance. Early studies in recreationally active participants indicated that nitrate ingestion significantly reduces the O2 cost of submaximal exercise and improves performance during high-intensity endurance exercise. Subsequent studies have begun to address the physiological mechanisms underpinning these observations and to investigate the human populations in whom, and the exercise conditions (high- vs. low-intensity, long- vs. short-duration, continuous vs. intermittent, normoxic vs. hypoxic) under which, nitrate supplementation may be beneficial. Moreover, the optimal nitrate loading regimen in terms of nitrate dose and duration of supplementation has been explored. Depending on these factors, nitrate supplementation has been shown to exert physiological effects that could be conducive to exercise performance enhancement, at least in recreationally active or sub-élite athletes. This article provides a “state-of-the-art” review of the literature pertinent to the evaluation of the efficacy of nitrate supplementation in altering the physiological determinants of sport and exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
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Abstract
As the worldwide prevalence of hypertension continues to increase, the primary prevention of hypertension has become an important global public health initiative. Physical activity is commonly recommended as an important lifestyle modification that may aid in the prevention of hypertension. Recent epidemiologic evidence has demonstrated a consistent, temporal, and dose-dependent relationship between physical activity and the development of hypertension. Experimental evidence from interventional studies has further confirmed a relationship between physical activity and hypertension as the favorable effects of exercise on blood pressure reduction have been well characterized in recent years. Despite the available evidence strongly supporting a role for physical activity in the prevention of hypertension, many unanswered questions regarding the protective benefits of physical activity in high-risk individuals, the factors that may moderate the relationship between physical activity and hypertension, and the optimal prescription for hypertension prevention remain. We review the most recent evidence for the role of physical activity in the prevention of hypertension and discuss recent studies that have sought to address these unanswered questions.
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145
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Bradley H, Shaw CS, Worthington PL, Shepherd SO, Cocks M, Wagenmakers AJM. Quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of subcellular GLUT4 distribution in human skeletal muscle: effects of endurance and sprint interval training. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/7/e12085. [PMID: 25052490 PMCID: PMC4187550 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in insulin‐mediated glucose uptake following endurance training (ET) and sprint interval training (SIT) have in part been attributed to concomitant increases in glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein content in skeletal muscle. This study used an immunofluorescence microscopy method to investigate changes in subcellular GLUT4 distribution and content following ET and SIT. Percutaneous muscle biopsy samples were taken from the m. vastus lateralis of 16 sedentary males in the overnight fasted state before and after 6 weeks of ET and SIT. An antibody was fully validated and used to show large (> 1 μm) and smaller (<1 μm) GLUT4‐containing clusters. The large clusters likely represent trans‐Golgi network stores and the smaller clusters endosomal stores and GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs). Density of GLUT4 clusters was higher at the fibre periphery especially in perinuclear regions. A less dense punctate distribution was seen in the rest of the muscle fibre. Total GLUT4 fluorescence intensity increased in type I and type II fibres following both ET and SIT. Large GLUT4 clusters increased in number and size in both type I and type II fibres, while the smaller clusters increased in size. The greatest increases in GLUT4 fluorescence intensity occurred within the 1 μm layer immediately adjacent to the PM. The increase in peripheral localisation and protein content of GLUT4 following ET and SIT is likely to contribute to the improvements in glucose homeostasis observed after both training modes. e12085 This paper first describes the development of a novel confocal immunofluorescence microscopy method that allows quantitation of GLUT4 content in the plasma membrane and 1 µm layers below it in a muscle fibre‐type specific manner. Skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from sedentary young men before and after 6 weeks of traditional endurance training (ET) and sprint interval training (SIT) were then analysed to show for the first time increases in large and small GLUT4 clusters with greater increases in the layer within 1 µm of the plasma membrane, which is the layer from which most GLUT4 fusion events emanate. This training‐induced redistribution is likely to contribute to the increase in insulin sensitivity seen following both ET and SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bradley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Philip L Worthington
- Computational Biology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anton J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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High intensity cycling before SCUBA diving reduces post-decompression microparticle production and neutrophil activation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1955-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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147
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Scribbans TD, Edgett BA, Vorobej K, Mitchell AS, Joanisse SD, Matusiak JBL, Parise G, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ. Fibre-specific responses to endurance and low volume high intensity interval training: striking similarities in acute and chronic adaptation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98119. [PMID: 24901767 PMCID: PMC4047011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study involved the completion of two distinct experiments. Experiment 1 compared fibre specific and whole muscle responses to acute bouts of either low-volume high-intensity interval training (LV-HIT) or moderate-intensity continuous endurance exercise (END) in a randomized crossover design. Experiment 2 examined the impact of a six-week training intervention (END or LV-HIT; 4 days/week), on whole body and skeletal muscle fibre specific markers of aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Six recreationally active men (Age: 20.7±3.8 yrs; VO2peak: 51.9±5.1 mL/kg/min) reported to the lab on two separate occasions for experiment 1. Following a muscle biopsy taken in a fasted state, participants completed an acute bout of each exercise protocol (LV-HIT: 8, 20-second intervals at ∼170% of VO2peak separated by 10 seconds of rest; END: 30 minutes at ∼65% of VO2peak), immediately followed by a muscle biopsy. Glycogen content of type I and IIA fibres was significantly (p<0.05) reduced, while p-ACC was significantly increased (p<0.05) following both protocols. Nineteen recreationally active males (n = 16) and females (n = 3) were VO2peak-matched and assigned to either the LV-HIT (n = 10; 21±2 yrs) or END (n = 9; 20.7±3.8 yrs) group for experiment 2. After 6 weeks, both training protocols induced comparable increases in aerobic capacity (END: Pre: 48.3±6.0, Mid: 51.8±6.0, Post: 55.0±6.3 mL/kg/min LV-HIT: Pre: 47.9±8.1, Mid: 50.4±7.4, Post: 54.7±7.6 mL/kg/min), fibre-type specific oxidative and glycolytic capacity, glycogen and IMTG stores, and whole-muscle capillary density. Interestingly, only LV-HIT induced greater improvements in anaerobic performance and estimated whole-muscle glycolytic capacity. These results suggest that 30 minutes of END exercise at ∼65% VO2peak or 4 minutes of LV-HIT at ∼170% VO2peak induce comparable changes in the intra-myocellular environment (glycogen content and signaling activation); correspondingly, training-induced adaptations resulting for these protocols, and other HIT and END protocols are strikingly similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha D. Scribbans
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany A. Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kira Vorobej
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew S. Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie D. Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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148
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Interval and continuous exercise training produce similar increases in skeletal muscle and left ventricle microvascular density in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:752817. [PMID: 24371829 PMCID: PMC3858873 DOI: 10.1155/2013/752817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interval training (IT), consisting of alternated periods of high and low intensity exercise, has been proposed as a strategy to induce more marked biological adaptations than continuous exercise training (CT). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of IT and CT with equivalent total energy expenditure on capillary skeletal and cardiac muscles in rats. Wistar rats ran on a treadmill for 30 min per day with no slope (0%), 4 times/week for 13 weeks. CT has constant load of 70% max; IT has cycles of 90% max for 1 min followed by 1 min at 50% max. CT and IT increased endurance and muscle oxidative capacity and attenuated body weight gain to a similar extent (P > 0.05). In addition, CT and IT similarly increased functional capillary density of skeletal muscle (CT: 30.6 ± 11.7%; IT: 28.7 ± 11.9%) and the capillary-to-fiber ratio in skeletal muscle (CT: 28.7 ± 14.4%; IT: 40.1 ± 17.2%) and in the left ventricle (CT: 57.3 ± 53.1%; IT: 54.3 ± 40.5%). In conclusion, at equivalent total work volumes, interval exercise training induced similar functional and structural alterations in the microcirculation of skeletal muscle and myocardium in healthy rats compared to continuous exercise training.
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149
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Sevits KJ, Melanson EL, Swibas T, Binns SE, Klochak AL, Lonac MC, Peltonen GL, Scalzo RL, Schweder MM, Smith AM, Wood LM, Melby CL, Bell C. Total daily energy expenditure is increased following a single bout of sprint interval training. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00131. [PMID: 24303194 PMCID: PMC3841058 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
REGULAR ENDURANCE EXERCISE IS AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR HEALTHY WEIGHT MAINTENANCE, MEDIATED VIA INCREASED TOTAL DAILY ENERGY EXPENDITURE (TDEE), AND POSSIBLY AN INCREASE IN RESTING METABOLIC RATE (RMR: the single largest component of TDEE). Sprint interval training (SIT) is a low-volume alternative to endurance exercise; however, the utility of SIT for healthy weight maintenance is less clear. In this regard, it is feasible that SIT may evoke a thermogenic response above and beyond the estimates required for prevention of weight gain (i.e., >200-600 kJ). The purpose of these studies was to investigate the hypotheses that a single bout of SIT would increase RMR and/or TDEE. Study 1: RMR (ventilated hood) was determined on four separate occasions in 15 healthy men. Measurements were performed over two pairs of consecutive mornings; each pair was separated by 7 days. Immediately following either the first or third RMR measurement (randomly assigned) subjects completed a single bout of SIT (cycle ergometer exercise). RMR was unaffected by a single bout of SIT (7195 ± 285 kJ/day vs. 7147 ± 222, 7149 ± 246 and 6987 ± 245 kJ/day (mean ± SE); P = 0.12). Study 2: TDEE (whole-room calorimeter) was measured in 12 healthy men, on two consecutive days, one of which began with a single bout of SIT (random order). Sprint exercise increased TDEE in every research participant (9169 ± 243 vs. 10,111 ± 260 kJ/day; P < 0.0001); the magnitude of increase was 946 ± 62 kJ/day (∼10%). These data provide support for SIT as a strategy for increasing TDEE, and may have implications for healthy body weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Sevits
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado
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150
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MacDonald MJ, Gibala MJ. Sprinting towards a time-efficient strategy for microvascular remodelling in humans. J Physiol 2013; 591:603-4. [PMID: 23378422 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.245456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University,Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
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