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Zhang L, Darzi A, Ghader S, Pack ML, Xiong C, Yang M, Sun Q, Kabiri A, Hu S. Interactive COVID-19 Mobility Impact and Social Distancing Analysis Platform. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 2023; 2677:168-180. [PMID: 37153196 PMCID: PMC10152223 DOI: 10.1177/03611981211043813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The research team has utilized privacy-protected mobile device location data, integrated with COVID-19 case data and census population data, to produce a COVID-19 impact analysis platform that can inform users about the effects of COVID-19 spread and government orders on mobility and social distancing. The platform is being updated daily, to continuously inform decision-makers about the impacts of COVID-19 on their communities, using an interactive analytical tool. The research team has processed anonymized mobile device location data to identify trips and produced a set of variables, including social distancing index, percentage of people staying at home, visits to work and non-work locations, out-of-town trips, and trip distance. The results are aggregated to county and state levels to protect privacy, and scaled to the entire population of each county and state. The research team is making their data and findings, which are updated daily and go back to January 1, 2020, for benchmarking, available to the public to help public officials make informed decisions. This paper presents a summary of the platform and describes the methodology used to process data and produce the platform metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Maryland Transportation Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
- Lei Zhang, Herbert Rabin Distinguished Professor,
| | - Aref Darzi
- Maryland Transportation Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Sepehr Ghader
- Maryland Transportation Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Michael L. Pack
- Center for Advanced Transportation Technology Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Chenfeng Xiong
- Maryland Transportation Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Mofeng Yang
- Maryland Transportation Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Maryland Transportation Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Aliakbar Kabiri
- Maryland Transportation Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Songhua Hu
- Maryland Transportation Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
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102
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Chen J, Gu C, Ruan Z, Tang M. Competition of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the pandemic transmission dynamics. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2023; 169:113193. [PMID: 36817403 PMCID: PMC9915129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2023.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has produced various variants during its ongoing evolution. The competitive behavior driven by the co-transmission of these variants has influenced the pandemic transmission dynamics. Therefore, studying the impact of competition between SARS-CoV-2 variants on pandemic transmission dynamics is of considerable practical importance. In order to formalize the mechanism of competition between SARS-CoV-2 variants, we propose an epidemic model that takes into account the co-transmission of competing variants. The model focuses on how cross-immunity influences the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through competitive mechanisms between strains. We found that inter-strain competition affects not only both the final size and the replacement time of the variants, but also the invasive behavior of new variants in the future. Due to the limited extent of cross-immunity in previous populations, we predict that the new strain may infect the largest number of individuals in China without control interventions. Moreover, we also observed the possibility of periodic outbreaks in the same lineage and the possibility of the resurgence of previous lineages. Without the invasion of a new variant, the previous variant (Delta variant) is projected to resurgence as early as 2023. However, its resurgence may be prevented by a new variant with a greater competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Systems Science, Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Changgui Gu
- Department of Systems Science, Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zhongyuan Ruan
- Institute of Cyberspace Security, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Ming Tang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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103
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Park SW, Dushoff J, Grenfell BT, Weitz JS. Intermediate levels of asymptomatic transmission can lead to the highest epidemic fatalities. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad106. [PMID: 37091542 PMCID: PMC10118396 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Asymptomatic infections have hampered the ability to characterize and prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 throughout the pandemic. Although asymptomatic infections reduce severity at the individual level, they can make population-level outcomes worse if asymptomatic individuals-unaware they are infected-transmit more than symptomatic individuals. Using an epidemic model, we show that intermediate levels of asymptomatic infection lead to the highest levels of epidemic fatalities when the decrease in symptomatic transmission, due either to individual behavior or mitigation efforts, is strong. We generalize this result to include presymptomatic transmission, showing that intermediate levels of nonsymptomatic transmission lead to the highest levels of fatalities. Finally, we extend our framework to illustrate how the intersection of asymptomatic spread and immunity profiles determine epidemic trajectories, including population-level severity, of future variants. In particular, when immunity provides protection against symptoms, but not against infections or deaths, epidemic trajectories can have faster growth rates and higher peaks, leading to more total deaths. Conversely, even modest levels of protection against infection can mitigate the population-level effects of asymptomatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woo Park
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jonathan Dushoff
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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104
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Xu L, Mundra PS, Anabtawai A, Farrokhyar F, Chan BJ. Improving the patient decision-making experience for cataract surgery during the COVID-19 era. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 58:156-161. [PMID: 34534509 PMCID: PMC8384583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether video-based patient decision aids (VBPDAs) for cataract surgery consultation can enhance a patient's decision-making process while upholding safety regulations during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. DESIGN Single-centre consecutive case study. PARTICIPANTS 147 patients, with an average age of 70 years, who came in for a cataract surgery consult were enrolled in this study. METHODS All patients watched part 1 of the VBPDA outlining the process of cataract surgery and the decisions involved. Patients then underwent cataract surgery consultation with an ophthalmologist. Afterward, if the patient was indicated for surgery, part 2 of the VBPDA was played. At the end of the visit, all patients completed a survey assessing the effects of COVID-19 safety precautions on their appointment. In addition, patients who had gone forward with surgery complete the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS). RESULTS For patients proceeding with cataract surgery, the median DCS score was 9.38 (range, 0-54.69, min-max) on a scale from 0 to 100 (low-high decisional conflict). A DCS score <25 indicates low decisional conflict (n = 76, 68.47%) and a score >25 indicates feeling unsure (n = 35, 31.53%). The DCS also can be separated into various subscales: the informed subscale (median = 8.33; min-max = 0-66.67), values subscale (16.67, 0-58.33), support subscale (8.33, 0-50.00), uncertainty subscale (8.33, 0-83.33), and effective decision subscale (0, 0-37.50). CONCLUSION Our study found VBPDAs to be an effective tool to enhance the patient decision-making process for cataract surgery during the COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Xu
- Department of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - Paul S Mundra
- Department of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | | | | | - Brian J Chan
- Division of Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON..
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105
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Cui Q, Shi Z, Yimamaidi D, Hu B, Zhang Z, Saqib M, Zohaib A, Gulnara B, Yersyn M, Hu Z, Li S. Dynamic variations in COVID-19 with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Kazakhstan and Pakistan. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:18. [PMID: 36918974 PMCID: PMC10014408 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the Omicron variant presents a formidable challenge for control and prevention worldwide, especially for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Hence, taking Kazakhstan and Pakistan as examples, this study aims to explore COVID-19 transmission with the Omicron variant at different contact, quarantine and test rates. METHODS A disease dynamic model was applied, the population was segmented, and three time stages for Omicron transmission were established: the initial outbreak, a period of stabilization, and a second outbreak. The impact of population contact, quarantine and testing on the disease are analyzed in five scenarios to analysis their impacts on the disease. Four statistical metrics are employed to quantify the model's performance, including the correlation coefficient (CC), normalized absolute error, normalized root mean square error and distance between indices of simulation and observation (DISO). RESULTS Our model has high performance in simulating COVID-19 transmission in Kazakhstan and Pakistan with high CC values greater than 0.9 and DISO values less than 0.5. Compared with the present measures (baseline), decreasing (increasing) the contact rates or increasing (decreasing) the quarantined rates can reduce (increase) the peak values of daily new cases and forward (delay) the peak value times (decreasing 842 and forward 2 days for Kazakhstan). The impact of the test rates on the disease are weak. When the start time of stage II is 6 days, the daily new cases are more than 8 and 5 times the rate for Kazakhstan and Pakistan, respectively (29,573 vs. 3259; 7398 vs. 1108). The impact of the start times of stage III on the disease are contradictory to those of stage II. CONCLUSIONS For the two LMICs, Kazakhstan and Pakistan, stronger control and prevention measures can be more effective in combating COVID-19. Therefore, to reduce Omicron transmission, strict management of population movement should be employed. Moreover, the timely application of these strategies also plays a key role in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Cui
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Duman Yimamaidi
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.,Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ben Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, 830017, China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Zohaib
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Baikadamova Gulnara
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Zengyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China. .,Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Centre for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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106
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Tomaszewski T, Ali MA, Caetano-Anollés K, Caetano-Anollés G. Seasonal effects decouple SARS-CoV-2 haplotypes worldwide. F1000Res 2023; 12:267. [PMID: 37069849 PMCID: PMC10105261 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.131522.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Variants of concern (VOCs) have been replacing each other during the still rampant COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 populations have evolved increasingly intricate constellations of mutations that often enhance transmissibility, disease severity, and other epidemiological characteristics. The origin and evolution of these constellations remain puzzling. Methods: Here we study the evolution of VOCs at the proteome level by analyzing about 12 million genomic sequences retrieved from GISAID on July 23, 2022. A total 183,276 mutations were identified and filtered with a relevancy heuristic. The prevalence of haplotypes and free-standing mutations was then tracked monthly in various latitude corridors of the world. Results: A chronology of 22 haplotypes defined three phases driven by protein flexibility-rigidity, environmental sensing, and immune escape. A network of haplotypes illustrated the recruitment and coalescence of mutations into major VOC constellations and seasonal effects of decoupling and loss. Protein interaction networks mediated by haplotypes predicted communications impacting the structure and function of proteins, showing the increasingly central role of molecular interactions involving the spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), and membrane (M) proteins. Haplotype markers either affected fusogenic regions while spreading along the sequence of the S-protein or clustered around binding domains. Modeling of protein structure with AlphaFold2 showed that VOC Omicron and one of its haplotypes were major contributors to the distortion of the M-protein endodomain, which behaves as a receptor of other structural proteins during virion assembly. Remarkably, VOC constellations acted cooperatively to balance the more extreme effects of individual haplotypes. Conclusions: Our study uncovers seasonal patterns of emergence and diversification occurring amid a highly dynamic evolutionary landscape of bursts and waves. The mapping of genetically-linked mutations to structures that sense environmental change with powerful ab initio modeling tools demonstrates the potential of deep-learning for COVID-19 predictive intelligence and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tre Tomaszewski
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Muhammad Asif Ali
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | | | - Gustavo Caetano-Anollés
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- C. R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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107
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Ridenti MA, Teles LK, Maranhão A, Teles VK. Mathematical modeling and investigation on the role of demography and contact patterns in social distancing measures effectiveness in COVID-19 dissemination. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2023; 40:73-95. [PMID: 36373595 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we investigate the importance of demography and contact patterns in determining the spread of COVID-19 and to the effectiveness of social distancing policies. We investigate these questions proposing an augmented epidemiological model with an age-structured model, with the population divided into susceptible (S), exposed (E), asymptomatic infectious (A), hospitalized (H), symptomatic infectious (I) and recovered individuals (R), to simulate COVID-19 dissemination. The simulations were carried out using six combinations of four types of isolation policies (work restrictions, isolation of the elderly, community distancing and school closures) and four representative fictitious countries generated over alternative demographic transition stage patterns (aged developed, developed, developing and least developed countries). We concluded that the basic reproduction number depends on the age profile and the contact patterns. The aged developed country had the lowest basic reproduction number ($R0=1.74$) due to the low contact rate among individuals, followed by the least developed country ($R0=2.00$), the developing country ($R0=2.43$) and the developed country ($R0=2.64$). Because of these differences in the basic reproduction numbers, the same intervention policies had higher efficiencies in the aged and least developed countries. Of all intervention policies, the reduction in work contacts and community distancing were the ones that produced the highest decrease in the $R0$ value, prevalence, maximum hospitalization demand and fatality rate. The isolation of the elderly was more effective in the developed and aged developed countries. The school closure was the less effective intervention policy, though its effects were not negligible in the least developed and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Ridenti
- Physics Department, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50 Vila das Acácias, 12228-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Lara K Teles
- Physics Department, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50 Vila das Acácias, 12228-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Maranhão
- Physics Department, Aeronautics Institute of Technology, Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50 Vila das Acácias, 12228-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Vladimir K Teles
- Sao Paulo School of Economics, FGV-SP, Rua Itapeva, 474 Bela Vista, 01332-000, SP, Brazil
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108
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Fernández D, Giné-Vázquez I, Morena M, Koyanagi AI, Janko MM, Haro JM, Panagiotakos D, Molassiotis A, Pan WK, Tyrovolas S. Government interventions and control policies to contain the first COVID-19 outbreak: An analysis of evidence. Scand J Public Health 2023:14034948231156969. [PMID: 36883722 PMCID: PMC9996153 DOI: 10.1177/14034948231156969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overarching aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness over time of government interventions and policy restrictions and the impact of determinants on spread and mortality during the first-wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, globally, regionally and by country-income level, up to 18 May 2020. METHODS We created a global database merging World Health Organization daily case reports (from 218 countries/territories) with other socio-demographic and population health measures from 21 January to 18 May 2020. A four-level government policy interventions score (low to very high) was created based on the Oxford Stringency Index. RESULTS Our results support the use of very high government interventions to suppress both COVID-19 spread and mortality effectively during wave one globally compared to other policy levels of control. Similar trends in virus propagation and mortality were observed in all country-income levels and specific regions. CONCLUSIONS
Rapid implementation of government interventions was needed to contain the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak and to reduce COVID-19-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández
- Serra Húnter fellow. Department of Statistics and Operations Research (DEIO), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Spain.,Institute of Mathematics of UPC-BarcelonaTech (IMTech), Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Iago Giné-Vázquez
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain.,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marianthi Morena
- Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Harokopio University, Greece
| | - A I Koyanagi
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain.,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.,ICREA, Spain
| | | | - Josep Maria Haro
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain.,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Alex Molassiotis
- College of Arts, Humanities and Education, University of Derby, UK
| | - William K Pan
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, USA.,Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, USA
| | - Stefanos Tyrovolas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain.,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Community Health Services (WHOCC), School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
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109
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Collaço N, Gamble A, Morgan JE, Phillips B, Culliford D, Darlington AS. Experiences and support needs of parents/caregivers of children with cancer through the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: a longitudinal study. Arch Dis Child 2023; 108:198-203. [PMID: 36450442 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the experiences, information and support needs of parents/caregivers of children with cancer and how these changed as the COVID-19 pandemic evolved. DESIGN Online surveys containing closed and free-text questions on experiences, information and support needs were completed at four time points (between April 2020 and October 2021) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics of closed items and content analysis of qualitative data were conducted. SETTING Online. PARTICIPANTS Parents/caregivers of children with cancer. RESULTS 335 parents/caregivers completed the survey over four time points. Findings revealed that parents'/caregivers' worry about the virus and vigilance about their child's virus symptoms decreased over time. Parents reporting the need for support on how to reduce their worries and/or family members during the virus outbreak were low, however parents reported a slight increase in need for support at T3 when schools reopened. Qualitative findings reported the following themes: (1) Psychological well-being of parents/caregivers, (2) Changing perceptions of risks/priorities, (3) Adjusting to COVID-19: Living with continued caution, (4) Healthcare and treatment provision, (5) Information seeking and needs during COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted people's lives and routines in relation to access to support, finances, education and social lives, leading to psychological distress. Parents highlighted the need for timely, up-to-date and personalised information in relation to COVID-19 and their child with cancer. Further consideration of the development of technology-based health solutions may provide an efficient and safe way to connect with and support parent/caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Collaço
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ashley Gamble
- Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group, Leicester, UK
| | - Jessica Elizabeth Morgan
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
- Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Bob Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
- Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - David Culliford
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Wessex, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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110
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Data-rich modeling helps answer increasingly complex questions on variant and disease interactions: Comment on "Mathematical models for dengue fever epidemiology: A 10-year systematic review" by Aguiar et al. Phys Life Rev 2023; 44:197-200. [PMID: 36773393 PMCID: PMC9893800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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111
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Imai N, Rawson T, Knock ES, Sonabend R, Elmaci Y, Perez-Guzman PN, Whittles LK, Kanapram DT, Gaythorpe KAM, Hinsley W, Djaafara BA, Wang H, Fraser K, FitzJohn RG, Hogan AB, Doohan P, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM, Baguelin M, Cori A. Quantifying the effect of delaying the second COVID-19 vaccine dose in England: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Public Health 2023; 8:e174-e183. [PMID: 36774945 PMCID: PMC9910835 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The UK was the first country to start national COVID-19 vaccination programmes, initially administering doses 3 weeks apart. However, early evidence of high vaccine effectiveness after the first dose and the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant prompted the UK to extend the interval between doses to 12 weeks. In this study, we aimed to quantify the effect of delaying the second vaccine dose in England. METHODS We used a previously described model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, calibrated to COVID-19 surveillance data from England, including hospital admissions, hospital occupancy, seroprevalence data, and population-level PCR testing data, using a Bayesian evidence-synthesis framework. We modelled and compared the epidemic trajectory in the counterfactual scenario in which vaccine doses were administered 3 weeks apart against the real reported vaccine roll-out schedule of 12 weeks. We estimated and compared the resulting numbers of daily infections, hospital admissions, and deaths. In sensitivity analyses, we investigated scenarios spanning a range of vaccine effectiveness and waning assumptions. FINDINGS In the period from Dec 8, 2020, to Sept 13, 2021, the number of individuals who received a first vaccine dose was higher under the 12-week strategy than the 3-week strategy. For this period, we estimated that delaying the interval between the first and second COVID-19 vaccine doses from 3 to 12 weeks averted a median (calculated as the median of the posterior sample) of 58 000 COVID-19 hospital admissions (291 000 cumulative hospitalisations [95% credible interval 275 000-319 000] under the 3-week strategy vs 233 000 [229 000-238 000] under the 12-week strategy) and 10 100 deaths (64 800 deaths [60 200-68 900] vs 54 700 [52 800-55 600]). Similarly, we estimated that the 3-week strategy would have resulted in more infections compared with the 12-week strategy. Across all sensitivity analyses the 3-week strategy resulted in a greater number of hospital admissions. In results by age group, the 12-week strategy led to more hospitalisations and deaths in older people in spring 2021, but fewer following the emergence of the delta variant during summer 2021. INTERPRETATION England's delayed-second-dose vaccination strategy was informed by early real-world data on vaccine effectiveness in the context of limited vaccine supplies in a growing epidemic. Our study shows that rapidly providing partial (single-dose) vaccine-induced protection to a larger proportion of the population was successful in reducing the burden of COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths overall. FUNDING UK National Institute for Health Research; UK Medical Research Council; Community Jameel; Wellcome Trust; UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council; and EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Imai
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Rawson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edward S Knock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology, Imperial College London, UK Health Security Agency, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Raphael Sonabend
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasin Elmaci
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pablo N Perez-Guzman
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lilith K Whittles
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Divya Thekke Kanapram
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katy A M Gaythorpe
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wes Hinsley
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bimandra A Djaafara
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Haowei Wang
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Keith Fraser
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard G FitzJohn
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra B Hogan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Doohan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Azra C Ghani
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology, Imperial College London, UK Health Security Agency, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Marc Baguelin
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology, Imperial College London, UK Health Security Agency, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anne Cori
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology, Imperial College London, UK Health Security Agency, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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112
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He X, Chen X, Wang H, Du G, Sun X. Recent advances in respiratory immunization: A focus on COVID-19 vaccines. J Control Release 2023; 355:655-674. [PMID: 36787821 PMCID: PMC9937028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of vaccines has always been an essential task worldwide since vaccines are regarded as powerful weapons in protecting the global population. Although the vast majority of currently authorized human vaccinations are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, exploring novel routes of immunization has been a prominent area of study in recent years. This is particularly relevant in the face of pandemic diseases, such as COVID-19, where respiratory immunization offers distinct advantages, such as inducing systemic and mucosal responses to prevent viral infections in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and also leading to higher patient compliance. However, the development of respiratory vaccines confronts challenges due to the physiological barriers of the respiratory tract, with most of these vaccines still in the research and development stage. In this review, we detail the structure of the respiratory tract and the mechanisms of mucosal immunity, as well as the obstacles to respiratory vaccination. We also examine the considerations necessary in constructing a COVID-19 respiratory vaccine, including the dosage form of the vaccines, potential excipients and mucosal adjuvants, and delivery systems and devices for respiratory vaccines. Finally, we present a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 respiratory vaccines currently under clinical investigation. We hope this review can provide valuable insights and inspiration for the future development of respiratory vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hairui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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113
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Magrin ME, Guarischi M, Liga F, Nicolotti M, Pielich I. Adherence to social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy: The role of autonomous motivation and defiance. J Health Psychol 2023; 28:230-240. [PMID: 35510615 PMCID: PMC9982415 DOI: 10.1177/13591053221093447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain social distancing in the long term, in the current COVID-19 scenario, people's motivation must be strong and of high quality. Many governments adopted measures enforcing social distancing. Enforcement, however, can produce feelings of defiance and backfiring effects. The present work aims at investigating the relationship between autonomous motivation and intentions to maintain social distancing, through adherence to recommendations and feelings of defiance. A sample of 502 Italian residents, from different parts of Italy, completed an online survey assessing their present behavior, levels of autonomous motivation and feelings of defiance, as well as intentions to observe social distancing in the short and long term. Results support the hypotheses that autonomous motivation is related to stronger intentions to maintain social distancing, particularly in the long term, and that feelings of defiance mediate this relationship. These results underline importance of promoting understanding and internalizing reasons for social distancing, beyond norms.
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114
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Beukenhorst AL, Koch CM, Hadjichrysanthou C, Alter G, de Wolf F, Anderson RM, Goudsmit J. SARS-CoV-2 elicits non-sterilizing immunity and evades vaccine-induced immunity: implications for future vaccination strategies. Eur J Epidemiol 2023; 38:237-242. [PMID: 36738380 PMCID: PMC9898703 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-023-00965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neither vaccination nor natural infection result in long-lasting protection against SARS-COV-2 infection and transmission, but both reduce the risk of severe COVID-19. To generate insights into optimal vaccination strategies for prevention of severe COVID-19 in the population, we extended a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) mathematical model to compare the impact of vaccines that are highly protective against severe COVID-19 but not against infection and transmission, with those that block SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our analysis shows that vaccination strategies focusing on the prevention of severe COVID-19 are more effective than those focusing on creating of herd immunity. Key uncertainties that would affect the choice of vaccination strategies are: (1) the duration of protection against severe disease, (2) the protection against severe disease from variants that escape vaccine-induced immunity, (3) the incidence of long-COVID and level of protection provided by the vaccine, and (4) the rate of serious adverse events following vaccination, stratified by demographic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Beukenhorst
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
- Leyden Laboratories BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frank de Wolf
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roy M Anderson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Leyden Laboratories BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Departments of Epidemiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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115
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Issakhov A, Omarova P, Abylkassymova A. Numerical simulation of social distancing of preventing airborne transmission in open space with lateral wind direction, taking into account temperature of human body and floor surface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:33206-33228. [PMID: 36478554 PMCID: PMC9734804 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the numerical results of particle propagation in open space, taking into account the temperature of the human body and the surface of the ground. And also, the settling of particles or droplets under the action of gravitational force and transport in the open air is taken into account, taking into account the temperature during the process of breathing and sneezing or coughing. The temperature of the body and the surface of the ground, different rates of particle emission from the mouth, such as breathing and coughing or sneezing, are numerically investigated. The effect of temperature, cross-inlet wind, and the velocity of particle ejection from a person's mouth on social distancing is being investigated using a numerical calculation. The variable temperature of the human body forms a thermal plume, which affects the increase in the trajectory of the particle propagation, taking into account the lateral air flow. The thermal plume affects the particles in the breathing zone and spreads the particles over long distances in the direction of the airflow. The result of this work shows that in open space, taking into account the temperature of the body and the surface of the ground, a 2-m social distance may be insufficient for the process of sneezing and social distance must be observed depending on the breathing mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alibek Issakhov
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Present Address: Kazakh British Technical University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- International Information Technology University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Perizat Omarova
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Aizhan Abylkassymova
- Present Address: Kazakh British Technical University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
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116
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Wu J, Shen Z, Li Q, Tarimo CS, Wang M, Gu J, Wei W, Zhang X, Huang Y, Ma M, Xu D, Ojangba T, Miao Y. How urban versus rural residency relates to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A large-scale national Chinese study. Soc Sci Med 2023; 320:115695. [PMID: 36736053 PMCID: PMC9846885 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although urban-rural residency has been shown to influence individual COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, the differences between urban and rural China have yet to be uncovered. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the current prevalence and factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in urban and rural areas and explore whether the rural versus urban residency is associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. METHODS A national, cross-sectional, online survey among Chinese urban and rural adults (≥18 years old) was conducted from 6th to August 9, 2021. A questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic factors, perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccination status. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the factors that influence COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to explore the association between urban versus rural residency and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS In total, 29,925 participants (80.56% urban participants) were recruited. Urban participants had a higher COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy than their rural counterparts (9.39% vs. 4.26%). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among females was lower than that in males in both urban (aOR = 0.78, 95% CI [0.69-0.88]) and rural areas (aOR = 0.54, 95% CI [0.39-0.75]). The lack of trust towards vaccine producers was found to be associated with vaccine hesitancy among the urban participants (aOR = 2.76, 95% CI [2.22-3.43]). The rural floating population had a lower COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy than the rural permanent residents (aOR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.42-0.80]). PSM analysis revealed a 2.38% difference in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy between urban and rural participants. CONCLUSIONS Urban participants were more hesitant to receive the COVID-19 vaccine than rural participants. Priority should be placed on boosting confidence in the healthcare system to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among urban residents. Furthermore, we advocate for extra incentives and vaccination education for rural permanent residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China; Henan Province Engineering, Research Center of Health Economy & Health Technology Assessment, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanlei Shen
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China; Henan Province Engineering, Research Center of Health Economy & Health Technology Assessment, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanman Li
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China; Henan Province Engineering, Research Center of Health Economy & Health Technology Assessment, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Clifford Silver Tarimo
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China; Henan Province Engineering, Research Center of Health Economy & Health Technology Assessment, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China; Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Meiyun Wang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqin Gu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Huang
- Manage and service Center of Wuhou Medical Institutes, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingze Ma
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China; Henan Province Engineering, Research Center of Health Economy & Health Technology Assessment, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Xu
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China; Henan Province Engineering, Research Center of Health Economy & Health Technology Assessment, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Theodora Ojangba
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China; Henan Province Engineering, Research Center of Health Economy & Health Technology Assessment, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Miao
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China; Henan Province Engineering, Research Center of Health Economy & Health Technology Assessment, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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117
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Are EB, Song Y, Stockdale JE, Tupper P, Colijn C. COVID-19 endgame: From pandemic to endemic? Vaccination, reopening and evolution in low- and high-vaccinated populations. J Theor Biol 2023; 559:111368. [PMID: 36436733 PMCID: PMC9686052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 remains a major public health concern, with large resurgences even where there has been widespread uptake of vaccines. Waning immunity and the emergence of new variants will shape the long-term burden and dynamics of COVID-19. We explore the transition to the endemic state, and the endemic incidence in British Columbia (BC), Canada and South Africa (SA), to compare low and high vaccination coverage settings with differing public health policies, using a combination of modelling approaches. We compare reopening (relaxation of public health measures) gradually and rapidly as well as at different vaccination levels. We examine how the eventual endemic state depends on the duration of immunity, the rate of importations, the efficacy of vaccines and the transmissibility. These depend on the evolution of the virus, which continues to undergo selection. Slower reopening leads to a lower peak level of incidence and fewer overall infections in the wave following reopening: as much as a 60% lower peak and a 10% lower total in some illustrative simulations; under realistic parameters, reopening when 70% of the population is vaccinated leads to a large resurgence in cases. The long-term endemic behaviour may stabilize as late as January 2023, with further waves of high incidence occurring depending on the transmissibility of the prevalent variant, duration of immunity, and antigenic drift. We find that long term endemic levels are not necessarily lower than current pandemic levels: in a population of 100,000 with representative parameter settings (Reproduction number 5, 1-year duration of immunity, vaccine efficacy at 80% and importations at 3 cases per 100K per day) there are over 100 daily incident cases in the model. Predicted prevalence at endemicity has increased more than twofold after the emergence and spread of Omicron. The consequent burden on health care systems depends on the severity of infection in immunized or previously infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha B Are
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Yexuan Song
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jessica E Stockdale
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Paul Tupper
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Caroline Colijn
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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118
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Jarvas G, Szerenyi D, Jankovics H, Vonderviszt F, Tovari J, Takacs L, Foldes F, Somogyi B, Jakab F, Guttman A. Microbead-based extracorporeal immuno-affinity virus capture: a feasibility study to address the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:95. [PMID: 36808576 PMCID: PMC9937867 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the utilization of micro-technology based tools to fight viral infections. Inspired by various hemoperfusion and immune-affinity capture systems, a blood virus depletion device has been developed that offers highly efficient capture and removal of the targeted virus from the circulation, thus decreasing virus load. Single-domain antibodies against the Wuhan (VHH-72) virus strain produced by recombinant DNA technology were immobilized on the surface of glass micro-beads, which were then utilized as stationary phase. For feasibility testing, the virus suspension was flown through the prototype immune-affinity device that captured the viruses and the filtered media left the column. The feasibility test of the proposed technology was performed in a Biosafety Level 4 classified laboratory using the Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain. The laboratory scale device actually captured 120,000 virus particles from the culture media circulation proving the feasibility of the suggested technology. This performance has an estimated capture ability of 15 million virus particles by using the therapeutic size column design, representing three times over-engineering with the assumption of 5 million genomic virus copies in an average viremic patient. Our results suggested that this new therapeutic virus capture device could significantly lower virus load thus preventing the development of more severe COVID-19 cases and consequently reducing mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Jarvas
- Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Dora Szerenyi
- Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Jankovics
- Bio-Nanosystems Laboratory, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Vonderviszt
- Bio-Nanosystems Laboratory, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Tovari
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Takacs
- Laboratory of Monoclonal Antibody Proteomics, Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Fanni Foldes
- National Virology Laboratory, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Somogyi
- National Virology Laboratory, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- National Virology Laboratory, BSL-4 Laboratory, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andras Guttman
- Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary.
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119
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Zhou Y, Lu X, Wang X, Ying T, Tan X. Potent Therapeutic Strategies for COVID-19 with Single-Domain Antibody Immunoliposomes Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and Lip/cGAMP Enhancing Protective Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044068. [PMID: 36835479 PMCID: PMC9966208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of COVID-19 continues to impact our lives and has led to unprecedented damage to global health and the economy. This highlights the need for an efficient approach to rapidly develop therapeutics and prophylactics against SARS-CoV-2. We modified a single-domain antibody, SARS-CoV-2 VHH, to the surface of the liposomes. These immunoliposomes demonstrated a good neutralizing ability, but could also carry therapeutic compounds. Furthermore, we used the 2019-nCoV RBD-SD1 protein as an antigen with Lip/cGAMP as the adjuvant to immunize mice. Lip/cGAMP enhanced the immunity well. It was demonstrated that the combination of RBD-SD1 and Lip/cGAMP was an effective preventive vaccine. This work presented potent therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs and an effective vaccine to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence:
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120
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Taboe HB, Asare-Baah M, Iboi EA, Ngonghala CN. Critical assessment of the impact of vaccine-type and immunity on the burden of COVID-19. Math Biosci 2023; 360:108981. [PMID: 36803672 PMCID: PMC9933549 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.108981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a devastating impact on health systems and economies across the globe. Implementing public health measures in tandem with effective vaccination strategies have been instrumental in curtailing the burden of the pandemic. With the three vaccines authorized for use in the U.S. having varying efficacies and waning effects against major COVID-19 strains, understanding the impact of these vaccines on COVID-19 incidence and fatalities is critical. Here, we formulate and use mathematical models to assess the impact of vaccine type, vaccination and booster uptake, and waning of natural and vaccine-induced immunity on the incidence and fatalities of COVID-19 and to predict future trends of the disease in the U.S. when existing control measures are reinforced or relaxed. The results show a 5-fold reduction in the control reproduction number during the initial vaccination period and a 1.8-fold (2-fold) reduction in the control reproduction number during the initial first booster (second booster) uptake period, compared to the respective previous periods. Due to waning of vaccine-induced immunity, vaccinating up to 96% of the U.S. population might be required to attain herd immunity, if booster uptake is low. Additionally, vaccinating and boosting more people from the onset of vaccination and booster uptake, especially with the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines (which confer superior protection than the Johnson & Johnson vaccine) would have led to a significant reduction in COVID-19 cases and deaths in the U.S. Furthermore, adopting natural immunity-boosting measures is important in fighting COVID-19 and transmission rate reduction measures such as mask-use are critical in combating COVID-19. The emergence of a more transmissible COVID-19 variant, or early relaxation of existing control measures can lead to a more devastating wave, especially if transmission rate reduction measures and vaccination are relaxed simultaneously, while chances of containing the pandemic are enhanced if both vaccination and transmission rate reduction measures are reinforced simultaneously. We conclude that maintaining or improving existing control measures, and boosting with mRNA vaccines are critical in curtailing the burden of the pandemic in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemaho B. Taboe
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael Asare-Baah
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100231, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Enahoro A. Iboi
- Department of Mathematics, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA 30314, United States
| | - Calistus N. Ngonghala
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Harrison CM, Doster JM, Landwehr EH, Kumar NP, White EJ, Beachboard DC, Stobart CC. Evaluating the Virology and Evolution of Seasonal Human Coronaviruses Associated with the Common Cold in the COVID-19 Era. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020445. [PMID: 36838410 PMCID: PMC9961755 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15-30% of all cases of the common cold are due to human coronavirus infections. More recently, the emergence of the more severe respiratory coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, have highlighted the increased pathogenic potential of emergent coronaviruses. Lastly, the current emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated not only the potential for significant disease caused by emerging coronaviruses, but also the capacity of novel coronaviruses to promote pandemic spread. Largely driven by the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic, significant research in coronavirus biology has led to advances in our understanding of these viruses. In this review, we evaluate the virology, emergence, and evolution of the four endemic coronaviruses associated with the common cold, their relationship to pandemic SARS-CoV-2, and discuss the potential for future emergent human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M. Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Jayden M. Doster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Emily H. Landwehr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Nidhi P. Kumar
- Department of Biology, DeSales University, Central Valley, PA 18034, USA
| | - Ethan J. White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Dia C. Beachboard
- Department of Biology, DeSales University, Central Valley, PA 18034, USA
| | - Christopher C. Stobart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
- Correspondence:
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Nowak SA, Nascimento de Lima P, Vardavas R. Optimal non-pharmaceutical pandemic response strategies depend critically on time horizons and costs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2416. [PMID: 36765151 PMCID: PMC9912209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has called for swift action from local governments, which have instated non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to curb the spread of the disease. The swift implementation of social distancing policies has raised questions about the costs and benefits of strategies that either aim to keep cases as low as possible (suppression) or aim to reach herd immunity quickly (mitigation) to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. While curbing COVID-19 required blunt instruments, it is unclear whether a less-transmissible and less-deadly emerging pathogen would justify the same response. This paper illuminates this question using a parsimonious transmission model by formulating the social distancing lives vs. livelihoods dilemma as a boundary value problem using calculus of variations. In this setup, society balances the costs and benefits of social distancing contingent on the costs of reducing transmission relative to the burden imposed by the disease. We consider both single-objective and multi-objective formulations of the problem. To the best of our knowledge, our approach is distinct in the sense that strategies emerge from the problem structure rather than being imposed a priori. We find that the relative time-horizon of the pandemic (i.e., the time it takes to develop effective vaccines and treatments) and the relative cost of social distancing influence the choice of the optimal policy. Unsurprisingly, we find that the appropriate policy response depends on these two factors. We discuss the conditions under which each policy archetype (suppression vs. mitigation) appears to be the most appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Nowak
- Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Escalera-Zamudio M, Kosakovsky Pond SL, de la Viña NM, Gutiérrez B, Inward RPD, Thézé J, van Dorp L, Castelán-Sánchez HG, Bowden TA, Pybus OG, Hulswit RJG. Identification of evolutionary trajectories shared across human betacoronaviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2021.05.24.445313. [PMID: 34075377 PMCID: PMC8168386 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.24.445313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparing the evolution of distantly related viruses can provide insights into common adaptive processes related to shared ecological niches. Phylogenetic approaches, coupled with other molecular evolution tools, can help identify mutations informative on adaptation, whilst the structural contextualization of these to functional sites of proteins may help gain insight into their biological properties. Two zoonotic betacoronaviruses capable of sustained human-to-human transmission have caused pandemics in recent times (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2), whilst a third virus (MERS-CoV) is responsible for sporadic outbreaks linked to animal infections. Moreover, two other betacoronaviruses have circulated endemically in humans for decades (HKU1 and OC43). To search for evidence of adaptive convergence between established and emerging betacoronaviruses capable of sustained human-to-human transmission (HKU1, OC43, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2), we developed a methodological pipeline to classify shared non-synonymous mutations as putatively denoting homoplasy (repeated mutations that do not share direct common ancestry) or stepwise evolution (sequential mutations leading towards a novel genotype). In parallel, we look for evidence of positive selection, and draw upon protein structure data to identify potential biological implications. We find 30 mutations, with four of these [codon sites 18121 (nsp14/residue 28), 21623 (spike/21), 21635 (spike/25) and 23948 (spike/796); SARS-CoV-2 genome numbering] displaying evolution under positive selection and proximity to functional protein regions. Our findings shed light on potential mechanisms underlying betacoronavirus adaptation to the human host and pinpoint common mutational pathways that may occur during establishment of human endemicity.
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Wang P, Liu H, Zheng X, Ma R. A new method for spatio-temporal transmission prediction of COVID-19. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2023; 167:112996. [PMID: 36589549 PMCID: PMC9792945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is the most serious public health event of the 21st century and has had a huge impact across the world. The spatio-temporal pattern analysis and simulation of epidemic spread have become the focus of current research. LSTM model has made a lot of achievements in the prediction of infectious diseases by virtue of its advantages in time prediction, but lacks the spatial expression. CA model plays an important role in epidemic spatial propagation modeling due to its unique evolution characteristics from local to global. However, no existing studies of CA have considered long-term dependence due to the impact of time changes on the evolution of the epidemic, and few have modeled using location data from actual diagnosed patients. Therefore, we proposed a LSTM-CA model to solve above mentioned problems. Base on the advantages of LSTM in temporal level and CA in spatial level, LSTM and CA are integrated from the spatio-temporal perspective of geography based on the fine-grained characteristics of epidemic data. The method divides the study area into regular grids, simulates the spatial interactions between neighborhood cells with the help of CA model, and extracts the parameters affecting the transition probability in CA with the help of LSTM model to assist evolution. Simulations are conducted in Python 3.4 to model the propagation of COVID-19 between Feb, 6 to Mar 20, 2020 in China. Experimental results show that, LSTM-CA performs a higher statistical accuracy than LSTM and spatial accuracy than CA, which could demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. This method could be universal for the temporal and spatial transmission of major public health events. Especially in the early stage of the epidemic, we can quickly understand its development trend and cycle, so as to provide an important reference for epidemic prevention and control and public sentiment counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- School of Economic and Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqi Zheng
- School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Territory Spatial Big-data, MNR of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifang Ma
- School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
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Wang L, Wang Y, Cheng X, Li X, Li J. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on lung cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Transl Oncol 2023; 28:101605. [PMID: 36568513 PMCID: PMC9760620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a great challenge to the treatment of lung cancer patients. Materials and methods The PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies published before March 15, 2022, and Stata 14.0 software was used to perform a meta-analysis with a random-effects model. The odds ratio (OR) along with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported. Results Our meta-analysis included 80 articles with 318,352 patients involved. The proportion of lung cancer patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was 2.4% (95% CI: 0.02-0.03) prior to the Omicron variant outbreak. Among COVID-19 patients, those with lung cancer showed a higher mortality rate than those with other types of malignant solid tumors (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.61-2.06) and non-cancer patients (OR = 4.67, 95% CI: 3.61-6.05); however, no significant difference was observed in the mortality rate between patients with lung cancer and those with hematologic malignancies (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.85-1.33). SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly increased the mortality rate in lung cancer patients (OR = 8.94, 95% CI: 6.50-12.31). By contrast, the all-cause mortality rate in lung cancer patients (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.69-1.57) and the proportion of patients diagnosed with advanced lung cancer (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.85-1.27) did not significantly change before and after the pandemic. Conclusions More attention should be paid on improving the health of lung cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xianbin Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xingzhao Li
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China.
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Disaster Preparedness Among Nurses in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. THE JOURNAL OF NURSING RESEARCH : JNR 2023; 31:e255. [PMID: 36469007 DOI: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly frequent global disasters such as coronavirus disease 2019 pose a threat to human health and life. The World Health Organization has called on countries to formulate detailed plans to prepare for disasters. It is critical to investigate and evaluate the disaster preparedness of nurses. PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the disaster preparedness and psychological condition of nurses in China and analyze the significant factors influencing their disaster preparedness. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2020, and 1,313 nurses were enrolled using convenience sampling. The study questionnaires were distributed and collected via a networking platform equivalent to Amazon Mechanical Turk. The disaster preparedness of the respondents was measured using the Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to evaluate anxiety and depression status, and a self-designed questionnaire developed based on a review of the literature was used to explore the potential factors of influence on disaster preparedness. RESULTS The average score for disaster preparedness among the participants was 186.34 ( SD = 40.80), which corresponded with a moderate level, especially in skill (mean score = 42.01, SD = 12.39). Items with higher scores included support for the government, personal protection, and health education, whereas items with lower scores included nursing leadership in the community, capacity to cope with chemical or biological attacks, and assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Disaster preparedness was negatively related with mental health, including depression and anxiety. The main factors affecting disaster preparedness included educational background, nursing specialty, prior disaster training, prior disaster rescue experience, and depression level. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The disaster preparedness of Chinese nurses must be improved. More attention should be paid to disaster preparedness in nurses, and future tailored interventions are urgently needed to promote nursing leadership in the community, the ability to cope with chemical or biological attacks, and posttraumatic stress disorder assessments. Moreover, relieving negative emotions to promote the mental health of nurses should receive greater attention.
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127
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Lim MJR, Yeo J, Fong KY, Eng SWO, Fu S, Tan BYQ, Yeo LLL, Nga VDW, Yeo TT. Characteristics of subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and descriptive analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:106904. [PMID: 36442281 PMCID: PMC9678815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has been reported as a neurological manifestation in 0.1% of COVID-19 patients. This systematic review investigated the outcomes and predictive factors of SAH in patients with COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus from inception to 10th September 2021. Studies reporting SAH in COVID-19 patients were included. Demographic characteristics, risk factors for disease, severity of COVID-19, and mortality of SAH in COVID-19 patients were analyzed. Subgroup analyses stratified by COVID-19 severity and mortality were conducted. RESULTS 17 case reports, 11 case series, and 2 retrospective cohort studies, with a total of 345 cases of SAH in COVID-19 patients, were included for analysis. Most published cases were reported in the US. Mean age was 55±18.4 years, and 162 patients (48.5%) were female. 242 patients (73.8%) had severe-to-critical COVID-19, 56.7% had aneurysmal SAH, 71.4% were on anticoagulation, and 10.8% underwent surgical treatment. 136 out of 333 patients (40.8%) died. Among patients with severe-to-critical COVID-19, 11 out of 18 (61.1%) died, and 8 out of 8 (100.0%) were non-aneurysmal SAH. CONCLUSIONS SAH is a rare but morbid occurrence in COVID-19. The mortality rate of COVID-SAH patients was 40.8%, with a higher prevalence of severe-to-critical COVID-19 (100% versus 53.8%) and non-aneurysmal SAH (85.7% versus 44.6%) among COVID-SAH deaths. Given the changing landscape of COVID-19 variants, further studies investigating the association between COVID-19 and SAH may be warranted to identify the long-term effects of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn Jun Rui Lim
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Surgical Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jonathan Yeo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Khi Yung Fong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sean Wai-Onn Eng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuning Fu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Leonard Leong Litt Yeo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Vincent Diong Weng Nga
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Surgical Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tseng Tsai Yeo
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Surgical Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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128
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Lustig A, Vattiato G, Maclaren O, Watson LM, Datta S, Plank MJ. Modelling the impact of the Omicron BA.5 subvariant in New Zealand. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220698. [PMID: 36722072 PMCID: PMC9890098 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
New Zealand experienced a wave of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in early 2022, which occurred against a backdrop of high two-dose vaccination rates, ongoing roll-out of boosters and paediatric doses, and negligible levels of prior infection. New Omicron subvariants have subsequently emerged with a significant growth advantage over the previously dominant BA.2. We investigated a mathematical model that included waning of vaccine-derived and infection-derived immunity, as well as the impact of the BA.5 subvariant which began spreading in New Zealand in May 2022. The model was used to provide scenarios to the New Zealand Government with differing levels of BA.5 growth advantage, helping to inform policy response and healthcare system preparedness during the winter period. In all scenarios investigated, the projected peak in new infections during the BA.5 wave was smaller than in the first Omicron wave in March 2022. However, results indicated that the peak hospital occupancy was likely to be higher than in March 2022, primarily due to a shift in the age distribution of infections to older groups. We compare model results with subsequent epidemiological data and show that the model provided a good projection of cases, hospitalizations and deaths during the BA.5 wave.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgia Vattiato
- Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Maclaren
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leighton M. Watson
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Samik Datta
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael J. Plank
- Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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129
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, He S, Fang Y, Cheng Y, Shi Z, Shao C, Li C, Ying S, Gong Z, Liu Y, Dong L, Sun Y, Jia J, Stanley HE, Chen J. A general urban spreading pattern of COVID-19 and its underlying mechanism. NPJ URBAN SUSTAINABILITY 2023; 3:3. [PMID: 37521201 PMCID: PMC9883831 DOI: 10.1038/s42949-023-00082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the global situation of COVID-19 is aggravating, pressingly calling for efficient control and prevention measures. Understanding the spreading pattern of COVID-19 has been widely recognized as a vital step for implementing non-pharmaceutical measures. Previous studies explained the differences in contagion rates due to the urban socio-political measures, while fine-grained geographic urban spreading pattern still remains an open issue. Here, we fill this gap by leveraging the trajectory data of 197,808 smartphone users (including 17,808 anonymous confirmed cases) in nine cities in China. We find a general spreading pattern in all cities: the spatial distribution of confirmed cases follows a power-law-like model and the spreading centroid human mobility is time-invariant. Moreover, we reveal that long average traveling distance results in a high growth rate of spreading radius and wide spatial diffusion of confirmed cases in the fine-grained geographic model. With such insight, we adopt the Kendall model to simulate the urban spreading of COVID-19 which can well fit the real spreading process. Our results unveil the underlying mechanism behind the spatial-temporal urban evolution of COVID-19, and can be used to evaluate the performance of mobility restriction policies implemented by many governments and to estimate the evolving spreading situation of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshen Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shibo He
- College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Westlake Institute for Data Intelligence, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanggang Cheng
- College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Shi
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Collaborative sensing and autonomous unmanned systems of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cunqi Shao
- College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Gong
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Westlake Institute for Data Intelligence, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Westlake Institute for Data Intelligence, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youxian Sun
- College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Jia
- Shenzhen Finance Institute, School of Management and Economics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - H. Eugene Stanley
- Center for Polymer Studies and Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Jiming Chen
- College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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130
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Hällqvist J, Lane D, Shapanis A, Davis K, Heywood WE, Doykov I, Śpiewak J, Ghansah N, Keevil B, Gupta P, Jukes-Jones R, Singh R, Foley D, Vissers JPC, Pattison R, Ferries S, Wardle R, Bartlett A, Calton LJ, Anderson L, Razavi M, Pearson T, Pope M, Yip R, Ng LL, Nicholas BI, Bailey A, Noel D, Dalton RN, Heales S, Hopley C, Pitt AR, Barran P, Jones DJL, Mills K, Skipp P, Carling RS. Operation Moonshot: rapid translation of a SARS-CoV-2 targeted peptide immunoaffinity liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry test from research into routine clinical use. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:302-310. [PMID: 36395058 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During 2020, the UK's Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) established the Moonshot programme to fund various diagnostic approaches for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen behind the COVID-19 pandemic. Mass spectrometry was one of the technologies proposed to increase testing capacity. METHODS Moonshot funded a multi-phase development programme, bringing together experts from academia, industry and the NHS to develop a state-of-the-art targeted protein assay utilising enrichment and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to capture and detect low levels of tryptic peptides derived from SARS-CoV-2 virus. The assay relies on detection of target peptides, ADETQALPQRK (ADE) and AYNVTQAFGR (AYN), derived from the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2, measurement of which allowed the specific, sensitive, and robust detection of the virus from nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of LC-MS/MS was compared with reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) via a prospective study. RESULTS Analysis of NP swabs (n=361) with a median RT-qPCR quantification cycle (Cq) of 27 (range 16.7-39.1) demonstrated diagnostic sensitivity of 92.4% (87.4-95.5), specificity of 97.4% (94.0-98.9) and near total concordance with RT-qPCR (Cohen's Kappa 0.90). Excluding Cq>32 samples, sensitivity was 97.9% (94.1-99.3), specificity 97.4% (94.0-98.9) and Cohen's Kappa 0.95. CONCLUSIONS This unique collaboration between academia, industry and the NHS enabled development, translation, and validation of a SARS-CoV-2 method in NP swabs to be achieved in 5 months. This pilot provides a model and pipeline for future accelerated development and implementation of LC-MS/MS protein/peptide assays into the routine clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hällqvist
- University College London Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group Unit, London, UK
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Dan Lane
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrew Shapanis
- Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kayleigh Davis
- Biochemical Sciences, Synnovis, Guys & St Thomas' NHSFT, London, UK
| | - Wendy E Heywood
- University College London Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group Unit, London, UK
| | - Ivan Doykov
- University College London Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group Unit, London, UK
| | - Justyna Śpiewak
- University College London Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group Unit, London, UK
| | - Nana Ghansah
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital, London, UK
| | - Brian Keevil
- Department of Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rebekah Jukes-Jones
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
- van Geest MS-OMICS Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Raj Singh
- van Geest MS-OMICS Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dominic Foley
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Pattison
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Ferries
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA
| | - Robert Wardle
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA
| | - Amy Bartlett
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA
| | - Lisa J Calton
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA
| | - Leigh Anderson
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Morteza Razavi
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Terry Pearson
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Matt Pope
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Richard Yip
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Leong L Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- van Geest MS-OMICS Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Alistair Bailey
- Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dan Noel
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R Neil Dalton
- WellChild Laboratory, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simon Heales
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew R Pitt
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Perdita Barran
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Donald J L Jones
- van Geest MS-OMICS Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- University College London Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group Unit, London, UK
| | - Paul Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel S Carling
- Biochemical Sciences, Synnovis, Guys & St Thomas' NHSFT, London, UK
- GKT School Medical Education, Kings College London, London, UK
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131
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Aleta A, Blas-Laína JL, Tirado Anglés G, Moreno Y. Unraveling the COVID-19 hospitalization dynamics in Spain using Bayesian inference. BMC Med Res Methodol 2023; 23:24. [PMID: 36698070 PMCID: PMC9875773 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-023-01842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic is to make sense of available, but often heterogeneous and noisy data. This contribution presents a data-driven methodology that allows exploring the hospitalization dynamics of COVID-19, exemplified with a study of 17 autonomous regions in Spain from summer 2020 to summer 2021. METHODS We use data on new daily cases and hospitalizations reported by the Spanish Ministry of Health to implement a Bayesian inference method that allows making short-term predictions of bed occupancy of COVID-19 patients in each of the autonomous regions of the country. RESULTS We show how to use the temporal series for the number of daily admissions and discharges from hospital to reproduce the hospitalization dynamics of COVID-19 patients. For the case-study of the region of Aragon, we estimate that the probability of being admitted to hospital care upon infection is 0.090 [0.086-0.094], (95% C.I.), with the distribution governing hospital admission yielding a median interval of 3.5 days and an IQR of 7 days. Likewise, the distribution on the length of stay produces estimates of 12 days for the median and 10 days for the IQR. A comparison between model parameters for the regions analyzed allows to detect differences and changes in policies of the health authorities. CONCLUSIONS We observe important regional differences, signaling that to properly compare very different populations, it is paramount to acknowledge all the diversity in terms of culture, socio-economic status, and resource availability. To better understand the impact of this pandemic, much more data, disaggregated and properly annotated, should be made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aleta
- grid.418750.f0000 0004 1759 3658ISI Foundation, Via Chisola 5, 10126 Torino, Italy ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Blas-Laína
- grid.413293.e0000 0004 1764 9746Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo (Jefe de Servicio), Hospital Royo Villanova, Av San Gregorio s/n, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gabriel Tirado Anglés
- grid.413293.e0000 0004 1764 9746Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (Jefe de Servicio), Hospital Royo Villanova, Av San Gregorio s/n, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yamir Moreno
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain ,Centai Institute, 10138 Torino, Italy ,grid.484678.1Complexity Science Hub, 1080 Vienna, Austria
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Enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19 retratado nas Universidades Públicas Federais do Brasil. ACTA PAUL ENFERM 2023. [DOI: 10.37689/acta-ape/2023ao00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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133
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Stolerman LM, Clemente L, Poirier C, Parag KV, Majumder A, Masyn S, Resch B, Santillana M. Using digital traces to build prospective and real-time county-level early warning systems to anticipate COVID-19 outbreaks in the United States. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq0199. [PMID: 36652520 PMCID: PMC9848273 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to affect the world, and the design of strategies to curb disease outbreaks requires close monitoring of their trajectories. We present machine learning methods that leverage internet-based digital traces to anticipate sharp increases in COVID-19 activity in U.S. counties. In a complementary direction to the efforts led by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), our models are designed to detect the time when an uptrend in COVID-19 activity will occur. Motivated by the need for finer spatial resolution epidemiological insights, we build upon previous efforts conceived at the state level. Our methods-tested in an out-of-sample manner, as events were unfolding, in 97 counties representative of multiple population sizes across the United States-frequently anticipated increases in COVID-19 activity 1 to 6 weeks before local outbreaks, defined when the effective reproduction number Rt becomes larger than 1 for a period of 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. Stolerman
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Leonardo Clemente
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Machine Intelligence Group for the Betterment of Health and the Environment, Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Canelle Poirier
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kris V. Parag
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Serge Masyn
- Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bernd Resch
- Department of Geoinformatics - Z-GIS, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mauricio Santillana
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Machine Intelligence Group for the Betterment of Health and the Environment, Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard University, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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134
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Zhang YX, Feng K, Liao MY, Yan H. Comparison of ocular trauma between normalized and the COVID-19 epidemic periods in China: a multi-center cross-sectional study. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:10-15. [PMID: 36659951 PMCID: PMC9815975 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the feature of ocular trauma between normalized period and the COVID-19 epidemic period in China, and to provide a profile for eye injuries in special times in future. METHODS This is a multi-center cross-sectional study with 30 participated hospitals involving the China Ocular Trauma Society members. All hospitalized cases who visited the Ophthalmology Department in participated hospitals with eye injuries during the normalized period (2019) and the COVID-19 epidemic period (2020) were included in this study. Demographic characteristic of cases, date of injury, sites and types of injury were collected. RESULTS This study involved 13 525 (61 cases with both eyes) injured cases. There were 7269 (53.74%) eye-injured cases and 6256 (46.26%) eye-injured cases in 2019 and 2020 separately. Compared with 2019, the incidence of ocular trauma in retirees, housewives and unemployed increased with year-on-year of 4.96%, 102.67%, and 11.64% among all occupations. In 2020, the incidence of eye injuries decreased in all injury sites except for an increase in home (30.29% year-on-year). The incidence of mechanical eye injuries decreased, while that of non-mechanical eye injuries (chemical/thermal/radiation) increased (47.45% year-on-year). There were 255 (3.51%, 255/7269) and 376 (6.01%, 376/6256) non-mechanical injured cases in 2019 and 2020 (Pearson Chi2=47.33, P<0.001) separately. CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 epidemic period, the total cases of ocular trauma decrease but the proportion of non-mechanical ocular trauma increase. Penetrating is still the highest proportion among all types of mechanical ocular trauma. From a preventive point of view, protection for retired persons, housewives and unemployed persons should be improved during public health events period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kang Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng-Yu Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Gerretsen P, Kim J, Brown EE, Quilty LC, Wells S, Caravaggio F, Song J, Sanches M, Agic B, Pollock BG, Graff-Guerrero A. Determinants of social distancing adherence. Front Public Health 2023; 10:977857. [PMID: 36711412 PMCID: PMC9879577 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.977857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Governments and public health authorities across many jurisdictions implemented social (physical) distancing measures to contain the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Adherence to these measures is variable and likely influenced by various factors. This study aimed to 1) identify the individual sociodemographic, COVID-19 and social distancing related, and psychological determinants of social distancing adherence, and 2) explore regional differences in social distancing adherence in the United States (U.S.) and English-speaking Canada based on each region's discrepant response to social distancing restrictions. Methods A web-based repeated cross-sectional survey was conducted in 4,942 English-speaking participants from the four most populous U.S. states, specifically New York, California, Texas, and Florida, and Canada (www.covid19-database.com). The study was conducted at two timepoints, from May 1 to 5, 2020 (n = 1,019, Canadian participants only) and from July 6 to 10, 2020 (n = 3,923). Separate univariate models were computed for individual sociodemographic, COVID-19 and social distancing related, and psychological determinants of social distancing adherence. To determine the total variance explained, a univariate analysis including all of the determinants was performed. Regional differences in social distancing were compared between the four U.S. states and Canada, and between the U.S. as a whole and Canada. Results Adherence to social distancing was higher in May (mean = 4.4/5.0±0.7) compared to July (mean = 4.3/5.0±0.7) [t (4940) = 6.96, p < 0.001], likely a reflection of relaxing restrictions. There were no regional differences in adherence. Sociodemographic, COVID-19 and social distancing related, and psychological determinants explained 10, 36, and 23% of the variance of social distancing adherence, respectively. Higher perceived seriousness of COVID-19 [β (SE) = 0.39 (0.01), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.22], lower risk propensity [β (SE) = -0.15 (0.01), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.06], germ aversion [β (SE) = 0.12 (0.01), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.03], age [β (SE) = 0.01 (0.00), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.02], and greater social support [β (SE) = 0.03 (0.00), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.02] had the largest effects on social distancing adherence. Conclusion Public service initiatives to emphasize the serious consequences of infection and targeted interventions toward certain sociodemographic groups, such as younger adults and vulnerable individuals in greater need of social support, may help enhance the public's adherence to social distancing measures during subsequent waves of COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gerretsen
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Philip Gerretsen ;
| | - Julia Kim
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric E. Brown
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lena C. Quilty
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha Wells
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianmeng Song
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcos Sanches
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Branka Agic
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Provincial System Support Program (PSSP), CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce G. Pollock
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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136
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Ullah Z, Usman M, Latif S, Gwak J. Densely attention mechanism based network for COVID-19 detection in chest X-rays. Sci Rep 2023; 13:261. [PMID: 36609667 PMCID: PMC9816547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Automatic COVID-19 detection using chest X-ray (CXR) can play a vital part in large-scale screening and epidemic control. However, the radiographic features of CXR have different composite appearances, for instance, diffuse reticular-nodular opacities and widespread ground-glass opacities. This makes the automatic recognition of COVID-19 using CXR imaging a challenging task. To overcome this issue, we propose a densely attention mechanism-based network (DAM-Net) for COVID-19 detection in CXR. DAM-Net adaptively extracts spatial features of COVID-19 from the infected regions with various appearances and scales. Our proposed DAM-Net is composed of dense layers, channel attention layers, adaptive downsampling layer, and label smoothing regularization loss function. Dense layers extract the spatial features and the channel attention approach adaptively builds up the weights of major feature channels and suppresses the redundant feature representations. We use the cross-entropy loss function based on label smoothing to limit the effect of interclass similarity upon feature representations. The network is trained and tested on the largest publicly available dataset, i.e., COVIDx, consisting of 17,342 CXRs. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach obtains state-of-the-art results for COVID-19 classification with an accuracy of 97.22%, a sensitivity of 96.87%, a specificity of 99.12%, and a precision of 95.54%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Ullah
- Department of Software, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Siddique Latif
- Faculty of Health and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4300, Australia
| | - Jeonghwan Gwak
- Department of Software, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, South Korea.
- Department of AI Robotics Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, South Korea.
- Department of IT. Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, South Korea.
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137
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Maryam S, Ul Haq I, Yahya G, Ul Haq M, Algammal AM, Saber S, Cavalu S. COVID-19 surveillance in wastewater: An epidemiological tool for the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:978643. [PMID: 36683701 PMCID: PMC9854263 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.978643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted a lot of questions globally regarding the range of information about the virus's possible routes of transmission, diagnostics, and therapeutic tools. Worldwide studies have pointed out the importance of monitoring and early surveillance techniques based on the identification of viral RNA in wastewater. These studies indicated the presence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in human feces, which is shed via excreta including mucus, feces, saliva, and sputum. Subsequently, they get dumped into wastewater, and their presence in wastewater provides a possibility of using it as a tool to help prevent and eradicate the virus. Its monitoring is still done in many regions worldwide and serves as an early "warning signal"; however, a lot of limitations of wastewater surveillance have also been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, The Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, The Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Polymers Technology, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mehboob Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, The Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdelazeem M. Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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138
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Auerbach JD, Forsyth AD, Davey C, Hargreaves JR. Living with COVID-19 and preparing for future pandemics: revisiting lessons from the HIV pandemic. Lancet HIV 2023; 10:e62-e68. [PMID: 36370713 PMCID: PMC9764384 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(22)00301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In April, 2020, just months into the COVID-19 pandemic, an international group of public health researchers published three lessons learned from the HIV pandemic for the response to COVID-19, which were to: anticipate health inequalities, create an enabling environment to support behavioural change, and engage a multidisciplinary effort. We revisit these lessons in light of more than 2 years' experience with the COVID-19 pandemic. With specific examples, we detail how inequalities have played out within and between countries, highlight factors that support or impede the creation of enabling environments, and note ongoing issues with the scarcity of integrated science and health system approaches. We argue that to better apply lessons learned as the COVID-19 pandemic matures and other infectious disease outbreaks emerge, it will be imperative to create dialogue among polarised perspectives, identify shared priorities, and draw on multidisciplinary evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith D Auerbach
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Calum Davey
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - James R Hargreaves
- Department of Epidemiology and Evaluation, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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139
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Ballouz D, Issa R, Sawant OB, Hurlbert S, Titus MS, Zhou Y, Musch DC, Majmudar PA, Kumar A, Mian SI. COVID-19 and Eye Banking: Ongoing Impacts of the Pandemic. Cornea 2023; 42:89-96. [PMID: 36256386 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of ongoing waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting guidelines on the corneal donor pool with resumption of clinical operations. METHODS A retrospective analysis of donors deemed eligible for corneal transplantation at an eye bank from July 1, 2020, through December 31, 2021. Donors ineligible due to meeting Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) COVID-19 guidelines or a positive postmortem COVID-19 testing were examined. The correlation between COVID-19 rule outs and state COVID positivity was calculated. The number of scheduled surgeries, suitable corneas, imports, and international exports was compared with a pre-COVID period. Postmortem testing was reduced for the final 5 months of the study, and numbers were compared before and after the policy change. RESULTS 2.85% of referrals to the eye bank were ruled out because of EBAA guidelines. 3.2% of postmortem tests were positive or indeterminate resulting in an ineligible tissue donor (0.42% of referrals). Over the 18-month period, there was a 4.30% shortage of suitable corneas compared with transplantation procedures. There was a significant correlation between postmortem testing and state COVID-19 positivity (r = 0.37, P <0.01), but not with EBAA guidelines (r = 0.19, P = 0.07). When postmortem testing was reduced, significantly more corneas were exported internationally. CONCLUSIONS Although corneal transplant procedures were back to normal levels, there was a shortage of suitable corneal tissue. The discontinuation of postmortem testing was associated with a significant increase in international exports of corneal donor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Ballouz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rafik Issa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Onkar B Sawant
- Center for Vision and Eye Banking Research, Eversight, Cleveland, OH
| | - Susan Hurlbert
- Department of Clinical Operations, Eversight, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Yunshu Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Eye Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David C Musch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rush University, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Parag A Majmudar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rush University, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Shahzad I Mian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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140
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Cooper D, Garga V, Luengo-Prado MJ, Tang J. The mitigating effect of masks on the spread of Covid-19. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2023; 48:101195. [PMID: 36495804 PMCID: PMC9663388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We use US state-level data from early in the pandemic -March 15, 2020 to November 15, 2020- to estimate the effects of mask mandates and compliance with mandates on Covid-19 cases and deaths, conditional on mobility. A one-standard-deviation increase in mobility is associated with a 6 to 20 percent increase in the cases growth rate; a mask mandate can offset about one third of this increase with our most conservative estimates. Also, mask mandates are more effective in states with higher compliance. Given realized mobility, our estimates imply that total infections in the US on November 15, 2020 would have been 23.7 to 30.4 percent lower if a national mask mandate had been enacted on May 15, 2020. This reduction in cases translates to a 25 to 35 percent smaller decline in aggregate hours worked over the same period relative to a 2019 baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cooper
- Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 600 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, United States of America.
| | - Vaishali Garga
- Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 600 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, United States of America.
| | - María José Luengo-Prado
- Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 600 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, United States of America.
| | - Jenny Tang
- Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 600 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, United States of America.
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141
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Van Yperen J, Campillo-Funollet E, Inkpen R, Memon A, Madzvamuse A. A hospital demand and capacity intervention approach for COVID-19. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283350. [PMID: 37134085 PMCID: PMC10156009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mathematical interpretation of interventions for the mitigation of epidemics in the literature often involves finding the optimal time to initiate an intervention and/or the use of the number of infections to manage impact. Whilst these methods may work in theory, in order to implement effectively they may require information which is not likely to be available in the midst of an epidemic, or they may require impeccable data about infection levels in the community. In reality, testing and cases data can only be as good as the policy of implementation and the compliance of the individuals, which implies that accurately estimating the levels of infections becomes difficult or complicated from the data that is provided. In this paper, we demonstrate a different approach to the mathematical modelling of interventions, not based on optimality or cases, but based on demand and capacity of hospitals who have to deal with the epidemic on a day to day basis. In particular, we use data-driven modelling to calibrate a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered-died type model to infer parameters that depict the dynamics of the epidemic in several regions of the UK. We use the calibrated parameters for forecasting scenarios and understand, given a maximum capacity of hospital healthcare services, how the timing of interventions, severity of interventions, and conditions for the releasing of interventions affect the overall epidemic-picture. We provide an optimisation method to capture when, in terms of healthcare demand, an intervention should be put into place given a maximum capacity on the service. By using an equivalent agent-based approach, we demonstrate uncertainty quantification on the likelihood that capacity is not breached, by how much if it does, and the limit on demand that almost guarantees capacity is not breached.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Van Yperen
- Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Eduard Campillo-Funollet
- Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical, Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Inkpen
- Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Anjum Memon
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Anotida Madzvamuse
- Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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142
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So B, Kwon KH. A 'health message' on sustainable physical and mental health for the prolonged COVID-19 and other pandemics. Postgrad Med 2023; 135:13-30. [PMID: 36219130 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2022.2134693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The world has been living with another pandemic physical inactivity (PI) and sedentary behavior (SB) and of other nature for years. As social measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have been strengthened, the physical activity (PA) barrier has been hit and the PI/SB pandemic has been exacerbated, and in the current situation, triggered by its prolonged period, it is emerging as a problem to be considered in order to combat the PI/SB pandemic through PA and to maintain continuous physical and mental health. This review aims to summarize existing and recent studies on the effects of PA/SB on physical and mental health in preparation for the context of prolonged COVID-19 and provides an easy and fun way to motivate, access PA, and PA recommendations for maintaining physical and mental health. We performed search strategies on PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, and used a literature review of the current available literature on the COVID-19 and the effects of PI, SB, and PA on physical and mental health. The clinical relevance of this review shows that integrating PA into daily life and reducing prolonged sitting time is an important strategy for continuing a healthy life physically and mentally. As a result, for those who have not yet incorporated exercise as part of their daily routine, fun and easy access to PA suggests that in the long run, may be an opportunity to implement newer habits. In addition, in an emergency such as the COVID-19 quarantine period or other pandemics, it is essential for one to maintain health through PA at home, and underscore the 'health message' of the current review that reducing SB, progressively increasing PA, and doing more PA regularly in the current context prolonged COVID-19 can bring significant benefits to long-term habits and physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohee So
- Division of Beauty Arts Care, Department of Practical Arts, Graduate School of Culture and Arts, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Han Kwon
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, 02707, Republic of Korea
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143
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Chemaitelly H, Nagelkerke N, Ayoub HH, Coyle P, Tang P, Yassine HM, Al-Khatib HA, Smatti MK, Hasan MR, Al-Kanaani Z, Al-Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Shaik RM, Abdul-Rahim HF, Nasrallah GK, Al-Kuwari MG, Butt AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Al-Thani MH, Al-Khal A, Bertollini R, Abu-Raddad LJ. Duration of immune protection of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection against reinfection. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6731972. [PMID: 36179099 PMCID: PMC9619565 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The future of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic hinges on virus evolution and duration of immune protection of natural infection against reinfection. We investigated the duration of protection afforded by natural infection, the effect of viral immune evasion on duration of protection and protection against severe reinfection, in Qatar, between 28 February 2020 and 5 June 2022. METHODS Three national, matched, retrospective cohort studies were conducted to compare the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity among unvaccinated persons with a documented SARS-CoV-2 primary infection, to incidence among those infection-naïve and unvaccinated. Associations were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. RESULTS Effectiveness of pre-Omicron primary infection against pre-Omicron reinfection was 85.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 84.8-86.2%]. Effectiveness peaked at 90.5% (95% CI: 88.4-92.3%) in the 7th month after the primary infection, but waned to ~ 70% by the 16th month. Extrapolating this waning trend using a Gompertz curve suggested an effectiveness of 50% in the 22nd month and < 10% by the 32nd month. Effectiveness of pre-Omicron primary infection against Omicron reinfection was 38.1% (95% CI: 36.3-39.8%) and declined with time since primary infection. A Gompertz curve suggested an effectiveness of < 10% by the 15th month. Effectiveness of primary infection against severe, critical or fatal COVID-19 reinfection was 97.3% (95% CI: 94.9-98.6%), irrespective of the variant of primary infection or reinfection, and with no evidence for waning. Similar results were found in sub-group analyses for those ≥50 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Protection of natural infection against reinfection wanes and may diminish within a few years. Viral immune evasion accelerates this waning. Protection against severe reinfection remains very strong, with no evidence for waning, irrespective of variant, for over 14 months after primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiam Chemaitelly
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nico Nagelkerke
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Houssein H Ayoub
- Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Coyle
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Patrick Tang
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hebah A Al-Khatib
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanan F Abdul-Rahim
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Adeel A Butt
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University,New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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144
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Taha AE, Alduraywish AA, Almaeen AH, El-Metwally TH, Alayyaf M, Mallick A, Abouelkheir M. High Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG among Inhabitants of Sakaka City, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010026. [PMID: 36679870 PMCID: PMC9862882 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Backgrounds and Objectives: The global battle to contain the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still ongoing. This cross-sectional study aimed to detect the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG among previously symptomatic/asymptomatic and vaccinated/unvaccinated inhabitants of Sakaka City, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. (2) Methods: Blood samples of 400 participants were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG using colloidal gold immuno-chromatography lateral flow immunoassay cards. (3) Results: The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG positivity was 45.8% and 42.3%, respectively. Statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between the previous RT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2-RNA and positivity for IgM and/or IgG. The highest seroprevalence of IgM and IgG were detected among smokers, participants aged ≥40 years, and patients with chronic diseases. Although most of the participants (58.5%) did not previously experience COVID-19 like symptoms, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG seropositivity amongst them was 49.1% and 25.6%, respectively, with higher seroprevalence among males than females. At the time of the study, the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate at our locality in Saudi Arabia was 43.8% with statistically significant correlation (p < 0.001) between being vaccinated and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and/or IgG positivity, with more positivity after receiving the second vaccine dose. (4) Conclusions: Public assessment reflects the real scale of the disease exposure among the community and helps in identifying the asymptomatic carriers that constitute a major problem for controlling the SARS-CoV-2. To limit the spread of the virus, rigorous implementation of large-scale SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological testing strategies should be empowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Taha
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: or or
| | | | - Abdulrahman H. Almaeen
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Division, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek H. El-Metwally
- Department of Pathology, Biochemistry Division, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71517, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Alayyaf
- Consultant Histopathologist & Nephropathologist, Medical Lab Director, Prince Mutaib Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Mallick
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abouelkheir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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145
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Jalloh MF, Zeebari Z, Nur SA, Prybylski D, Nur AA, Hakim AJ, Winters M, Steinhardt LC, Gatei W, Omer SB, Brewer NT, Nordenstedt H. Drivers of COVID-19 policy stringency in 175 countries and territories: COVID-19 cases and deaths, gross domestic products per capita, and health expenditures. J Glob Health 2022; 12:05049. [PMID: 36527269 PMCID: PMC9758449 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New data on COVID-19 may influence the stringency of containment policies, but these potential effect are not understood. We aimed to understand the associations of new COVID-19 cases and deaths with policy stringency globally and regionally. Methods We modelled the marginal effects of new COVID-19 cases and deaths on policy stringency (scored 0-100) in 175 countries and territories, adjusting for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and health expenditure (% of GDP), and public expenditure on health. The time periods examined were March to August 2020, September 2020 to February 2021, and March to August 2021. Results Policy response to new cases and deaths was faster and more stringent early in the COVID-19 pandemic (March to August 2020) compared to subsequent periods. New deaths were more strongly associated with stringent policies than new cases. In an average week, one new death per 100 000 people was associated with a stringency increase of 2.1 units in the March to August 2020 period, 1.3 units in the September 2020 to February 2021 period, and 0.7 units in the March to August 2021 period. New deaths in Africa and the Western Pacific were associated with more stringency than in other regions. Higher health expenditure as a percentage of GDP was associated with less stringent policies. Similarly, higher public expenditure on health by governments was mostly associated with less stringency across all three periods. GDP per capita did not have consistent patterns of associations with stringency. Conclusions The stringency of COVID-19 policies was more strongly associated with new deaths than new cases. Our findings demonstrate the need for enhanced mortality surveillance to ensure policy alignment during health emergencies. Countries that invest less in health or have a lower public expenditure on health may be inclined to enact more stringent policies. This new empirical understanding of COVID-19 policy drivers can help public health officials anticipate and shape policy responses in future health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Jalloh
- Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zangin Zeebari
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Sophia A Nur
- Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dimitri Prybylski
- Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aasli A Nur
- Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Avi J Hakim
- Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maike Winters
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laura C Steinhardt
- Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wangeci Gatei
- Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Noel T Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Helena Nordenstedt
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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146
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Has COVID-19 Modified the Weight of Known Systemic Inflammation Indexes and the New Ones (MCVL and IIC) in the Assessment as Predictive Factors of Complications and Mortality in Acute Pancreatitis? Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123118. [PMID: 36553125 PMCID: PMC9777733 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed at evaluating the prognostic capacity of the inflammatory indices derived from routine complete blood cell counts in two groups of patients with acute pancreatitis from two different time periods, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, when a high incidence of complications with surgical risk and mortality was found. Two new markers were introduced: the mean corpuscular volume to lymphocyte ratio (MCVL) and the cumulative inflammatory index (IIC), which were calculated at a baseline in the two groups of patients. Of the already established markers, none of them managed to effectively predict the complications with surgical risk and mortality, with a decrease of less than 50% in specificity in the peri-COVID group. The MCVL had the best prediction of complications with surgical risk in both the pre-COVID and peri-COVID groups, validated it as an independent factor by multivariate analysis. The IIC had the best prediction of mortality in both periods and was proven to be an independent factor by multivariate analysis. As the IIC predicted death best, we tested the occurrence of death and found that patients with PA who had an IIC > 12.12 presented a risk of death 4.08 times higher in the pre-COVID group and 3.33 times higher in the peri-COVID group. The new MCVL and IIC independent markers had a superior sensitivity and specificity in predicting surgical risk complications and, respectively, mortality in the group of patients with acute pancreatitis during the COVID-19 pandemic, which makes them widely applicable in populations with modified immune and inflammatory status. Conclusions: In patients with acute pancreatitis, MCVL has a significant predictive value regarding complications with surgical risk (abscess, necrosis, and pseudocyst), and the IIC has a significant predictive value for mortality.
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147
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Murakami T, Sakuragi S, Deguchi H, Nakata M. Agent-based model using GPS analysis for infection spread and inhibition mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 in Tokyo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20896. [PMID: 36463351 PMCID: PMC9719469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic outbreak based on actual data while reflecting the characteristics of the real city provides beneficial information for taking reasonable infection control measures in the future. We demonstrate agent-based modeling for Tokyo based on GPS information and official national statistics and perform a spatiotemporal analysis of the infection situation in Tokyo. As a result of the simulation during the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 in Tokyo using real GPS data, the infection occurred in the service industry, such as restaurants, in the city center, and then the infected people brought back the virus to the residential area; the infection spread in each area in Tokyo. This phenomenon clarifies that the spread of infection can be curbed by suppressing going out or strengthening infection prevention measures in service facilities. It was shown that pandemic measures in Tokyo could be achieved not only by strong control, such as the lockdown of cities, but also by thorough infection prevention measures in service facilities, which explains the curb phenomena in real Tokyo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishu Murakami
- MRI Research Associates, Inc., 2-10-3 Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0014, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sakuragi
- MRI Research Associates, Inc., 2-10-3 Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0014, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Deguchi
- Faculty of Commerce and Economics, Chiba University of Commerce, 1-3-1 Konodai, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba, 272-8512, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakata
- MRI Research Associates, Inc., 2-10-3 Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0014, Japan
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148
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Smolić Š, Čipin I, Međimurec P. Access to healthcare for people aged 50+ in Europe during the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur J Ageing 2022; 19:793-809. [PMID: 34149338 PMCID: PMC8195455 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-021-00631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper combines SHARE Corona Survey and SHARE Wave 7 data for 25 European countries and Israel (N = 40,919) with institutional and epidemic-related country characteristics to investigate healthcare access for Europeans aged 50+ during the outbreak of COVID-19. We use a micro-macro approach to examine whether and to what extent barriers to accessing healthcare measured by reported unmet healthcare needs vary within and between countries. We consider various aspects of barriers and distinguish among: (1) respondents who forewent medical treatment because they were afraid of becoming infected with the Coronavirus; (2) respondents who had pre-scheduled medical appointments postponed by health providers due to the outbreak; and (3) respondents who tried to arrange a medical appointment but were denied one. Limited access to healthcare during the initial outbreak was more common for the occupationally active, women, the more educated and those living in urban areas. A bad economic situation, poor overall health and higher healthcare utilisation were robust predictors of unmet healthcare. People aged 50+ in countries of 'Old' Europe, countries with higher universal health coverage and stricter containment and closure policies were more likely to have medical services postponed. Policymakers should address the healthcare needs of older people with chronic health conditions and a poor socio-economic status who were made more vulnerable by this pandemic. In the aftermath of the health crisis, public health systems might experience a great revival in healthcare demand, a challenge that should be mitigated by careful planning and provision of healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šime Smolić
- Faculty of Economics & Business, Department of Macroeconomics and Economic Development, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Čipin
- Faculty of Economics & Business, Department of Demography, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Međimurec
- Faculty of Economics & Business, Department of Demography, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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149
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Legate N, Weinstein N. Can We Communicate Autonomy Support and a Mandate? How Motivating Messages Relate to Motivation for Staying at Home across Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 37:1842-1849. [PMID: 33951996 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1921907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A multi-wave study across two months tested changes in motivation for staying at home at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in the UK and US in 683 living-alone older adults (mean age = 53 years), those that might experience greater psychological costs of being isolated for long periods of time. The study was focused on changes in two types of motivation: autonomous motivation- finding importance in the task of staying at home, and controlled motivation- staying at home because of felt pressure or choicelessness, as autonomous motivation predicts effective behavior change better than controlled motivation, especially long-term. Predictions grounded in self-determination theory (SDT) tested whether three motivating aspects of messages to stay at home from governmental and public health agencies, physicians, the news, and family and friends predicted changes in these motivations across time. Perceiving messages to stay at home as controlling predicted increases in controlled motivation and decreases in autonomous motivation over two months. Conversely, perceiving messages to stay at home as autonomy supportive predicted increases in autonomous motivation over two months. Results for mandated orders to stay at home were intriguing: they related to increases in both controlled and autonomous motivations over time. Exploratory analyses revealed that increases in autonomous motivation over time predicted actual time spent at home reported at Wave 2, whereas increases in controlled motivation did not relate. Discussion focuses on contributions to theory and public health messaging about behavioral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Legate
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology
| | - Netta Weinstein
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading
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150
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Larremore DB, Fosdick BK, Zhang S, Grad YH. Optimizing prevalence estimates for a novel pathogen by reducing uncertainty in test characteristics. Epidemics 2022; 41:100634. [PMID: 36191537 PMCID: PMC11227734 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of a novel pathogen drives the urgent need for diagnostic tests that can aid in defining disease prevalence. The limitations associated with rapid development and deployment of these tests result in a dilemma: In efforts to optimize prevalence estimates, would tests be better used in the lab to reduce uncertainty in test characteristics or to increase sample size in field studies? Here, we provide a framework to address this question through a joint Bayesian model that simultaneously analyzes lab validation and field survey data, and we define the impact of test allocation on inferences of sensitivity, specificity, and prevalence. In many scenarios, prevalence estimates can be most improved by apportioning additional effort towards validation rather than to the field. The joint model provides superior estimation of prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity, compared with typical analyses that model lab and field data separately, and it can be used to inform sample allocation when testing is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Larremore
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
| | - Bailey K Fosdick
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Sam Zhang
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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