101
|
Kung YP, Lin CC, Chen MH, Tsai MS, Hsieh WS, Chen PC. Intrauterine exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances may harm children's lung function development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110178. [PMID: 32991923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA), are common persistent environmental organic pollutants. Animal studies have indicated that PFAS influence inflammatory responses and lung development. However, whether prenatal or childhood PFAS exposure affects children's lung function remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate both in utero exposure and childhood exposure to PFAS and the relationships between them and lung function development in childhood. METHODS In total, 165 children were recruited from the Taiwan Birth Panel Study (TBPS). Cord blood plasma and children's serum were collected when they were eight years old. PFAS levels were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. When these children reached eight years of age, we administered detailed questionnaires and lung function examinations. RESULTS The mean concentrations of PFOA, PFOS, PFNA and PFUA in cord blood among the 165 study children were 2.4, 6.4, 6.0, and 15.4 ng/mL, respectively. The mean concentrations in serum from eight-year-olds were 2.7, 5.9, 0.6, and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. At eight years of age, the mean FEV1 (forced expiratory volume per sec), FVC (forced vital capacity), PEF (peak expiratory flow) and FEV1/FVC values were 1679 mL, 1835 mL, 3846 mL/s and 92.0%, respectively. PFOA, PFOS, PFNA and PFUA levels in cord blood were inversely associated with FEV1, FVC and PEF values. The PFOS concentration in cord blood was the most consistently correlated with decreasing lung function before and after adjusting for confounding factors. The PFOS concentration was also significantly inversely correlated with lung function in subgroups with lower birth weight and allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSIONS Our cohort study revealed that the concentrations of PFOA, PFOS, PFNA and PFUA were higher in cord blood than in serum from eight-year-olds. Some trends were also noted between intrauterine PFOS exposure and children's decreasing FEV1, FVC and PEF, especially in subgroups with lower birth weight and allergic rhinitis. Therefore, intrauterine PFAS exposure, especially PFOS, may play a vital role in lung development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ping Kung
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Lin
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shan Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Shiun Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Lo AS, Yiu KS, Horváth IT. Synthesis and characterization of light-fluorous NHC-ligands and their palladium complexes. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
103
|
Senevirathna STMLD, Mahinroosta R, Li M, KrishnaPillai K. In situ soil flushing to remediate confined soil contaminated with PFOS- an innovative solution for emerging environmental issue. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127606. [PMID: 32805650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PerFluoroOctane Sulfonate (PFOS), is a toxic anthropogenic chemical that has been produced and gradually released into the environment for the past seven decades. An accurate audit of global PFOS contamination and contaminated sites are yet to be published. The available technologies to remediate PFOS contaminated soil are limited and often basic strategies such as temporary soil containment are adopted as immediate measures to manage the contaminated sites. In this study, the in situ soil flushing technique is assessed for its capacity to remediate soil contaminated with PFOS. A complete treatment process with several operation units was proposed such as solvent flushing, ground water pumping, solvent recovery and water treatment for PFOS. Potential solvents were identified and it was observed that more than 98% PFOS removal could be attained by flushing with five bed volumes of 50% ethanol. In addition, the study investigated thirteen commercially available filter materials and identified PFA694E, K6362, MP 62, Amberlite IRA 67 and Dowexoptopore V493 as suitable to eliminate PFOS with competitive PFOS adsorption characteristics. The proposed method can be recommended to remediate PFOS in recognised contaminated soils, such as those at defence sites. Furthermore, a contaminated site with favourable characteristics to implement the suggested method was identified in Australia and described in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S T M L D Senevirathna
- CSU Engineering, Faculty of Business, Justice and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Institute of Land, Water, and Society, Charles Sturt University, Australia.
| | - Reza Mahinroosta
- CSU Engineering, Faculty of Business, Justice and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Institute of Land, Water, and Society, Charles Sturt University, Australia
| | - Miao Li
- CSU Engineering, Faculty of Business, Justice and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Institute of Land, Water, and Society, Charles Sturt University, Australia
| | - Karthika KrishnaPillai
- CSU Engineering, Faculty of Business, Justice and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Institute of Land, Water, and Society, Charles Sturt University, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Polyaniline on a Paper Substrate. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20247301. [PMID: 33352634 PMCID: PMC7765859 DOI: 10.3390/s20247301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds like perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are synthetic water pollutants and have accumulated in environments for decades, causing a serious global health issue. Conventional assays rely on liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy that are very expensive and complicated and thus limit the large-scale monitoring of PFOS in wastewater. To achieve low-cost and accurate detection of PFOS, we designed a paper-based sensor with molecularly imprinted polyaniline electrodes that have recognition sites specific to PFOS. The calibration curve of resistivity ratios as a function of PFOS concentrations has a linear range from 1 to 100 ppt with a coefficient of determination of 0.995. The estimated limit of detection is 1.02 ppt. We also investigated attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of the surface of the polyaniline (PANI) electrodes to propose the potential recognition sites in polyaniline matrix and the detection mechanism. This electrical paper sensor with low cost and excellent sensitivity and selectivity provides the potential for large-scale monitoring of wastewater.
Collapse
|
105
|
Willemsen JAR, Bourg IC. Molecular dynamics simulation of the adsorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on smectite clay. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 585:337-346. [PMID: 33302050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to predict the partitioning of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to smectite clay, a high surface area adsorbent ubiquitous in temperate soils. Simulated systems model a stack of flexible smectite lamellae in contact with a bulk aqueous reservoir containing PFAS molecules. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are simulated at various aqueous chemistry conditions to examine the effect of PFAS size, salinity, and coordinating cation type (K+, Na+, and Ca2+) on adsorption. The metadynamics technique is employed to facilitate the exploration of the simulation cell and to reconstruct the underlying free energy landscape. Adsorption is favorable on the hydrophobic domains of the external basal surfaces with the fluorinated chain adopting a flat orientation on the surface. Analysis of the adsorption energetics reveals large favorable entropic contributions to adsorption. The enthalpy of adsorption is unfavorable, though much less so in the presence of Ca2+ due to stabilizing 'lateral cation bridging' interactions between divalent cations and PFAS sulfonate head groups. Overall, this research advances the mechanistic understanding of PFAS-smectite interactions and provides new insights that could help inform fate and transport models and the development of adsorbents and remediation techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A R Willemsen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
| | - Ian C Bourg
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Roth K, Imran Z, Liu W, Petriello MC. Diet as an Exposure Source and Mediator of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Toxicity. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2020; 2:601149. [PMID: 35296120 PMCID: PMC8915917 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2020.601149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitously found in the environment due to their widespread commercial use and high chemical stability. Humans are exposed primarily through ingestion of contaminated water and food and epidemiological studies over the last several decades have shown that PFAS levels are associated with adverse chronic health effects, including cardiometabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Perhaps the most well-established effects, as demonstrated in animal studies and human epidemiological studies, are the metabolic alterations PFAS exposure can lead to, especially on lipid homeostasis and signaling. This altered lipid metabolism has often been linked to conditions such as dyslipidemia, leading to fatty liver disease and steatosis. Western diets enriched in high fat and high cholesterol containing foods may be an important human exposure route of PFAS and may also act as an important modulator of associated toxicities. In fact, the chemical structure of PFAS resemble fatty acids and may activate some of the same signaling cascades critical for endogenous metabolism. In this review we aim to outline known dietary exposure sources of PFAS, describe the detrimental metabolic health effects associated with PFAS exposure, and focus on studies examining emerging interaction of dietary effects with PFAS exposure that further alter the dysregulated metabolic state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Roth
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Zunaira Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael C. Petriello
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael C. Petriello
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Salihovic S, Lind L, Larsson A, Lind PM. Plasma perfluoroalkyls are associated with decreased levels of proteomic inflammatory markers in a cross-sectional study of an elderly population. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106099. [PMID: 32916415 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to immunotoxicity in experimental studies. Although PFAS exposure is associated with altered immune response in epidemiological studies of children, it is less known whether this is observed also in elderly adults. Eight PFAS and 86 proteins were measured in plasma from 965 elderly individuals from Sweden (all aged 70, 50% women). PFAS were measured using isotope-dilution ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins were measured using a multiplex proximity extension assay (PEA) and covered among others inflammatory marker proteins such as monocyte chemoattractant proteins, tumor necrosis factors, and interleukins. We examined cross-sectional associations using multivariable linear regression at two levels of adjustment. We observed significant decreases in levels of 24 proteins in relation to a ln-unit increase in PFAS concentrations following adjustment for sex, sample storage time in freezer, and correction for multiple testing. Associations of PFAS and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) remained significant (p-value <0.05) following full covariate adjustment for smoking, exercise habits, education, energy, and alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI), glomular filtration rate (GFR) as well as corticoid- and COX-inhibitor treatment. CSF-1 was inversely associated with perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) β: -0.08: 95% confidence interval (CI); -0.13, -0.02), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) β: -0.04: 95% CI; -0.07, -0.006, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) β: -0.04: 95% CI; -0.08, -0.003, perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) β: -0.03: 95% CI; -0.06, -0.003, and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) β: -0.05: 95% CI; -0.08, -0.02. The magnitude and direction of PFAS vs protein relationships were similar also for HGF. Our findings implicate PFAS exposure with decreased levels of proteomic markers of inflammation in elderly humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Salihovic
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - L Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P M Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Luo Y, Deji Z, Huang Z. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and allergic outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110145. [PMID: 32877702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent organic pollutants and widespread throughout the environment. Although exposure to PFASs may contribute to the development of allergic diseases in children, evidence about this association remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between PFASs exposure and allergic diseases in children based on current evidence. METHODS The databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched to identify all observational studies that examined the association between PFASs exposure and the risk of childhood allergic diseases. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of case-crossover studies, and a previously validated quality assessment framework was used for observational studies lacking control groups. Random-effects meta-analysis models were applied to pool odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS From an initial 94 articles (after duplicate removal), 13 studies through full-text assessment were included for quantitative assessment and descriptive synthesis. They are ten cohort studies, two cross-sectional studies, and one case-control study. The pooled estimates showed that perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was associated with eczema (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80-0.99), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) with atopic dermatitis (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.01-1.58), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.13-1.56). However, no such significant associations were found for wheeze and asthma. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis results suggest that PFASs exposure could potentially be associated with eczema, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis during childhood, but not with childhood asthma or wheeze. Future studies are needed to verify these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Luo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Zhuoma Deji
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
López-Berenguer G, Bossi R, Eulaers I, Dietz R, Peñalver J, Schulz R, Zubrod J, Sonne C, Martínez-López E. Stranded cetaceans warn of high perfluoroalkyl substance pollution in the western Mediterranean Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115367. [PMID: 32866862 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of organohalogenated compounds of environmental concern due to similar characteristics as the well-studied legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that typically show environmental persistence, biomagnification and toxicity. Nevertheless, PFAS are still poorly regulated internationally and in many aspects poorly understood. Here, we studied liver and muscle concentrations in five cetacean species stranded at the southeastern coast of Spain during 2009-2018. Twelve of the fifteen targeted compounds were detected in >50% of the liver samples. Hepatic concentrations were significantly higher than those in muscle reflecting the particular toxicokinetics of these compounds. Bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus showed the highest hepatic ΣPFAS (n = 5; 796.8 ± 709.0 ng g-1 ww) concentrations, followed by striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba (n = 29; 259.5 ± 136.2 ng g-1 ww), sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus (n = 1; 252.8 ng g-1 ww), short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis (n = 2; 240.3 ± 218.6 ng g-1 ww) and Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus (n = 1; 78.7 ng g-1 ww). These interspecies differences could be partially explained by habitat preferences, although they could generally not be related to trophic position or food chain proxied by stable N (δ15N) and C (δ13C) isotope values, respectively. PFAS profiles in all species showed a similar pattern of concentration prevalence in the order PFOS>PFOSA>PFNA≈PFFUnA>PFDA. The higher number of samples available for striped dolphin allowed for evaluating their PFAS burden and profile in relation to the stranding year, stable isotope values, and biological variables including sex and length. However, we could only find links between δ15N and PFAS burdens in muscle tissue, and between stranding year and PFAS profile composition. Despite reductions in the manufacturing industry, these compounds still appear in high concentrations compared to more than two decades ago in the Mediterranean Sea and PFOS remains the dominating compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - R Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - I Eulaers
- Section of Marine Mammals, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - R Dietz
- Section of Marine Mammals, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - J Peñalver
- Area of Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Spain; Fishing and Aquaculture Service (CARM), Murcia, Spain
| | - R Schulz
- IES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - J Zubrod
- IES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - C Sonne
- Section of Marine Mammals, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - E Martínez-López
- Area of Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Olatunde OC, Kuvarega AT, Onwudiwe DC. Photo enhanced degradation of polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05614. [PMID: 33305052 PMCID: PMC7718166 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the presence of highly recalcitrant poly- and per- fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment, plant tissues and animals continues to pose serious health concerns. Several treatment methods such as physical, biological and chemical processes have been explored to deal with these compounds. Current trends have shown that the destructive treatment processes, which offer degradation and mineralization of PFASs, are the most desirable process among researchers and policy makers. This article, therefore, reviews the degradation and defluorination processes, their efficiencies and the degradation mechanism of photon-based processes. It shows that high degradation and defluorination efficiency of PFASs could be achieved by photon driven processes such as photolysis, photochemical, photocatalysis and photoreduction. The efficiency of these processes is greatly influenced by the nature of light and the reactive radical generated in the system. The limitation of these processes, however, include the long reaction time required and the use of anoxic reaction conditions, which are not obtainable at ambient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan C. Olatunde
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Alex T. Kuvarega
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, South Africa
| | - Damian C. Onwudiwe
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Jabeen M, Fayyaz M, Irudayaraj J. Epigenetic Modifications, and Alterations in Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Pathway in A549 Lung Carcinoma Cell Line upon Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040112. [PMID: 33238432 PMCID: PMC7711517 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of human-made compounds with strong C-F bonds, and have been used in various manufacturing industries for decades. PFAS have been reported to deleterious effect on human health, which has led to studies identifying the possible toxicity and toxicity routes of these compounds. We report that these compounds have the potential to cause epigenetic modifications, and to induce dysregulation in the cell proliferation cycle as well as apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells when exposed to 10-, 200- and 400 μM concentrations of each compound. Our studies show that exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) may cause hypomethylation in the epigenome, but changes in the epigenetic makeup are not evident upon exposure to GenX. We establish that exposure to lower doses of these compounds causes the cells' balance to shift to cell proliferation, whereas exposure to higher concentrations shifts the balance more towards apoptosis. Furthermore, the apoptosis pathway upon exposure to GenX, PFOA, and PFOS has also been identified. Our findings suggest that exposure to any of these compounds may have profound effects in patients with pre-existing lung conditions or could trigger lung cancinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musarrat Jabeen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (M.J.); (M.F.)
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Centre at Illinois (CCIL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Muhammad Fayyaz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (M.J.); (M.F.)
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Centre at Illinois (CCIL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (M.J.); (M.F.)
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Centre at Illinois (CCIL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +217-300-0525
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Meegoda JN, Kewalramani JA, Li B, Marsh RW. A Review of the Applications, Environmental Release, and Remediation Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8117. [PMID: 33153160 PMCID: PMC7663283 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pollutants that have demonstrated a high level of environmental persistence and are very difficult to remediate. As the body of literature on their environmental effects has increased, so has regulatory and research scrutiny. The widespread usage of PFAS in industrial applications and consumer products, complicated by their environmental release, mobility, fate, and transport, have resulted in multiple exposure routes for humans. Furthermore, low screening levels and stringent regulatory standards that vary by state introduce considerable uncertainty and potential costs in the environmental management of PFAS. The recalcitrant nature of PFAS render their removal difficult, but existing and emerging technologies can be leveraged to destroy or sequester PFAS in a variety of environmental matrices. Additionally, new research on PFAS remediation technologies has emerged to address the efficiency, costs, and other shortcomings of existing remediation methods. Further research on the impact of field parameters such as secondary water quality effects, the presence of co-contaminants and emerging PFAS, reaction mechanisms, defluorination yields, and the decomposition products of treatment technologies is needed to fully evaluate these emerging technologies, and industry attention should focus on treatment train approaches to improve efficiency and reduce the cost of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay N. Meegoda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Jitendra A. Kewalramani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Brian Li
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;
| | - Richard W. Marsh
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
A Simple and Rapid Method for Quantitative HPLC MS/MS Determination of Selected Perfluorocarboxylic Acids and Perfluorosulfonates in Human Serum. Int J Anal Chem 2020; 2020:8878618. [PMID: 33123200 PMCID: PMC7585657 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8878618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, present in the environment and in the human body. They have raised global concern because of their diffusion in the environment, particularly in water, causing cases of human overexposure due to consumption of contaminated drinking water. Human biomonitoring is the most effective way to characterize human exposure to PFASs, and it is important that as many labs as possible could easily perform this kind of analysis. Analytical methods for quantitation of PFAS mixtures in human serum have been developed, but most of them required materials that are not always easily available in all the laboratories. This paper describes a very simple and accessible HPLC MS/MS method of analysis and quantification of 13 perfluorocarboxylic acids and perfluorosulfonate compounds (belonging to the class of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs)) in human serum. Method development data provide detailed descriptions of the optimization process in terms of sample preparation, laboratory analysis of human serum samples, determination of analytes by HPLC MS/MS, and describing the pump gradient time, working conditions, and acquisition.
Collapse
|
114
|
Seyoum A, Pradhan A, Jass J, Olsson PE. Perfluorinated alkyl substances impede growth, reproduction, lipid metabolism and lifespan in Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139682. [PMID: 32521362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic organofluorine compounds with unique stability accompanied with hydrophobic and lipophobic properties. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are of high concern due to their wide application in consumer and industrial products, extreme persistence, abundant occurrence in the environment and their toxic effect to humans and animals. However, knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of toxicity and the effects on reproduction output remain scarce. In this study, we analyzed the effects of PFOS and PFOA on Daphnia magna. Acute toxicity, development, reproduction, lipid metabolism (lipid-accumulation) and lifespan was investigated, as well as the expression of genes related to these endpoints. Exposure of PFOS and PFOA at 1, 10 and 25 μM did not cause acute lethality. Hatching was reduced following exposure to both compounds, and lifespan was decreased following exposure to 25 μM PFOS. Body length of Daphnia magna was reduced significantly by 25 μM PFOS following 7 days exposure. Lipid staining revealed that all PFAS exposures increased lipid accumulation. qRT-PCR analysis of genes involved in lipid metabolism suggests that the increase in lipid content could be due to inhibition of genes involved on absorption and catabolism of fatty acids. Exposure to both PFOA and PFOS reduced the fecundity significantly. Downregulation of genes involved in development and reproductive process, including vtg2, vasa, EcRA, EcRB, usp, jhe, HR3, ftz-F1, E74 and E75 were observed. The alterations in developmental and reproductive genes as well as the disturbed lipid metabolism provides mechanistic insight into the possible causes for decreased fecundity and lifespan observed following exposure to both PFOS and PFOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmerom Seyoum
- The Life Science Center-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- The Life Science Center-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- The Life Science Center-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- The Life Science Center-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Marques E, Pfohl M, Auclair A, Jamwal R, Barlock BJ, Sammoura FM, Goedken M, Akhlaghi F, Slitt AL. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) administration shifts the hepatic proteome and augments dietary outcomes related to hepatic steatosis in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 408:115250. [PMID: 32979393 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis increases risk of fatty liver and cardiovascular disease. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent, bio-accumulative pollutant that has been used in industrial and commercial applications. PFOS administration induces hepatic steatosis in rodents and increases lipogenic gene expression signatures in cultured hepatocytes. We hypothesized that PFOS treatment interferes with lipid loss when switching from a high fat diet (HFD) to a standard diet (SD), and augments HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. Male C57BL/6 N mice were fed standard chow diet or 60% kCal high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks to increase body weight. Then, some HFD mice were switched to SD and mice were further divided to diet only or diet containing 0.0003% PFOS, for six treatment groups: SD, HFD to SD (H-SD), HFD, SD + PFOS, H-SD + PFOS, or HFD + PFOS. After 10 weeks on study, blood and livers were collected. HFD for 14 weeks increased body weight and hepatic steatosis, whereas H-SD mice returned to SD measures. PFOS administration reduced body weight in mice fed a SD, but not H-SD or HFD. PFOS administration increased liver weight in H-SD + PFOS and HFD + PFOS mice. PFOS increased hepatic steatosis in H-SD and HFD groups. Hepatic mRNA expression and SWATH-MS proteomic analysis revealed that PFOS induced lipid and xenobiotic transporters, as well as metabolism pathways. Overall, the findings herein suggest that PFOS treatment did interfere with lipid loss associated with switch to a SD and similarly augmented hepatic lipid accumulation in mice established on an HFD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Marques
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Marisa Pfohl
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Adam Auclair
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Rohitash Jamwal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Benjamin J Barlock
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ferass M Sammoura
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, 33 Knightsbridge Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Angela L Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Hansen E, Huber N, Bustnes JO, Herzke D, Bårdsen BJ, Eulaers I, Johnsen TV, Bourgeon S. A novel use of the leukocyte coping capacity assay to assess the immunomodulatory effects of organohalogenated contaminants in avian wildlife. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105861. [PMID: 32563774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Apex predators are characterized by high levels of biomagnifying organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) which have been found to induce detrimental health effects in wildlife, such as immune system impairment. The leukocyte coping capacity (LCC) assay is a functional real-time measure of an innate immune response essential in pathogen resistance, known as the respiratory burst. The current study suggests the novel use of this tool to test whether OHCs impair the innate immune system of a sentinel top predator, the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla; WTE). The LCC analysis was performed in the field on WTE nestlings (n = 84) from northern Norway over two breeding seasons. Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) dominated the total OHC load, surpassing the levels of legacy organochlorines. In addition, we detected significant negative correlations between concentrations of all polychlorinated biphenyls, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid and long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids and the LCC of WTE nestlings. Based on our current findings reflecting a potential negative effect of both emerging and legacy OHCs on innate immune capacity, we suggest LCC to be a relevant and accessible test expanding the ecotoxicological toolbox to assess sub-lethal effects of OHCs in apex avian wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hansen
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Nikolaus Huber
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department for Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savovenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bård-Jørgen Bårdsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Trond V Johnsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sophie Bourgeon
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Bao J, Li CL, Liu Y, Wang X, Yu WJ, Liu ZQ, Shao LX, Jin YH. Bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in greenhouse vegetables with long-term groundwater irrigation near fluorochemical plants in Fuxin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109751. [PMID: 32531525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The levels of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been growing progressively in the groundwater beneath a fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) in Fuxin of China recently, however, little information is available about whether long-term irrigation with local groundwater could have a potential effect on the bioaccumulation of PFASs in greenhouse vegetables near the FIP. In the present study, groundwater, soil, and vegetable samples were collected from Fuxin with five sampling campaigns during a period of 40 days, and ten target analytes of PFASs in all the samples were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). As the dominant PFAS contaminants, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) in groundwater samples were determined with the maximum levels of 2.47 and 32.4 μg L-1, respectively. Furthermore, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFOA, and PFBS were the major PFASs in greenhouse samples of soil (up to 6.1, 6.8, and 46 ng g dry weight (dw)-1), tomato (up to 87, 1.7, and 13 ng g dw-1), and cucumber (up to 63, 2.6, and 15 ng g dw-1), which were significantly correlated with those in groundwater samples, indicating PFAS contaminations could be introduced into soil and vegetables in the greenhouse through long-term groundwater irrigation. In addition, all the levels of three main PFAS analytes in soil and vegetables presented an overall increasing trend over the period of vegetable growth. The bioaccumulation efficiencies for PFAS contaminants from soil to vegetables were negatively associated with the carbon chain length in PFASs. According to the reference dose (RfD) for PFBA, PFOA, and PFBS from the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), daily intakes of those three analytes by rural residents in Fuxin were lower than the respective RfD via consumption of greenhouse tomatoes and cucumbers so far. However, long-term surveillance would be focused on greenhouse vegetables near the Fuxin FIP to prevent potential health risks of local residents from increasing PFAS contaminations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Bao
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China.
| | - Cheng-Long Li
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yu
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Zhi-Qun Liu
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Li-Xin Shao
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Yi-He Jin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Ojo AF, Peng C, Ng JC. Combined effects and toxicological interactions of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances mixtures in human liver cells (HepG2). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114182. [PMID: 32247900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects and toxicological interactions of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mixtures remain largely unknown even though they occur as complex mixtures in the environment. This study investigated the toxicity of individual and combined PFAS to human liver cell line (HepG2). The Combination Index (CI)-isobologram equation method was used to determine the toxicological interactions of PFAS in binary, ternary and multi-component mixtures. The results indicated that the cytotoxicity of individual PFAS to HepG2 cells increased with increasing carbon chain lengths when separated into non-sulfonated and sulfonated groups. The respective cytotoxicity of PFAS is in the order of PFDA > PFNA > PFOA > PFHpA for perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and in the order of PFOS > PFHxS for perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids. The toxicological interaction of PFOS and PFOA with other PFAS clearly showed a different pattern of combined toxicity in HepG2 Cells. The binary, ternary, and multi-component combinations of PFOS with PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, and PFHpA displayed synergistic interactions for almost all inhibitory effect levels tested, whereas, either synergistic or antagonistic effect was observed in mixtures with PFOA. Overall, the pattern of interactions of PFAS mixtures is predominated by synergism, especially at low to medium effect levels; the exceptions to this were the antagonistic interactions found in mixture with PFOA, PFHxS, and PFHpA. These cytotoxicity results may have an implication on the health risk assessment of PFAS mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atinuke F Ojo
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Cheng Peng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jack C Ng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Zhang W, Liang Y. Removal of eight perfluoroalkyl acids from aqueous solutions by aeration and duckweed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138357. [PMID: 32272417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are surfactants. Leveraging their surface active feature, this work investigated using aeration to remove perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from aqueous solutions. Eight PFAAs were spiked to either deionized water or Hoagland solution at three pHs. After 7 h of aeration, removals of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were marginal and much lower than those of and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). In deionized water, close to 80% of PFOA and PFOS at 200 ppb were removed when the pH was 2.3. The Hoagland solution at pH 2.3 and 5.0 benefited removal of long-chain PFAS at 2 ppb, but not at 200 ppb. With duckweed growing on the Hoagland solution surface, >95% of PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, and PFOS at 200 ppb were removed after 2 weeks. Aeration enhanced duckweed uptake of PFHxS, PFOA, and PFOS at 2 ppb significantly. Specific to PFOS, duckweed accumulated 14.4% of this compound initially spiked at 2 ppb in 2 weeks. These results demonstrated that aeration plus duckweed could be a viable and scalable remediation solution for surface water contaminated by PFAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Zhang W, Efstathiadis H, Li L, Liang Y. Environmental factors affecting degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by In 2O 3 nanoparticles. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 93:48-56. [PMID: 32446459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotocatalysts have shown great potential for degrading poly- and perfluorinated substances (PFAS). In light of the fact that most of these catalysts were studied in pure water, this study was designed to elucidate effects from common environmental factors on decomposing and defluorinating perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by In2O3 nanoparticles. Results from this work demonstrated that among the seven parameters, pH, sulfate, chloride, H2O2, In2O3 dose, NOM and O2, the first four had statistically significant negative effects on PFOA degradation. Since PFOA is a strong acid, the best condition leading to the highest PFOA removal was identified for two pH ranges. When pH was between 4 and 8, the optimal condition was: pH = 4.2; sulfate = 5.00 mg/L; chloride = 20.43 mg/L; H2O2 = 0 mmol/L. Under this condition, PFOA decomposition and defluorination were 55.22 and 23.56%, respectively. When pH was between 2 and 6, the optimal condition was: pH = 2; sulfate = 5.00 mg/L; chloride = 27.31 mg/L; H2O2 = 0 mmol/L. With this condition, the modeled PFOA decomposition was 97.59% with a defluorination of approximately 100%. These predicted results were all confirmed by experimental data. Thus, In2O3 nanoparticles can be used for degrading PFOA in aqueous solutions. This approach works best when the target contaminated water contains low concentrations of NOM, sulfate and chloride and at a low pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Harry Efstathiadis
- Department of Nanoengineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Gaylord A, Trasande L, Kannan K, Thomas KM, Lee S, Liu M, Levine J. Persistent organic pollutant exposure and celiac disease: A pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109439. [PMID: 32409013 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Little is known about environmental factors that may modulate risk in genetically susceptible populations. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are known endocrine disruptors and, given the interplay between the endocrine and immune systems, are plausible contributors to celiac disease. The current study aims to elucidate the association between POPs and celiac disease. We conducted a single-site pilot study of 88 patients recruited from NYU Langone's Hassenfeld Children's Hospital outpatient clinic, 30 of which were subsequently diagnosed with celiac disease using standard serology and duodenal biopsy examination. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and HLA-DQ genotype category were measured in blood serum and whole blood, respectively. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to obtain odds ratios for celiac disease associated with serum POP concentrations. Controlling for sex, race, age, BMI, and genetic susceptibility score, patients with higher serum DDE concentrations had 2-fold higher odds of celiac disease (95% CI: 1.08, 3.84). After stratifying by sex, we found higher odds of celiac disease in females with serum concentrations of DDE (OR = 13.0, 95% CI = 1.54, 110), PFOS (OR = 12.8, 95% CI = 1.17, 141), perfluorooctanoic acid (OR = 20.6, 95% CI = 1.13, 375) and in males with serum BDE153, a PBDE congener (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.01, 5.18). This is the first study to report on celiac disease with POP exposure in children. These findings raise further questions of how environmental chemicals may affect autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Gaylord
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; NYU Wagner School of Public Service, New York, NY, USA; NYU College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kristen M Thomas
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sunmi Lee
- NYU Medical Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Mengling Liu
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremiah Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Hung MD, Jung HJ, Jeong HH, Lam NH, Cho HS. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in special management sea areas of Korea: Distribution and bioconcentration in edible fish species. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111236. [PMID: 32510380 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen PFASs in water (n = 58), sediment (n = 58) and edible fish samples (n = 81) collected from three special management sea areas of Korea including Gwangyang bay, Masan bay and Busan harbor in July 2018 were investigated. The mean PFASs concentration in water (ng/L) were in order Masan (5.09) > Busan (2.82) > Gwangyang (1.74). PFASs levels were found as the low concentration in sediment. The greatest total PFASs concentration in each fish tissue was found as 3.04 (ng/g ww) in a Japanese amberjack fish for muscle in Busan, 66.23 (ng/mL) in Japanese amberjack fish for blood in Masan and 125.03 (ng/g ww) flathead grey mullet in Busan bay. The BCF (L/kg) of PFDoDA was found as the highest in muscle of all species with values from 30,922 (grey mullet in Gwangyang) to 69,131 (grey mullet in Busan). PFDS was the highest BCF's PFASs (110,599 L/kg) in muscle which was found in Japanese amberjack in Busan bay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Duc Hung
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Jung
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Ho Jeong
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Hoang Lam
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seo Cho
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Guillette TC, McCord J, Guillette M, Polera ME, Rachels KT, Morgeson C, Kotlarz N, Knappe DRU, Reading BJ, Strynar M, Belcher SM. Elevated levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Cape Fear River Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) are associated with biomarkers of altered immune and liver function. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105358. [PMID: 32044175 PMCID: PMC7064817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals of concern that persist in the environment. Environmental monitoring revealed high concentrations of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) and other novel PFAS in the lower Cape Fear River; however, there is limited information on PFAS exposures and effects of this contamination on aquatic biota. Serum concentrations of 23 PFAS in Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) from the Cape Fear River (n = 58) and a reference population from an aquaculture laboratory on the Pamlico/Tar watershed (n = 29) were quantified using liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and correlations between PFAS concentrations and health-related serum biomarkers were evaluated. Perfluorooctane sulfonate, the predominant PFAS in Cape Fear River Striped Bass serum, was detectable in every sample with serum concentrations reaching 977 ng/mL. Perfluorononanoic and perfluorodecanoic acid were also detected in all samples, with perfluorohexanesulfonic acid present in >98% of the samples. HFPO-DA (range <0.24-5.85 ng/mL) and Nafion byproduct 2 (range <0.2-1.03 ng/mL) were detected in 48% and 78% of samples, respectively. The mean total PFAS concentration found in domestic Striped Bass raised in well-water under controlled aquaculture conditions was 40 times lower, with HPFO-DA detected in 10% of the samples, and Nafion byproduct 2 was not detected. The elevated PFAS concentrations found in the Cape Fear River Striped Bass were associated with biomarkers of alterations in the liver and immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Guillette
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - James McCord
- Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Guillette
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - M E Polera
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kyle T Rachels
- North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Inland Fisheries Division Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Clint Morgeson
- North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Inland Fisheries Division Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Nadine Kotlarz
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin J Reading
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Mark Strynar
- Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Scott M Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Hassell KL, Coggan TL, Cresswell T, Kolobaric A, Berry K, Crosbie ND, Blackbeard J, Pettigrove VJ, Clarke BO. Dietary Uptake and Depuration Kinetics of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate, Perfluorooctanoic Acid, and Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (GenX) in a Benthic Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:595-603. [PMID: 31751491 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitously distributed throughout aquatic environments and can bioaccumulate in organisms. We examined dietary uptake and depuration of a mixture of 3 PFAS: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; C8 HF15 O2 ), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; C8 HF17 SO3 ), and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HPFO-DA; C6 HF11 O3 ; trade name GenX). Benthic fish (blue spot gobies, Pseudogobius sp.) were fed contaminated food (nominal dose 500 ng g-1 ) daily for a 21-d uptake period, followed by a 42-d depuration period. The compounds PFOA, linear-PFOS (linear PFOS), and total PFOS (sum of linear and branched PFOS) were detected in freeze-dried fish, whereas GenX was not, indicating either a lack of uptake or rapid elimination (<24 h). Depuration rates (d-1 ) were 0.150 (PFOA), 0.045 (linear-PFOS), and 0.042 (linear+branched-PFOS) with corresponding biological half-lives of 5.9, 15, and 16 d, respectively. The PFOS isomers were eliminated differently, resulting in enrichment of linear-PFOS (70-90%) throughout the depuration period. The present study is the first reported study of GenX dietary bioaccumulation potential in fish, and the first dietary study to investigate uptake and depuration of multiple PFASs simultaneously, allowing us to determine that whereas PFOA and PFOS accumulated as expected, GenX, administered in the same way, did not appear to bioaccumulate. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:595-603. © 2019 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Hassell
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy L Coggan
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom Cresswell
- Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirrawee, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Kolobaric
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Berry
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Vincent J Pettigrove
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Varshavsky J, Smith A, Wang A, Hom E, Izano M, Huang H, Padula A, Woodruff TJ. Heightened susceptibility: A review of how pregnancy and chemical exposures influence maternal health. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 92:14-56. [PMID: 31055053 PMCID: PMC6824944 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a unique period when biological changes can increase sensitivity to chemical exposures. Pregnant women are exposed to multiple environmental chemicals via air, food, water, and consumer products, including flame retardants, plasticizers, and pesticides. Lead exposure increases risk of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders, although women's health risks are poorly characterized for most chemicals. Research on prenatal exposures has focused on fetal outcomes and less on maternal outcomes. We reviewed epidemiologic literature on chemical exposures during pregnancy and three maternal outcomes: preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and breast cancer. We found that pregnancy can heighten susceptibility to environmental chemicals and women's health risks, although variations in study design and exposure assessment limited study comparability. Future research should include pregnancy as a critical period for women's health. Incorporating biomarkers of exposure and effect, deliberate timing and method of measurement, and consistent adjustment of potential confounders would strengthen research on the exposome and women's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Varshavsky
- University of California, San Francisco, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Anna Smith
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aolin Wang
- University of California, San Francisco, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hom
- University of California, San Francisco, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monika Izano
- University of California, San Francisco, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hongtai Huang
- University of California, San Francisco, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Padula
- University of California, San Francisco, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- University of California, San Francisco, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Zhang L, Sun W, Chen H, Zhang Z, Cai W. Transcriptomic Changes in Liver of Juvenile Cynoglossus semilaevis following Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:556-564. [PMID: 31726483 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an increasingly important environmental pollutant that is pervasive in the environment. A number of studies have focused on the toxicological effects of PFOS on model fish species (zebrafish and medaka), but little is known about the impact of PFOS on commercially important marine fish. Thus, the present study examined transcriptome responses to PFOS exposure in the liver of juvenile Cynoglossus semilaevis, an important farmed flatfish in China. Then, in response to PFOS challenges, 1695 and 5244 genes were identified as significantly increased and depressed, respectively. Significant expression changes were observed in immune-related genes (cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, T-helper [Th]17 cell differentiation, and the chemokine nuclear factor-kappa B and T-cell receptor signaling pathways), indicating that immunotoxicity is a key aspect of the effects of PFOS on C. semilaevis. Exposure to PFOS also altered the gene expression levels of hormones (inhibin, insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon), which could lead to severe metabolic and endocrine dysfunction. As expected from previous studies, several phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes were significantly up-regulated, which could facilitate the biotransformation and detoxification of PFOS in C. semilaevis. The present study provides new insights into the molecular toxicology of PFOS in a commercially important fish species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:556-564. © 2019 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linbao Zhang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haigang Chen
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wengui Cai
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Barton KE, Starling AP, Higgins CP, McDonough CA, Calafat AM, Adgate JL. Sociodemographic and behavioral determinants of serum concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a community highly exposed to aqueous film-forming foam contaminants in drinking water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 223:256-266. [PMID: 31444118 PMCID: PMC6878185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a chemical class widely used in industrial and commercial applications because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Between 2013 and 2016 PFAS were detected in public water systems and private wells in El Paso County, Colorado. The contamination was likely due to aqueous film forming foams used at a nearby Air Force base. OBJECTIVE To cross-sectionally describe the serum concentrations of PFAS in a highly exposed community, estimate associations with drinking water source, and explore potential demographic and behavioral predictors. METHODS In June 2018, serum PFAS concentrations were quantified and questionnaires administered in 213 non-smoking adult (ages 19-93) participants residing in three affected water districts. Twenty PFAS were quantified and those detected in >50% of participants were analyzed: perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS). Unadjusted associations were estimated between serum PFAS concentrations and several predictors, including water consumption, demographics, personal behaviors and employment. A multiple linear regression model estimated adjusted associations with smoking history. RESULTS Study participants' median PFHxS serum concentration (14.8 ng/mL) was approximately 12 times as high as the U.S. national average. Median serum concentrations for PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFHpS were 9.7 ng/mL, 3.0 ng/mL, 0.4 ng/mL and 0.2 ng/mL, respectively. Determinants of PFHxS serum concentrations were water district of residence, frequency of bottled water consumption, age, race/ethnicity, and smoking history. Determinants of serum concentrations for the other four PFAS evaluated included: water district of residence, bottled water consumption, age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking history, and firefighter or military employment. CONCLUSIONS Determinants of serum concentrations for multiple PFAS, including PFHxS, included water district of residence and frequency of bottled water consumption. Participants' dominant PFAS exposure route was likely consumption of PFAS-contaminated water, but certain demographic and behavioral characteristics also predicted serum concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Barton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anne P Starling
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Carrie A McDonough
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John L Adgate
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Kvalem HE, Nygaard UC, Lødrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH, Haug LS, Granum B. Perfluoroalkyl substances, airways infections, allergy and asthma related health outcomes - implications of gender, exposure period and study design. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105259. [PMID: 31733527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been inconsistently associated with asthma, allergic diseases and airways infections in early childhood. The aim of the study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of childhood exposure to PFASs on asthma and allergy related outcomes and on airways infections before and during puberty using the prospective birth cohort Environment and Childhood Asthma (ECA) Study. Aspects of gender, exposure period and study design (cross-sectional and longitudinal) were also taken into consideration. MATERIAL AND METHODS Included in the study was 378 participants with PFAS measurements at age 10 years and follow-up data at ages 10 years (cross sectional data) and 16 years (longitudinal data). Eight PFASs with at least 70% of measurements above the limit of quantification (LOQ) in the child's serum were included in the present study: perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluourononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The PFAS levels were converted into interquartile range (IQR). In addition, perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) detected in 60% of the samples, was recoded into "not detected /detected". Binomial, multinomial and linear regression were used, followed by Bonferroni adjustment to correct for multiple comparisons. Sensitivity analyses evaluating the effect of extreme PFAS values and gender were performed. RESULTS In the cross sectional data at 10 years a positive statistically significant association was seen between PFHpA and asthma in girls. In the longitudinal data, PFNA, PFDA and PFUnDA were inversely associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) in girls and with PFHxS in all participants and in boys. Further, PFNA and PFHpS were positively associated with rhinitis in girls and with PFOA in all participants. There seems to be a suggestive pattern of increased risk of allergic sensitisation in all participants and a decreased risk in boys, but due to different results in main and sensitivity analyses these findings should be interpreted with caution. No associations were found between PFASs and lung function. For airways infections and longitudinal data, PFDA was inversely associated with common cold, while positive association was found for PFHpA, PFOA, PFHpS and PFOS and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results lend further support for an immunosuppressive effect of PFASs on AD and LRTI. Gender seems to be important for some exposure-health associations. No clear pattern in exposure-health associations was observed with regard to exposure period or study design, with the exception of asthma where significant findings have mostly been reported in cross-sectional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H E Kvalem
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - U C Nygaard
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - K C Lødrup Carlsen
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K H Carlsen
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - L S Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Granum
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Qiu Z, Qu K, Luan F, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Yuan Y, Li H, Zhang H, Hai Y, Zhao C. Binding specificities of estrogen receptor with perfluorinated compounds: A cross species comparison. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105284. [PMID: 31707300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were reported to result in the endocrine disruption by activating the estrogen receptor (ER) and inducing ER-mediated transcriptions. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present work was to perform cross-species comparisons on the characteristics of eight PFCs binding to humans ERα and to rats ERα. METHODS In the present work, in vivo tests, including serum estradiol level assay and immunohistochemical staining, fluorescence assay and molecular models were applied. RESULTS Based on the in vivo experiments, the exposure of PFOA and PFOS to female rats was proved to increase the ERα expression in the terus, suggesting that PFCs may act as estrogenic compounds to activate ERα in vivo. The further fluorescence assay presented that these eight PFCs have stronger binding abilities to human ERα than to rat ERα. In addition, the differences in binding specificities between human ERα and rat ERα were identified in the process of molecular dynamics modeling with the term of helix position and the ability of coregulator recruitment. It can be found that more and stronger charge clamps could form between PFCs with human ERα than with rat ERα. Also, the eight PFCs presented lower binding energies in human ERα systems, which proved that eight PFCs presented much stronger binding abilities with human ERα. DISCUSSION In all, it can be concluded that PFCs might be more sensitive to human ERα than to that of rats, which also suggested the greater susceptibility to adverse effects on humans. The present work was a beginning assessment of a cross-species comparison, providing important information on health impacts of PFCs in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kaili Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feng Luan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yaquan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Ecology and Environment of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongna Yuan
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ying Hai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Anderko L, Pennea E, Chalupka S. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: An Emerging Contaminant of Concern. ANNUAL REVIEW OF NURSING RESEARCH 2019; 38:159-182. [PMID: 32102961 DOI: 10.1891/0739-6686.38.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the health impacts from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to grow as the science continues to emerge associating this chemical family with a wide range of health impacts. PFAS exposure may affect growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children, and also impact reproductive health, cardiovascular health, and the immune system. PFAS exposure is widespread, with communities surrounding military bases at potentially greater risk of exposure from the use of fire fighting foam that may have entered the drinking water. As trusted health professionals, nurses have been in the frontlines communicating risks regarding PFAS to impacted communities. This chapter describes a large number of PFAS studies in blood and harmful health effects in people. The chapter discusses primary sources of exposure and risk reduction. It explains health advisory levels, minimal risk levels. The chapter provides medical testing and medical management.
Collapse
|
131
|
Zheng Z, Yu H, Geng WC, Hu XY, Wang YY, Li Z, Wang Y, Guo DS. Guanidinocalix[5]arene for sensitive fluorescence detection and magnetic removal of perfluorinated pollutants. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5762. [PMID: 31848349 PMCID: PMC6917741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl substances, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are toxic materials that are known to globally contaminate water, air, and soil resources. Strategies for the simultaneous detection and removal of these compounds are desired to address this emerging health and environmental issue. Herein, we develop a type of guanidinocalix[5]arene that can selectively and strongly bind to PFOS and PFOA, which we use to demonstrate the sensitive and quantitative detection of these compounds in contaminated water through a fluorescent indicator displacement assay. Moreover, by co-assembling iron oxide nanoparticle with the amphiphilic guanidinocalix[5]arene, we are able to use simple magnetic absorption and filtration to efficiently remove PFOS and PFOA from contaminated water. This supramolecular approach that uses both molecular recognition and self-assembly of macrocyclic amphiphiles is promising for the detection and remediation of water pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zheng
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Huijuan Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Wen-Chao Geng
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xin-Yue Hu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu-Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhihao Li
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Xiong G, Deng Y, Li J, Cao Z, Liao X, Liu Y, Lu H. Immunotoxicity and transcriptome analysis of zebrafish embryos in response to glufosinate-ammonium exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124423. [PMID: 31545209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glufosinate-ammonium (Gla) is a broad-spectrum and non-selective herbicide that widely used in many countries worldwide, but the biological safety including potentially negative effects on aquatic organisms remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the immunotoxic effects of Gla exposure on zebrafish embryos. Firstly, Gla markedly decreased the survival rate and caused a series of morphological malformations in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the number of macrophages and neutrophils was substantially reduced upon Gla exposure. In addition, the levels of oxidative stress were changed and the antioxidant enzyme activities such as CAT and SOD were elevated with the increase of Gla concentrations. Secondly, comparative transcriptome analysis identified 1, 366 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 789 up-regulated and 577 down-regulated in zebrafish embryos after Gla exposure. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that metabolic pathways such as drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 was markedly regulated and proteolysis, oxidation-reduction process, and peptidase activity were significantly enriched by the GO analysis. Besides, 55 immunity-related genes were identified in the DEGs, and we found that the genes in the metabolism, redox and immunity display an unique expression profilings by clustering analysis. Finally, 8 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were further confirmed and they were differentially regulated after Gla exposure. In summary, a global survey of zebrafish defense against glufosinate was performed, and a large number of gene expression levels regarding metabolism, redox, and immunity-related genes were acquired from RNA-Seq. This study provides valuable informations for future elucidating the molecular mechanism of herbicide induced immunotoxicity in aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunyun Deng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiali Li
- College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zigang Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Beck IH, Timmermann CAG, Nielsen F, Schoeters G, Jøhnk C, Kyhl HB, Høst A, Jensen TK. Association between prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and asthma in 5-year-old children in the Odense Child Cohort. Environ Health 2019; 18:97. [PMID: 31730470 PMCID: PMC6858758 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is the most common non-communicable disease in children. Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a group of persistent environmental chemicals with endocrine disrupting abilities, has been associated with immunomodulation and may contribute to the aetiology of asthma. We investigated the associations between prenatal exposure to five PFASs and asthma in 5-year-old children. METHODS We studied 981 mother-child pairs within the Odense Child Cohort (OCC), Denmark. We measured perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) in maternal serum donated in early pregnancy. A standardized questionnaire based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) was used to assess wheeze, self-reported asthma and doctor-diagnosed asthma among children at age 5 years. Associations were examined using logistic regression analyses adjusting for parity, maternal educational level, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, asthma predisposition and child sex. RESULTS Among the 5-year-old children 18.6% reported wheeze and 7.1% reported asthma. We found no association between prenatal exposure to PFAS and doctor-diagnosed asthma or wheeze. Prenatal PFAS exposure was associated with self-reported asthma, although only significant for PFNA (OR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.03,3.23). CONCLUSION Our findings support the suggested immunomodulatory effects of PFASs, however, additional studies are warranted. In order to verify our findings, it is important to re-examine the children with postnatal measurements of serum PFAS concentrations and additional clinical diagnostic testing at an older age where an asthma diagnosis is more valid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iben Have Beck
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Clara Amalie Gade Timmermann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Camilla Jøhnk
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henriette Boye Kyhl
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense, Denmark
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Arne Høst
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense, Denmark.
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Dzierlenga AL, Robinson VG, Waidyanatha S, DeVito MJ, Eifrid MA, Gibbs ST, Granville CA, Blystone CR. Toxicokinetics of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) in male and female Hsd:Sprague dawley SD rats following intravenous or gavage administration. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:722-732. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1683776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anika L. Dzierlenga
- Department of Health and Human Services, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Veronica G. Robinson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Department of Health and Human Services, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael J. DeVito
- Department of Health and Human Services, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chad R. Blystone
- Department of Health and Human Services, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Ao J, Yuan T, Xia H, Ma Y, Shen Z, Shi R, Tian Y, Zhang J, Ding W, Gao L, Zhao X, Yu X. Characteristic and human exposure risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A study based on indoor dust and drinking water in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112873. [PMID: 31369910 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environmental matrix, and their eco-toxicity on wide life and health risks on humans arising concerns. Due to the information gap, current risk assessments of PFAS ignore the indoor exposure pathway such as indoor dust and the different sources of drinking water. We collected and analyzed 168 indoor dust and 27 drinking water samples (including tap water, filtered water and bottled water). The mean concentrations of six typical PFAS measured in indoor dust and drinking water are in the range of 15.13-491.07 ng g-1 and 0.31-4.14 ng L-1, respectively. For drinking water, PFOA and PFOS were the dominant compounds, while PFHxS was the most abundant in indoor dust. Short-chain PFAS concentrations were higher than long-chain PFAS in both drinking water and indoor dust. Higher concentration of PFAS was observed in tap water and filtered water than bottled water. The total daily intake (TDI) of six PFAS are 20.67-52.97 ng kg-1 d-1 for infants, children, teenagers, and adults. As to children, teenagers, and adults, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is the major compound, accounting for 72.9-74.7% of the total daily intake. And PFOA (38.7%) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 42.2%) are the dominant PFAS for infants. The quantitative proportions of exposure sources are firstly revealed in this study, which in the order of foodstuff > indoor dust > drinking water > indoor air. Although the contribution to the PFAS intake of drinking water and indoor dust was not predominant (<9%), the health risks caused by long-term exposure need our attention. The hazard quotient (HQ) values of total PFAS were in the range of 0.154-0.498, which suggesting the relatively lower exposure risk in Chinese population. This study provides important reference to understand PFAS exposure status other than foodstuff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Hui Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuning Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenjin Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Gao
- School of Resource and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Blanc M, Rüegg J, Scherbak N, Keiter SH. Environmental chemicals differentially affect epigenetic-related mechanisms in the zebrafish liver (ZF-L) cell line and in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 215:105272. [PMID: 31442592 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of chemicals have been shown to affect epigenetic patterning and functions. Since epigenetic mechanisms regulate transcriptional networks, epigenetic changes induced by chemical exposure can represent early molecular events for long-term adverse physiological effects. Epigenetics has thus appeared as a research field of major interest within (eco)toxicological sciences. The present study aimed at measuring effects on epigenetic-related mechanisms of selected environmental chemicals (bisphenols, perfluorinated chemicals, methoxychlor, permethrin, vinclozolin and coumarin 47) in zebrafish embryos and liver cells (ZFL). Transcription of genes related to DNA methylation and histone modifications was measured and global DNA methylation was assessed in ZFL cells using the LUMA assay. The differences in results gathered from both models suggest that chemicals affect different mechanisms related to epigenetics in embryos and cells. In zebrafish embryos, exposure to bisphenol A, coumarin 47, methoxychlor and permethrin lead to significant transcriptional changes in epigenetic factors suggesting that they can impact early epigenome reprogramming related to embryonic development. In ZFL cells, significant transcriptional changes were observed upon exposure to all chemicals but coumarin 47; however, only perfluorooctane sulfonate induced significant effects on global DNA methylation. Notably, in contrast to the other tested chemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate affected only the expression of the histone demethylase kdm5ba. In addition, kdm5ba appeared as a sensitive gene in zebrafish embryos as well. Taken together, the present results suggest a role for kdm5ba in regulating epigenetic patterns in response to chemical exposure, even though mechanisms remain unclear. To confirm these findings, further evidence is required regarding changes in site-specific histone marks and DNA methylation together with their long-term effects on physiological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Blanc
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nikolai Scherbak
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82, Örebro, Sweden; Örebro Life Science Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Zeng X, Chen Q, Zhang X, Li H, Liu Q, Li C, Ma M, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhang J, Huang L. Association between prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and asthma-related diseases in preschool children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:29639-29648. [PMID: 31399834 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thus far, the few studies on the associations between perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and asthma in children have yielded inconsistent results. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether and to what extent prenatal PFASs exposure is associated with childhood asthmatic diseases. Eight PFASs were measured in cord blood drawn from 358 children in the Shanghai Allergy Birth Cohort, and a 5-year follow-up plan was completed. Asthma was diagnosed and reported by pediatric respiratory physicians via repeated symptoms (wheezing and coughing) and laboratory examination (Immunoglobulin E level test and skin prick test). A total of 26.6% and 17.4% subjects were diagnosed with wheezing and asthma, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression and piecewise linear regression were applied, and no association was found between PFASs and asthma or wheezing. However, cord serum PFOA, PFOS, and PFDA were positively correlated with serum total IgE in 5-year-old children as the level of the former beyond the turning point (4.37 ng/mL, 2.95 ng/mL, and 0.42 ng/mL, respectively), but negatively with IgE before it reach turnning point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huajun Li
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Quanhua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Department of Dermatological, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Weixi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Lisu Huang
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Ali JM, Roberts SM, Gordon DS, Stuchal LD. Derivation of a chronic reference dose for perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) for reproductive toxicity in mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104452. [PMID: 31487490 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) is a six-carbon perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid that was used as an industrial surfactant, but is now found as an environmental contaminant worldwide. In addition to its use as an industrial surfactant, it is a legacy contaminant from the use of aqueous film-forming foams. Despite its widespread occurrence in the environment and evidence of biological activity associated with PFHxS and similar perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids in rodents, there is no oral toxicity value currently available from the IRIS Database. To derive an oral reference dose (RfD) for PFHxS, available toxicity studies were reviewed using a weight-of-evidence approach. A 42-day mouse reproductive study was chosen as the critical study for the derivation of the oral RfD. Benchmark dose modeling was utilized to derive a point of departure (POD) for a reduction in litter size. A 95% lower confidence limit on the benchmark dose (BMDL) of 13,900 ng/mL (serum PFHxS) was modeled for a reduction in litter size. An oral RfD for PFHxS of 4.0 ng/kg/d was calculated by conversion of the BMDL to a human equivalent oral dose using a human half-life adjusted dosimetric conversion factor and the application of a total uncertainty factor of 300. Additional research is needed to better characterize the toxicity associated with oral exposure to PFHxS and refine the development of toxicity values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ali
- Permitting and Environmental Health Bureau, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, NH, 03302, USA.
| | - Stephen M Roberts
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David S Gordon
- Permitting and Environmental Health Bureau, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, NH, 03302, USA
| | - Leah D Stuchal
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Wen HJ, Wang SL, Chuang YC, Chen PC, Guo YL. Prenatal perfluorooctanoic acid exposure is associated with early onset atopic dermatitis in 5-year-old children. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:25-31. [PMID: 31128349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common childhood skin disease and the first step of atopic march. Perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure is associated with atopic diseases, including AD. However, whether PFAS exposure is related to earlier AD onset remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between prenatal PFAS exposure and earlier onset of AD in children in a 5-year follow-up study. From 2001 to 2005, 1264 mother-infant pairs were recruited from eight Taiwanese maternity hospitals. PFAS levels were analyzed from cord blood. Information on children's health status, including AD occurrence, was obtained via phone interviews at multiple time points. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Cox proportional hazards models assessed associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and early onset AD. Overall, 863 mother-infant pairs with complete measurements were recruited. The prevalence of physician-diagnosed AD before 5 years of age was 7.1%. PFOA and PFOS concentrations were grouped based on whether they were above the 75th percentile. PFOA exposure was positively associated with earlier onset of AD (Kaplan-Meier estimate, p = 0.014). In the Cox model, after adjusting for sex, family income, parental atopy, breast feeding, and maternal age at childbirth, significance was observed in children above the upper quartile (≥75th) of the PFOA group (hazard ratio: 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-3.16). Our findings suggested that children with higher prenatal PFOA exposure have a higher risk of earlier AD development. Minimizing early life PFAS exposure may help inhibit AD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Wen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) College of Medicine and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) College of Medicine and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yue Leon Guo
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) College of Medicine and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Wahlang B, Jin J, Beier JI, Hardesty JE, Daly EF, Schnegelberger RD, Falkner KC, Prough RA, Kirpich IA, Cave MC. Mechanisms of Environmental Contributions to Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:80-94. [PMID: 31134516 PMCID: PMC6698418 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty liver disease (FLD) affects over 25% of the global population and may lead to liver-related mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer. FLD caused by occupational and environmental chemical exposures is termed "toxicant-associated steatohepatitis" (TASH). The current review addresses the scientific progress made in the mechanistic understanding of TASH since its initial description in 2010. RECENT FINDINGS Recently discovered modes of actions for volatile organic compounds and persistent organic pollutants include the following: (i) the endocrine-, metabolism-, and signaling-disrupting chemical hypotheses; (ii) chemical-nutrient interactions and the "two-hit" hypothesis. These key hypotheses were then reviewed in the context of the steatosis adverse outcome pathway (AOP) proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The conceptual understanding of the contribution of environmental exposures to FLD has progressed significantly. However, because this is a new research area, more studies including mechanistic human data are required to address current knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Erica F Daly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Regina D Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - K Cameron Falkner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, 40206, USA.
- The Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Kosair Charities Clinical & Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Shao X, Zhao B, Wang B, Zhao B, Zhu Y, Yuan Z, Zhang J. Neuroprotective effects of blueberry anthocyanins against perfluorooctanoic sulfonate on planarian Dugesia japonica. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 175:39-47. [PMID: 30884343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the planarian Dugesia japonica was exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and blueberry anthocyanins (ANT) for 1-10 days to investigate the protective effects of ANT on neurotoxicity and DNA damage induced by PFOS. The expression of neural related genes (Djnlg, DjFoxD, DjFoxG, DjotxA, and DjotxB) in D. japonica following exposure was determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Immunofluorescence was performed to determine the alterations in neural morphology. In addition, ELISA kits were used to measure level of the neurotransmitters Dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Furthermore, single cell gel electrophoresis was measured to analyze DNA damage. In this study, PFOS treatment induced neural morphology defects, alterations in neural-related gene expression, alterations in neurotransmitter levels, and DNA damage. However, co-exposure to ANT and PFOS mitigated the damage to D. japonica induced by PFOS. Restoration of neurotransmitter contents and neural related genes expression were observed in planarians following co-application of ANT and PFOS, immunofluorescence showed that nerve morphology almost recovered, and DNA damage was decreased. The results of this study showed that ANT may have a protective effect against PFOS induced neurotoxicity and DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, 255000 Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Baoying Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, 255000 Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, 255000 Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, 255000 Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, 255000 Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, 255000 Zibo, Shandong, China.
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, 255000 Zibo, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Wiener RC, Waters C. Perfluoroalkyls/polyfluoroalkyl substances and dental caries experience in children, ages 3-11 years, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2014. J Public Health Dent 2019; 79:307-319. [PMID: 31286520 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this research is to determine the association of seven perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances versus dental caries experience in US children, ages 3-11 years. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was used in the analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014 serological data of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. The seven perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances were: 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide) acetic acid; perfluorodecanoic acid; perfluorononanoic acid; perfluorohexane sulfonic acid; linear isomers of perfluorooctanoate; linear perfluorooctane sulfonate; and monomethyl branched isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonate. Two summative variables were created: monomethyl branch isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid with linear isomer of perfluorooctane and branch isomers of perfluorooctanoate with linear isomer perfluorooctonate. RESULTS In unadjusted logistic regression, in which the comparison was between the less than 75th percentile reference group and the 75th and above percentile group, higher perfluorodecanoic acid was associated with dental caries experience [unadjusted odds ratio: 1.79 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.46; P = 0.0069); adjusted odds ratio: 1.54 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.30; P = 0.0385)]. CONCLUSIONS Of the seven examined perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, only perfluorodecanoic acid had an association with dental caries experience in an unadjusted model and adjusted logistic regression model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Constance Wiener
- Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Christopher Waters
- Department of Dental Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Manzano-Salgado CB, Granum B, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Ballester F, Iñiguez C, Gascón M, Martínez D, Guxens M, Basterretxea M, Zabaleta C, Schettgen T, Sunyer J, Vrijheid M, Casas M. Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances, immune-related outcomes, and lung function in children from a Spanish birth cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:945-954. [PMID: 31262703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been associated with impaired immune and respiratory health during childhood but the evidence is inconsistent and limited for lung function. We studied the association between prenatal PFASs exposure and immune and respiratory health, including lung function, up to age 7 years in the Spanish INMA birth cohort study. METHODS We assessed four PFASs in maternal plasma samples collected during the 1st trimester of pregnancy (years: 2003-2008): perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA). Mothers reported the occurrence (yes/no) of lower respiratory tract infections, wheezing, asthma, and eczema in the previous 12 months at 1.5 and 4 years of the child (n = 1188) and at 7 years (n = 1071). At ages 4 (n = 503) and 7 (n = 992) years lung function was assessed using spirometry tests. RESULTS The most abundant PFASs were PFOS and PFOA (geometric means: 5.80 and 2.31 ng/mL, respectively). The relative risk of asthma during childhood per each doubling in PFNA concentration was 0.74 (95 CI%: 0.57, 0.96). The relative risk of eczema during childhood per every doubling in PFOS concentration was 0.86 (95 CI%: 0.75, 0.98). Higher PFOA concentrations were associated with lower forced vital capacity and lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s z-scores at 4 years [β (95 CI %): -0.17 (-0.34, -0.01) and -0.13 (-0.29, 0.03), respectively], but not at 7 years. CONCLUSION This longitudinal study suggests that different PFASs may affect the developing immune and respiratory systems differently. Prenatal exposure to PFNA and PFOS may be associated with reduced risk of respiratory and immune outcomes, particularly asthma and eczema whereas exposure to PFOA may be associated with reduced lung function in young children. These mixed results need to be replicated in follow-up studies at later ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia B Manzano-Salgado
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Berit Granum
- Dept. of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria-Jose Lopez-Espinosa
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Department of Nursing and Chiropody, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Iñiguez
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mireia Gascón
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - David Martínez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mikel Basterretxea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain; Health Research Institute BIODONOSTIA, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Carlos Zabaleta
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain; Health Research Institute BIODONOSTIA, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Castaño-Ortiz JM, Jaspers VLB, Waugh CA. PFOS mediates immunomodulation in an avian cell line that can be mitigated via a virus infection. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:214. [PMID: 31238913 PMCID: PMC6593586 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals. Immunomodulation is among the most concerning of toxic effects linked with PFAS exposure in mammalian models. However, no studies had yet shown this to be true in birds. Thus, we designed and conducted the first study to determine if PFASs could cause immunomodulation in birds. Secondly, we wanted to determine the effects on an avian host when exposed not only to immunomodulating chemicals, but also to a viral challenge. The aim, to determine if PFAS mediated immunmodulation functionally affects a pathogen challenge for a host. As innate immune system signalling pathways initiate crucial responses against a pathogen challenge, and are lesser studied than their adaptive counterparts, we focused on these pathways. To provide the first information on this, an in vitro experiment was designed and performed using chicken embryo fibroblasts exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (22 ppm) and immune markers characterised before and after being infected with gallid herpesvirus-2 (GaHV-2). RESULTS The expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), the nuclear factor 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells (NF-κB), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) were investigated in various scenarios. These results showed that exposure to PFOS decreased immune gene expression in chicken fibroblasts from 36 h post-exposure. Next, it was shown that this decrease could be mitigated by infection with gallid herpesvirus-2, which increased gene expression back to the baseline/control levels. CONCLUSIONS Not only is this the first study to provide the expected evidence that PFOS has immunomodulatory potential in birds, it also provides unexpected data that virus infections can mitigate this negative effect. Thereby, further research, including in vivo and in situ studies, on the impact of PFOS on host-virus interactions is now warranted, as it has been overlooked and might contribute to our understanding of recent disease outbreaks in wildlife. The mechanisms by which gallid herpesvirus mitigates immunomodulation were beyond the scope of this study, but are now of interest for future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Castaño-Ortiz
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Present address: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Veerle L. B. Jaspers
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Courtney A. Waugh
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Wikström S, Lindh CH, Shu H, Bornehag CG. Early pregnancy serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances and risk of preeclampsia in Swedish women. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9179. [PMID: 31235847 PMCID: PMC6591359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. Emerging research shows an association with environmental exposures. The present aim was to investigate associations between early pregnancy serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and preeclampsia. Within the Swedish SELMA study, eight PFAS were measured at median 10 gestational weeks and cases of preeclampsia were postnatally identified from registers. Associations between individual PFAS and preeclampsia were assessed, adjusting for parity, age, weight and smoking. Out of 1,773 women in the study group, 64 (3.6%), developed preeclampsia. A doubling of PFOS and PFNA exposure, corresponding to an inter-quartile increase, was associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia of about 38–53% respectively. Serum PFOS within the highest quartile was associated with an odds ratio of 2.68 (CI 95%: 1.17–6.12), equal to the increased risk associated with nulliparity, when compared to exposure in the first quartile. The same associations were identified, although with higher risk estimates, in analyses restricted to nulliparous women. For other PFAS, there were no associations. In conclusion and consistent with limited previous research only on PFOS, increasing serum levels of PFOS and PFNA during early pregnancy were associated with a clinically relevant risk of preeclampsia, adjusting for established confounders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sverre Wikström
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. .,Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Huan Shu
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.,Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
A Review of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in terms of Sources, Applications, Human Exposure, Dietary Intake, Toxicity, Legal Regulation, and Methods of Determination. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/2717528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely distributed across the world and are expected to be of concern to human health and the environment. The review focuses on perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and, in particular, on the most frequently discussed perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs). In this study, some basic information concerning PFASs is reviewed, focusing mainly on PFAAs (perfluoroalkyl acids). We have made efforts to systemize their division into groups according to chemical structure, describe their basic physicochemical properties, characterize production technologies, and determine potential human exposure routes with particular reference to oral exposure. A variety of possible toxicological effects to human health are also discussed. In response to increasing public concern about the toxicity of PFAAs, an evaluation of dietary intake has been undertaken for two of the most commonly known PFAAs: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). As summarized in this study, PFAAs levels need further assessment due to the science-based TWI standards laid down by the EFSA’s CONTAM Panel regarding the risk to human health posed by the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food (tolerable weekly intakes of PFOA and PFOS set up to 6 ng·kg−1·bw·week−1 and 13 ng·kg−1·bw·week−1, respectively). Current legislation, relevant legislation on PFAAs levels in food, and the most popular methods of analysis in food matrices are described.
Collapse
|
147
|
Marks KJ, Cutler AJ, Jeddy Z, Northstone K, Kato K, Hartman TJ. Maternal serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and birth size in British boys. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:889-895. [PMID: 30975573 PMCID: PMC6571162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been widely used in commercial and industrial manufacturing processes since the 1950s. Inverse associations between prenatal exposure to PFAS and birth size have been found in populations around the globe. This study examined the association of prenatal maternal serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and birth size in British boys. The study included 457 mother-son dyads participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Birth weight (g), crown to heel length (cm), and head circumference (cm) were collected at delivery. PFAS were detected in all maternal serum samples during pregnancy (median: 30 weeks gestation (interquartile range: 12-33)). Median concentrations (interquartile range) were 13.8 ng/mL (11.0, 17.7), 3.0 ng/mL (2.3, 3.8), 1.9 ng/mL (1.4, 2.5), and 0.4 ng/mL (0.3, 0.5) for PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA, respectively. In multivariable linear regression models, inverse associations were detected between PFOS (continuous) and birth weight (β = -8.50 g, 95% CI = -15.93, -1.07 g), crown to heel length (β = -0.04 cm, 95% CI = -0.08, -0.01 cm), and head circumference (β = -0.02 cm, 95% CI = -0.04, -0.002 cm). In conclusion, prenatal exposure to high levels of PFOS may be associated with reduced birth size in male infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Marks
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States.
| | - Anya J Cutler
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Zuha Jeddy
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Kate Northstone
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Kayoko Kato
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Terryl J Hartman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Pachkowski B, Post GB, Stern AH. The derivation of a Reference Dose (RfD) for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) based on immune suppression. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:452-469. [PMID: 30739020 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is ubiquitous in populations and environments worldwide. Its long half-life in humans, indefinite persistence in the environment, and awareness of its widespread presence in drinking water make the human health assessment of PFOS a priority. While developmental, endocrine, and hepatic effects, and increased serum cholesterol are among the outcomes resulting from PFOS exposure, immunosuppression has also consistently emerged as an adverse effect. An in-depth review of the relevant scientific literature on the toxicology of PFOS has identified immunosuppression as a sensitive endpoint for PFOS toxicity. Here, we focus specifically on that endpoint and provide a detailed derivation of a Reference Dose (RfD) of 1.8 × 10-6 mg/kg/day for chronic human exposure to PFOS. This RfD is based on decreased plaque-forming cell (PFC) response in mice, an endpoint that reflects suppression of the immune response to a foreign antigen. We additionally identify two endpoints in the epidemiology literature, decreased vaccine response and increased incidence of childhood infections, that are associated with PFOS exposure and that are consistent with and support the decreased PFC response endpoint from animal studies. We provide a weight of evidence analysis integrating the evidence from animal and epidemiology endpoints. Finally, we compare this RfD to the PFOS RfD derived by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Office of Water based on a developmental endpoint. Based on this comparison, and given our assessment, the USEPA RfD does not provide sufficient protection against the adverse health effects of PFOS. The RfD derived herein is intended to be public health protective and appropriately minimizes PFOS exposure based on available evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pachkowski
- Bureau for Risk Analysis, Division of Science, Research and Environmental Health, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ, USA.
| | - Gloria B Post
- Bureau for Risk Analysis, Division of Science, Research and Environmental Health, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ, USA.
| | - Alan H Stern
- Bureau for Risk Analysis, Division of Science, Research and Environmental Health, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Fair PA, Wolf B, White ND, Arnott SA, Kannan K, Karthikraj R, Vena JE. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in edible fish species from Charleston Harbor and tributaries, South Carolina, United States: Exposure and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:266-277. [PMID: 30703622 PMCID: PMC6943835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 11 PFASs were determined in muscle and whole fish for six species collected from Charleston, South Carolina (SC) for the assessment of potential health risks to humans and wildlife. Across all species and capture locations, total PFAS levels in whole fish were significantly higher than fillets by a factor of two- to three-fold. Mean ∑PFAS concentrations varied from 12.7 to 33.0 ng/g wet weight (ww) in whole fish and 6.2-12.7 ng/g ww in fillets. For individual whole fish, ∑PFASs ranged from 12.7 ng/g ww in striped mullet to 85.4 ng/g ww in spotted seatrout, and in fillets individual values ranged from 6.2 ng/g ww in striped mullet to 27.9 ng/g ww in spot. The most abundant compound in each species was perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), comprising 25.5-69.6% of the ∑PFASs. Striped mullet had significantly lower relative amounts of PFOS compared to all other species and higher relative amounts of PFUnDA compared to Atlantic croaker, spotted seatrout, and spot. Unlike whole fish, PFAS levels in fillets varied significantly by location with higher ∑PFOS from the Ashley River than the Cooper River and Charleston Harbor, which reflects the levels of PFASs contamination in these systems. In whole fish, differences in relative concentrations of PFOS, PFNA, and PFDA occurred by capture location, suggestive of different sources. PFOS concentrations for southern flounder and spotted seatrout fillets were within the advisory range to limit fish consumption to 4 meals a month. PFOS levels exceeded screening values to protect mammals in 83% of whole fish examined and represent a potential risk to wildlife predators such as dolphins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Fair
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; NOAA's Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
| | - Beth Wolf
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Natasha D White
- NOAA's Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Stephen A Arnott
- Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - John E Vena
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Zhang W, Zhang D, Liang Y. Nanotechnology in remediation of water contaminated by poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:266-276. [PMID: 30685667 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This article gives an overview of nanotechnologies applied in remediation of water contaminated by poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in physical sorption and photochemical reactions offers a promising solution in PFAS removal because of the high surface area and the associated high reactivities of the ENMs. Modification of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (e.g., oxidation, applying electrochemical assistance) significantly improves their adsorption rate and capacity for PFASs removal and opens a new door for use of CNTs in environmental remediation. Modified nanosized iron oxides with high adsorption capacity and magnetic property have also been demonstrated to be ideal sorbents for PFASs with great recyclability and thus provide an excellent alternative for PFAS removal under various conditions. Literature shows that PFOA, which is one of the most common PFASs detected at contaminated sites, can be effectively decomposed in the presence of either TiO2-based, Ga2O3-based, or In2O3-based nano-photocatalysts under UV irradiation. The decomposition abilities and mechanisms of different nano-photocatalysts are reviewed and compared in this paper. Particularly, the nanosized In2O3 photocatalysts have the best potential in PFOA decomposition and the decomposition performance is closely related to the specific surface area and the amount of photogenerated holes on the surfaces of In2O3 nanostructures. In addition to detailed review of the published studies, future prospects of using nanotechnology for PFAS remediation are also discussed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
| |
Collapse
|