101
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Evaluation of In-Package Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Discharge Cold Plasma Treatment as an Intervention Technology for Decontaminating Bulk Ready-To-Eat Chicken Breast Cubes in Plastic Containers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This article evaluates the effects of in-package atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma (ADCP) treatment on microbial inactivation, nitrate and nitrite contents, oral toxicity, and storage quality of protein-coated boiled chicken breast cubes (CBCs). ADCP treatment at 24 kV for 3 min inactivated natural mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Salmonella, and Tulane virus in CBCs by 0.7 ± 0.2, 1.4 ± 0.1 log CFU/cube, and 1.1 ± 0.2 log PFU/cube, respectively. ADCP treatment did not affect the nitrite content of CBCs (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the hematological and blood biochemical parameters from toxicity tests indicated the toxicological safety of ADCP-treated CBCs. Microbial counts of natural bacteria and Salmonella in ADCP-treated CBCs were lower than the ADCP-untreated CBCs by 0.7–0.9 and 1.4–1.7 log CFU/cube, respectively, throughout post-treatment storage at 4 °C for 21 d. ADCP treatment did not alter the pH, color, total volatile basic nitrogen, lipid oxidation, and tenderness of CBCs during storage at 4 and 24 °C, and did not change the sensory properties of CBCs following a 3 d storage period at 4 °C (p > 0.05). Thus, ADCP treatment has the potential to be applied as a method to increase the microbiological safety of packaged ready-to-eat chicken products, leading to overall toxicological safety.
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102
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da Silva GC, de Oliveira AM, Machado JCB, Ferreira MRA, de Medeiros PL, Soares LAL, de Souza IA, Paiva PMG, Napoleão TH. Toxicity assessment of saline extract and lectin-rich fraction from Microgramma vacciniifolia rhizome. Toxicon 2020; 187:65-74. [PMID: 32890585 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microgramma vacciniifolia is broadly used in folk medicine but safety information is unavailable. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity of a saline extract and a lectin-rich fraction of M. vacciniifolia rhizome. The extract showed hemolytic activity on mice erythrocytes at 1000 μg/mL, whereas the fraction promoted hemolysis (8.57-26.15%) at all tested concentrations (10-1000 μg/mL). Acute toxicity test in mice indicated an LD50 of >5000 mg/kg. Hematological alterations and increased serum alkaline phosphatase level were observed in the treated animals. Transaminases and urea levels increased in the groups treated with the extract or fraction at 5000 mg/kg. Leukocyte infiltration was observed in the liver of extract-treated animals and in the liver and lungs of mice treated with the fraction. The kidneys of animals treated with the fraction at 5000 mg/kg presented hydropic degeneration. The extract and fraction did not induce oxidative stress in the liver and did not show genotoxicity, as examined by micronucleus and comet assays. In conclusion, the preparations were not lethal to mice but caused some signs of toxicity, mainly the fraction. The results indicated the need to evaluate the toxicity of M. vacciniifolia rhizome in other models and in chronic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cavalcante da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alisson Macário de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Janaina Carla Barbosa Machado
- Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Paloma Lys de Medeiros
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Lira Soares
- Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ivone Antônia de Souza
- Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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103
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Nuber M, Lindner A, Baumgart J, Baumgart N, Heimann A, Schröder A, Muensterer OJ, Oetzmann von Sochaczewski C. Sex represents a relevant interaction in Sprague–Dawley rats: the example of oesophageal length*. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1806118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Nuber
- Translational Animal Research Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Lindner
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel Heimann
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arne Schröder
- Department of Paediatrics, Elisabeth-Krankenhaus Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Muensterer
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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104
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Tolouei S, da Silva GN, Curi TZ, Passoni MT, Ribeiro D, Meldola HG, Grechi N, Hey GS, Souza R, Dos Santos AC, Beltrame OC, Dalsenter PR, Martino-Andrade AJ, Gasparotto Junior A. Effects of Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. leaf extract on general toxicity and pubertal development of rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:124-135. [PMID: 32762447 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120945756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. (Talinaceae), popularly known as "major gomes," is a Brazilian Cerrado plant used in traditional medicine and as a food source. Recent studies have demonstrated its diuretic effects. However, no studies have been performed on its effects on the reproductive system. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of the ethanol-soluble fraction of T. paniculatum leaves (ESTP) on general toxicity and on the pubertal development of male and female Wistar rats. For this purpose, the uterotrophic and the pubertal assays were performed. In the uterotrophic test, female immature rats were treated for three consecutive days with 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg of ESTP. Uterus without luminal fluid was weighed and the relative weight calculated. For the pubertal assay, male and female immature rats were submitted to 30-day treatment with 30 or 300 mg/kg of ESTP. Clinical signs of toxicity, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. ESTP treatment did not promote estrogenic effects in female rats. In the pubertal test, no daily signs of toxicity or weight loss were observed. Moreover, ESTP did not affect the onset of vaginal opening and preputial separation and did not cause significant changes in biochemical parameters as well as in organ weight and histopathological analyses of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sel Tolouei
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, 186079Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - G N da Silva
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, 186079Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - T Z Curi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, 186079Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - M T Passoni
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, 186079Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Dck Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, 186079Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - H G Meldola
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, 186079Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - N Grechi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, 186079Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - G S Hey
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, 186079Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ric Souza
- Histology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, 186079Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - A C Dos Santos
- Histology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, 186079Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - O C Beltrame
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Erasto Gaertner Hospital-LAC, 28122Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - P R Dalsenter
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, 186079Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A J Martino-Andrade
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, 186079Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Animal Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, 28122Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, 186079Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
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105
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Kivisaari K, Boratyński Z, Lavrinienko A, Kesäniemi J, Lehmann P, Mappes T. The effect of chronic low-dose environmental radiation on organ mass of bank voles in the Chernobyl exclusion zone. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1254-1262. [PMID: 32658635 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1793016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animals are exposed to environmental ionizing radiation (IR) externally through proximity to contaminated soil and internally through ingestion and inhalation of radionuclides. Internal organs can respond to radioactive contamination through physiological stress. Chronic stress can compromise the size of physiologically active organs, but studies on wild mammal populations are scarce. The effects of environmental IR contamination on organ masses were studied by using a wild rodent inhabiting the Chernobyl exclusion zone (CEZ). MATERIAL AND METHODS The masses of brain, heart, kidney, spleen, liver and lung were assessed from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) captured from areas across radioactive contamination gradient within the CEZ. Relative organ masses were used to correct for the body mass of an individual. RESULTS Results showed a significant negative correlation between IR level in the environment and relative brain and kidney mass. A significant positive correlation between IR and relative heart mass was also found. Principal component analysis (PCA) also suggested positive relationship between IR and relative spleen mass; however, this relationship was not significant when spleen was analyzed separately. There was no apparent relationship between IR and relative liver or lung mass. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that in the wild populations even low but chronic doses of IR can lead to changes in relative organ mass. The novelty of these result is showing that exposure to low doses can affect the organ masses in similar fashion as previously shown on high, acute, radiation doses. These data support the hypothesis that wildlife might be more sensitive to IR than animals used in laboratory studies. However, more research is needed to rule out the other indirect effects such as radiosensitivity of the food sources or possible combined stress effects from e.g. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Kivisaari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Zbyszek Boratyński
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Anton Lavrinienko
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jenni Kesäniemi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tapio Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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106
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Chu C, Bao Z, Sun M, Wang X, Zhang H, Chen W, Sui Y, Li J, Zhuang Y, Wang D. NIR Stimulus-Responsive PdPt Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Chemo-Photothermal Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E675. [PMID: 32709022 PMCID: PMC7408621 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of chemotherapy and phototherapy has attracted increasing attention for cancer treatment in recent years. In the current study, porous PdPt bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and used as delivery carriers for the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). DOX@PdPt NPs were modified with thiol functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA-SH) to generate DOX@PdPt@HA NPs with an average size of 105.2 ± 6.7 nm. Characterization and in vivo and in vitro assessment of anti-tumor effects of DOX@PdPt@HA NPs were further performed. The prepared DOX@PdPt@HA NPs presented a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 49.1% under the irradiation of a single 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser. Moreover, NIR laser irradiation-induced photothermal effect triggered the release of DOX from DOX@PdPt@HA NPs. The combined chemo-photothermal treatment of NIR-irradiated DOX@PdPt@HA NPs exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on cell viability than that of DOX or NIR-irradiated PdPt@HA NPs in mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells in vitro. Further, the in vivo combination therapy, which used NIR-irradiated DOX@PdPt@HA NPs in a mouse tumor model established by subcutaneous inoculation of 4T1 cells, was demonstrated to achieve a remarkable tumor-growth inhibition in comparison with chemotherapy or photothermal therapy alone. Results of immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and Ki-67 indicated the increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of tumor cells contributed to the anti-tumor effect of chemo-photothermal treatment. In addition, DOX@PdPt@HA NPs induced negligible toxicity in vivo. Hence, the developed nanoplatform demonstrates great potential for applications in photothermal therapy, drug delivery and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dongkai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (C.C.); (Z.B.); (M.S.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (W.C.); (Y.S.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
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107
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Eck SR, Ardekani CS, Salvatore M, Luz S, Kim ED, Rogers CM, Hall A, Lee DE, Famularo ST, Bhatnagar S, Bangasser DA. The effects of early life adversity on growth, maturation, and steroid hormones in male and female rats. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2664-2680. [PMID: 31660665 PMCID: PMC8027906 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early life adversity is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders, yet the mechanisms by which adversity increases this risk are still being delineated. Here, we used a limited bedding and nesting (LBN) manipulation in rats that models a low resource environment to examine effects on growth, developmental milestones, and endocrine endpoints. In LBN, dams and pups, from pups' postnatal days 2-9, are exposed to an environment where dams lack proper materials to build a nest. This manipulation is compared to control housing conditions, where rat dams have access to ample nesting materials and enrichment throughout pups' development. We found that the LBN condition altered maternal care, increasing pup-directed behaviors while reducing self-care. This, perhaps compensatory, increase in nursing and attention to pups did not mitigate against changes in metabolism, as LBN reduced weight gain in both sexes and this effect persisted into adulthood. Although adult stress hormone levels in both sexes and vaginal opening and estrous cycle length in females were not disrupted, there was other evidence of endocrine dysregulation. Compared to controls, LBN rats of both sexes had shortened anogenital distances, indicating reduced androgen exposure. LBN males also had higher plasma estradiol levels in adulthood. This combination of results suggests that LBN causes a demasculinizing effect in males that could contribute to lasting changes in the brain and behavior. Importantly, alterations in metabolic and endocrine systems due to early life adversity could be one mechanism by which stress early in life increases risk for later disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R. Eck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Cory S. Ardekani
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Madeleine Salvatore
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Sandra Luz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric D. Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Charleanne M. Rogers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Arron Hall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Demetrius E. Lee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Sydney T. Famularo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Debra A. Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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108
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Jin SE, Shin HK, Ha H. Hepatoprotective effects of Gamisoyo-san against acetaminophen-induced liver injuries. Integr Med Res 2020; 10:100466. [PMID: 32904181 PMCID: PMC7452581 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) is a safe and effective analgesic at therapeutic dosage. However, APAP overdose is a major cause of acute liver injury. Gamisoyo-san (GMSYS; Jiaweixiaoyao-san in Chinese, Kamishoyo-san in Japanese), a traditional herbal formula, is used to treat phlegm and cough in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of GMSYS against APAP-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo. Methods We evaluated the effect of GMSYS on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by measuring cell viability in murine BNL CL.2 liver cells. Additionally, BALB/c mice were orally administered with GMSYS once daily for 7 days. Eighteen hours after the last administration, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 200 mg/kg APAP. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, hepatic antioxidants, and histological changes were examined. Results Pretreatment with GMSYS attenuated the decrease in cell viability induced by APAP in BNL CL.2 cells. In mice, pre-administration with GMSYS alleviated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by decreasing plasma ALT and AST activities and hepatic malondialdehyde, and by increasing the total glutathione (GSH)/reduced GSH ratio and the activities of several antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, GSH-S-transferase, and heme oxygenase-1. Conclusion GMSYS has a protective effect against APAP-induced acute liver injury by decreasing plasma transaminases and increasing antioxidants. GMSYS may be an effective candidate for the prevention of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyekyung Ha
- Corresponding author at: Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
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109
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Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Oil Palm Puree in Sprague–Dawley Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103404 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Palm puree is rich in antioxidants and is produced via blending various proportions of mesocarp fibre and crude palm oil. The aim of this study was to assess the acute and subchronic toxicity of palm puree in male and female Sprague–Dawley rats. For the acute toxicity study, animals administered single palm-puree doses (2000 mg kg−1) by gavage were observed daily for 14 d. For the subchronic toxicity study, the rats were administered 500, 1000, or 2000 mg kg−1 palm puree daily for 28 d. We evaluated body and organ weights; performed haematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses of blood and organ samples during and after treatment; and calculated the oral no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). The toxicity studies showed no signs of toxicity or mortality. The haematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses and body and organ weights indicated no evidence of substantial toxicity at any dose of palm puree. The oral lethal dose and NOAEL for the palm puree were greater than 2000 mg kg−1 d−1 over 28 d. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to confirm the safety of palm puree as a novel functional food. These encouraging results warrant further studies to elucidate its potential for pharmaceutical formulations.
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Zainal Z, Ong A, Yuen May C, Chang SK, Abdul Rahim A, Khaza’ai H. Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Oil Palm Puree in Sprague-Dawley Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103404. [PMID: 32414159 PMCID: PMC7277154 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Palm puree is rich in antioxidants and is produced via blending various proportions of mesocarp fibre and crude palm oil. The aim of this study was to assess the acute and subchronic toxicity of palm puree in male and female Sprague–Dawley rats. For the acute toxicity study, animals administered single palm-puree doses (2000 mg kg−1) by gavage were observed daily for 14 d. For the subchronic toxicity study, the rats were administered 500, 1000, or 2000 mg kg−1 palm puree daily for 28 d. We evaluated body and organ weights; performed haematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses of blood and organ samples during and after treatment; and calculated the oral no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). The toxicity studies showed no signs of toxicity or mortality. The haematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses and body and organ weights indicated no evidence of substantial toxicity at any dose of palm puree. The oral lethal dose and NOAEL for the palm puree were greater than 2000 mg kg−1 d−1 over 28 d. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to confirm the safety of palm puree as a novel functional food. These encouraging results warrant further studies to elucidate its potential for pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Zainal
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor 43000, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-387-694-935; Fax: +60-389-221-742
| | - Augustine Ong
- MOSTA, C3A-10, 4th Floor, Damansara Intan, No. 1, Jalan SS20/27, Selangor 47400, Malaysia; (A.O.); (C.Y.M.)
| | - Choo Yuen May
- MOSTA, C3A-10, 4th Floor, Damansara Intan, No. 1, Jalan SS20/27, Selangor 47400, Malaysia; (A.O.); (C.Y.M.)
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Afiqah Abdul Rahim
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor 43000, Malaysia;
| | - Huzwah Khaza’ai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
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111
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Udawatte NS, Kang SW, Wang Y, Arumugam TV, Seneviratne CJ. Predictive Nephrotoxicity Profiling of a Novel Antifungal Small Molecule in Comparison to Amphotericin B and Voriconazole. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:511. [PMID: 32390849 PMCID: PMC7193989 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Candida albicans is the major fungal species associated with superficial mucosal infections such as oral candidiasis as well as systemic mycoses with high morbidity and mortality. On top of the rising drug resistance, currently available antifungal agents have significant adverse effects. Nephrotoxicity is the major treatment complication associated with antifungal agents.Recently, we discovered a novel antifungal small molecule SM21 with promising antifungal activity. The present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the in vivo and in vitro nephrotoxicity of SM21 comparing with Amphotericin B and voriconazole. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Nephrotoxicity of SM21 and its analogue were comparatively evaluated with Amphotericin B (AmB) and voriconazole. Immortalized human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2) were used for in vitro analysis of nephrotoxicity using cytotoxicity assays and qPCR gene expression analysis (Kim-1/HAVcr-1, CASP3). Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model was used to evaluate the nephrotoxicity in vivo using classical (SCr and BUN) and next-generation kidney injury urinary biomarkers (Kim-1, CLU, ALB, NGAL, β2M, and Cys C) alongside histopathological and immunohistochemical standards. KEY RESULTS AmB treatment showed a stronger cytotoxic impact on HK-2 viability and gene expression of cell death markers (Kim-1/HAVcr-1, CASP3) compared with SM21 and SM21 analogue in vitro (P < 0.01). In vivo data further demonstrated that SM21 did not significantly increase classical as well as novel nephrotoxic biomarkers, and minimal renal tubular necrosis and abnormalities were observed (15 mg kg-1 BW/day). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS SM21 had a significantly better safety profile in terms of nephrotoxicity with no major tubular epithelial abnormalities observed in kidney cells and no augmentation of kidney injury biomarkers compared to AmB. Kim-1 and CLU were the most sensitive biomarkers for detection of AmB-induced kidney damage. Future clinical trials should consider inclusion of these novel biomarkers as early indicators of acute kidney injury in antifungal-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeeka S. Udawatte
- National Dental Centre Singapore, Oral Health ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chaminda J. Seneviratne
- National Dental Centre Singapore, Oral Health ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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The Liver and Kidneys mediate clearance of cardiac troponin in the rat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6791. [PMID: 32322013 PMCID: PMC7176693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac-specific troponins (cTn), troponin T (cTnT) and troponin I (cTnI) are diagnostic biomarkers when myocardial infarction is suspected. Despite its clinical importance it is still not known how cTn is cleared once it is released from damaged cardiac cells. The aim of this study was to examine the clearance of cTn in the rat. A cTn preparation from pig heart was labeled with fluorescent dye or fluorine 18 (18 F). The accumulation of the fluorescence signal using organ extracts, or the 18 F signal using positron emission tomography (PET) was examined after a tail vein injection. The endocytosis of fluorescently labeled cTn was studied using a mouse hepatoma cell line. Close to 99% of the cTnT and cTnI measured with clinical immunoassays were cleared from the circulation two hours after a tail vein injection. The fluorescence signal from the fluorescently labeled cTn preparation and the radioactivity from the 18F-labeled cTn preparation mainly accumulated in the liver and kidneys. The fluorescently labeled cTn preparation was efficiently endocytosed by mouse hepatoma cells. In conclusion, we find that the liver and the kidneys are responsible for the clearance of cTn from plasma in the rat.
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Grape-Leaf Extract Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury via Interference with NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040558. [PMID: 32268521 PMCID: PMC7225955 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Grape (Vitis vinifera) leaf extracts (GLEs) are known to be rich in phenolic compounds that exert potent antioxidant effects. Given the vulnerability of the liver to oxidative damage, antioxidants have been proposed as therapeutic agents and coadjuvant drugs to ameliorate liver pathologies. The current study was designed to characterize secondary metabolites and investigate the hepatoprotective effects of GLE and its underlying mechanisms. The secondary metabolites were profiled using HPLC–PDA–ESI-MS, and forty-five compounds were tentatively identified. In experimental in vivo design, liver injury was induced by oral administration of high doses of ethanol (EtOH) for 12 days to male Sprague Dawley rats that were split into five different groups. Blood samples and livers were then collected, and used for various biochemical, immunohistochemical, and histopathological analyses. Results showed that GLE-attenuated liver injury and promoted marked hepatic antioxidant effects, in addition to suppressing the increased heat-shock protein-70 expression. Moreover, GLE suppressed EtOH-induced expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit and proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Caspase-3 and survivin were enhanced by EtOH intake and suppressed by GLE intake. Finally, EtOH-induced histopathological changes in liver sections were markedly normalized by GLE. In conclusion, our results suggested that GLE interferes with NF-κB signaling and induces antioxidant effects, which both play a role in attenuating apoptosis and associated liver injury in a model of EtOH-induced liver damage in rats.
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Kays JC, Saeboe AM, Toufanian R, Kurant DE, Dennis AM. Shell-Free Copper Indium Sulfide Quantum Dots Induce Toxicity in Vitro and in Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1980-1991. [PMID: 31999467 PMCID: PMC7210713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are attractive fluorescent contrast agents for in vivo imaging due to their superior photophysical properties, but traditional QDs comprise toxic materials such as cadmium or lead. Copper indium sulfide (CuInS2, CIS) QDs have been posited as a nontoxic and potentially clinically translatable alternative; however, previous in vivo studies utilized particles with a passivating zinc sulfide (ZnS) shell, limiting direct evidence of the biocompatibility of the underlying CIS. For the first time, we assess the biodistribution and toxicity of unshelled CIS and partially zinc-alloyed CISZ QDs in a murine model. We show that bare CIS QDs breakdown quickly, inducing significant toxicity as seen in organ weight, blood chemistry, and histology. CISZ demonstrates significant, but lower, toxicity compared to bare CIS, while our measurements of core/shell CIS/ZnS are consistent with literature reports of general biocompatibility. In vitro cytotoxicity is dose-dependent on the amount of metal released due to particle degradation, linking degradation to toxicity. These results challenge the assumption that removing heavy metals necessarily reduces toxicity: indeed, we find comparable in vitro cytotoxicity between CIS and CdSe QDs, while CIS caused severe toxicity in vivo compared to CdSe. In addition to highlighting the complexity of nanotoxicity and the differences between the in vitro and in vivo outcomes, these unexpected results serve as a reminder of the importance of assessing the biocompatibility of core QDs absent the protective ZnS shell when making specific claims of compositional biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Kays
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | - Alexander M. Saeboe
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | - Reyhaneh Toufanian
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | | | - Allison M. Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
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Zhao L, Li P, Xu H, Han B, Chen J, Gao Z, Li J, Li X, Wu C. Toxicological safety evaluation in acute and 28-day studies of aqueous extract from Bei-Qi-Wu-Jia formula. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112324. [PMID: 31644940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bei Qi Wu Jia (BQWJ), a modern preparation of a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, is a combination of Radix Astragali and Acanthopanacis Senticosi. Although BQWJ has been used to treat insomnia, fatigue, and loss of appetite, toxicological safety studies are rare in the literature. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of BQWJ extract after oral administration in mice and rats, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the acute toxicity study, mice underwent oral administration of 67.5 g extract/kg/day. In the subacute toxicity study, rats underwent a single oral administration of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 g/kg/day of BQWJ extract for 28 days. The animals' general behavior, body weight, food intake, biochemical and hematologic parameters, organ coefficients, and pathological morphology were analyzed. RESULTS No evidence of toxicity was observed in the mice after acute exposure to BQWJ extract. The subacute results included no deaths and no changes in general behavior. Although BQWJ extract resulted in some significant changes in other parameters, these alterations cannot be considered treatment-related because they remained within normal ranges throughout the 28 days. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the oral administration of BQWJ extract at doses of less than 67.5 g/kg/day for 1 day or 10.0 g/kg/day for 28 consecutive days can be considered safe and showed no distinct toxicity or side effects in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liutao Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Pan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Hongde Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Bingqian Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Jingjing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Ziqing Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Jianglong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Xianbin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Chunli Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
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Mudunuru J, Ren C, Taft DR, Maniar M. Effect of Gender on the Pharmacokinetics of ON 123300, A Dual Inhibitor of ARK5 and CDK4/6 for the Treatment of Cancer, in Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:531-538. [PMID: 30701428 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ON 123300, a small molecule dual inhibitor of the c-MYC activated kinases ARK5 and CDK4/6, is being developed as a novel drug candidate for the treatment of cancer. The objective of this research was to evaluate gender differences in the in vitro metabolism and in vivo systemic exposure of ON 123300 in rats. METHODS In vitro metabolism experiments (n = 2/group) were performed in rat liver microsomes from male and female donors. ON 123300 bislactate (final concentration 10 µM) was incubated with 0.5 mg/mL microsomes, and samples (100 µL) were withdrawn at specified incubation times over a period of 60 min, and immediately quenched and centrifuged. The supernatant was analyzed for ON 123300 and its metabolites by HPLC. ON 123300 (bislactate salt) pharmacokinetics were evaluated following intravenous (i.v.) (30 s infusion, 5 and 10 mg/kg) or oral administration (25 and 100 mg/kg) to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g). Following dosing, blood samples were collected over a time period up to 24 h. ON 123300 plasma concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis. Plasma and microsomal binding of ON 123300 and blood:plasma ratio were also determined. RESULTS ON 123300 displayed more rapid microsomal degradation in vitro in males compared to females, as reflected in intrinsic clearance (181 vs 53.1 µL/min/mg). This translated into a significantly higher exposure of ON 123300 following oral administration to female rats, with the area under the curve (AUC) increasing nearly 3-fold (5617 ± 1914 ng·h/mL) compared to males (AUC = 1965 ± 749 ng·h/mL). This gender effect was less pronounced following i.v. dosing, where the AUC was ~ 2-fold higher in females. Based on these results, the higher plasma exposure observed in females can be primarily attributed to reductions in both hepatic clearance and presystemic metabolism compared to males. CONCLUSIONS This investigation demonstrated a significantly lower metabolism of ON 123300 in female rats, which resulted in high systemic exposure. Additional testing is warranted to assess the potential clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennypher Mudunuru
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Chen Ren
- Onconova Therapeutics, Inc., Newtown, PA, USA
| | - David R Taft
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
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Styrylcoumarin 7-SC2 induces apoptosis in SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma cells and inhibits azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in BALB/c mice. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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118
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Combined Inositol Hexakisphosphate and Inositol Supplement Consumption Improves Serum Alpha-Amylase Activity and Hematological Parameters in Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2019; 2019:4143137. [PMID: 31737067 PMCID: PMC6815611 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4143137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of combined inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and inositol supplement on organ weight, intestinal ATPase activities, complete blood count, and serum analytes in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. High-fat diet and a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg body weight) were used to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus in Sprague–Dawley rats. The diabetic groups were then treated with either combined IP6 and inositol supplement or glibenclamide for four weeks. Organ weights, intestinal ATPase activities, complete blood count, serum α-amylase, total protein, albumin, and globulin content were determined. Pancreatic weight was significantly reduced while relative kidney and liver weights were elevated in the group treated with combined IP6 and inositol supplement compared to the nondiabetic control. Serum α-amylase activity for the glibenclamide and combination treated groups was significantly improved compared to that of the untreated diabetic group. Red cell distribution width percentage was significantly lower in the combination treated group compared to that in the untreated diabetic group, while intestinal ATPase activities were unaffected by the treatment regime. Combined IP6 and inositol supplement consumption may protect people with diabetes from increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to the supplement's ability to maintain red cell distribution width percentage towards the normal control group.
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119
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Jiang X, Yang F, Zhao Q, Tian D, Tang Y. Protective effects of pentadecapeptide derived from Cyclaina sinensis against cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:392-398. [PMID: 31607481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our study was aimed at investigating the hepatoprotective effects of pentadecapeptide (RVAPEEHPVEGRYLV) from Cyclaina sinensis (SCSP) against cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Our results show that SCSP can significantly alleviate CTX-induced hepatotoxicity by decreasing the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) in the liver. In addition, the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also significantly decreased in the liver tissues when treated with SCSP. Moreover, the protein levels of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and apoptosis-related proteins were also restored by SCSP treatment. Overall, our results suggest that SCSP can potentially improve the CTX-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hangzhou Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Qiaojun Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Diying Tian
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yunping Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
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120
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Olayode OA, Daniyan MO, Olayiwola G. Biochemical, hematological and histopathological evaluation of the toxicity potential of the leaf extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis in rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 10:544-554. [PMID: 33134130 PMCID: PMC7588336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The many pharmacological potentials of Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L.C. Rich) Vahl, especially in managing central nervous system disorders, hypertension, diabetes and infections, have made it a subject of abuse, necessitating the need to ascertain its safety. This study therefore investigated the toxic effects of the leaf extract of S. cayennensis in rats following acute and 28-day repeated doses in male and female rats. Experimental procedure Acute and repeated dose studies were conducted in male and female groups of rats (135–150 g), using OECD 423 and 407 Tests guidelines respectively. Functional observational battery, and body weights were monitored. Blood samples were analysed for haematological and plasma biochemical indices. Organs (brain, kidneys and liver) specimen were collected and weighed. Kidney and liver specimen were subjected to histopathological analysis. Results and conclusion The LD50 of the extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg, p.o. (24 h) suggesting that the extract may be non-toxic. However, following single and repeated doses, the results revealed varying degree of significant (p < 0.05) changes in biochemical and heamatological indices, as well as in relative body weight and organ-body and organ-brain weight ratios. Also, histological assessment revealed evidence of liver and kidney toxicities and recovery was incomplete, as signs of toxicities were still evident after 21 days of recovery. Therefore, the extract is potentially harmful to vital organs with evidence of sex differential adverse effects and non-reversible forms of toxicity, especially with repeated usage, necessitating the need to avoid indiscriminate use. The leaf extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis induced significant changes in rats weights. The extract caused varying significant changes in biochemical and hematological indices. Significant alteration in histoarchitecture of liver and kidney were observed. The observed toxic effects were persistent following period of recovery. The toxic effects are mostly sex dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladotun A Olayode
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Michael Oluwatoyin Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Sanarica F, Mantuano P, Conte E, Cozzoli A, Capogrosso RF, Giustino A, Cutrignelli A, Cappellari O, Rolland JF, De Bellis M, Denora N, Camerino GM, De Luca A. Proof-of-concept validation of the mechanism of action of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors in dystrophic mdx mouse muscle: in vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104260. [PMID: 31059789 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Src tyrosine kinase (TK), a redox-sensitive protein overexpressed in dystrophin-deficient muscles, can contribute to damaging signaling by phosphorylation and degradation of β-dystroglycan (β-DG). We performed a proof-of-concept preclinical study to validate this hypothesis and the benefit-safety ratio of a pharmacological inhibition of Src-TK in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Src-TK inhibitors PP2 and dasatinib were administered for 5 weeks to treadmill-exercised mdx mice. The outcome was evaluated in vivo and ex vivo on functional, histological and biochemical disease-related parameters. Considering the importance to maintain a proper myogenic program, the potential cytotoxic effects of both compounds, as well as their cytoprotection against oxidative stress-induced damage, was also assessed in C2C12 cells. In line with the hypothesis, both compounds restored the level of β-DG and reduced its phosphorylated form without changing basal expression of genes of interest, corroborating a mechanism at post-translational level. The histological profile of gastrocnemius muscle was slightly improved as well as the level of plasma biomarkers. However, amelioration of in vivo and ex vivo functional parameters was modest, with PP2 being more effective than dasatinib. Both compounds reached appreciable levels in skeletal muscle and liver, supporting proper animal exposure. Dasatinib exerted a greater concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on C2C12 cells than the more selective PP2, while being less protective against H2O2 cytotoxicity, even though at concentrations higher than those experienced during in vivo treatments. Our results support the interest of Src-TK as drug target in dystrophinopathies, although further studies are necessary to assess the therapeutic potential of inhibitors in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sanarica
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - P Mantuano
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - E Conte
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - A Cozzoli
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - R F Capogrosso
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy; Department of Chemical, Toxicological and Pharmacological Drug Studies, Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana, Albania
| | - A Giustino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - A Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - O Cappellari
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - J F Rolland
- AXXAM S.p.A., Openzone, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - M De Bellis
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - N Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - G M Camerino
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy.
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Zhu Z, Huang Y, Luo X, Wu Q, He J, Li S, Barba FJ. Modulation of lipid metabolism and colonic microbial diversity of high-fat-diet C57BL/6 mice by inulin with different chain lengths. Food Res Int 2019; 123:355-363. [PMID: 31284986 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties, biological functions and microbial degradation of inulins differ according to their degree of polymerization. However, the relationship between inulin activities and its effect on gut microbiota remains unknown. In this study, high fat diet with inulin (1 or 5 g/kg·bw), either with short or long chains groups were administered to different groups of mice (n = 10) for 10 weeks in order to investigate the effect of inulin on the microbial diversity of the animals. Litchi pericarp procyanidins (LPPC) were used for comparison purposes. Furthermore, the lipid metabolism and key regulator genes in mice were determined. The results indicated that natural inulin (1 g/kg·bw) ingestion reduced the body weight of fat mice between week 6-9. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in liver was remarkably higher after adding long chain inulin (5 g/kg·bw) compared to high-fat-diet mice. Moreover, high dose of natural inulin regulated malondialdehyde and advanced glycation end-products levels in mice liver. Likewise, the high dose of short-chain inulin increased sterol response element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) genetic expression. A significant change on the abundance of six genera in gut microbial profile suggested that inulin has the ability to modulate the lipid metabolism regardless of chain length, mainly due to its impact on colon microbiota variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhou Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jingren He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shuyi Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Francisco J Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
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Ejeh S, Abalaka S, Usende I, Alimi Y, Oyelowo F. Acute toxicity, oxidative stress response and clinicopathological changes in Wistar rats exposed to aqueous extract of Uvaria chamae leaves. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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He H, Huang Q, Liu C, Jia S, Wang Y, An F, Song H. Effectiveness of AOS-iron on iron deficiency anemia in rats. RSC Adv 2019; 9:5053-5063. [PMID: 35514661 PMCID: PMC9060678 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08451c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most serious nutritional problems. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of a novel agar oligosaccharide-iron complex (AOS-iron) on rats with IDA, such as iron supplementation and recovery of antioxidant ability. Eighty-four weaned male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group (n = 12), which was fed with a standard diet, and an anemia model group (n = 72), which was fed with an iron-deficient diet for 4 weeks to establish a model of IDA. After the model was established, the rats with IDA were divided into six groups, namely, an anemia model group, a ferrous gluconate group, a ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) group, and low-dose (LD), medium-dose (MD) and high-dose (HD) AOS-iron groups, and fed with an iron-deficient diet and different iron supplements for 4 weeks, respectively. The results showed that HD AOS-iron exerted a significant restorative effect by returning blood parameters to normal levels in rats with IDA, including hemoglobin, red blood cells, hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell hematocrit, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin. A histological analysis suggested that the liver morphology in the MD and HD AOS-iron groups was similar to that in the normal group. Furthermore, MD and HD AOS-iron improved antioxidant activities in the serum and liver. In general, high-dose (the same dose as those of ferrous gluconate and FeSO4) AOS-iron exhibited the best effects in terms of iron supplementation and antioxidant activities. The present findings showed that AOS-iron might be a potential new iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
| | - Qun Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Cancan Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
| | - Shirong Jia
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
| | - Yiwei Wang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
| | - Fengping An
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Song
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China +86-591-83789294 +86-591-83789294
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
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Safety Evaluation of a New Traditional Chinese Medical Formula, Ciji-Hua'ai-Baosheng II Formula, in Adult Rodent Models. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3659890. [PMID: 30733809 PMCID: PMC6348800 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3659890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Ciji-Hua'ai-Baosheng II Formula (CHB-II-F) is a new traditional Chinese medical formula that has been shown to reduce toxicity and side effects of chemotherapy and increase the probability of cancer patient survival. Whether CHB-II-F is safe as an adjunctive therapy for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy has yet to be determined. Purpose To evaluate the acute and subchronic toxic effects of CHB-II-F in rodent models. Methods In acute toxicity test, 24 Kunming mice were divided into 2 groups: untreated control and CHB-II-F 1.05 g/mL (31.44 g/kg) treated group. Treatment was administered to the treated group 3 times a day for 14 days. The overall health, adverse reactions, and mortality rate were documented. In subchronic toxicity test, 96 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: untreated control, high dose CHB-II-F (H) (26.20 g/kg), medium dose CHB-II-F (M) (13. 10 g/kg), and low dose CHB-II-F (L) (6.55 g/kg) [equal to 24.375 g (dried medicinal herb)/kg] treated groups. Treated groups were given the treatments once a day for 4 weeks. The overall health and mortality rate were recorded every day. Body weight and food consumption were measured once a week. Hematologic and biochemical parameters, organ weights, and histopathologic markers were analyzed after 4 weeks. An additional 2 weeks were given as the treatment recovery period before end-point euthanization, and biochemical analyses were performed. Results The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of CHB-II-F on mice was found to be 94.31 g/kg [equal to 351 g (dried medicinal herb)/kg], which is 108 times the human adult dose. In the acute toxicity test, administration of CHB-II-F 31.44 g/kg showed no adverse effect and did not cause mortality. In the subchronic toxicity test, after 4 weeks of treatment, compared to the controls, total cholesterol (TCHO) level, cardiac and splenic indexes, body weights of female rats, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in the CHB-II-F (H) group were significantly increased; triglyceride (TG) in the CHB-II-F (M) group and liver and splenic indexes in the CHB-II-F (L) group were increased. After the two-week recovery period, biofluid analyses, food consumption, and histopathologic examinations showed no abnormalities. Conclusion Administration of CHB-II-F had no obvious adverse effect on the overall health of rodent models. A daily maximum dose of less than 94.31 g/kg or 6.55 g/kg CHB-II-F for 4 continuous weeks was considered safe.
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Elhady MA, Khalaf AAA, Kamel MM, Noshy PA. Carvacrol ameliorates behavioral disturbances and DNA damage in the brain of rats exposed to propiconazole. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Oldani G, Peloso A, Vijgen S, Wilson EM, Slits F, Gex Q, Morel P, Delaune V, Orci LA, Yamaguchi T, Kobayashi T, Rubbia-Brandt L, Nakauchi H, Lacotte S, Toso C. Chimeric liver transplantation reveals interspecific graft remodelling. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1025-1036. [PMID: 30031887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A major limitation in the field of liver transplantation is the shortage of transplantable organs. Chimeric animals carrying human tissue have the potential to solve this problem. However, currently available chimeric organs retain a high level of xenogeneic cells, and the transplantation of impure organs needs to be tested. METHODS We created chimeric livers by injecting Lewis rat hepatocytes into C57Bl/6Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- mice, and further transplanted them into newly weaned Lewis rats (45 ± 3 g) with or without suboptimal immunosuppression (tacrolimus 0.6 mg/kg/day for 56 or 112 days). Control donors included wild-type C57Bl/6 mice (xenogeneic) and Lewis rats (syngeneic). RESULTS Without immunosuppression, recipients of chimeric livers experienced acute rejection, and died within 8 to 11 days. With immunosuppression, they all survived for >112 days with normal weight gain compared to syngeneic controls, while all xenogeneic controls died within 98 days due to rejection with Banff scores >6 (p = 0.0014). The chimeric grafts underwent post-transplant remodelling, growing by 670% on average. Rat hepatocytes fully replaced mouse hepatocytes starting from day 56 (absence of detectable mouse serum albumin, histological clearance of mouse hepatocytes). In addition, rat albumin levels reached those of syngeneic recipients. Four months after transplantation of chimeric livers, we observed the development of diffuse mature rat bile ducts through transdifferentiation of hepatocytes (up to 72% of cholangiocytes), and patchy areas of portal endothelium originating from the host (seen in one out of five recipients). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrate the efficacy of transplanting rat-to-mouse chimeric livers into rats, with a high potential for post-transplant recipient-oriented graft remodelling. Validation in a large animal model is still needed. LAY SUMMARY Chimeric animals are composed of cells from different species. Chimeric animals carrying human tissue have the potential to increase the availability of transplantable organs. We transplanted rat-to-mouse liver grafts into newly weaned rats. The chimeric grafts underwent post-transplant remodelling with rat hepatocytes replacing all mouse hepatocytes within 56 days. In addition, we observed the post-transplant development of diffuse mature rat bile ducts through the transformation of hepatocytes, and patchy areas of portal endothelium originating from the host. These data demonstrate the efficacy of transplanting rat-to-mouse chimeric livers into rats, with a high potential for post-transplant graft remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Oldani
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Peloso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Vijgen
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Slits
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Gex
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Morel
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vaihere Delaune
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo A Orci
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Laura Rubbia-Brandt
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stéphanie Lacotte
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Guo Z, Sahu BS, He R, Finan B, Cero C, Verardi R, Razzoli M, Veglia G, Di Marchi RD, Miles JM, Bartolomucci A. Clearance kinetics of the VGF-derived neuropeptide TLQP-21. Neuropeptides 2018; 71:97-103. [PMID: 29958697 PMCID: PMC6166661 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED TLQP-21 is a multifunctional neuropeptide and a promising new medicinal target for cardiometabolic and neurological diseases. However, to date its clearance kinetics and plasma stability have not been studied. The presence of four arginine residues led us to hypothesize that its half-life is relatively short. Conversely, its biological activities led us to hypothesize that the peptide is still taken up by adipose tissues effectively. [125I]TLQP-21 was i.v. administered in rats followed by chasing the plasma radioactivity and assessing tissue uptake. Plasma stability was measured using LC-MS. In vivo lipolysis was assessed by the palmitate rate of appearance. RESULTS A small single i.v. dose of [125I]TLQP-21 had a terminal half-life of 110 min with a terminal clearance rate constant, kt, of 0.0063/min, and an initial half-life of 0.97 min with an initial clearance rate constant, ki, of 0.71/min. The total net uptake by adipose tissue accounts for 4.4% of the entire dose equivalent while the liver, pancreas and adrenal gland showed higher uptake. Uptake by the brain was negligible, suggesting that i.v.-injected peptide does not cross the blood-brain-barrier. TLQP-21 sustained isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis in vivo. Finally, TLQP-21 was rapidly degraded producing several N-terminal and central sequence fragments after 10 and 60 min in plasma in vitro. This study investigated the clearance and stability of TLQP-21 peptide for the first time. While its pro-lipolytic effect supports and extends previous findings, its short half-life and sequential cleavage in the plasma suggest strategies for chemical modifications in order to enhance its stability and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZengKui Guo
- Mayo Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bhavani S Sahu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rongjun He
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - John M Miles
- Mayo Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Adawaren EO, Mukandiwa L, Njoya EM, Bekker L, Duncan N, Naidoo V. The use of liver slices from the Cape vulture (Gyps coprotheres) to better understand the role of liver toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in vultures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 62:147-155. [PMID: 30025357 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was responsible for the death of millions of vultures on the Asian subcontinent, following the consumption of diclofenac contaminated carcasses. The aim of this research was to establish if liver slices could serve as an alternate means of predicting the toxicity of NSAIDs in Gyps vultures. The Cape vulture liver slices was prepared and incubated with four NSAIDs for 6 h. A percent clearance of 1.0 ± 0.253, 0.58 ± 0.153, 0.961 ± 0.312 and 1.242 ± 0.406 (%/h*g) was attained for diclofenac, carprofen, ketoprofen and meloxicam respectively. Both meloxicam and diclofenac exerted toxic effects on the hepatic cells. Protein content indicated that the vulture tissue had lower enzyme levels than expected for an animal of its size. The poor distinction between the ex vivo hepatic percent clearance of meloxicam and diclofenac indicates that liver slices is not an ideal model to investigate NSAIDs toxicity in Cape vulture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian Mukandiwa
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Mfotie Njoya
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lizette Bekker
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Neil Duncan
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Shrader SM, Jung S, Denney TS, Smith BF. Characterization of Australian Labradoodle dystrophinopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2018; 28:927-937. [PMID: 30286978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans, dystrophin mutations cause the X-linked recessive disorder known as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). These mutations result in skeletal and cardiac muscle damage with mortality increasingly associated with cardiomyopathy. We have identified a novel dystrophin mutation in exon 21 in a line of Australian Labradoodles; affected dogs develop progressive clinical signs including poor weight gain and weight loss, gait abnormalities, exercise intolerance, skeletal muscle atrophy, macroglossa, ptyalism, dysphagia, kyphosis, and a plantigrade stance. Echocardiographic abnormalities include hyperechoic foci in the left ventricular papillary muscles, septal hypokinesis, and decreased left ventricular systolic and diastolic volume and internal diameter. Holter recordings found a Mobitz type II second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block in one affected dog. Analysis of phosphocreatine-to-ATP ratios (PCr/ATP) (obtained via cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy evaluation), found no statistically significant difference in the mean PCr/ATP between groups. Histopathologic skeletal muscle changes included fibrofatty infiltration, myocyte degeneration, necrosis, and regeneration, lymphohistiocytic inflammation, and mineralization; cardiac changes were limited to a focal area of mineralization adjacent to the sinoatrial node in the dog with a second-degree AV block. Due to rapidly progressive clinical signs, a severe phenotype, and potential for cardiac involvement, Australian Labradoodle dystrophinopathy may be a useful model to further study DMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Shrader
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - SeungWoo Jung
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thomas S Denney
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Auburn University MRI Research Center, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Bruce F Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Safety assessment of Oryeong-san, a traditional herbal formula: Study of subacute toxicity and influence of cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:88-97. [PMID: 30026136 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oryeong-san is a traditional herbal formula that is used for the treatment of common genitourinary diseases in Korea and other Asian countries. However, little is known about its safety and influence on drug metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the subacute toxicity of an Oryeong-san water extract (OSWE) in rats and its effects on activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Subacute toxicity was modeled in animals exposed to treatment with the extract at multiple doses. Rats were given OSWE by oral gavage at 0, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. We checked general observations and investigated any changes of body/organ weight, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis in vivo; and the activities of human microsomal cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isozymes in vitro. We found that OSWE caused no significant toxicological changes at the doses tested. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level of OSWE was more than 5000 mg/kg/day for male and female rats. OSWE inhibited the activities of CYP2C19 (IC50: 737.69 μg/mL) and CYP2E1 (IC50: 177.77 μg/mL). These results indicate that OSWE may be safe with no drug-related toxicity for up to 4 weeks and provide useful information concerning its potential to interact with conventional drugs or other herbal medicines.
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Peter AI, Naidu ECS, Akang E, Ogedengbe OO, Offor U, Rambharose S, Kalhapure R, Chuturgoon A, Govender T, Azu OO. Investigating Organ Toxicity Profile of Tenofovir and Tenofovir Nanoparticle on the Liver and Kidney: Experimental Animal Study. Toxicol Res 2018; 34:221-229. [PMID: 30057696 PMCID: PMC6057299 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2018.34.3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir nanoparticles are novel therapeutic intervention in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reaching the virus in their sanctuary sites. However, there has been no systemic toxicity testing of this formulation despite global concerns on the safety of nano drugs. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the toxicity of Tenofovir nanoparticle (NTDF) on the liver and kidney using an animal model. Fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats maintained at the animal house of the biomedical resources unit of the University of KwaZulu-Natal were weighed and divided into three groups. Control animals (A) were administered with normal saline (NS). The therapeutic doses of Tenofovir (TDF) and nanoparticles of Tenofovir (NTDF) were administered to group B and C and observed for signs of stress for four weeks after which animals were weighed and sacrificed. Liver and kidney were removed and fixed in formal saline, processed and stained using H/E, PAS and MT stains for light microscopy. Serum was obtained for renal function test (RFT) and liver function test (LFT). Cellular measurements and capturing were done using ImageJ and Leica software 2.0. Data were analysed using graph pad 6, p values < 0.05 were significant. We observed no signs of behavioural toxicity and no mortality during this study, however, in the kidneys, we reported mild morphological perturbations widening of Bowman's space, and vacuolations in glomerulus and tubules of TDF and NTDF animals. Also, there was a significant elevation of glycogen deposition in NTDF and TDF animals when compared with control. In the liver, there were mild histological changes with widening of sinusoidal spaces, vacuolations in hepatocytes and elevation of glycogen deposition in TDF and NTDF administered animals. In addition to this, there were no significant differences in stereological measurements and cell count, LFT, RFT, weight changes and organo-somatic index between treatment groups and control. In conclusion, NTDF and TDF in therapeutic doses can lead to mild hepatic and renal histological damage. Further studies are needed to understand the precise genetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniekan Imo Peter
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
| | - Edwin CS Naidu
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
| | - Edidiong Akang
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
| | - Oluwatosin O Ogedengbe
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
| | - Ugochukwu Offor
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
| | - Sanjeev Rambharose
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
| | - Rahul Kalhapure
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
| | - Onyemaechi O Azu
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Windhoek,
Namibia
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Tomigahara Y, Tarui H, Matsui M, Kurosawa M, Kawamura S, Isobe N. Lack of human relevance for procymidone's developmental toxicity attributable to species difference in its kinetics and metabolism. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2018; 43:114-123. [PMID: 30363160 PMCID: PMC6140727 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural fungicide procymidone can cause external genitalia abnormalities in rats but not monkeys or rabbits. To investigate the relevance of developmental findings in rats to humans, we conducted in vitro plasma protein binding studies, in vitro metabolism (biotransformation) studies using liver S9 fractions and hepatocytes, and in vivo metabolism and excretion studies using chimeric mice with humanized hepatocytes. On the basis of these results, we concluded that the metabolic and excretion profiles of procymidone in humans are similar to those in monkeys and rabbits but differ from those in rats. From the findings of this and previous studies, we judge the developmental toxicity potential of procymidone to be very low in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirokazu Tarui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Masayoshi Matsui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Naohiko Isobe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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Intranasal melatonin nanoniosomes: pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics and toxicity studies. Ther Deliv 2018; 8:373-390. [PMID: 28530143 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Intranasal melatonin encapsulated in nanosized niosomes was preclinically evaluated. METHODOLOGY A formula of melatonin niosomes (MN) was selected through physicochemical and cytotoxic data for pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics and toxicity studies in male Wistar rats. RESULTS Intranasal MN was bioequivalent to intravenous injection of melatonin, providing therapeutic level doses. Acute and subchronic toxicity screening showed no abnormal signs, symptoms or hematological effects in any animals. Transient nasal irritations with no inflammation were observed with intranasal MN, leading it to be categorized as relatively harmless. CONCLUSION The intranasal MN could deliver melatonin to the brain to induce sleep and provide delayed systemic circulation, relative to intravenous injection and also distribute to peripheral tissue.
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Kim MS, Kim SH, Jeon D, Kim HY, Han JY, Kim B, Lee K. Low-dose cadmium exposure exacerbates polyhexamethylene guanidine-induced lung fibrosis in mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:384-396. [PMID: 29590002 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1451177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal present in tobacco smoke, air, food, and water. Inhalation is an important route of Cd exposure, and lungs are one of the main target organs for metal-induced toxicity. Cd inhalation is associated with an increased risk of pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to assess the effects of repeated exposure to low-dose Cd in a mouse model of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG)-induced lung fibrosis. Mice were grouped into the following groups: vehicle control (VC), PHMG, cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and PHMG + CdCl2. Animals in the PHMG group exhibited increased numbers of total cells and inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis in lung tissues. These parameters were exacerbated in mice in the PHMG + CdCl2 group. In contrast, mice in the CdCl2 group alone displayed only minimal inflammation in pulmonary tissue. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and fibrogenic mediators was significantly elevated in lungs of mice in the PHMG group compared with that VC. Further, expression of these cytokines and mediators was enhanced in pulmonary tissue in mice administered PHMG + CdCl2. Data demonstrate that repeated exposure to low-dose Cd may enhance the development of PHMG-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Kim
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
- b Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology , University of Science & Technology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Doin Jeon
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Young Kim
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Han
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- c Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program) , College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University , Iksan , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
- b Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology , University of Science & Technology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
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136
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Synthesis, characterization and toxicological evaluation of pH-sensitive polyelectrolyte Nanogels. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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137
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Vahedi MM, Mahdian D, Jafarian AH, Iranshahi M, Esmaeilizadeh M, Ghorbani A. Toxicity assessment of Ferula gummosa administration during pregnancy, lactation, and juvenile period in rat. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:199-205. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1337126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Vahedi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Davood Mahdian
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Jafarian
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Ghaem Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Esmaeilizadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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138
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Kiss T, Szabó A, Oszlánczi G, Lukács A, Tímár Z, Tiszlavicz L, Csupor D. Repeated-dose toxicity of common ragweed on rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176818. [PMID: 28472131 PMCID: PMC5417505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is an invasive species with highly allergenic pollens. Ragweed originates from North America, but it also occurs and is spreading in Europe, causing seasonal allergic rhinitis for millions of people. Recently, the herb of A. artemisiifolia has gained popularity as medicinal plant and food. The effects of its long-term intake are unknown; there are no toxicological data to support the safe use of this plant. The aim of our study was to assess the repeated dose toxicity of A. artemisiifolia on animals. Ragweed puree was administered in low dose (500 mg/kg b. w.) and high dose (1000 mg/kg b. w.) to male Wistar rats according to 407 OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Clinical symptoms, various blood chemical parameters, body weight and organ weights of the rats were measured. Reduced liver function enzymes (AST, ALT), reduced triglyceride level in the low dose and increased carbamide level in the high dose group were observed. The weight of the liver relative to body weight was significantly reduced in both groups, while the brain weight relative to body weight was significantly elevated in both groups. According to our results, the repeated use of ragweed resulted in toxic effects in rats and these results question the safety of long-term human consumption of common ragweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tivadar Kiss
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Szeged, Hungary
- University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szabó
- University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, Szeged, Hungary
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Oszlánczi
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Lukács
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - László Tiszlavicz
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső Csupor
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Szeged, Hungary
- University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, Szeged, Hungary
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139
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Awounfack CF, Ateba SB, Zingue S, Mouchili OR, Njamen D. Safety evaluation (acute and sub-acute studies) of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. (Cecropiaceae) in Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:169-178. [PMID: 27592311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv (Cecropiaceae) is a medicinal plant distributed in forests and damp places of tropical Africa. Its leaves are widely used as food and/or for the treatment of various ailments including dysmenorrhoea, female infertility, tumors and diarrhea. However, to the best of our knowledge, no safety assessment of this plant has been reported yet. AIM OF STUDY The present study aimed at evaluating the safety of the aqueous extract of leaves of Myrianthus arboreus (MAA) in Wistar rats through an acute and sub-acute oral administration. MATERIAL AND METHODS In acute oral toxicity, the test was performed according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines Nr. 423 (acute toxicity class method, ATC) with slight modifications. Female Wistar rats were orally treated with the aqueous extract of M. arboreus at the doses of 2000 and 5000mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity study, using the OECD guidelines Nr. 407, the extract was administered by gavage at the doses of 20, 110 and 200mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days. RESULTS A single oral administration of 2000 or 5000mg/kg of the extract induced neither mortality nor exterior signs of toxicity indicating a LD50 >5000mg/kg. In sub-acute study, the extract decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol/high density lipoproteins ratio and atherogenic index of plasma in both sexes at all tested doses. Alanine transaminase decreased in both sexes at 200mg/kg and serum creatinine levels decreased at all tested doses in females. Moreover, significant increases in ovarian and uterine wet weights, red blood cell count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and hemoglobin were observed at 200mg/kg in females. In males, this extract decreased white blood cell count, lymphocytes and relative weight of seminal vesicles and ventral prostate at 200mg/kg. CONCLUSION The aqueous extract of Myrianthus arboreus leaves was non-toxic in acute administration and exhibited a relatively low toxicity potential on accessory sex organs in both sexes, and leukocytes in males following the repeated 28-days oral administration of the dose 200mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Florence Awounfack
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sylvin Benjamin Ateba
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Stéphane Zingue
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Oumarou Riepouo Mouchili
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Han SH, Suh HJ, Hong KB, Kim SY, Min SC. Oral Toxicity of Cold Plasma-Treated Edible Films for Food Coating. J Food Sci 2016; 81:T3052-T3057. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Han
- Inst. for Biomaterials; Korea Univ; Seoul 136-713 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Dept. of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School; Korea Univ; Seoul 136-713 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bae Hong
- Inst. for Biomaterials; Korea Univ; Seoul 136-713 Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Seoul Women's Univ; Seoul 139-774 Republic of Korea
| | - Sea C. Min
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Seoul Women's Univ; Seoul 139-774 Republic of Korea
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141
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Kalu WO, Okafor PN, Ijeh II, Eleazu C. Effect of kolaviron, a biflavanoid complex from Garcinia kola on some biochemical parameters in experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:1436-1443. [PMID: 27599375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the effect of kolaviron on some biochemical parameters in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) rats. METHODS BPH was induced in rats using a mixture of dihydrotestosterone and estradiol valerate (10:1). RESULTS The lethal dose of kolaviron was 3050mg/kg body weight. Body weights, relative heart weight (RHW), relative liver weight (RLW), serum levels of prostate specific antigen, prolactin, estradiol, testosterone, testosterone/estradiol ratio, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), urea, creatinine and prostatic levels of total proteins in the normal rats administered finasteride (standard drug) or kolaviron were not different (P>0.05) from normal control whereas most of these parameters were altered in the disease control except RHW, RLW, AST and ALT. Finasteride (5mg/70kg) or kolaviron (100 and 200mg/kg) ameliorated most of these parameters compared with disease control except RHW, RLW, prolactin, AST, ALT, urea and creatinine (for kolaviron at 100mg/kg). The normal rats administered finasteride or kolaviron had decreased prostate weights (P<0.05) compared with the normal control which results were corroborated by histological assay that also showed that treatment with kolaviron (200mg/kg) or finasteride reversed the histoarchitecture of the prostates of the BPH rats. CONCLUSION Kolaviron could be useful in the management of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Kalu
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.
| | - P N Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - I I Ijeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - C Eleazu
- Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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142
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Hodges JK, Tan L, Green MH, Ross AC. Vitamin A Supplementation Increases the Uptake of Chylomicron Retinyl Esters into the Brain of Neonatal Rats Raised under Vitamin A-Marginal Conditions. J Nutr 2016; 146:1677-83. [PMID: 27511933 PMCID: PMC4997285 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.233692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most rapid phase of brain development occurs during the neonatal period. Vitamin A (VA; retinol) is critical for many aspects of this process, including neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory formation. However, the metabolism of retinol in the neonatal brain has not been extensively explored. OBJECTIVE We examined the uptake of VA into the brain in neonatal rats raised under VA-marginal conditions (control group) and assessed the effect of VA supplementation on the uptake of VA into the brain. METHODS Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats (n = 104) nursed by mothers fed a VA-marginal diet were randomly assigned and treated on postnatal day 4 with an oral dose of either VA (6 μg retinyl palmitate/g body weight) or canola oil as the control, both of which contained 1.8 μCi [(3)H]retinol. Pups (n = 4/group at a time) were killed at 13 sampling times from 30 min to 24 d after dosing. The uptake of total retinol, chylomicron-associated retinyl esters (REs), and retinol bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP) was estimated with the use of WinSAAM version 3.0.8. RESULTS Total retinol mass in the brain was closely dependent on its mass in plasma over time (r = 0.91; P < 0.001). The uptake of retinol into the brain involved both postprandial chylomicrons and RBP, with RBP delivering most of the retinol in the control group [0.27 nmol/d (RBP) compared with 0.01 nmol/d (chylomicrons)]. VA supplementation increased the fractional uptake of chylomicron REs from 0.3% to 1.2% of plasma pool/d, decreased that of RBP retinol from 0.5% to 0.2% of plasma pool/d, and increased the transfer rate of chylomicron REs from nearly zero to 0.7 nmol/d, causing a day-long elevation in the brain mass of total retinol. CONCLUSION Postprandial chylomicrons may be a primary mechanism for delivering a recently ingested large dose of VA to the brain of neonatal rats raised under VA-marginal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Hodges
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Libo Tan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Michael H Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - A Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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143
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Lopes EDO, Oliveira CGD, Silva PBD, Eismann CE, Suárez CA, Menegário AA, Leite CQF, Deflon VM, Pavan FR. Novel Zinc(II) Complexes [Zn(atc-Et)₂] and [Zn(atc-Ph)₂]: In Vitro and in Vivo Antiproliferative Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E781. [PMID: 27213368 PMCID: PMC4881598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin and its derivatives are the main metallodrugs used in cancer therapy. However, low selectivity, toxicity and drug resistance are associated with their use. The zinc(II) (Zn(II)) thiosemicarbazone complexes [Zn(atc-Et)₂] (1) and [Zn(atc-Ph)₂] (2) (atc-R: monovalent anion of 2-acetylpyridine N4-R-thiosemicarbazone) were synthesized and fully characterized in the solid state and in solution via elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy, conductometry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxicity of these complexes was evaluated in the HepG2, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, K-562, DU 145 and MRC-5 cancer cell lines. The strongest antiproliferative results were observed in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells, in which these complexes displayed significant selective toxicity (3.1 and 3.6, respectively) compared with their effects on normal MRC-5 cells. In vivo studies were performed using an alternative model (Artemia salina L.) to assure the safety of these complexes, and the results were confirmed using a conventional model (BALB/c mice). Finally, tests of oral bioavailability showed maximum plasma concentrations of 3029.50 µg/L and 1191.95 µg/L for complexes 1 and 2, respectively. According to all obtained results, both compounds could be considered as prospective antiproliferative agents that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica de O Lopes
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Carolina G de Oliveira
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, USP-Univ de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Patricia B da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Carlos E Eismann
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, Rio Claro, São Paulo 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Suárez
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, Rio Claro, São Paulo 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Amauri A Menegário
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, Rio Claro, São Paulo 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Clarice Q F Leite
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Victor M Deflon
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, USP-Univ de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Fernando R Pavan
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
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Methods for Isolation and Purification of Murine Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151945. [PMID: 26992171 PMCID: PMC4798180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the biological functions of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and to identify their interplay with blood or liver cells, techniques allowing for the isolation and purification of LSEC have been developed over the last decades. The objective of the present review is to summarize and to compare the efficiency of existing methods for isolating murine LSEC. Toward this end, the MEDLINE database was searched for all original articles describing LSEC isolation from rat and mouse livers. Out of the 489 publications identified, 23 reported the main steps and outcomes of the procedure and were included in our review. Here, we report and analyse the technical details of the essential steps of the techniques used for LSEC isolation. The correlations between the prevalence of some steps and the efficiency of LSEC isolation were also identified. We found that centrifugal elutriation, selective adherence and, more recently, magnetic-activated cell sorting were used for LSEC purification. Centrifugal elutriation procured high yields of pure LSEC (for rats 30-141.9 million cells for 85-98% purities; for mice 9-9.25 million cells for >95% purities), but the use of this method remained limited due to its high technical requirements. Selective adherence showed inconsistent results in terms of cell yields and purities in rats (5-100 million cells for 73.7-95% purities). In contrast, magnetic-activated cell sorting allowed for the isolation of highly pure LSEC, but overall lower cell yields were reported (for rats 10.7 million cells with 97.6% purity; for mice 0.5-9 million cells with 90-98% purities). Notably, the controversies regarding the accuracy of several phenotypic markers for LSEC should be considered and their use for both magnetic sorting and characterization remain doubtful. It appears that more effort is needed to refine and standardize the procedure for LSEC isolation, with a focus on the identification of specific antigens. Such a procedure is required to identify the molecular mechanisms regulating the function of LSEC and to improve our understanding of their role in complex cellular processes in the liver.
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Luckanagul JA, Metavarayuth K, Feng S, Maneesaay P, Clark AY, Yang X, García AJ, Wang Q. Tobacco Mosaic Virus Functionalized Alginate Hydrogel Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration in Rats with Cranial Defect. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:606-615. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jittima Amie Luckanagul
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631
Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Department
of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand 10330
| | - Kamolrat Metavarayuth
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631
Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sheng Feng
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631
Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Phudit Maneesaay
- Department
of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand 10903
| | - Amy Y. Clark
- Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Medical
Chronobiology Laboratory and Center for Colon Cancer Research, WJB Dorn VA Medical Center, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, South Carolina 29209, United States
| | - Andrés J. García
- Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631
Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Zhang XG, Wei GX, Wang WN, Ma GD, Tang P, Chen XQ. Effects of Fe-YM1504 on iron deficiency anemia in rats. Food Funct 2016; 7:3184-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00423g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most serious forms of malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guo Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan medicine of Gansu Province
- Gansu
- P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xing Wei
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan medicine of Gansu Province
- Gansu
- P.R. China
| | - Wen-Na Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan medicine of Gansu Province
- Gansu
- P.R. China
| | - Guo-Di Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan medicine of Gansu Province
- Gansu
- P.R. China
| | - Peng Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan medicine of Gansu Province
- Gansu
- P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qian Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan medicine of Gansu Province
- Gansu
- P.R. China
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Tchoumtchoua J, Mouchili OR, Ateba SB, Zingue S, Halabalaki M, Mbanya JC, Skaltsounis AL, Njamen D. Safety assessment of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms: Acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:877-884. [PMID: 28962299 PMCID: PMC5598524 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms (Leguminosae) is widely used traditionally in Central and West Africa for the treatment of various ailments. However, no data regarding its safety have been published until now. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the potential toxicity of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Amphimas pterocarpoides (AP) in Wistar rats following the OECD guidelines. In acute oral toxicity, female rats received a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of AP and were observed for 14 days. In subchronic toxicity, doses of 150, 300, 600 mg/kg/day of AP were given per os to rats (males and females) for 28 days. No death and abnormal behaviors were observed in acute toxicity and the LD50 was estimated higher than 5000 mg/kg. In the subchronic study, AP induced no significant variation in body weight and relative weight of organs, whereas a delayed decrease of white blood cell count and granulocytes was observed. Inconsistent increase of the total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein was observed at 600 mg/kg in males. Such variation (not dose dependent) and without biological relevance indicate a wide margin of safety for the traditional use of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Tchoumtchoua
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Oumarou Riepouo Mouchili
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sylvin Benjamin Ateba
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Stéphane Zingue
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers' Treaning College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55 Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Jean Claude Mbanya
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, PO Box 8046, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
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Snow SJ, McGee J, Miller DB, Bass V, Schladweiler MC, Thomas RF, Krantz T, King C, Ledbetter AD, Richards J, Weinstein JP, Conner T, Willis R, Linak WP, Nash D, Wood CE, Elmore SA, Morrison JP, Johnson CL, Gilmour MI, Kodavanti UP. Inhaled diesel emissions generated with cerium oxide nanoparticle fuel additive induce adverse pulmonary and systemic effects. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:403-17. [PMID: 25239632 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) exposure induces adverse cardiopulmonary effects. Cerium oxide nanoparticles added to diesel fuel (DECe) increases fuel burning efficiency but leads to altered emission characteristics and potentially altered health effects. Here, we evaluated whether DECe results in greater adverse pulmonary effects compared with DE. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to filtered air, DE, or DECe for 5 h/day for 2 days. N-acetyl glucosaminidase activity was increased in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats exposed to DECe but not DE. There were also marginal but insignificant increases in several other lung injury biomarkers in both exposure groups (DECe > DE for all). To further characterize DECe toxicity, rats in a second study were exposed to filtered air or DECe for 5 h/day for 2 days or 4 weeks. Tissue analysis indicated a concentration- and time-dependent accumulation of lung and liver cerium followed by a delayed clearance. The gas-phase and high concentration of DECe increased lung inflammation at the 2-day time point, indicating that gas-phase components, in addition to particles, contribute to pulmonary toxicity. This effect was reduced at 4 weeks except for a sustained increase in BALF γ-glutamyl transferase activity. Histopathology and transmission electron microscopy revealed increased alveolar septa thickness due to edema and increased numbers of pigmented macrophages after DECe exposure. Collectively, these findings indicate that DECe induces more adverse pulmonary effects on a mass basis than DE. In addition, lung accumulation of cerium, systemic translocation to the liver, and delayed clearance are added concerns to existing health effects of DECe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Snow
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703 *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, Na
| | - John McGee
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Desinia B Miller
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Virginia Bass
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Ronald F Thomas
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Todd Krantz
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Charly King
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Judy Richards
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Jason P Weinstein
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Teri Conner
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Robert Willis
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - William P Linak
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - David Nash
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703 *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, Na
| | - Charles E Wood
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Susan A Elmore
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - James P Morrison
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Crystal L Johnson
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Matthew Ian Gilmour
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
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150
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Craig EA, Yan Z, Zhao QJ. The relationship between chemical-induced kidney weight increases and kidney histopathology in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:729-36. [PMID: 25092041 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is a major site of chemical excretion, which results in its propensity to exhibit chemically-induced toxicological effects at a higher rate than most other organs. Although the kidneys are often weighed in animal toxicity studies, the manner in which these kidney weight measurements are interpreted and the value of this information in predicting renal damage remains controversial. In this study we sought to determine whether a relationship exists between chemically-induced kidney weight changes and renal histopathological alterations. We also examined the relative utility of absolute and relative (kidney-to-body weight ratio) kidney weight in the prediction of renal toxicity. For this, data extracted from oral chemical exposure studies in rats performed by the National Toxicology Program were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. Our analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between absolute, but not relative, kidney weight and renal histopathology in chemically-treated rats. This positive correlation between absolute kidney weight and histopathology was observed even with compounds that statistically decreased terminal body weight. Also, changes in absolute kidney weight, which occurred at subchronic exposures, were able to predict the presence or absence of kidney histopathology at both subchronic and chronic exposures. Furthermore, most increases in absolute kidney weight reaching statistical significance (irrespective of the magnitude of change) were found to be relevant for the prediction of histopathological changes. Hence, our findings demonstrate that the evaluation of absolute kidney weight is a useful method for identifying potential renal toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evisabel A Craig
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, 37831, TN, USA.,National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, 45268, OH, USA
| | - Zhongyu Yan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, 37831, TN, USA.,National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, 45268, OH, USA
| | - Q Jay Zhao
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, 45268, OH, USA
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