101
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Abramowicz A, Story MD. The Long and Short of It: The Emerging Roles of Non-Coding RNA in Small Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061445. [PMID: 32498257 PMCID: PMC7352322 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a significant role in intercellular communication through their non-coding RNA (ncRNA) cargo. While the initial examination of EV cargo identified both mRNA and miRNA, later studies revealed a wealth of other types of EV-related non-randomly packed ncRNAs, including tRNA and tRNA fragments, Y RNA, piRNA, rRNA, and lncRNA. A number of potential roles for these ncRNA species were suggested, with strong evidence provided in some cases, whereas the role for other ncRNA is more speculative. For example, long non-coding RNA might be used as a potential diagnostic tool but might also mediate resistance to certain cancer-specific chemotherapy agents. piRNAs, on the other hand, have a significant role in genome integrity, however, no role has yet been defined for the piRNAs found in EVs. While our knowledgebase for the function of ncRNA-containing EVs is still modest, the potential role that these EV-ensconced ncRNA might play is promising. This review summarizes the ncRNA content of EVs and describes the function where known, or the potential utility of EVs that harbor specific types of ncRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Abramowicz
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael D Story
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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102
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Rogers RG, Ciullo A, Marbán E, Ibrahim AG. Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Agents for Cardiac Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:479. [PMID: 32528309 PMCID: PMC7255103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease remains an increasing major public health challenge in the United States and worldwide. A common end-organ feature in diseased hearts is myocardial fibrosis, which stiffens the heart and interferes with normal pump function, leading to pump failure. The development of cells for regenerative therapy has been met with many pitfalls on its path to clinical translation. Recognizing that regenerative cells secrete therapeutically bioactive vesicles has paved the way to circumvent many failures of cell therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of extracellular vesicles (EVs), with a focus on their utility as therapeutic agents for cardiac regeneration. We also highlight the engineering potential of EVs to enhance their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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103
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Maghin E, Garbati P, Quarto R, Piccoli M, Bollini S. Young at Heart: Combining Strategies to Rejuvenate Endogenous Mechanisms of Cardiac Repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:447. [PMID: 32478060 PMCID: PMC7237726 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
True cardiac regeneration of the injured heart has been broadly described in lower vertebrates by active replacement of lost cardiomyocytes to functionally and structurally restore the myocardial tissue. On the contrary, following severe injury (i.e., myocardial infarction) the adult mammalian heart is endowed with an impaired reparative response by means of meager wound healing program and detrimental remodeling, which can lead over time to cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Lately, a growing body of basic, translational and clinical studies have supported the therapeutic use of stem cells to provide myocardial regeneration, with the working hypothesis that stem cells delivered to the cardiac tissue could result into new cardiovascular cells to replenish the lost ones. Nevertheless, multiple independent evidences have demonstrated that injected stem cells are more likely to modulate the cardiac tissue via beneficial paracrine effects, which can enhance cardiac repair and reinstate the embryonic program and cell cycle activity of endogenous cardiac stromal cells and resident cardiomyocytes. Therefore, increasing interest has been addressed to the therapeutic profiling of the stem cell-derived secretome (namely the total of cell-secreted soluble factors), with specific attention to cell-released extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, carrying cardioprotective and regenerative RNA molecules. In addition, the use of cardiac decellularized extracellular matrix has been recently suggested as promising biomaterial to develop novel therapeutic strategies for myocardial repair, as either source of molecular cues for regeneration, biological scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering or biomaterial platform for the functional release of factors. In this review, we will specifically address the translational relevance of these two approaches with ad hoc interest in their feasibility to rejuvenate endogenous mechanisms of cardiac repair up to functional regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Maghin
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy.,Department of Women's and Children Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Patrizia Garbati
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Quarto
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,UOC Cellular Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Piccoli
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Sveva Bollini
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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104
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Michell DL, Zhao S, Allen RM, Sheng Q, Vickers KC. Pervasive Small RNAs in Cardiometabolic Research: Great Potential Accompanied by Biological and Technical Barriers. Diabetes 2020; 69:813-822. [PMID: 32312897 PMCID: PMC7171967 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in small RNA sequencing have revealed the enormous diversity of small noncoding RNA (sRNA) classes in mammalian cells. At this point, most investigators in diabetes are aware of the success of microRNA (miRNA) research and appreciate the importance of posttranscriptional gene regulation in glycemic control. Nevertheless, miRNAs are just one of multiple classes of sRNAs and likely represent only a minor fraction of sRNA sequences in a given cell. Despite the widespread appreciation of sRNAs, very little research into non-miRNA sRNA function has been completed, likely due to some major barriers that present unique challenges for study. To emphasize the importance of sRNA research in cardiometabolic diseases, we highlight the success of miRNAs and competitive endogenous RNAs in cholesterol and glucose metabolism. Moreover, we argue that sequencing studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are just the tip of the iceberg for sRNAs. We are likely standing at the precipice of immense discovery for novel sRNA-mediated gene regulation in cardiometabolic diseases. To realize this potential, we must first address critical barriers with an open mind and refrain from viewing non-miRNA sRNA function through the lens of miRNAs, as they likely have their own set of distinct regulatory factors and functional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Michell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryan M Allen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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105
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Extracellular vesicles released by prokaryote or eukaryote cells are emerging as mechanisms of cell-to-cell communication, by either physically interacting with the surface of target cells or transferring proteins/peptides, lipids, carbohydrates, and nuclei acids to acceptor cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles, among other functions, regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. We revisit here the effects that extracellular vesicles of various origins have on innate immunity. RECENT FINDINGS Extracellular vesicles comprise a heterogeneous group of vesicles with different biogenesis, composition and biological properties, which include exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles, and other extracellular vesicles still not well characterized. Extracellular vesicles released by pathogens, leukocytes, nonhematopoietic cells, tumor cells, and likely allografts, can either stimulate or suppress innate immunity via multiple mechanisms. These include transfer to target leukocytes of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory mediators, membrane receptors, enzymes, mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs; and interaction of extracellular vesicles with the complement and coagulation systems. As a result, extracellular vesicles affect differentiation, polarization, activation, tissue recruitment, cytokine and chemokine production, cytolytic and phagocytic function, and antigen transfer ability, of different types of innate immune cells. SUMMARY The field of intercellular communication via extracellular vesicles is a rapid evolving area and the effects of pathogen-derived and host-derived extracellular vesicles on innate immunity in particular, have received increasing attention during the past decade. Future studies will be necessary to assess the full potential of the crosstalk between extracellular vesicles and the innate immune system and its use for therapeutic applications to treat chronic inflammation-based diseases and cancer growth and dissemination, among the growing list of disorders in which the innate immune system plays a critical role.
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106
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Abstract
The advent of deep sequencing technologies led to the identification of a considerable amount of noncoding RNA transcripts, which are increasingly recognized for their functions in controlling cardiovascular diseases. MicroRNAs have already been studied for a decade, leading to the identification of several vasculoprotective and detrimental species, which might be considered for therapeutic targeting. Other noncoding RNAs such as circular RNAs, YRNAs, or long noncoding RNAs are currently gaining increasing attention, and first studies provide insights into their functions as mediators or antagonists of vascular diseases in vivo. The present review article will provide an overview of the different types of noncoding RNAs controlling the vasculature and focus on the developing field of long noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jaé
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration (N.J., S.D.), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration (N.J., S.D.), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.,Cardiopulmonary Institute (S.D.), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) and Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt (S.D.)
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107
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Valkov N, Das S. Y RNAs: Biogenesis, Function and Implications for the Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1229:327-342. [PMID: 32285422 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1671-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, progress in the field of high-throughput sequencing technology and its application to a wide variety of biological specimens has greatly advanced the discovery and cataloging of a diverse set of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that have been found to have unexpected biological functions. Y RNAs are an emerging class of highly conserved, small ncRNAs. There is a growing number of reports in the literature demonstrating that Y RNAs and their fragments are not just random degradation products but are themselves bioactive molecules. This review will outline what is currently known about Y RNA including biogenesis, structure and functional roles. In addition, we will provide an overview of studies reporting the presence and functions attributed to Y RNAs in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedyalka Valkov
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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108
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The Role of Proteostasis in the Regulation of Cardiac Intercellular Communication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:279-302. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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109
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Jia Y, Wei Y. Modulators of MicroRNA Function in the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2357. [PMID: 32235299 PMCID: PMC7177468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in fine-tuning host immune homeostasis and responses through the negative regulation of mRNA stability and translation. The pathways regulated by miRNAs are well characterized, but the precise mechanisms that control the miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression during immune cell-development and immune responses to invading pathogens are incompletely understood. Context-specific interactions of miRNAs with other RNA species or proteins may modulate the function of a given miRNA. Dysregulation of miRNA function is associated with various human diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Here, we review the potential modulators of miRNA function in the immune system, including the transcription regulators of miRNA genes, miRNA-processing enzymes, factors affecting miRNA targeting, and intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Jia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Key laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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110
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Balbi C, Costa A, Barile L, Bollini S. Message in a Bottle: Upgrading Cardiac Repair into Rejuvenation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030724. [PMID: 32183455 PMCID: PMC7140681 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic cardiac disease is associated with a loss of cardiomyocytes and an intrinsic lack of myocardial renewal. Recent work has shown that the heart retains limited cardiomyocyte proliferation, which remains inefficient when facing pathological conditions. While broadly active in the neonatal mammalian heart, this mechanism becomes quiescent soon after birth, suggesting loss of regenerative potential with maturation into adulthood. A key question is whether this temporary regenerative window can be enhanced via appropriate stimulation and further extended. Recently the search for novel therapeutic approaches for heart disease has centred on stem cell biology. The “paracrine effect” has been proposed as a promising strategy to boost endogenous reparative and regenerative mechanisms from within the cardiac tissue by exploiting the modulatory potential of soluble stem cell-secreted factors. As such, growing interest has been specifically addressed towards stem/progenitor cell-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can be easily isolated in vitro from cell-conditioned medium. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the current paradigm on cardiac repair and regeneration, with a specific focus on the role and mechanism(s) of paracrine action of EVs from cardiac stromal progenitors as compared to exogenous stem cells in order to discuss the optimal choice for future therapy. In addition, the challenges to overcoming translational EV biology from bench to bedside for future cardiac regenerative medicine will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Balbi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
| | - Ambra Costa
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Dept. of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Lucio Barile
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Theranostics, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Sveva Bollini
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Dept. of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (S.B.)
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111
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Macrophages in cardiac repair: Environmental cues and therapeutic strategies. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31857583 PMCID: PMC6923399 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals, in contrast to urodeles and teleost fish, lose the ability to regenerate their hearts soon after birth. Central to this regenerative response are cardiac macrophages, which comprise a heterogeneous population of cells with origins from the yolk sac, fetal liver, and bone marrow. These cardiac macrophages maintain residency in the myocardium through local proliferation and partial replacement over time by circulating monocytes. The intrinsic plasticity of cardiac macrophages in the adult heart promotes dynamic phenotypic changes in response to environmental cues, which may either protect against injury or promote maladaptive remodeling. Thus, therapeutic strategies promoting myocardial repair are warranted. Adult stromal cell-derived exosomes have shown therapeutic promise by skewing macrophages toward a cardioprotective phenotype. While several key exosomal non-coding RNA have been identified, additional factors responsible for cardiomyocyte proliferation remain to be elucidated. Here I review cardiac macrophages in development and following injury, unravel environmental cues modulating macrophage activation, and assess novel approaches for targeted delivery. The human heart may be coaxed toward regeneration by modifying the activity of specialized immune cells known as macrophages. Insight from the regenerating hearts of zebrafish, newt, and neonatal mammals has revealed that macrophages are required to replace scar with functioning heart tissue. As mammals lose the ability to regenerate heart tissue, macrophages mature from a regenerative phenotype towards an immunomodulatory phenotype. By adulthood, heart macrophages comprise a mixed population of cells arising from either early embryonic development or differentiation from white blood cells. In this issue, Dr. Geoffrey de Couto from the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, reviews the role of macrophages in heart repair and therapeutic strategies to enhance their activity. Recent studies suggest that exosomes, which are naturally-released nano-sized vesicles, can re-educate adult macrophages to protect the heart from injury.
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112
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Witman N, Zhou C, Grote Beverborg N, Sahara M, Chien KR. Cardiac progenitors and paracrine mediators in cardiogenesis and heart regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:29-51. [PMID: 31862220 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian hearts have the least regenerative capabilities among tissues and organs. As such, heart regeneration has been and continues to be the ultimate goal in the treatment against acquired and congenital heart diseases. Uncovering such a long-awaited therapy is still extremely challenging in the current settings. On the other hand, this desperate need for effective heart regeneration has developed various forms of modern biotechnologies in recent years. These involve the transplantation of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors or cardiomyocytes generated in vitro and novel biochemical molecules along with tissue engineering platforms. Such newly generated technologies and approaches have been shown to effectively proliferate cardiomyocytes and promote heart repair in the diseased settings, albeit mainly preclinically. These novel tools and medicines give somehow credence to breaking down the barriers associated with re-building heart muscle. However, in order to maximize efficacy and achieve better clinical outcomes through these cell-based and/or cell-free therapies, it is crucial to understand more deeply the developmental cellular hierarchies/paths and molecular mechanisms in normal or pathological cardiogenesis. Indeed, the morphogenetic process of mammalian cardiac development is highly complex and spatiotemporally regulated by various types of cardiac progenitors and their paracrine mediators. Here we discuss the most recent knowledge and findings in cardiac progenitor cell biology and the major cardiogenic paracrine mediators in the settings of cardiogenesis, congenital heart disease, and heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Witman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chikai Zhou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels Grote Beverborg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Makoto Sahara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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113
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Oggero S, Austin-Williams S, Norling LV. The Contrasting Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular Inflammation and Tissue Repair. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1479. [PMID: 31920664 PMCID: PMC6928593 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous family of vesicles, generated from different subcellular compartments and released into the extracellular space. Composed of a lipid bilayer encompassing both soluble cytosolic material and nuclear components, these organelles have been recently described as novel regulators of intercellular communication between adjacent and remote cells. Due to their diversified composition and biological content, they portray specific signatures of cellular activation and pathological processes, their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers has raised significant interest in cardiovascular diseases. Circulating vesicles, especially those released from platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells are found to play a critical role in activating several fundamental cells within the vasculature, including endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Their intrinsic activity and immunomodulatory properties lends them to not only promote vascular inflammation, but also enhance tissue regeneration, vascular repair, and indeed resolution. In this review we aim to recapitulate the recent findings concerning the roles played by EVs that originate from different circulating cells, with particular reference to their action on the endothelium. We focus herein, on the interaction of platelet and leukocyte EVs with the endothelium. In addition, their potential biological function in promoting tissue resolution and vascular repair will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Oggero
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shani Austin-Williams
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Victoria Norling
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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114
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Patil M, Henderson J, Luong H, Annamalai D, Sreejit G, Krishnamurthy P. The Art of Intercellular Wireless Communications: Exosomes in Heart Disease and Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:315. [PMID: 31850349 PMCID: PMC6902075 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale membrane-bound extracellular vesicles secreted by most eukaryotic cells in the body that facilitates intercellular communication. Exosomes carry several signaling biomolecules, including miRNA, proteins, enzymes, cell surface receptors, growth factors, cytokines and lipids that can modulate target cell biology and function. Due to these capabilities, exosomes have emerged as novel intercellular signaling mediators in both homeostasis and pathophysiological conditions. Recent studies document that exosomes (both circulating or released from heart tissue) have been actively involved in cardiac remodeling in response to stressors. Also, exosomes released from progenitor/stem cells have protective effects in heart diseases and shown to have regenerative potential in the heart. In this review we discuss- the critical role played by circulating exosomes released from various tissues and from cells within the heart in cardiac health; the gap in knowledge that needs to be addressed to promote future research; and exploitation of recent advances in exosome engineering to develop novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hien Luong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Divya Annamalai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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115
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Jaquenod De Giusti C, Santalla M, Das S. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (Exo-ncRNAs) in cardiovascular health. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 137:143-151. [PMID: 31669445 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in the pathophysiological processes and in different diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Out of several categories of EVs, exosomes (smallest - 30 to 150 nm) are gaining most of the focus as the next generation of biomarkers and in therapeutic strategies. This is because exosomes can be differentiated from other types of EVs based on the expression of tetraspanin molecules on the surface. More importantly, exosomes can be traced back to the cell of origin by identifying the unique cellular marker(s) on the exosomal surface. Recently, several researchs have demonstrated an important and underappreciated mechanism of paracrine cell-cell communication involving exosomal transfer, and its subsequent functional impact on recipient cells. Exosomes are enriched in proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and other non-coding RNAs, which can potentially alter myocardial function. Additionally, different stages of tissue damage can also be identified by measuring these bioactive molecules in the circulation. There are several aspects of this new concept still unknown. Therefore, in this review, we have summarized the knowledge we have so far and highlighted the potential of this novel concept of next generation biomarkers and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Jaquenod De Giusti
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares UNLP-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Manuela Santalla
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares UNLP-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Experimentales, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Samarjit Das
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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116
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Caccioppo A, Franchin L, Grosso A, Angelini F, D'Ascenzo F, Brizzi MF. Ischemia Reperfusion Injury: Mechanisms of Damage/Protection and Novel Strategies for Cardiac Recovery/Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5024. [PMID: 31614414 PMCID: PMC6834134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic diseases in an aging population pose a heavy social encumbrance. Moreover, current therapeutic approaches, which aimed to prevent or minimize ischemia-induced damage, are associated with relevant costs for healthcare systems. Early reperfusion by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) has undoubtedly improved patient's outcomes; however, the prevention of long-term complications is still an unmet need. To face these hurdles and improve patient's outcomes, novel pharmacological and interventional approaches, alone or in combination, reducing myocardium oxygen consumption or supplying blood flow via collateral vessels have been proposed. A number of clinical trials are ongoing to validate their efficacy on patient's outcomes. Alternative options, including stem cell-based therapies, have been evaluated to improve cardiac regeneration and prevent scar formation. However, due to the lack of long-term engraftment, more recently, great attention has been devoted to their paracrine mediators, including exosomes (Exo) and microvesicles (MV). Indeed, Exo and MV are both currently considered to be one of the most promising therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine. As a matter of fact, MV and Exo that are released from stem cells of different origin have been evaluated for their healing properties in ischemia reperfusion (I/R) settings. Therefore, this review will first summarize mechanisms of cardiac damage and protection after I/R damage to track the paths through which more appropriate interventional and/or molecular-based targeted therapies should be addressed. Moreover, it will provide insights on novel non-invasive/invasive interventional strategies and on Exo-based therapies as a challenge for improving patient's long-term complications. Finally, approaches for improving Exo healing properties, and topics still unsolved to move towards Exo clinical application will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caccioppo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy.
| | - Luca Franchin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alberto Grosso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy.
| | - Filippo Angelini
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio D'Ascenzo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy.
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117
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Exosomes in ischemic heart disease: novel carriers for bioinformation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109451. [PMID: 31586900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of ischemic heart disease(IHD) is a multi-step chain process from potential risk factors to overt clinical diseases. Vascular cells, blood cells, cardiomyocytes and stem cells are all involved in the pathophysiological links via continual and polynary crosstalk. Exosomes,as powerful vectors for intercellular communication,have been a hotspot for basic and clinical research. Plenty of evidence has shown that exosomes largely participate in the evolution of IHD, including endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposition, atheromatous plaque formation and rupture, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) injury,and heart failure (HF), while the rules for detailed communication in the different stages of this continuous disease are still poorly understood. This review will systematically describe characteristics of exosomal crosstalk between different cells in the diverse periods, and also cast light on the potential and challenges for exosome application as therapeutic targets, hoping to offer supporting background for the following research.
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118
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Garikipati VNS, Shoja-Taheri F, Davis ME, Kishore R. Extracellular Vesicles and the Application of System Biology and Computational Modeling in Cardiac Repair. Circ Res 2019; 123:188-204. [PMID: 29976687 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted from most cells and containing cell-specific cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, are major driver of intracellular communication in normal physiology and pathological conditions. The recent evidence on stem/progenitor cell EVs as potential therapeutic modality mimicking their parental cell function is exciting because EVs could possibly be used as a surrogate for the stem cell-based therapy, and this regimen may overcome certain roadblocks identified with the use of stem/progenitor cell themselves. This review provides a comprehensive update on our understanding on the role of EVs in cardiac repair and emphasizes the applications of stem/progenitor cell-derived EVs as therapeutics and discusses the current challenges associated with the EV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farnaz Shoja-Taheri
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (F.S.-T., M.E.D.).,Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (F.S.-T., M.E.D).,Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (F.S.-T., M.E.D)
| | - Michael E Davis
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (F.S.-T., M.E.D.).,Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (F.S.-T., M.E.D).,Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (F.S.-T., M.E.D)
| | - Raj Kishore
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (V.N.S.G., R.K.) .,Department of Pharmacology (R.K.)
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119
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Jiang M, Fang H, Shao S, Dang E, Zhang J, Qiao P, Yang A, Wang G. Keratinocyte exosomes activate neutrophils and enhance skin inflammation in psoriasis. FASEB J 2019; 33:13241-13253. [PMID: 31539277 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900642r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that severely affects patients physiologically and psychologically. The pathogenesis involving communication between psoriatic keratinocytes and infiltrated immune cells such as neutrophils remains unclear. Exosomes are emerging mediators of intercellular communication. Herein we aim to investigate the release and function of psoriatic keratinocyte exosomes, which have not been illustrated to any extent. We first isolated exosomes from both healthy and psoriasis-like keratinocytes treated with psoriatic cytokine cocktail. These exosomes were observed to be endocytosed by neutrophils. Unlike non-cytokine-treated keratinocyte exosomes, cytokine-treated keratinocyte exosomes significantly induced NETosis (the process by which neutrophils produce and release neutrophil extracellular traps) and the expressions of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in neutrophils. Proteomic analysis showed that cytokine-treated keratinocyte exosomes exhibited a specific protein profile with proteins enriched in immune-related pathways. We then confirmed that NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways were activated in neutrophils stimulated by cytokine-treated keratinocyte exosomes and were responsible for the expressions of proinflammatory factors mentioned above. Finally, we verified in vivo that cytokine-treated keratinocyte exosomes participated in the skin lesion development of imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Collectively, we reveal that the release of exosomes works as a way of keratinocyte-neutrophil communication, indicating that keratinocyte exosomes, with their specific cargoes, are therapeutic candidates for psoriasis.-Jiang, M., Fang, H., Shao, S., Dang, E., Zhang, J., Qiao, P., Yang, A., Wang, G. Keratinocyte exosomes activate neutrophils and enhance skin inflammation in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Angang Yang
- Department of Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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120
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Liu Y, Zhao S, Luo L, Wang J, Zhu Z, Xiang Q, Deng Y, Zhao Z. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate erection by reducing oxidative stress damage of corpus cavernosum in a rat model of artery injury. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7462-7473. [PMID: 31512385 PMCID: PMC6815831 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common ageing male's disease, and vascular ED accounts for the largest proportion of all types of ED. One of the mechanisms of vascular ED in the clinic is arterial insufficiency, which mainly caused by atherosclerosis, trauma and surgical. Moreover, oxidative stress damage after tissue ischemia usually aggravated the progress of ED. As a new way of acellular therapy, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) have great potential in ED treatment. In the current study, we have explored the mechanism of MSC-Exos therapy in a rat model of internal iliac artery injury-induced ED. Compared with intracavernous (IC) injection of phosphate-buffered saline after artery injury, of note, we observed that both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-Exos through IC injection could improve the erectile function to varying degrees. More specifically, IC injection MSC-Exos could promote cavernous sinus endothelial formation, reduce the organization oxidative stress damage, and improve the nitric oxide synthase and smooth muscle content in the corpus cavernosum. With similar potency compared with the stem cell therapy and other unique advantages, IC injection of MSC- Exos could be an effective treatment to ameliorate erectile function in a rat model of arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhou Liu
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shankun Zhao
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Zhejiang Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Lianmin Luo
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Deng
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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121
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Augmenting canonical Wnt signalling in therapeutically inert cells converts them into therapeutically potent exosome factories. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:695-705. [PMID: 31451800 PMCID: PMC6736698 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) are therapeutic candidates with disease-modifying bioactivity, but their variable potency has complicated their clinical translation. Transcriptomic analyses of CDCs from human donors have revealed that the therapeutic potency of these cells correlates with Wnt/β-catenin signalling and with β-catenin protein levels. Here, we show that skin fibroblasts engineered to overexpress β-catenin and the transcription factor Gata4 become immortal and therapeutically potent. Transplantation of the engineered fibroblasts into a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction led to improved cardiac function and mouse survival. And in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, exosomes secreted by the engineered fibroblasts improved exercise capacity and reduced skeletal-muscle fibrosis. We also demonstrate that exosomes from high-potency CDCs exhibit enhanced levels of miR-92a (a known potentiator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway), and that they activate cardioprotective bone-morphogenetic-protein signalling in cardiomyocytes. Our findings show that the modulation of canonical Wnt signalling can turn therapeutically inert mammalian cells into immortal exosome factories for cell-free therapies. Overexpression of β-catenin and the transcription factor Gata4 in skin fibroblasts converts them into therapeutically active cells that secrete reparative exosomes as shown in mice models of myocardial infarction and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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122
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de Couto G, Jaghatspanyan E, DeBerge M, Liu W, Luther K, Wang Y, Tang J, Thorp EB, Marbán E. Mechanism of Enhanced MerTK-Dependent Macrophage Efferocytosis by Extracellular Vesicles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2082-2096. [PMID: 31434491 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular vesicles secreted by cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCev) polarize macrophages toward a distinctive phenotype with enhanced phagocytic capacity (MCDCev). These changes underlie cardioprotection by CDCev and by the parent CDCs, notably attenuating the no-reflow phenomenon following myocardial infarction, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MCDCev are especially effective at scavenging debris from dying cells (ie, efferocytosis) to attenuate irreversible damage post-myocardial infarction. Approach and Results: In vitro efferocytosis assays with bone marrow-derived macrophages, and in vivo transgenic rodent models of myocardial infarction, demonstrate enhanced apoptotic cell clearance with MCDCev. CDCev exposure induces sustained MerTK expression in MCDCev through extracellular vesicle transfer of microRNA-26a (via suppression of Adam17); the cardioprotective response is lost in animals deficient in MerTK. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed phagocytic pathway activation in MCDCev, with increased expression of complement factor C1qa, a phagocytosis facilitator. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data demonstrate that extracellular vesicle modulation of MerTK and C1qa expression leads to enhanced macrophage efferocytosis and cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey de Couto
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (G.d.C., E.J., W.L., K.L., E.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ervin Jaghatspanyan
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (G.d.C., E.J., W.L., K.L., E.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Weixin Liu
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (G.d.C., E.J., W.L., K.L., E.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kristin Luther
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (G.d.C., E.J., W.L., K.L., E.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Genomics Core (Y.W., J.T.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jie Tang
- Genomics Core (Y.W., J.T.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Eduardo Marbán
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (G.d.C., E.J., W.L., K.L., E.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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123
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Wang J, Liu M, Wu Q, Li Q, Gao L, Jiang Y, Deng B, Huang W, Bi W, Chen Z, Chin YE, Paul C, Wang Y, Yang HT. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiovascular Progenitors Repair Infarcted Hearts Through Modulation of Macrophages via Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:369-386. [PMID: 30854870 PMCID: PMC6602123 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Human embryonic stem cell derived-cardiovascular progenitor cells (hESC-CVPCs) are a promising cell source for cardiac repair, while the underlying mechanisms need to be elucidated. We recently observed cardioprotective effects of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-CVPCs in infarcted nonhuman primates, but their effects on inflammation during early phase of myocardial infarction (MI) and the contribution of such effect to the cardioprotection are unclear. Results: Injection of hESC-CVPCs into acutely infarcted myocardium significantly ameliorated the functional worsening and scar formation, concomitantly with reduced inflammatory reactions and cardiomyocyte apoptosis as well as increased vascularization. Moreover, hESC-CVPCs modulated cardiac macrophages toward a reparative phenotype in the infarcted hearts, and such modulation was further confirmed in vitro using human cardiovascular progenitor cell (hCVPC)-conditioned medium (hCVPC-CdM) and highly contained interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13. Furthermore, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) was activated in hCVPC-CdM- and IL-4/IL-13-treated macrophages in vitro and in hESC-CVPC-implanted MI hearts, resulting in the polarization of macrophages toward a reparative phenotype in the post-MI hearts. However, hESC-CVPC-mediated modulation on macrophages and cardioprotection were abolished in STAT6-deficient MI mice. Innovation: This is the first report about the immunoregulatory role played by hESC-CVPCs in the macrophage polarization in the infarcted hearts, its importance for the infarct repair, and the underlying signaling pathway. The findings provide new insight into the mechanism of microenvironmental regulation of stem cell-based therapy during acute MI. Conclusions: Implantion of hESC-CVPCs during the early phase of MI promotes infarct repair via the modulation of macrophage polarization through secreted cytokine-mediated STAT6 activation. The findings suggest a therapeutic potential by modulating macrophage polarization during acute phase of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxi Wang
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilan Liu
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wu
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,2 Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,2 Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ling Gao
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Jiang
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,2 Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Boxiong Deng
- 3 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Tumor and Stem Cell, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- 4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Wei Bi
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Chen
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,2 Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- 3 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Tumor and Stem Cell, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian Paul
- 4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yigang Wang
- 4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,2 Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
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Rome S, Forterre A, Mizgier ML, Bouzakri K. Skeletal Muscle-Released Extracellular Vesicles: State of the Art. Front Physiol 2019; 10:929. [PMID: 31447684 PMCID: PMC6695556 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells export part of their intracellular content into the extracellular space through the release of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). They are synthetized either from the budding of the plasma membrane [i.e., microparticles (MPs, 150–300 nm size)] or from the late endosomes in which intraluminal vesicles progressively (ILVs) accumulate during their maturation into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). ILVs are then released into the extracellular space through MVB fusion with the plasma membrane [i.e., exosomes (50–100 nm size)]. In the context of metabolic diseases, recent data have highlighted the role of EVs in inflammation associated with pancreas dysfunction, adipose tissue homeostasis, liver steatosis, inflammation, and skeletal muscle (SkM) insulin resistance (IR). Among these insulin-sensitive tissues, SkM is the largest organ in human and is responsible for whole-body glucose disposal and locomotion. Therefore, understanding the contribution of SkM-EVs in the development of diabetes/obesity/dystrophy/,-related diseases is a hot topic. In this review, we have summarized the role of SkM-EVs in muscle physiology and in the development of metabolic diseases and identify important gaps that have to be filled in order to have more precise information on SkM-EVs biological actions and to understand the functions of the different subpopulations of SkM-EVs on the whole-body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060/INRA 1397, Lyon 1), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Alexis Forterre
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060/INRA 1397, Lyon 1), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Luisa Mizgier
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Bouzakri
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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125
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Isidoro-García M, García-Sánchez A, Sanz C, Estravís M, Marcos-Vadillo E, Pascual M, Roa S, Marques-García F, Triviño JC, Dávila I. YRNAs overexpression and potential implications in allergy. World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12:100047. [PMID: 31384359 PMCID: PMC6664241 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small non-coding RNAs (snRNAs) develop important functions related to epigenetic regulation. YRNAs are snRNAs involved in the initiation of DNA replication and RNA stability that regulate gene expression. They have been related to autoimmune, cancer and inflammatory diseases but never before to allergy. In this work we described for the first time in allergic patients the differential expression profile of YRNAs, their regulatory mechanisms and their potential as new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Methods From a previous whole RNAseq study in B cells of allergic patients, differential expression profiles of coding and non-coding transcripts were obtained. To select the most differentially expressed non coding transcripts, fold change and p-values were analyzed. A validation of the expression differences detected was developed in an independent cohort of 304 individuals, 208 allergic patients and 96 controls by using qPCR. Potential binding and retrotransponibility capacity were characterized by in silico structural analysis. Using a novel bioinformatics approach, RNA targets identification, functional enrichment and network analyses were performed. Results We found that almost 70% of overexpressed non-coding transcripts in allergic patients corresponded to YRNAs. From the three more differentially overexpressed candidates, increased expression was independently confirmed in the peripheral blood of allergic patients. Structural analysis suggested a protein binding capacity decrease and an increase in retrotransponibility. Studies of RNA targets allowed the identification of sequences related to the immune mechanisms underlying allergy. Conclusions Overexpression of YRNAs is observed for the first time in allergic patients. Structural and functional information points to their implication on regulatory mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isidoro-García
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain.,Asthma, Allergic and Adverse Reactions (ARADyAL) Network for Cooperative Research in Health of Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | - Asunción García-Sánchez
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diagnostics, University of Salamanca, Spain.,Asthma, Allergic and Adverse Reactions (ARADyAL) Network for Cooperative Research in Health of Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | - Catalina Sanz
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Spain.,Asthma, Allergic and Adverse Reactions (ARADyAL) Network for Cooperative Research in Health of Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | - Miguel Estravís
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diagnostics, University of Salamanca, Spain.,Asthma, Allergic and Adverse Reactions (ARADyAL) Network for Cooperative Research in Health of Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | - Elena Marcos-Vadillo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marien Pascual
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Roa
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Marques-García
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Dávila
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diagnostics, University of Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Allergy, University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain.,Asthma, Allergic and Adverse Reactions (ARADyAL) Network for Cooperative Research in Health of Instituto de Salud Carlos III
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126
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Marbán E. The Secret Life of Exosomes: What Bees Can Teach Us About Next-Generation Therapeutics. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 71:193-200. [PMID: 29325643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic exploration has pinpointed nanosized extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes, as key mediators of the benefits of cell therapy. Exosomes appear to recapitulate the benefits of cells and more. As durable azoic entities, exosomes have numerous practical and conceptual advantages over cells. Will cells end up just being used to manufacture exosomes, or will they find lasting value as primary therapeutic agents? Here, a venerable natural process-the generation of honey-serves as an instructive parable. Flowers make nectar, which bees collect and process into honey. Cells make conditioned medium, which laboratory workers collect and process into exosomes. Unlike flowers, honey is durable, compact, and nutritious, but these facts do not negate the value of flowers themselves. The parallels suggest new ways of thinking about next-generation therapeutics.
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127
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Davidson SM, Andreadou I, Barile L, Birnbaum Y, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Cohen MV, Downey JM, Girao H, Pagliaro P, Penna C, Pernow J, Preissner KT, Ferdinandy P. Circulating blood cells and extracellular vesicles in acute cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:1156-1166. [PMID: 30590395 PMCID: PMC6529916 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the myocardium undergoes a prolonged period of ischaemia. Reperfusion therapy is essential to minimize cardiac injury but can paradoxically cause further damage. Experimental procedures to limit ischaemia and reperfusion (IR) injury have tended to focus on the cardiomyocytes since they are crucial for cardiac function. However, there is increasing evidence that non-cardiomyocyte resident cells in the heart (as discussed in a separate review in this Spotlight series) as well as circulating cells and factors play important roles in this pathology. For example, erythrocytes, in addition to their main oxygen-ferrying role, can protect the heart from IR injury via the export of nitric oxide bioactivity. Platelets are well-known to be involved in haemostasis and thrombosis, but beyond these roles, they secrete numerous factors including sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), platelet activating factor, and cytokines that can all strongly influence the development of IR injury. This is particularly relevant given that most STEMI patients receive at least one type of platelet inhibitor. Moreover, there are large numbers of circulating vesicles in the blood, including microvesicles and exosomes, which can exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on IR injury. Some of these effects are mediated by the transfer of microRNA (miRNA) to the heart. Synthetic miRNA molecules may offer an alternative approach to limiting the response to IR injury. We discuss these and other circulating factors, focussing on potential therapeutic targets relevant to IR injury. Given the prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes in the target patient population, their influence will also be discussed. This article is part of a Cardiovascular Research Spotlight Issue entitled 'Cardioprotection Beyond the Cardiomyocyte', and emerged as part of the discussions of the European Union (EU)-CARDIOPROTECTION Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, CA16225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, UK
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lucio Barile
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation and Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Yochai Birnbaum
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and The Texas Heart Institute, Baylor St. Luke Medical Center, MS BCM620, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Department of Microbiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael V Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - James M Downey
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Henrique Girao
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - John Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest 1089, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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128
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Wei Z, Kale S, El Fatimy R, Rabinovsky R, Krichevsky AM. Co-cultures of Glioma Stem Cells and Primary Neurons, Astrocytes, Microglia, and Endothelial Cells for Investigation of Intercellular Communication in the Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:361. [PMID: 31057356 PMCID: PMC6482299 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication within complex biological and pathological systems via extracellular vesicles (EVs) and secreted factors is a highly attractive area of research. However, cell models enabling investigation of such communication in vitro are limited. Commonly utilized is the supplementation of hyper-concentrated EVs or other extracellular factors to the recipient cell cultures. This approach requires purification of the secreted complexes and is confounded by the contamination of media components. Two-chamber co-cultures of donor and recipient cells separated by a pore membrane may represent a more physiological and better-controlled system for the investigation of intercellular communication. Yet, distinct culture conditions for different neural cell types often make them incompatible for co-culturing. Here we optimized short-term co-cultures of patient-derived low-passage glioma-initiating stem cells with normal cells of the brain microenvironment, such as primary neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and brain endothelial cells. We demonstrate the culture compatibility of these cell types and internalization of glioma-derived extracellular RNA by the normal recipient cells. The presented protocols are valuable for the investigation of intercellular communication between glioma brain tumor and cells of its microenvironment, including but not limited to the EVs-mediated communication. RESEARCH IN CONTEXT Cell-to-cell communication is essential in normal physiology and implicated in disease; however, experimental systems for its modeling in vitro are limited. Particularly, the investigation of communication between brain tumors and normal cells of the brain microenvironment has been challenged by the lack of adequate culture models. Here we developed co-cultures of glioma stem cells with various types of normal brain cells, including primary neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and brain endothelial cells, and demonstrated their utility for the study of intercellular communication. Detection of proposed markers in the recipient cells confirmed RNA transfer in these co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wei
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shubham Kale
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachid El Fatimy
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rosalia Rabinovsky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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129
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Bartekova M, Radosinska J, Jelemensky M, Dhalla NS. Role of cytokines and inflammation in heart function during health and disease. Heart Fail Rev 2019; 23:733-758. [PMID: 29862462 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
By virtue of their actions on NF-κB, an inflammatory nuclear transcription factor, various cytokines have been documented to play important regulatory roles in determining cardiac function under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Several cytokines including TNF-α, TGF-β, and different interleukins such as IL-1 IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18 are involved in the development of various inflammatory cardiac pathologies, namely ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cardiomyopathies. In ischemia-related pathologies, most of the cytokines are released into the circulation and serve as biological markers of inflammation. Furthermore, there is an evidence of their direct role in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury, suggesting cytokines as potential targets for the development of some anti-ischemic therapies. On the other hand, certain cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 are involved in the post-ischemic tissue repair and thus are considered to exert beneficial effects on cardiac function. Conflicting reports regarding the role of some cytokines in inducing cardiac dysfunction in heart failure and different types of cardiomyopathies seem to be due to differences in the nature, duration, and degree of heart disease as well as the concentrations of some cytokines in the circulation. In spite of extensive research work in this field of investigation, no satisfactory anti-cytokine therapy for improving cardiac function in any type of heart disease is available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bartekova
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Radosinska
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Jelemensky
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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130
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Ni SH, Sun SN, Huang ZY, Huang YS, Li H, Wang JJ, Xian SX, Yang ZQ, Wang LJ, Lu L. The pleiotropic association between IL-10 levels and CVD prognosis: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Cytokine 2019; 119:37-46. [PMID: 30875589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We examined the precise association between IL-10 levels and cardiovascular disease (CVD) prognosis and explored the pleiotropic role of IL-10 in different cardiac pathologies. We performed a meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies investigating IL-10 levels. Meta-regression analyses were used to determine the cause of the discrepancies. To assess publication bias, funnel plots were constructed, and Egger's tests were performed. Data from the GSE58015 dataset were used to investigate the levels of IL-10 under certain conditions. Because of substantial heterogeneity in the data used to compare the IL-10 levels between patients with CVD and healthy people, we could not determine the differences between the healthy controls and patients with ischemic or nonischemic pathologies (p > 0.05). The analysis of the association between IL-10 levels and CVD prognosis indicated that higher IL-10 levels were significantly associated with a poor prognosis in patients with nonischemic pathologies (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.00-1.20, p = 0.043) but differentially associated with the prognosis of patients with ischemic pathologies based on the sampling time point (before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI): HR = 4.90, 95% CI = 1.24-19.30, p < 0.001; after PCI: HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.43-0.75, p = 0.023). The meta-regression analysis showed that the pooled HR of the IL-10 levels was positively correlated with the IL-10/IL-6 ratio (β = 0.644, p = 0.024). The funnel plots and Egger's tests revealed no statistically significant bias in our meta-analysis (p > 0.1). Furthermore, our data mining analysis supported our findings. Our analysis showed that IL-10 levels may be pleiotropically associated with the CVD prognosis possibly based on the type of pathology, disease stage and levels of other proinflammatory factors, such as IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hao Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China
| | - Shu-Ning Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China
| | - Zeng-Yan Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China
| | - Huan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China
| | - Shao-Xiang Xian
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China
| | - Zhong-Qi Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China
| | - Ling-Jun Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, China.
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131
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Driedonks TAP, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM. Circulating Y-RNAs in Extracellular Vesicles and Ribonucleoprotein Complexes; Implications for the Immune System. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3164. [PMID: 30697216 PMCID: PMC6340977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The exchange of extracellular vesicles (EV) between immune cells plays a role in various immune regulatory processes. EV are nano-sized lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that contain a multitude of proteins and small non-coding RNA molecules. Of the various RNA classes present in EV, miRNAs have been most intensively studied because of their known gene-regulatory functions. These miRNAs constitute only a minor part of all EV-enclosed RNA, whereas other 20–200 nt sized non-coding RNAs were shown to be abundantly present in EV. Several of these mid-sized RNAs perform basic functions in cells, but their function in EV remains elusive. One prominent class of mid-sized extracellular RNAs associated with EV are the Y-RNAs. This family of highly conserved non-coding RNAs was initially discovered as RNA component of circulating ribonucleoprotein autoantigens in serum from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjögren's Syndrome patients. Y-RNA has been implicated in cellular processes such as DNA replication and RNA quality control. In recent years, Y-RNA has been abundantly detected in EV from multiple different cell lines and biofluids, and also in murine and human retroviruses. Accumulating evidence suggests that EV-associated Y-RNA may be involved in a range of immune-related processes, including inflammation, immune suppression, and establishment of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, changes in plasma levels of extracellular Y-RNA have been associated with various diseases. Recent studies have aimed to address the mechanisms underlying their release and function. We for example showed that the levels of EV-associated Y-RNA released by immune cells can be regulated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Combined, these data have triggered increased interest in extracellular Y-RNAs. In this review, we provide an overview of studies reporting the occurrence of extracellular Y-RNAs, as well as signaling properties and immune-related functions attributed to these RNAs. We list RNA-binding proteins currently known to interact with Y-RNAs and evaluate their occurrence in EV. In parallel, we discuss technical challenges in assessing whether extracellular Y-RNAs are contained in ribonucleoprotein complexes or EV. By integrating the current knowledge on extracellular Y-RNA we further reflect on the biomarker potential of Y-RNA and their role in immune cell communication and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A P Driedonks
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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132
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Farzamfar S, Hasanpour A, Nazeri N, Razavi H, Salehi M, Shafei S, Nooshabadi VT, Vaez A, Ehterami A, Sahrapeyma H, Ai J. Extracellular micro/nanovesicles rescue kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12290-12300. [PMID: 30609022 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a clinical challenge that is highly resistant to treatment, and its high rate of mortality is alarming. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most common cause of ARF. Especially IRI is implicated in kidney transplantation and can determine graft survival. Although the exact pathophysiology of renal IRI is unknown, the role of inflammatory responses has been elucidated. Because mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have strong immunomodulatory properties, they are under extensive investigation as a therapeutic modality for renal IRI. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an integral role in cell-to-cell communication. Because the regenerative potential of the MSCs can be recapitulated by their EVs, the therapeutic appeal of MSC-derived EVs has dramatically increased in the past decade. Higher safety profile and ease of preservation without losing function are other advantages of EVs compared with their producing cells. In the current review, the preliminary results and potential of MSC-derived EVs to alleviate kidney IRI are summarized. We might be heading toward a cell-free approach to treat renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Farzamfar
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Hasanpour
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Nazeri
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hengameh Razavi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.,Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Shilan Shafei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vajiheh T Nooshabadi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Ehterami
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Sahrapeyma
- Department of Biomaterial Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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133
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Sánchez-Alonso S, Alcaraz-Serna A, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alfranca A. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Immune Regulation of Tissue Remodeling and Angiogenesis After Myocardial Infarction. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2799. [PMID: 30555478 PMCID: PMC6281951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-related disorders constitute a major health problem, being a leading cause of death in the world. Upon ischemia, tissue remodeling processes come into play, comprising a series of inter-dependent stages, including inflammation, cell proliferation and repair. Neovessel formation during late phases of remodeling provides oxygen supply, together with cellular and soluble components necessary for an efficient myocardial reconstruction. Immune system plays a central role in processes aimed at repairing ischemic myocardium, mainly in inflammatory and angiogenesis phases. In addition to cellular components and soluble mediators as chemokines and cytokines, the immune system acts in a paracrine fashion through small extracellular vesicles (EVs) release. These vesicular structures participate in multiple biological processes, and transmit information through bioactive cargoes from one cell to another. Cell therapy has been employed in an attempt to improve the outcome of these patients, through the promotion of tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. However, clinical trials have shown variable results, which put into question the actual applicability of cell-based therapies. Paracrine factors secreted by engrafted cells partially mediate tissue repair, and this knowledge has led to the hypothesis that small EVs may become a useful tool for cell-free myocardial infarction therapy. Current small EVs engineering strategies allow delivery of specific content to selected cell types, thus revealing the singular properties of these vesicles for myocardial ischemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Sánchez-Alonso
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alcaraz-Serna
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain
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134
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Pan W, Zhu Y, Meng X, Zhang C, Yang Y, Bei Y. Immunomodulation by Exosomes in Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 12:28-36. [PMID: 30374796 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are important carriers of biological information that facilitate intercellular communication and participate in the pathophysiology of different cardiovascular diseases. Myocardial infarction is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Upon myocardial infarction, massive cardiomyocyte death triggers a strong inflammatory response which is a vital process of cardiac injury, repair, and remodeling. Increasing evidence has unveiled that exosomes are involved in the inflammatory response and immune regulation after myocardial infarction. In this review, we will summarize the biological function of exosomes in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, especially focusing on their roles in the modulation of inflammation and immune response after myocardial infarction which further influences myocardial repair and remodeling. We will also discuss the immunomodulation by exosomes derived from stem and progenitor cells in the treatment of myocardial infarction. A deep understanding of immunomodulation by exosomes may represent a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Pan
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiangmin Meng
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chenlin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yihua Bei
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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135
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Bollini S, Smits AM, Balbi C, Lazzarini E, Ameri P. Triggering Endogenous Cardiac Repair and Regeneration via Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Communication. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1497. [PMID: 30405446 PMCID: PMC6206049 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of paracrine signals create networks within the myocardium and mediate intercellular communications. Indeed, paracrine stimulation of the endogenous regenerative program of the heart, mainly based on resident cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) activation together with cardiomyocyte proliferation, has become increasingly relevant for future cardiac medicine. In the last years, it has been shown that extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes (Ex), are powerful conveyors of relevant biological effects. EV have been proposed not only as promising therapeutic tool for triggering cardiac regeneration and improving repair, but also as means of better understanding the physiological and pathological relationships between specific cardiac components, including cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. Actually, EV from different kinds of exogenous stem cells have been shown to mediate beneficial effects on the injured myocardium. Moreover, endogenous cells, like CPC can instruct cardiovascular cell types, including cardiomyocytes, while cardiac stromal cells, especially fibroblasts, secrete EV that modulate relevant aspects of cardiomyocyte biology, such as hypertrophy and electrophysiological properties. Finally, cardiomyocytes too may release EV influencing the function of other cardiac cell types. Therefore, EV-based crosstalk is thought to be important in both physiology and pathology, being involved in the responses of the heart to noxious stimuli. In this review we will discuss the role of EV in both regulating cardiac homeostasis and driving heart regeneration. In particular, we will address their role in: (i) providing cardio-protection and enhancing cardiac repair mechanisms; (ii) CPC biology; and (iii) influencing adult cardiomyocyte behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sveva Bollini
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anke M Smits
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carolina Balbi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, CardioCentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pietro Ameri
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.,Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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136
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Cell-Based Therapies for Cardiac Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Past and Ongoing Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103194. [PMID: 30332812 PMCID: PMC6214096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable improvements in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, heart failure (HF) still represents one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Poor prognosis is mostly due to the limited regenerative capacity of the adult human heart, which ultimately leads to left ventricular dysfunction. As a consequence, heart transplantation is virtually the only alternative for many patients. Therefore, novel regenerative approaches are extremely needed, and several attempts have been performed to improve HF patients’ clinical conditions by promoting the replacement of the lost cardiomyocytes and by activating cardiac repair. In particular, cell-based therapies have been shown to possess a great potential for cardiac regeneration. Different cell types have been extensively tested in clinical trials, demonstrating consistent safety results. However, heterogeneous efficacy data have been reported, probably because precise end-points still need to be clearly defined. Moreover, the principal mechanism responsible for these beneficial effects seems to be the paracrine release of antiapoptotic and immunomodulatory molecules from the injected cells. This review covers past and state-of-the-art strategies in cell-based heart regeneration, highlighting the advantages, challenges, and limitations of each approach.
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137
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Rafatian G, Davis DR. Concise Review: Heart-Derived Cell Therapy 2.0: Paracrine Strategies to Increase Therapeutic Repair of Injured Myocardium. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1794-1803. [PMID: 30171743 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in cardiovascular medicine, the incidence of heart failure is rising and represents a growing challenge. To address this, ex vivo proliferated heart-derived cell products have emerged as a promising investigational cell-treatment option. Despite being originally proposed as a straightforward myocyte replacement strategy, emerging evidence has shown that cell-mediated gains in cardiac function are leveraged on paracrine stimulation of endogenous repair and tissue salvage. In this concise review, we focus on the paracrine repertoire of heart-derived cells and outline strategies used to boost cell potency by targeting cytokines, metabolic preconditioning and supportive biomaterials. Mechanistic insights from these studies will shape future efforts to use defined factors and/or synthetic cell approaches to help the millions of patients worldwide suffering from heart failure. Stem Cells 2018;36:1794-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Rafatian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darryl R Davis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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138
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Cho JH, Kilfoil PJ, Zhang R, Solymani RE, Bresee C, Kang EM, Luther K, Rogers RG, de Couto G, Goldhaber JI, Marbán E, Cingolani E. Reverse electrical remodeling in rats with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121123. [PMID: 30282820 PMCID: PMC6237473 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden death is the most common mode of exodus in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) reduce inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of HFpEF, improving diastolic function and prolonging survival. We tested the hypothesis that CDCs decrease ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and thereby possibly contribute to prolonged survival. Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed a high-salt diet to induce HFpEF. Allogeneic rat CDCs (or phosphate-buffered saline as placebo) were injected in rats with echo-verified HFpEF. CDC-injected HFpEF rats were less prone to VA induction by programmed electrical stimulation. Action potential duration (APD) was shortened, and APD homogeneity was increased by CDC injection. Transient outward potassium current density was upregulated in cardiomyocytes from CDC rats relative to placebo, as were the underlying transcript (Kcnd3) and protein (Kv4.3) levels. Fibrosis was attenuated in CDC-treated hearts, and survival was increased. Sudden death risk also trended down, albeit nonsignificantly. CDC therapy decreased VA in HFpEF rats by shortening APD, improving APD homogeneity, and decreasing fibrosis. Unlike other stem/progenitor cells, which often exacerbate arrhythmias, CDCs reverse electrical remodeling and suppress arrhythmogenesis in HFpEF.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials
- Animals
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/mortality
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Echocardiography
- Electrocardiography
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Failure/mortality
- Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Humans
- Male
- Myoblasts, Cardiac/transplantation
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Dahl
- Shal Potassium Channels/metabolism
- Sodium, Dietary/adverse effects
- Stroke Volume
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Ventricular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Cho
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter J. Kilfoil
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ryan E. Solymani
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Catherine Bresee
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elliot M. Kang
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristin Luther
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Russell G. Rogers
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey de Couto
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua I. Goldhaber
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eugenio Cingolani
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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139
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WANG WENTING, LI ZIJIAN, FENG JUAN. The potential role of exosomes in the diagnosis and therapy of ischemic diseases. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1204-1219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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140
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Driedonks TAP, van der Grein SG, Ariyurek Y, Buermans HPJ, Jekel H, Chow FWN, Wauben MHM, Buck AH, 't Hoen PAC, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM. Immune stimuli shape the small non-coding transcriptome of extracellular vesicles released by dendritic cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3857-3875. [PMID: 29808415 PMCID: PMC6154026 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The release and uptake of nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EV) is a highly conserved means of intercellular communication. The molecular composition of EV, and thereby their signaling function to target cells, is regulated by cellular activation and differentiation stimuli. EV are regarded as snapshots of cells and are, therefore, in the limelight as biomarkers for disease. Although research on EV-associated RNA has predominantly focused on microRNAs, the transcriptome of EV consists of multiple classes of small non-coding RNAs with potential gene-regulatory functions. It is not known whether environmental cues imposed on cells induce specific changes in a broad range of EV-associated RNA classes. Here, we investigated whether immune-activating or -suppressing stimuli imposed on primary dendritic cells affected the release of various small non-coding RNAs via EV. The small RNA transcriptomes of highly pure EV populations free from ribonucleoprotein particles were analyzed by RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR. Immune stimulus-specific changes were found in the miRNA, snoRNA, and Y-RNA content of EV from dendritic cells, whereas tRNA and snRNA levels were much less affected. Only part of the changes in EV-RNA content reflected changes in cellular RNA, which urges caution in interpreting EV as snapshots of cells. By comprehensive analysis of RNA obtained from highly purified EV, we demonstrate that multiple RNA classes contribute to genetic messages conveyed via EV. The identification of multiple RNA classes that display cell stimulation-dependent association with EV is the prelude to unraveling the function and biomarker potential of these EV-RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A P Driedonks
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne G van der Grein
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yavuz Ariyurek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P J Buermans
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike Jekel
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franklin W N Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amy H Buck
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter A C 't Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biomolecular and Molecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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141
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Haybar H, Shahrabi S, Deris Zayeri Z, Pezeshki S. Strategies to increase cardioprotection through cardioprotective chemokines in chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. Int J Cardiol 2018; 269:276-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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142
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Cardiosphere-derived cells suppress allogeneic lymphocytes by production of PGE2 acting via the EP4 receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13351. [PMID: 30190508 PMCID: PMC6127326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) are a cardiac progenitor cell population, which have been shown to possess cardiac regenerative properties and can improve heart function in a variety of cardiac diseases. Studies in large animal models have predominantly focussed on using autologous cells for safety, however allogeneic cell banks would allow for a practical, cost-effective and efficient use in a clinical setting. The aim of this work was to determine the immunomodulatory status of these cells using CDCs and lymphocytes from 5 dogs. CDCs expressed MHC I but not MHC II molecules and in mixed lymphocyte reactions demonstrated a lack of lymphocyte proliferation in response to MHC-mismatched CDCs. Furthermore, MHC-mismatched CDCs suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and activation in response to Concanavalin A. Transwell experiments demonstrated that this was predominantly due to direct cell-cell contact in addition to soluble mediators whereby CDCs produced high levels of PGE2 under inflammatory conditions. This led to down-regulation of CD25 expression on lymphocytes via the EP4 receptor. Blocking prostaglandin synthesis restored both, proliferation and activation (measured via CD25 expression) of stimulated lymphocytes. We demonstrated for the first time in a large animal model that CDCs inhibit proliferation in allo-reactive lymphocytes and have potent immunosuppressive activity mediated via PGE2.
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143
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Li N, Rochette L, Wu Y, Rosenblatt-Velin N. New Insights into the Role of Exosomes in the Heart After Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 12:18-27. [PMID: 30173401 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9831-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular communications play a pivotal role in several cardiac pathophysiological processes. One subtype of extracellular vesicles, so-called exosomes, became known as important intercellular communication mediators in the heart. Exosomes are lipid bilayer biological nanovesicles loaded with diverse proteins, lipids, and mRNAs/microRNAs. All major cardiac cell types can modulate recipient cellular function via the release of exosomes. After myocardial infarction (MI), exosomes, especially those secreted by different cardiac stem cells, have been shown to confer cardioprotective effects, activate regenerative signals, and participate into cardiac repair. In this review, we rapidly recall the biology of exosomes at the beginning. Then we summarize the exosomes secreted by different myocardial cells and their function in cardiac intercellular communication. At last, we discuss the role of these vesicles in cardiac repair after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Unité de Physiopathologie Clinique, Département cœur-vaisseaux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7a, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luc Rochette
- Research team Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases (PEC2, EA7460), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences de Santé, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079, Dijon, France
| | - Yongxin Wu
- FEMTO-ST Institute, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, ENSMM, CNRS, 24 rue Savary, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Nathalie Rosenblatt-Velin
- Unité de Physiopathologie Clinique, Département cœur-vaisseaux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7a, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
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144
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Antes TJ, Middleton RC, Luther KM, Ijichi T, Peck KA, Liu WJ, Valle J, Echavez AK, Marbán E. Targeting extracellular vesicles to injured tissue using membrane cloaking and surface display. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:61. [PMID: 30165851 PMCID: PMC6116387 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes are nano-sized, membrane-bound vesicles shed by most eukaryotic cells studied to date. EVs play key signaling roles in cellular development, cancer metastasis, immune modulation and tissue regeneration. Attempts to modify exosomes to increase their targeting efficiency to specific tissue types are still in their infancy. Here we describe an EV membrane anchoring platform termed "cloaking" to directly embed tissue-specific antibodies or homing peptides on EV membrane surfaces ex vivo for enhanced vesicle uptake in cells of interest. The cloaking system consists of three components: DMPE phospholipid membrane anchor, polyethylene glycol spacer and a conjugated streptavidin platform molecule, to which any biotinylated molecule can be coupled for EV decoration. RESULTS We demonstrate the utility of membrane surface engineering and biodistribution tracking with this technology along with targeting EVs for enhanced uptake in cardiac fibroblasts, myoblasts and ischemic myocardium using combinations of fluorescent tags, tissue-targeting antibodies and homing peptide surface cloaks. We compare cloaking to a complementary approach, surface display, in which parental cells are engineered to secrete EVs with fusion surface targeting proteins. CONCLUSIONS EV targeting can be enhanced both by cloaking and by surface display; the former entails chemical modification of preformed EVs, while the latter requires genetic modification of the parent cells. Reduction to practice of the cloaking approach, using several different EV surface modifications to target distinct cells and tissues, supports the notion of cloaking as a platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. Antes
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Ryan C. Middleton
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Kristin M. Luther
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Takeshi Ijichi
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Kiel A. Peck
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Weixin Jane Liu
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Jackie Valle
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Antonio K. Echavez
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
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145
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Pagano F, Picchio V, Angelini F, Iaccarino A, Peruzzi M, Cavarretta E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciarretta S, De Falco E, Chimenti I, Frati G. The Biological Mechanisms of Action of Cardiac Progenitor Cell Therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:84. [PMID: 30105430 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-1031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases is regarded as a rapidly growing field within regenerative medicine. Different cellular populations enriched for cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), or derivate a-cellular products, are currently under preclinical and clinical evaluation. Here, we have reviewed the described mechanisms whereby resident post-natal CPCs, isolated in different ways, act as a therapeutic product on the damaged myocardium. RECENT FINDINGS Several biological mechanisms of action have been described which can explain the multiple therapeutic effects of CPC treatment observed on cardiac function and remodelling. These mechanisms span from direct cardiovascular differentiation, through induction of resident progenitor proliferation, to paracrine effects on cardiac and non-cardiac cells mediated by exosomes and non-coding RNAs. All the reported mechanisms of action support an integrated view including cardiomyogenesis, cardioprotection, and anti-fibrotic effects. Moreover, future developments of CPC therapy approaches may support cell-free strategies, exploiting effective pleiotropic cell-derived products, such as exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelini
- Medical Oncology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Via Giovanni Martinotti, 20, 00135, Rome, Italy.,Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Alessandra Iaccarino
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, viale Regina Margherita 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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146
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Takamura Y, Aoki W, Satomura A, Shibasaki S, Ueda M. Small RNAs detected in exosomes derived from the MH7A synovial fibroblast cell line with TNF-α stimulation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201851. [PMID: 30096164 PMCID: PMC6086399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes the chronic inflammation of the joints. Intercellular communication containing synovial fibroblasts seems to play a major role in RA pathogenesis. In this study, to better understand intercellular communication related to RA pathogenesis, we identified exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) derived from synovial fibroblasts. Exosomes were collected from an RA synovial fibroblast (RASF) cell line, namely, MH7A, with or without stimulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). We used small RNA sequencing to analyze the profile of small RNAs, including miRNAs, in MH7A exosomes and cells. By using differential expression analysis, we identified four miRNAs (miR-155-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-323a-5p, and miR-1307-3p) that are upregulated in exosomes with TNF-α stimulation. The identification of miR-155-5p and miR-146a-5p which have been reported in RA patients demonstrated the validity of our experimental model. Other two miRNAs were newly identified. miR-323a-5p was predicted to target the protein encoding gene CD6, which attenuates T-cell activation signals, and miR-1307-3p was predicted to target the protein encoding gene N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), which inhibits osteoclast-related gene expression. The results suggested that these miRNAs might be involved in RA pathogenesis. We hope our results will help us understand the role of RASF exosomes in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Takamura
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Aoki
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Satomura
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Shibasaki
- General Education Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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147
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Alibhai FJ, Tobin SW, Yeganeh A, Weisel RD, Li RK. Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in cardiac repair and rejuvenation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H733-H744. [PMID: 29949381 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00100.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy has received significant attention as a therapeutic approach to restore cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Accumulating evidence supports that beneficial effects observed with cell therapy are due to paracrine secretion of multiple factors from transplanted cells, which alter the tissue microenvironment and orchestrate cardiac repair processes. Of these paracrine factors, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a key effector of cell therapy. EVs regulate cellular function through the transfer of cargo, such as microRNAs and proteins, which act on multiple biological pathways within recipient cells. These discoveries have led to the development of cell-free therapies using EVs to improve cardiac repair after a myocardial infarction. Here, we present an overview of the current use of EVs to enhance cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. We also discuss the emerging use of EVs for rejuvenation-based therapies. Finally, future directions for the use of EVs as therapeutic agents for cardiac regenerative medicine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal J Alibhai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Stephanie W Tobin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Azadeh Yeganeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Richard D Weisel
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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148
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Nooshabadi VT, Mardpour S, Yousefi-Ahmadipour A, Allahverdi A, Izadpanah M, Daneshimehr F, Ai J, Banafshe HR, Ebrahimi-Barough S. The extracellular vesicles-derived from mesenchymal stromal cells: A new therapeutic option in regenerative medicine. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8048-8073. [PMID: 29377241 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells that due to their ability to homing to damaged tissues and differentiate into specialized cells, are remarkable cells in the field of regenerative medicine. It's suggested that the predominant mechanism of MSCs in tissue repair might be related to their paracrine activity. The utilization of MSCs for tissue repair is initially based on the differentiation ability of these cells; however now it has been revealed that only a small fraction of the transplanted MSCs actually fuse and survive in host tissues. Indeed, MSCs supply the microenvironment with the secretion of soluble trophic factors, survival signals and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosome. Also, the paracrine activity of EVs could mediate the cellular communication to induce cell-differentiation/self-renewal. Recent findings suggest that EVs released by MSCs may also be critical in the physiological function of these cells. This review provides an overview of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles as a hopeful opportunity to advance novel cell-free therapy strategies that might prevail over the obstacles and risks associated with the use of native or engineered stem cells. EVs are very stable; they can pass the biological barriers without rejection and can shuttle bioactive molecules from one cell to another, causing the exchange of genetic information and reprogramming of the recipient cells. Moreover, extracellular vesicles may provide therapeutic cargo for a wide range of diseases and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soura Mardpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Yousefi-Ahmadipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Allahverdi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Izadpanah
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daneshimehr
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid R Banafshe
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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149
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Marbán E. A mechanistic roadmap for the clinical application of cardiac cell therapies. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:353-361. [PMID: 30740264 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of cells for regenerative therapy has encountered many pitfalls on its path to clinical translation. In cardiology, clinical studies of heart-targeted cell therapies began two decades ago, yet progress towards reaching an approved product has been slow. In this Perspective, I provide an overview of recent cardiac cell therapies, with a focus on the hurdles limiting the translation of cell products from research laboratories to clinical practice. By focusing on heart failure as a target indication, I argue that strategies for overcoming limitations in clinical translation require an increasing emphasis on mechanism-supported efficacy, rather than on phenomenological observations. As research progresses from cells to paracrine mechanisms to defined factors, identifying those defined factors that are involved in achieving superior therapeutic efficacy will better inform the use of cells as therapeutic candidates. The next generation of cell-free biologics may provide the benefits of cell therapy without the intrinsic limitations of whole-cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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150
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Cambier L, Giani JF, Liu W, Ijichi T, Echavez AK, Valle J, Marbán E. Angiotensin II-Induced End-Organ Damage in Mice Is Attenuated by Human Exosomes and by an Exosomal Y RNA Fragment. Hypertension 2018; 72:370-380. [PMID: 29866742 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension often leads to cardiovascular disease and kidney dysfunction. Exosomes secreted from cardiosphere-derived cells (CDC-exo) and their most abundant small RNA constituent, the Y RNA fragment EV-YF1, exert therapeutic benefits after myocardial infarction. Here, we investigated the effects of CDC-exo and EV-YF1, each administered individually, in a model of cardiac hypertrophy and kidney injury induced by chronic infusion of Ang (angiotensin) II. After 2 weeks of Ang II, multiple doses of CDC-exo or EV-YF1 were administered retro-orbitally. Ang II infusion induced an elevation in systolic blood pressure that was not affected by CDC-exo or EV-YF1. Echocardiography confirmed that Ang II infusion led to cardiac hypertrophy. CDC-exo and EV-YF1 both attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and reduced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, both CDC-exo and EV-YF1 improved kidney function and diminished renal inflammation and fibrosis. The beneficial effects of CDC-exo and EV-YF1 were associated with changes in the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL (interleukin)-10 in plasma, heart, spleen, and kidney. In summary, infusions of CDC-exo or EV-YF1 attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and renal injury induced by Ang II infusion, without affecting blood pressure, in association with altered IL-10 expression. Exosomes and their defined noncoding RNA contents may represent potential new therapeutic approaches for hypertension-associated cardiovascular and renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cambier
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (L.C., W.L., T.I., A.K.E., J.V., E.M.).,Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.C., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (L.C., J.F.G.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Weixin Liu
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (L.C., W.L., T.I., A.K.E., J.V., E.M.)
| | - Takeshi Ijichi
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (L.C., W.L., T.I., A.K.E., J.V., E.M.)
| | - Antonio K Echavez
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (L.C., W.L., T.I., A.K.E., J.V., E.M.)
| | - Jackelyn Valle
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (L.C., W.L., T.I., A.K.E., J.V., E.M.)
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- From the Smidt Heart Institute (L.C., W.L., T.I., A.K.E., J.V., E.M.)
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