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Yin J, Jia J, Lian Z, Hu Y, Guo J, Huo H, Zhu Y, Gong H. Silicon enhances the salt tolerance of cucumber through increasing polyamine accumulation and decreasing oxidative damage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:8-17. [PMID: 30412897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Silicon can increase salt tolerance, but the underlying mechanism has remained unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of silicon on polyamine metabolism and the role of polyamine accumulation in silicon-mediated salt tolerance in cucumber. Seedlings of cucumber 'JinYou 1' were subjected to salt stress (75 mM NaCl) in the presence or absence of added 0.3 mM silicon. Plant growth, polyamine metabolism and effects of exogenous polyamines and polyamine synthesis inhibitor dicyclohexylammonium sulphate on oxidative damage were investigated. The results showed that salt stress inhibited plant growth and decreased leaf chlorophyll levels and the maximum quantum yield of PSII, and added silicon ameliorated these negative effects. Salt stress increased polyamine accumulation in the leaves and roots. Compared with salt stress alone, overall, silicon addition decreased free putrescine concentrations, but increased spermidine and spermine concentrations in both leaves and roots under salt stress. Silicon application resulted in increased polyamine levels under salt stress by promoting the activities of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase while inhibiting the activity of diamine oxidase. Exogenous application of spermidine and spermine alleviated salt-stress-induced oxidative damage, whereas polyamine synthesis inhibitor eliminated the silicon-mediated decrease in oxidative damage. The results suggest that silicon-enhanced polyamine accumulation in cucumber under salt stress may play a role in decreasing oxidative damage and therefore increase the salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Yin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jianhua Jia
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Lian
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Hu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Heqiang Huo
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2725 South Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Yongxing Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Haijun Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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102
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Coskun D, Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Menzies JG, Reynolds O, Ma JF, Kronzucker HJ, Bélanger RR. The controversies of silicon's role in plant biology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:67-85. [PMID: 30007071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 67 I. Introduction 68 II. Silicon transport in plants: to absorb or not to absorb 69 III. The role of silicon in plants: not just a matter of semantics 71 IV. Silicon and biotic stress: beyond mechanical barriers and defense priming 76 V. Silicon and abiotic stress: a proliferation of proposed mechanisms 78 VI. The apoplastic obstruction hypothesis: a working model 79 VII. Perspectives and conclusions 80 Acknowledgements 81 References 81 SUMMARY: Silicon (Si) is not classified as an essential plant nutrient, and yet numerous reports have shown its beneficial effects in a variety of species and environmental circumstances. This has created much confusion in the scientific community with respect to its biological roles. Here, we link molecular and phenotypic data to better classify Si transport, and critically summarize the current state of understanding of the roles of Si in higher plants. We argue that much of the empirical evidence, in particular that derived from recent functional genomics, is at odds with many of the mechanistic assertions surrounding Si's role. In essence, these data do not support reports that Si affects a wide range of molecular-genetic, biochemical and physiological processes. A major reinterpretation of Si's role is therefore needed, which is critical to guide future studies and inform agricultural practice. We propose a working model, which we term the 'apoplastic obstruction hypothesis', which attempts to unify the various observations on Si's beneficial influences on plant growth and yield. This model argues for a fundamental role of Si as an extracellular prophylactic agent against biotic and abiotic stresses (as opposed to an active cellular agent), with important cascading effects on plant form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Humira Sonah
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - James G Menzies
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Olivia Reynolds
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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103
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Harris-Shultz KR, Hayes CM, Knoll JE. Mapping QTLs and Identification of Genes Associated with Drought Resistance in Sorghum. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1931:11-40. [PMID: 30652280 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9039-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water limits global agricultural production. Increases in global aridity, a growing human population, and the depletion of aquifers will only increase the scarcity of water for agriculture. Water is essential for plant growth and in areas that are prone to drought, the use of drought-resistant crops is a long-term solution for growing more food for more people with less water. Sorghum is well adapted to hot and dry environments and has been used as a dietary staple for millions of people. Increasing the drought resistance in sorghum hybrids with no impact on yield is a continual objective for sorghum breeders. In this review, we describe the loci, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), or genes that have been identified for traits involved in drought avoidance (water-use efficiency, cuticular wax synthesis, trichome development and morphology, root system architecture) and drought tolerance (compatible solutes, pre- and post-flowering drought tolerance). Many of these identified genes and QTL regions have not been tested in hybrids and the effect of these genes, or their interactions, on yield must be understood in normal and drought-stressed conditions to understand the strength and weaknesses of their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M Hayes
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Research, USDA-ARS, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Joseph E Knoll
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, USA
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104
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Metwally AM, Radi AA, El-Shazoly RM, Hamada AM. The role of calcium, silicon and salicylic acid treatment in protection of canola plants against boron toxicity stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018. [PMID: 29357048 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) toxicity often limits crop yield and the quality of production in agricultural areas. Here, we investigated the effects of calcium (Ca), silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) on development of B toxicity, B allocation in canola (Brassica napus cultivar Sarw 4) and its role in non-enzymatic antioxidants in relation to yield of this cultivar under B toxicity. Canola seedlings were subjected to four B levels induced by boric acid in the absence or presence of Ca, Si and SA. The results showed that Ca, Si and SA addition ameliorated the inhibition in canola growth, water content (WC), and improved siliqua number, siliqua weight and seed index. The B content in shoots and roots and total B accumulation in the whole plant were increased in control plants under B-toxicity-stress, and these parameters were significantly decreased by addition of Ca, Si and SA. The shoot ascorbate pool (ascorbate, AsA, and dehydroascorbate, DHA), α-tocopherol and phenolics (free and bound) were increased under B toxicity, and were significantly decreased in most cases by addition of Ca, Si and SA, except α-tocopherol, which increased at low B levels (0, 25 and 50 mg kg soil-1). The glutathione content did not obviously change by B stress, while added Ca, Si and SA inhibited its accumulation under B stress. In addition, B toxicity reduced the shoot flavonoids content; however, this reduction was not alleviated by the use of Ca, Si and SA treatments. It could be concluded that growth and yield of canola plants grown under high B concentration improved after external application of Ca, Si or SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Metwally
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A Radi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Rasha M El-Shazoly
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, New Valley, Egypt
| | - Afaf M Hamada
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
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105
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Metwally AM, Radi AA, El-Shazoly RM, Hamada AM. The role of calcium, silicon and salicylic acid treatment in protection of canola plants against boron toxicity stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:1015-1028. [PMID: 29357048 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) toxicity often limits crop yield and the quality of production in agricultural areas. Here, we investigated the effects of calcium (Ca), silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) on development of B toxicity, B allocation in canola (Brassica napus cultivar Sarw 4) and its role in non-enzymatic antioxidants in relation to yield of this cultivar under B toxicity. Canola seedlings were subjected to four B levels induced by boric acid in the absence or presence of Ca, Si and SA. The results showed that Ca, Si and SA addition ameliorated the inhibition in canola growth, water content (WC), and improved siliqua number, siliqua weight and seed index. The B content in shoots and roots and total B accumulation in the whole plant were increased in control plants under B-toxicity-stress, and these parameters were significantly decreased by addition of Ca, Si and SA. The shoot ascorbate pool (ascorbate, AsA, and dehydroascorbate, DHA), α-tocopherol and phenolics (free and bound) were increased under B toxicity, and were significantly decreased in most cases by addition of Ca, Si and SA, except α-tocopherol, which increased at low B levels (0, 25 and 50 mg kg soil-1). The glutathione content did not obviously change by B stress, while added Ca, Si and SA inhibited its accumulation under B stress. In addition, B toxicity reduced the shoot flavonoids content; however, this reduction was not alleviated by the use of Ca, Si and SA treatments. It could be concluded that growth and yield of canola plants grown under high B concentration improved after external application of Ca, Si or SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Metwally
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A Radi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Rasha M El-Shazoly
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, New Valley, Egypt
| | - Afaf M Hamada
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
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106
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Howladar SM, Al-Robai SA, Al-Zahrani FS, Howladar MM, Aldhebiani AY. Silicon and its application method effects on modulation of cadmium stress responses in Triticum aestivum (L.) through improving the antioxidative defense system and polyamine gene expression. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 159:143-152. [PMID: 29738930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the optimum application method of exogenous supports for crop plants to improve their growth under environmental stresses such as heavy metals represents key priorities for researchers worldwide. Influences of different application methods of silicon (Si; 3 mM); soil treatment, foliar spray and seed soaking on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic gas exchange, cell membrane injury, osmoprotectants contents, antioxidative defense system activity, and polyamines contents and their gene expression in wheat plants grown under normal and 2 mM cadmium (Cd) stress conditions were investigated in 3-repeated pot experiment. Cd stress severely depressed growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic gas exchange, tissue health, water use efficiency (WUE) and Si content, and elevated osmoprotectants and Cd2+ contents, antioxidative defense system activity, and polyamines contents and their gene expression. However, Si in different application methods alleviated the Cd stress effects and significantly reduced Cd2+ and MDA contents and electrolyte leakage, significantly increased growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic gas exchange, WUE, membrane stability index, relative water content and Si content, and further increased proline and soluble sugars contents, antioxidative (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) defense system activity, and polyamines contents and their gene expression. Among the three methods, Si applied as soil addition was the best and most effective in alleviating the Cd stress effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad M Howladar
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sami A Al-Robai
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima S Al-Zahrani
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed M Howladar
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Y Aldhebiani
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
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107
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Katz O. Plant Silicon and Phytolith Research and the Earth-Life Superdiscipline. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1281. [PMID: 30233622 PMCID: PMC6134949 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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108
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Das P, Manna I, Biswas AK, Bandyopadhyay M. Exogenous silicon alters ascorbate-glutathione cycle in two salt-stressed indica rice cultivars (MTU 1010 and Nonabokra). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26625-26642. [PMID: 30003482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is widely available in soil and is known to mitigate both biotic and abiotic stress in plants. Very low doses of silicon are becoming increasingly essential in rice for biofortification and preventing water loss. Soil salinity is a matter of grave concern in various parts of the world, and silicon is a suitable candidate to mitigate salinity-induced stress of important plants in affected areas. The present study investigates the protective capability of exogenously applied silicon in ameliorating NaCl-induced toxicity in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, the salt-sensitive MTU 1010, and salt-tolerant Nonabokra. Rice seedlings were treated with three doses of NaCl (25, 50, and 100 mM), initially alone and subsequently in combination with 2 mM sodium silicate (Na2SiO3, 9H2O). After 21 days, these plants were examined to determine levels of reduced glutathione, ascorbic acid, cysteine, and activities of different enzymes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, viz., glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Though ROS levels increased in both the cultivars with increasing NaCl concentrations, cv. MTU 1010 accumulated comparatively higher amounts. A differential response of NaCl-induced toxicity on the two cultivars was observed with respect to the various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. APX and GST activities, as well as, cysteine contents, increased concomitantly with salt concentrations, whereas GR activity declined at increasing salt concentrations, in both cultivars. Activity of GPx increased in cv. Nonabokra but declined in cv. MTU 1010, under similar NaCl concentrations. Reduced glutathione (GSH) contents decreased in both cultivars, whereas ascorbate contents declined in only the sensitive cultivar. Application of silicon, along with NaCl, in the test seedlings of both the cultivars, reduced ROS accumulation and boosted antioxidant defense mechanism, through enhancing ascorbate and GSH levels, and activities of ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes as well. However, amelioration of salt-induced damages in the sensitive cv. MTU 1010 was more pronounced upon silicon administration, than the tolerant cv. Nonabokra. Thus, cv. MTU 1010 was found to be more responsive to applied silicon. Hence, this study was instrumental in realizing a successful strategy in silicon-mediated amelioration of salinity stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal Das
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department Of Botany, Ballygunge Science College, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Indrani Manna
- Plant Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department Of Botany, Ballygunge Science College, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Asok K Biswas
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department Of Botany, Ballygunge Science College, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Maumita Bandyopadhyay
- Plant Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department Of Botany, Ballygunge Science College, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
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109
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Alzahrani Y, Kuşvuran A, Alharby HF, Kuşvuran S, Rady MM. The defensive role of silicon in wheat against stress conditions induced by drought, salinity or cadmium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:187-196. [PMID: 29475124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the crust of earth, silicon (Si) is one of the two major elements. For plant growth and development, importance of Si remains controversial due to the widely differences in ability of plants to take up this element. In this paper, pot experiments were done to study Si roles in improving salt, drought or cadmium (Cd) stress tolerance in wheat. Up to full emergence, all pots were watered at 100% field capacity (FC) every other day with nutrient solution without any treatments. Fifteen days after sowing, pots were divided into four plots, each with 40 pots for no stress (control) and three stress treatments; drought (50% FC), salinity (200 mM NaCl) and cadmium (2 mM Cd). For all plots, Si was applied at four levels (0, 2, 4 and 6 mM). Under no stress condition, Si applications increased Si content and improved growth as a result of reduced electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) and Na+ contents. Under stress conditions, Si supplementation conferred higher growth, gas exchange, tissue water and membranes stabilities, and K+ content, and had limited MDA and Na+ contents and EL compared to those obtained without Si. Compared to those without Si, enzyme (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) activity was improved by Si applications, which were linked with elevated antioxidants and osmoprotectants (e.g., free proline, soluble sugars, ascorbic acid and glutathione) contents, might providing antioxidant defense against abiotic stress in wheat. The level of 4 mM Si was most effective for mitigating the salt and drought stress conditions, while 6 mM Si level was most influentially for alleviating the Cd stress condition. These results suggest that Si is beneficial in remarkably affecting physiological phenomena and improving wheat growth under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alpaslan Kuşvuran
- Cankiri Karatekin University, Kizilirmak Vocational High School, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Hesham F Alharby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebnem Kuşvuran
- Cankiri Karatekin University, Kizilirmak Vocational High School, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Mostafa M Rady
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt.
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110
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Frew A, Weston LA, Reynolds OL, Gurr GM. The role of silicon in plant biology: a paradigm shift in research approach. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1265-1273. [PMID: 29438453 PMCID: PMC6007437 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon (Si) is known to have numerous beneficial effects on plants, alleviating diverse forms of abiotic and biotic stress. Research on this topic has accelerated in recent years and revealed multiple effects of Si in a range of plant species. Available information regarding the impact of Si on plant defence, growth and development is fragmented, discipline-specific, and usually focused on downstream, distal phenomena rather than underlying effects. Accordingly, there is a growing need for studies that address fundamental metabolic and regulatory processes, thereby allowing greater unification and focus of current research across disciplines. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS Silicon is often regarded as a plant nutritional 'non-entity'. A suite of factors associated with Si have been recently identified, relating to plant chemistry, physiology, gene regulation and interactions with other organisms. Research to date has typically focused on the impact of Si application upon plant stress responses. However, the fundamental, underlying mechanisms that account for the manifold effects of Si in plant biology remain undefined. Here, the known effects of Si in higher plants relating to alleviation of both abiotic and biotic stress are briefly reviewed and the potential importance of Si in plant primary metabolism is discussed, highlighting the need for a unifying research framework targeting common underlying mechanisms. The traditional approach of discipline-specific work on single stressors in individual plant species is currently inadequate. Thus, a holistic and comparative approach is proposed to assess the mode of action of Si between plant trait types (e.g. C3, C4 and CAM; Si accumulators and non-accumulators) and between biotic and abiotic stressors (pathogens, herbivores, drought, salt), considering potential pathways (i.e. primary metabolic processes) highlighted by recent empirical evidence. Utilizing genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches in such comparative studies will pave the way for unification of the field and a deeper understanding of the role of Si in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frew
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Leslie A Weston
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Olivia L Reynolds
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Narellan, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Geoff M Gurr
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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111
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Głazowska S, Murozuka E, Persson DP, Castro PH, Schjoerring JK. Silicon affects seed development and leaf macrohair formation in Brachypodium distachyon. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:231-246. [PMID: 29215732 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has many beneficial effects in plants, especially for the survival from biotic and abiotic stresses. However, Si may negatively affect the quality of lignocellulosic biomass for bioenergy purposes. Despite many studies, the regulation of Si distribution and deposition in plants remains to be fully understood. Here, we have identified the Brachypodium distachyon mutant low-silicon 1 (Bdlsi1-1), with impaired channeling function of the Si influx transporter BdLSI1, resulting in a substantial reduction of Si in shoots. Bioimaging by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry showed that the wild-type plants deposited Si mainly in the bracts, awns and leaf macrohairs. The Bdlsi1-1 mutants showed substantial (>90%) reduction of Si in the mature shoots. The Bdlsi1-1 leaves had fewer, shorter macrohairs, but the overall pattern of Si distribution in bracts and leaf tissues was similar to that in the wild-type. The Bdlsi1-1 plants supplied with Si had significantly lower seed weights, compared to the wild-type. In low-Si media, the seed weight of wild-type plants was similar to that of Bdlsi1-1 mutants supplied with Si, while the Bdlsi1-1 seed weight decreased further. We conclude that Si deficiency results in widespread alterations in leaf surface morphology and seed formation in Brachypodium, showing the importance of Si for successful development in grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Głazowska
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Emiko Murozuka
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Daniel P Persson
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pedro Humberto Castro
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan K Schjoerring
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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112
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Emamverdian A, Ding Y, Xie Y, Sangari S. Silicon Mechanisms to Ameliorate Heavy Metal Stress in Plants. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8492898. [PMID: 29850578 PMCID: PMC5937581 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8492898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increased contaminants caused by anthropogenic activities in the environment and the importance of finding pathways to reduce pollution caused the silicon application to be considered an important detoxification agent. Silicon, as a beneficial element, plays an important role in amelioration of abiotic stress, such as an extreme dose of heavy metal in plants. There are several mechanisms involved in silicon mediation in plants, including the reduction of heavy metal uptake by plants, changing pH value, formation of Si heavy metals, and stimulation of enzyme activity, which can work by chemical and physical pathways. The aim of this paper is to investigate the major silicon-related mechanisms that reduce the toxicity of heavy metals in plants and then to assess the role of silicon in increasing the antioxidant enzyme and nonenzyme activities to protect the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghassem Emamverdian
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yinfeng Xie
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Sirous Sangari
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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113
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Flam-Shepherd R, Huynh WQ, Coskun D, Hamam AM, Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ. Membrane fluxes, bypass flows, and sodium stress in rice: the influence of silicon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1679-1692. [PMID: 29342282 PMCID: PMC5889039 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Provision of silicon (Si) to roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) can alleviate salt stress by blocking apoplastic, transpirational bypass flow of Na+ from root to shoot. However, little is known about how Si affects Na+ fluxes across cell membranes. Here, we measured radiotracer fluxes of 24Na+, plasma membrane depolarization, tissue ion accumulation, and transpirational bypass flow, to examine the influence of Si on Na+ transport patterns in hydroponically grown, salt-sensitive (cv. IR29) and salt-tolerant (cv. Pokkali) rice. Si increased growth and lowered [Na+] in shoots of both cultivars, with minor effects in roots; neither root nor shoot [K+] were affected. In IR29, Si lowered shoot [Na+] via a large reduction in bypass flow, while in Pokkali, where bypass flow was small and not affected by Si, this was achieved mainly via a growth dilution of shoot Na+. Si had no effect on unidirectional 24Na+ fluxes (influx and efflux), or on Na+-stimulated plasma-membrane depolarization, in either IR29 or Pokkali. We conclude that, while Si can reduce Na+ translocation via bypass flow in some (but not all) rice cultivars, it does not affect unidirectional Na+ transport or Na+ cycling in roots, either across root cell membranes or within the bulk root apoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens Flam-Shepherd
- Department of Biological Sciences and Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wayne Q Huynh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devrim Coskun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ahmed M Hamam
- Department of Biological Sciences and Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dev T Britto
- Department of Biological Sciences and Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Department of Biological Sciences and Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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114
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Keisham M, Mukherjee S, Bhatla SC. Mechanisms of Sodium Transport in Plants-Progresses and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E647. [PMID: 29495332 PMCID: PMC5877508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of sodium (Na⁺) influx, effective compartmentalization, and efflux in higher plants is crucial to manipulate Na⁺ accumulation and assure the maintenance of low Na⁺ concentration in the cytosol and, hence, plant tolerance to salt stress. Na⁺ influx across the plasma membrane in the roots occur mainly via nonselective cation channels (NSCCs). Na⁺ is compartmentalized into vacuoles by Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers (NHXs). Na⁺ efflux from the plant roots is mediated by the activity of Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters catalyzed by the salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1) protein. In animals, ouabain (OU)-sensitive Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase (a P-type ATPase) mediates sodium efflux. The evolution of P-type ATPases in higher plants does not exclude the possibility of sodium efflux mechanisms similar to the Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase-dependent mechanisms characteristic of animal cells. Using novel fluorescence imaging and spectrofluorometric methodologies, an OU-sensitive sodium efflux system has recently been reported to be physiologically active in roots. This review summarizes and analyzes the current knowledge on Na⁺ influx, compartmentalization, and efflux in higher plants in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Keisham
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal 742213, India.
| | - Satish C Bhatla
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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115
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Arinbasarova AY, Machulin AV, Biryukova EN, Sorokin VV, Medentsev AG, Suzina NE. Structural changes in the cell envelope of Yarrowia lipolytica yeast under stress conditions. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:359-365. [PMID: 29444416 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural changes in the cell envelope of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica as a stress response were examined using electron microscopy. The formation of new cellular surface structures, including membrane vesicles, pore channels, and wall surface globules, were shown for the first time under conditions of oxidative (endogenous and exogenous) or thermal stress. This demonstrates once again that under stress conditions the microorganisms reveal properties previously unknown for them. Particularly noteworthy is the accumulation of silicon in the surface globules, which was revealed by X-ray microanalysis of the elemental composition of thin sections of cells. A multilayered plasmalemma instead of a 3-layered one is also characteristic for stressed cells. The envelope modifications above were observed only as a stress response and were not detected in stationary-growth-phase yeast cells that assume different physiological states. A decrease in the intracellular level of cAMP allows us to assume that a common factor activates defensive mechanisms thus explaining the similarity of the response under different stress conditions. The data presented not only enable visualization of the yeast stress response and add to our awareness of the diversity of adaptive reactions, but they also raise questions about the interrelations of the stress phenomena and their functional necessity in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yu Arinbasarova
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Andrey V Machulin
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Elena N Biryukova
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Sorokin
- b Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, Building Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander G Medentsev
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Natalya E Suzina
- a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
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116
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Chen D, Wang S, Yin L, Deng X. How Does Silicon Mediate Plant Water Uptake and Loss Under Water Deficiency? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:281. [PMID: 29556247 PMCID: PMC5844968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, water deficiency can result from a deficit of water from the soil, an obstacle to the uptake of water or the excess water loss; in these cases, the similar consequence is the limitation of plant growth and crop yield. Silicon (Si) has been widely reported to alleviate the plant water status and water balance under variant stress conditions in both monocot and dicot plants, especially under drought and salt stresses. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In addition to the regulation of leaf transpiration, recently, Si application was found to be involved in the adjustment of root hydraulic conductance by up-regulating aquaporin gene expression and concentrating K in the xylem sap. Therefore, this review discusses the potential effects of Si on both leaf transpiration and root water absorption, especially focusing on how Si modulates the root hydraulic conductance. A growing number of studies support the conclusion that Si application improves plant water status by increasing root water uptake, rather than by decreasing their water loss under conditions of water deficiency. The enhancement of plant water uptake by Si is achievable through the activation of osmotic adjustment, improving aquaporin activity and increasing the root/shoot ratio. The underlying mechanisms of the Si on improving plant water uptake under water deficiency conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Shiwen Wang,
| | - Lina Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
| | - Xiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
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117
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Etesami H, Jeong BR. Silicon (Si): Review and future prospects on the action mechanisms in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:881-896. [PMID: 28968941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the era present, due to increasing incidences of a large number of different biotic and abiotic stresses all over the world, the growth of plants (principal crops) may be restrained by these stresses. In addition to beneficial microorganisms, use of silicon (Si)-fertilizer is known as an ecologically compatible and environmentally friendly technique to stimulate plant growth, alleviate various biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, and enhance the plant resistance to multiple stresses, because Si is not harmful, corrosive, and polluting to plants when presents in excess. Here, we reviewed the action mechanisms by which Si alleviates abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. The use of Si (mostly as industrial slags and rice straw) is predicted to become a sustainable strategy and an emerging trend in agriculture to enhance crop growth and alleviate abiotic and biotic stresses in the not too distant future. In this review article, the future research needs on the use of Si under the conditions of abiotic and biotic stresses are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Etesami
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871 Iran.
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Horticulture Major, Division of Applies Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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118
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Biju S, Fuentes S, Gupta D. Silicon improves seed germination and alleviates drought stress in lentil crops by regulating osmolytes, hydrolytic enzymes and antioxidant defense system. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 119:250-264. [PMID: 28917144 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has been widely reported to have beneficial effect on mitigating drought stress in plants. However, the effect of Si on seed germination under drought conditions is still poorly understood. This research was carried out to ascertain the role of Si to abate polyethylene glycol-6000 mediated drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of lentil. Results showed that drought stress significantly decreased the seed germination traits and increased the concentration of osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars), reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion) and lipid peroxides in lentil seedlings. The activities of hydrolytic enzymes and antioxidant enzymes increased significantly under osmotic stress. The application of Si significantly enhanced the plants ability to withstand drought stress conditions through increased Si content, improved antioxidants, hydrolytic enzymes activity, decreased concentration of osmolytes and reactive oxygen species. Multivariate data analysis showed statistically significant correlations among the drought-tolerance traits, whereas cluster analysis categorised the genotypes into distinct groups based on their drought-tolerance levels and improvements in expression of traits due to Si application. Thus, these results showed that Si supplementation of lentil was effective in alleviating the detrimental effects of drought stress on seed germination and increased seedling vigour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajitha Biju
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sigfredo Fuentes
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dorin Gupta
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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119
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Markovich O, Steiner E, Kouřil Š, Tarkowski P, Aharoni A, Elbaum R. Silicon promotes cytokinin biosynthesis and delays senescence in Arabidopsis and Sorghum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1189-1196. [PMID: 28102542 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicate minerals are dominant soil components. Thus, plant roots are constantly exposed to silicic acid. High silicon intake, enabled by root silicon transporters, correlates with increased tolerance to many biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the underlying protection mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that silicon interacts with the plant hormones, and specifically, that silicic acid intake increases cytokinin biosynthesis. The reaction of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Arabidopsis plants, modified to absorb high versus low amounts of silicon, to dark-induced senescence was monitored, by quantifying expression levels of genes along the senescence pathway and measuring tissue cytokinin levels. In both species, detached leaves with high silicon content senesced more slowly than leaves that were not exposed to silicic acid. Expression levels of genes along the senescence pathway suggested increased cytokinin biosynthesis with silicon exposure. Mass spectrometry measurements of cytokinin suggested a positive correlation between silicon exposure and active cytokinin concentrations. Our results indicate a similar reaction to silicon treatment in distantly related plants, proposing a general function of silicon as a stress reliever, acting via increased cytokinin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshry Markovich
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Evyatar Steiner
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Štěpán Kouřil
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Central Laboratories and Research Support, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Central Laboratories and Research Support, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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120
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Wang M, Gao L, Dong S, Sun Y, Shen Q, Guo S. Role of Silicon on Plant-Pathogen Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:701. [PMID: 28529517 PMCID: PMC5418358 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although silicon (Si) is not recognized as an essential element for general higher plants, it has beneficial effects on the growth and production of a wide range of plant species. Si is known to effectively mitigate various environmental stresses and enhance plant resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogens. In this review, the effects of Si on plant-pathogen interactions are analyzed, mainly on physical, biochemical, and molecular aspects. In most cases, the Si-induced biochemical/molecular resistance during plant-pathogen interactions were dominated as joint resistance, involving activating defense-related enzymes activates, stimulating antimicrobial compound production, regulating the complex network of signal pathways, and activating of the expression of defense-related genes. The most previous studies described an independent process, however, the whole plant resistances were rarely considered, especially the interaction of different process in higher plants. Si can act as a modulator influencing plant defense responses and interacting with key components of plant stress signaling systems leading to induced resistance. Priming of plant defense responses, alterations in phytohormone homeostasis, and networking by defense signaling components are all potential mechanisms involved in Si-triggered resistance responses. This review summarizes the roles of Si in plant-microbe interactions, evaluates the potential for improving plant resistance by modifying Si fertilizer inputs, and highlights future research concerning the role of Si in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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121
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Luyckx M, Hausman JF, Lutts S, Guerriero G. Silicon and Plants: Current Knowledge and Technological Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:411. [PMID: 28386269 PMCID: PMC5362598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Elemental silicon (Si), after oxygen, is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, which is mainly composed of silicates. Si is not considered essential for plant growth and development, however, increasing evidence in the literature shows that this metalloid is beneficial to plants, especially under stress conditions. Indeed Si alleviates the toxic effects caused by abiotic stresses, e.g., salt stress, drought, heavy metals, to name a few. Biogenic silica is also a deterrent against herbivores. Additionally, Si ameliorates the vigor of plants and improves their resistance to exogenous stresses. The protective role of Si was initially attributed to a physical barrier fortifying the cell wall (e.g., against fungal hyphae penetration), however, several studies have shown that the action of this element on plants is far more complex, as it involves a cross-talk with the cell interior and an effect on plant metabolism. In this study the beneficial role of Si on plants will be discussed, by reviewing the available data in the literature. Emphasis will be given to the protective role of Si during (a)biotic stresses and in this context both priming and the effects of Si on endogenous phytohormones will be discussed. A whole section will be devoted to the use of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles, in the light of the interest that nanotechnology has for agriculture. The paper also discusses the potential technological aspects linked to the use of Si in agriculture and to modify/improve the physical parameters of plant fibers. The study indeed provides perspectives on the use of Si to increase the yield of fiber crops and to improve the thermal stability and tensile strength of natural fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Luyckx
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Stanley Lutts, Gea Guerriero,
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Stanley Lutts, Gea Guerriero,
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122
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McGaughey SA, Osborn HL, Chen L, Pegler JL, Tyerman SD, Furbank RT, Byrt CS, Grof CPL. Roles of Aquaporins in Setaria viridis Stem Development and Sugar Storage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1815. [PMID: 28018372 PMCID: PMC5147461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Setaria viridis is a C4 grass used as a model for bioenergy feedstocks. The elongating internodes in developing S. viridis stems grow from an intercalary meristem at the base, and progress acropetally toward fully expanded cells that store sugar. During stem development and maturation, water flow is a driver of cell expansion and sugar delivery. As aquaporin proteins are implicated in regulating water flow, we analyzed elongating and mature internode transcriptomes to identify putative aquaporin encoding genes that had particularly high transcript levels during the distinct stages of internode cell expansion and maturation. We observed that SvPIP2;1 was highly expressed in internode regions undergoing cell expansion, and SvNIP2;2 was highly expressed in mature sugar accumulating regions. Gene co-expression analysis revealed SvNIP2;2 expression was highly correlated with the expression of five putative sugar transporters expressed in the S. viridis internode. To explore the function of the proteins encoded by SvPIP2;1 and SvNIP2;2, we expressed them in Xenopus laevis oocytes and tested their permeability to water. SvPIP2;1 and SvNIP2;2 functioned as water channels in X. laevis oocytes and their permeability was gated by pH. Our results indicate that SvPIP2;1 may function as a water channel in developing stems undergoing cell expansion and SvNIP2;2 is a candidate for retrieving water and possibly a yet to be determined solute from mature internodes. Future research will investigate whether changing the function of these proteins influences stem growth and sugar yield in S. viridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. McGaughey
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, CallaghanNSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Hannah L. Osborn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, CanberraACT, Australia
| | - Lily Chen
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, CallaghanNSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, CanberraACT, Australia
| | - Joseph L. Pegler
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, CallaghanNSW, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Robert T. Furbank
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, CanberraACT, Australia
| | - Caitlin S. Byrt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, CallaghanNSW, Australia
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Rostkowska C, Mota CM, Oliveira TC, Santiago FM, Oliveira LA, Korndörfer GH, Lana RMQ, Rossi ML, Nogueira NL, Simonnet X, Mineo TWP, Silva DA, Mineo JR. Si-Accumulation In Artemisia annua Glandular Trichomes Increases Artemisinin Concentration, but Does Not Interfere In the Impairment of Toxoplasma gondii Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1430. [PMID: 27721819 PMCID: PMC5033981 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua is used as a source of artemisinin, a potent therapeutic agent used for the treatment of infectious diseases, chiefly malaria. However, the low concentration (from 0.01 to 1.4% of dried leaf matter) of artemisinin in the plant obtained with the traditional cropping system makes it a relatively expensive drug, especially in developing countries. Considering that artemisinin and silicon (Si) are both stored in A. annua glandular trichomes, and that Si accumulation has never been investigated, this study aimed to look into Si effects on A. annua trichome artemisinin concentration, and whether leaf infusion from Si-treated A. annua plants is able to control Toxoplasma gondii growth. T. gondii is the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease whose traditional treatment shows significant side effects. The experimental design consisted of A. annua seedlings randomly planted in soil treated with different doses of calcium/magnesium silicate (0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 kg ha-1). Analysis of foliar macronutrients showed significant increases of nitrogen content only at the highest dose of silicate. Foliar micronutrients, Si concentrations, and plant height were not affected by any of the silicate doses. However, the dose of 400 kg ha-1 of silicate increased the trichome size, which in turn raised artemisinin concentration in leaves and the infusion. In contrast, the 800 and 1600 kg ha-1 doses dramatically decreased artemisinin concentration. HeLa cell treatment with the infusion of A. annua grown in soil treated with 400 kg ha-1 of silicate decreased parasite proliferation in a dose-dependent manner when the treatment was carried out after or along with T. gondii infection. However, this effect was similar to A. annua grown in soil without silicate treatment. Thus, it can be concluded that, even though Si applied to the soil at 400 kg ha-1 has a positive effect on the A. annua glandular trichome size and the artemisinin concentration, this outcome cannot be directly associated with the efficiency of A. annua infusion on T. gondii growth, suggesting that other components from A. annua leaves could be acting in synergy with artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rostkowska
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Caroline M. Mota
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Taísa C. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Lilian A. Oliveira
- Fertilizer Technology Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gaspar H. Korndörfer
- Fertilizer Technology Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Regina M. Q. Lana
- Fertilizer Technology Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Monica L. Rossi
- Laboratory of Plant Histopathology and Structural Biology of Plants, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Universidade de São PauloPiracicaba, Brazil
| | - Neusa L. Nogueira
- Laboratory of Plant Histopathology and Structural Biology of Plants, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Universidade de São PauloPiracicaba, Brazil
| | - Xavier Simonnet
- Mediplant, Swiss Research Centre on Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsConthey, Switzerland
| | - Tiago W. P. Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Deise A.O. Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - José R. Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
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Roy SJ, Negrão S, Tester M. Salt resistant crop plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 26:115-124. [PMID: 24679267 DOI: 10.1080/00103624.2017.1323090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major constraint to agriculture. To improve salinity tolerance of crops, various traits can be incorporated, including ion exclusion, osmotic tolerance and tissue tolerance. We review the roles of a range of genes involved in salt tolerance traits. Different tissues and cells are adapted for specific and often diverse function, so it is important to express the genes in specific cell-types and to pyramid a range of traits. Modern biotechnology (marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering) needs to be increasingly used to introduce the correct combination of genes into elite crop cultivars. Importantly, the effects of introduced genes need to be evaluated in the field to determine their effect on salinity tolerance and yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Roy
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Sónia Negrão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Genomics of Plant Stress Laboratory (GPlantS Lab), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Tester
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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