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Maternal pregnancy C-reactive protein predicts offspring birth size and body composition in metropolitan Cebu, Philippines. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2017; 8:674-681. [PMID: 28720162 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174417000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gestational milieu is an important influence on fetal development and long-term disease risk. Here we assess relationships between maternal pregnancy inflammation, indicated by C-reactive protein (CRP), and offspring anthropometric outcomes measured soon after birth. Data come from female participants (n=327, age 24.4-30.2 years) in a longitudinal study located in Metropolitan Cebu, Philippines. Between 2009 and 2014, pregnancy interviews (n=429) were conducted during which questionnaire and anthropometric data were obtained along with dried blood spot cards for CRP measurement. Offspring body weight, length, head circumference and five skinfold thickness measures were obtained soon after birth. Maternal pregnancy CRP was borderline (-1.11±0.64 days/log-mg/l; P<0.1) inversely related to gestational age at delivery, but did not increase the likelihood of preterm delivery. After adjusting for maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, height, pregnancy adiposity, age, parity and other covariates, CRP was significantly, inversely related to offspring body weight (-0.047±0.017 kg/log-mg/l), length (-0.259±0.092 cm/log-mg/l) and sum of skinfolds (-0.520±0.190 mm/log-mg/l) (all P<0.05), and borderline inversely related to offspring head circumference (-0.102±0.068 cm/log-mg/l; P<0.1). Notably, relationships were continuous across the full CRP range, and not limited to unusually high levels of inflammation. These findings point to an important role of maternal non-specific immune activation as a predictor of offspring birth outcomes. In light of evidence that early life microbial, nutritional and stress experiences influence adult inflammatory regulation, these findings point to inflammation as a potential pathway for the intergenerational transmission of maternal experience to offspring health.
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152
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Schrock JM, McClure HH, Snodgrass JJ, Liebert MA, Charlton KE, Arokiasamy P, Naidoo N, Kowal P. Food insecurity partially mediates associations between social disadvantage and body composition among older adults in india: Results from the study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28681406 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to test whether food insecurity mediates cross-sectional associations between social disadvantage and body composition among older adults (aged 50+) in India (n = 6556). METHODS Adjusting for key sociodemographic and dietary variables, we examined whether markers of social disadvantage (lower educational attainment, lower household wealth, belonging to a disadvantaged caste/tribe, and belonging to a minority religion) were associated with food insecurity. We then examined whether food insecurity, in turn, was associated with anthropometric measures of body composition, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC). We also tested whether food insecurity mediated the relationship between social disadvantage and body composition. RESULTS In adjusted models, lower household wealth [lowest quintile (Q5) vs highest quintile (Q1): odds ratio (OR) = 13.57, P < .001], having less than a high-school education (OR = 2.12. P < .005), being Muslim (OR = 1.82, P < .001), and being in a scheduled caste (historically marginalized) (OR = 1.49, P < .005) were associated with greater food insecurity. Those who were severely food insecure had greater odds of being underweight (OR = 1.36, P < .01) and lower odds of high WC (OR = 0.70, P < .01). Mediation analyses estimated that food insecurity explained 4.7%-29.7% of the relationship between social disadvantage and body composition, depending on the variables considered. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that food insecurity is a mechanism linking social disadvantage and body composition among older adults in India. These analyses contribute to a better understanding of processes leading to variation in body composition, which may help enhance the design of interventions aimed at improving population nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Schrock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - Heather H McClure
- Center for Equity Promotion, College of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - J Josh Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - Melissa A Liebert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - Karen E Charlton
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Perianayagam Arokiasamy
- Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, 400088, India
| | - Nirmala Naidoo
- Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), World Health Organization, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Paul Kowal
- Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), World Health Organization, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.,Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
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153
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Social and physical environments early in development predict DNA methylation of inflammatory genes in young adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7611-7616. [PMID: 28673994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620661114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to a wide range of human diseases, and environments in infancy and childhood are important determinants of inflammatory phenotypes. The underlying biological mechanisms connecting early environments with the regulation of inflammation in adulthood are not known, but epigenetic processes are plausible candidates. We tested the hypothesis that patterns of DNA methylation (DNAm) in inflammatory genes in young adulthood would be predicted by early life nutritional, microbial, and psychosocial exposures previously associated with levels of inflammation. Data come from a population-based longitudinal birth cohort study in metropolitan Cebu, the Philippines, and DNAm was characterized in whole blood samples from 494 participants (age 20-22 y). Analyses focused on probes in 114 target genes involved in the regulation of inflammation, and we identified 10 sites across nine genes where the level of DNAm was significantly predicted by the following variables: household socioeconomic status in childhood, extended absence of a parent in childhood, exposure to animal feces in infancy, birth in the dry season, or duration of exclusive breastfeeding. To evaluate the biological significance of these sites, we tested for associations with a panel of inflammatory biomarkers measured in plasma obtained at the same age as DNAm assessment. Three sites predicted elevated inflammation, and one site predicted lower inflammation, consistent with the interpretation that levels of DNAm at these sites are functionally relevant. This pattern of results points toward DNAm as a potentially important biological mechanism through which developmental environments shape inflammatory phenotypes across the life course.
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154
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Dent SC. Interindividual differences in embodied marginalization: Osteological and stable isotope analyses of antebellum enslaved individuals. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Dent
- Department of Anthropology and Research Laboratories of Archaeology; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 27599 North Carolina
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155
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Cross D, Fani N, Powers A, Bradley B. Neurobiological Development in the Context of Childhood Trauma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:111-124. [PMID: 30906116 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological systems may be particularly susceptible to deleterious impact of childhood trauma, and the impact of childhood trauma on development and subsequent functional outcomes across the lifespan has been well-documented. The current review addresses the neurobiological impact of exposure to interpersonal trauma in childhood in the context of executive function, emotion regulation, and dissociation/interoceptive awareness. Subsequent risk for PTSD and depression is also discussed. The pathway of risk from childhood trauma to these cognitive, emotional, and psychiatric outcomes is addressed in terms of potential structural and functional alterations within the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala resulting from chronic or repeated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its interaction with and influence on genetic and epigenetic processes during sensitive periods of development. Implications for practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthie Cross
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta VA Medical Center
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156
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Kountz DS. The use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension: a focus on African-American populations. Postgrad Med 2017; 129:421-429. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2017.1313074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Kountz
- Medical and Academic Affairs, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA
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157
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Meloni M. Disentangling life: Darwin, selectionism, and the postgenomic return of the environment. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 62:10-19. [PMID: 28196347 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, I analyze the disruptive impact of Darwinian selectionism for the century-long tradition in which the environment had a direct causative role in shaping an organism's traits. In the case of humans, the surrounding environment often determined not only the physical, but also the mental and moral features of individuals and whole populations. With its apparatus of indirect effects, random variations, and a much less harmonious view of nature and adaptation, Darwinian selectionism severed the deep imbrication of organism and milieu posited by these traditional environmentalist models. This move had radical implications well beyond strictly biological debates. In my essay, I discuss the problematization of the moral idiom of environmentalism by William James and August Weismann who adopted a selectionist view of the development of mental faculties. These debates show the complex moral discourse associated with the environmentalist-selectionist dilemma. They also well illustrate how the moral reverberations of selectionism went well beyond the stereotyped associations with biological fatalism or passivity of the organism. Rereading them today may be helpful as a genealogical guide to the complex ethical quandaries unfolding in the current postgenomic scenario in which a revival of new environmentalist themes is taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Meloni
- Dept. of Sociological Studies, Northumberland Road, Elmfield, S10 2NN, University of Sheffield, UK.
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158
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Khan M, Ilcisin M, Saxton K. Multifactorial discrimination as a fundamental cause of mental health inequities. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:43. [PMID: 28257630 PMCID: PMC5336641 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The theory of fundamental causes explains why health disparities persist over time, even as risk factors, mechanisms, and diseases change. Using an intersectional framework, we evaluated multifactorial discrimination as a fundamental cause of mental health disparities. METHODS Using baseline data from the Project STRIDE: Stress, Identity, and Mental Health study, we examined the health effects of discrimination among individuals who self-identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. We used logistic and linear regression to assess whether multifactorial discrimination met the four criteria designating a fundamental cause, namely that the cause: 1) influences multiple health outcomes, 2) affects multiple risk factors, 3) involves access to resources that can be leveraged to reduce consequences of disease, and 4) reproduces itself in varied contexts through changing mechanisms. RESULTS Multifactorial discrimination predicted high depression scores, psychological well-being, and substance use disorder diagnosis. Discrimination was positively associated with risk factors for high depression scores: chronic strain and total number of stressful life events. Discrimination was associated with significantly lower levels of mastery and self-esteem, protective factors for depressive symptomatology. Even after controlling for risk factors, discrimination remained a significant predictor for high depression scores. Among subjects with low depression scores, multifactorial discrimination also predicted anxiety and aggregate mental health scores. CONCLUSIONS Multifactorial discrimination should be considered a fundamental cause of mental health inequities and may be an important cause of broad health disparities among populations with intersecting social identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Khan
- Public Health Program, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Misja Ilcisin
- Public Health Program, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Katherine Saxton
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
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159
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Sadowska J, Gębczyński AK, Konarzewski M. Metabolic risk factors in mice divergently selected for BMR fed high fat and high carb diets. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172892. [PMID: 28235091 PMCID: PMC5325576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors affecting contribution of spontaneous physical activity (SPA; activity associated with everyday tasks) to energy balance of humans are not well understood, as it is not clear whether low activity is related to dietary habits, precedes obesity or is a result of thereof. In particular, human studies on SPA and basal metabolic rates (BMR, accounting for >50% of human energy budget) and their associations with diet composition, metabolic thrift and obesity are equivocal. To clarify these ambiguities we used a unique animal model-mice selected for divergent BMR rates (the H-BMR and L-BMR line type) presenting a 50% between-line type difference in the primary selected trait. Males of each line type were divided into three groups and fed either a high fat, high carb or a control diet. They then spent 4 months in individual cages under conditions emulating human "sedentary lifestyle", with SPA followed every month and measurements of metabolic risk indicators (body fat mass %, blood lipid profile, fasting blood glucose levels and oxidative damage in the livers, kidneys and hearts) taken at the end of study. Mice with genetically determined high BMR assimilated more energy and had higher SPA irrespective of type of diet. H-BMR individuals were characterized by lower dry body fat mass %, better lipid profile and lower fasting blood glucose levels, but higher oxidative damage in the livers and hearts. Genetically determined high BMR may be a protective factor against diet-induced obesity and most of the metabolic syndrome indicators. Elevated spontaneous activity is correlated with high BMR, and constitutes an important factor affecting individual capability to sustain energy balance even under energy dense diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Sadowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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160
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Thayer ZM, Blair IV, Buchwald DS, Manson SM. Racial discrimination associated with higher diastolic blood pressure in a sample of American Indian adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:122-128. [PMID: 28198537 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertension prevalence is high among American Indians (AIs). AIs experience a substantial burden of interpersonal racial discrimination, which in other populations has been associated with higher blood pressure. The purpose of this study is to understand whether racial discrimination experiences are associated with higher blood pressure in AIs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the Everyday Discrimination Scale to evaluate the relationship between discrimination and measured blood pressure among 77 AIs from two reservation communities in the Northern Plains. We used multivariate linear regression to evaluate the association of racial discrimination with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Racial discrimination, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were analyzed as continuous variables. All analyses adjusted for sex, waist circumference, age, posttraumatic stress disorder status, and education. RESULTS We found that 61% of participants experienced discrimination that they attributed to their race or ancestry. Racial discrimination was associated with significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.22, SE = 0.09, p = .02), and with a similar non-significant trend toward higher systolic blood pressure (β = 0.25, SE = 0.15, p = .09). CONCLUSION The results of this analysis suggest that racial discrimination may contribute to higher diastolic blood pressure within Native communities. These findings highlight one pathway through which the social environment can shape patterns of biology and health in AI and other socially and politically marginalized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene V Blair
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, 80309
| | - Dedra S Buchwald
- Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, WA, 99163
| | - Spero M Manson
- Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, University of Colorado Denver, CO, 80204
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161
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Lumpkins CY, Saint Onge JM. Reducing Low Birth Weight among African Americans in the Midwest: A Look at How Faith-Based Organizations Are Poised to Inform and Influence Health Communication on the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Healthcare (Basel) 2017; 5:E6. [PMID: 28165368 PMCID: PMC5371912 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) rates remain the highest among African Americans despite public health efforts to address these disparities; with some of the highest racial disparities in the Midwest (Kansas). The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) perspective offers an explanation for how LBW contributes to racial health disparities among African Americans and informs a community directed health communication framework for creating sustainable programs to address these disparities. Trusted community organizations such as faith-based organizations are well situated to explain health communication gaps that may occur over the life course. These entities are underutilized in core health promotion programming targeting underserved populations and can prove essential for addressing developmental origins of LBW among African Americans. Extrapolating from focus group data collected from African American church populations as part of a social marketing health promotion project on cancer prevention, we theoretically consider how a similar communication framework and approach may apply to address LBW disparities. Stratified focus groups (n = 9) were used to discover emergent themes about disease prevention, and subsequently applied to explore how faith-based organizations (FBOs) inform strategic health care (media) advocacy and health promotion that potentially apply to address LBW among African Americans. We argue that FBOs are poised to meet health promotion and health communication needs among African American women who face social barriers in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Y Lumpkins
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA.
| | - Jarron M Saint Onge
- Department of Sociology, Health Policy and Management, University of Kansas-Lawrence, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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162
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The Intergenerational Transmission of Low Birth Weight and Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Large Cross-generational Cohort Study in Taiwan. Matern Child Health J 2017; 21:1512-1521. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-017-2276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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163
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Wallack L, Thornburg K. Developmental Origins, Epigenetics, and Equity: Moving Upstream. Matern Child Health J 2017; 20:935-40. [PMID: 27029539 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-1970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease and the related science of epigenetics redefines the meaning of what constitutes upstream approaches to significant social and public health problems. An increasingly frequent concept being expressed is "When it comes to your health, your zip code may be more important than your genetic code". Epigenetics explains how the environment-our zip code-literally gets under our skin, creates biological changes that increase our vulnerability for disease, and even children's prospects for social success, over their life course and into future generations. This science requires us to rethink where disease comes from and the best way to promote health. It identifies the most fundamental social equity issue in our society: that initial social and biological disadvantage, established even prior to birth, and linked to the social experience of prior generations, is made worse by adverse environments throughout the life course. But at the same time, it provides hope because it tells us that a concerted focus on using public policy to improve our social, physical, and economic environments can ultimately change our biology and the trajectory of health and social success into future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Wallack
- Center for Public Health Studies, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Kent Thornburg
- Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, OR, USA
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164
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DUPRAS CHARLES. RAPPROCHEMENT DES PÔLES NATURE ET CULTURE PAR LA RECHERCHE EN ÉPIGÉNÉTIQUE : DISSECTION D’UN BOULEVERSEMENT ÉPISTÉMOLOGIQUE ATTENDU. ATELIERS DE L ETHIQUE-THE ETHICS FORUM 2017. [DOI: 10.7202/1051278ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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165
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Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and the Metabolic Syndrome in Ethnic Minority Groups: The Healthy Life in an Urban Setting Study. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:101-111. [PMID: 27359175 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ethnic differences in the metabolic syndrome could be explained by perceived ethnic discrimination (PED). It is unclear whether PED is associated with the metabolic syndrome. We assessed this association and quantified the contribution of PED to the metabolic syndrome. METHODS Baseline data were used from the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting study collected in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2014. The population-based sample included South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish, and Moroccan participants (aged 18 to 70 years). PED was measured using the Everyday Discrimination Scale. The metabolic syndrome was determined according to the harmonized definition of the International Diabetes Federation, American Heart Association, and others. Logistic regression was used for analysis. population-attributable fraction was used to calculate the contribution of PED. RESULTS PED was positively associated with the metabolic syndrome in South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, and Moroccan participants (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.13 [0.99-1.30], 1.15 [1.00-1.32], and 1.19 [1.03-1.38], respectively) after adjusting for potential confounders and mediators. No significant association was observed among Ghanaian and Turkish participants. For the individual components, the associations were statistically significant for blood pressure, fasting glucose, and waist circumference among Surinamese participants. PED was associated with dyslipidemia in Moroccan participants. The population-attributable fractions were 5% for South-Asian Surinamese and Moroccan participants, and 7% for African Surinamese participants. CONCLUSIONS We found a positive association of PED with the metabolic syndrome in some ethnic groups, with PED contributing around 5% to 7% to the metabolic syndrome among Surinamese and Moroccans. This suggests that PED might contribute to ethnic differences in the metabolic syndrome.
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166
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Kepper MM, Sothern MS, Theall KP, Griffiths LA, Scribner RA, Tseng TS, Schaettle P, Cwik JM, Felker-Kantor E, Broyles ST. A Reliable, Feasible Method to Observe Neighborhoods at High Spatial Resolution. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:S20-S30. [PMID: 27989289 PMCID: PMC5233427 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systematic social observation (SSO) methods traditionally measure neighborhoods at street level and have been performed reliably using virtual applications to increase feasibility. Research indicates that collection at even higher spatial resolution may better elucidate the health impact of neighborhood factors, but whether virtual applications can reliably capture social determinants of health at the smallest geographic resolution (parcel level) remains uncertain. This paper presents a novel, parcel-level SSO methodology and assesses whether this new method can be collected reliably using Google Street View and is feasible. METHODS Multiple raters (N=5) observed 42 neighborhoods. In 2016, inter-rater reliability (observed agreement and kappa coefficient) was compared for four SSO methods: (1) street-level in person; (2) street-level virtual; (3) parcel-level in person; and (4) parcel-level virtual. Intra-rater reliability (observed agreement and kappa coefficient) was calculated to determine whether parcel-level methods produce results comparable to traditional street-level observation. RESULTS Substantial levels of inter-rater agreement were documented across all four methods; all methods had >70% of items with at least substantial agreement. Only physical decay showed higher levels of agreement (83% of items with >75% agreement) for direct versus virtual rating source. Intra-rater agreement comparing street- versus parcel-level methods resulted in observed agreement >75% for all but one item (90%). CONCLUSIONS Results support the use of Google Street View as a reliable, feasible tool for performing SSO at the smallest geographic resolution. Validation of a new parcel-level method collected virtually may improve the assessment of social determinants contributing to disparities in health behaviors and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura M Kepper
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Melinda S Sothern
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Katherine P Theall
- Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lauren A Griffiths
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Richard A Scribner
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tung-Sung Tseng
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Paul Schaettle
- Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jessica M Cwik
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Erica Felker-Kantor
- Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Stephanie T Broyles
- Contextual Risk Factors Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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167
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DNA methylation-based variation between human populations. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 292:5-35. [PMID: 27815639 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have proved that DNA methylation affects regulation of gene expression and development. Epigenome-wide studies have reported variation in methylation patterns between populations, including Caucasians, non-Caucasians (Blacks), Hispanics, Arabs, and numerous populations of the African continent. Not only has DNA methylation differences shown to impact externally visible characteristics, but is also a potential biomarker for underlying racial health disparities between human populations. Ethnicity-related methylation differences set their mark during early embryonic development. Genetic variations, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms and environmental factors, such as age, dietary folate, socioeconomic status, and smoking, impacts DNA methylation levels, which reciprocally impacts expression of phenotypes. Studies show that it is necessary to address these external influences when attempting to differentiate between populations since the relative impacts of these factors on the human methylome remain uncertain. The present review summarises several reported attempts to establish the contribution of differential DNA methylation to natural human variation, and shows that DNA methylation could represent new opportunities for risk stratification and prevention of several diseases amongst populations world-wide. Variation of methylation patterns between human populations is an exciting prospect which inspires further valuable research to apply the concept in routine medical and forensic casework. However, trans-generational inheritance needs to be quantified to decipher the proportion of variation contributed by DNA methylation. The future holds thorough evaluation of the epigenome to understand quantification, heritability, and the effect of DNA methylation on phenotypes. In addition, methylation profiling of the same ethnic groups across geographical locations will shed light on conserved methylation differences in populations.
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Hoy-Ellis CP, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI. Lesbian, gay, & bisexual older adults: linking internal minority stressors, chronic health conditions, and depression. Aging Ment Health 2016; 20:1119-1130. [PMID: 27050776 PMCID: PMC5053828 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1168362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to: (1) test whether the minority stressors disclosure of sexual orientation; and (2) internalized heterosexism are predictive of chronic physical health conditions; and (3) depression; (4) to test direct and indirect relationships between these variables; and (5) whether chronic physical health conditions are further predictive of depression, net of disclosure of sexual orientation and internalized heterosexism. METHODS Secondary analysis of national, community-based surveys of 2349 lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults aged 50 and older residing in the US utilizing structural equation modeling. RESULTS Congruent with minority stress theory, disclosure of sexual orientation is indirectly associated with chronic physical health conditions and depression, mediated by internalized heterosexism with a suppressor effect. Internalized heterosexism is directly associated with chronic physical health conditions and depression, and further indirectly associated with depression mediated by chronic physical health conditions. Finally, chronic physical health conditions have an additional direct relationship with depression, net of other predictor variables. CONCLUSION Minority stressors and chronic physical health conditions independently and collectively predict depression, possibly a synergistic effect. Implications for depression among older sexual minority adults are discussed.
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Xu S, Liu T, Radji CAI, Yang J, Chen L. Isolation, Identification, and Evaluation of New Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains with Both Cellular Antioxidant and Bile Salt Hydrolase Activities In Vitro. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1919-1928. [PMID: 28221912 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed Chinese traditional fermented food to isolate and identify new lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with novel functional properties and to evaluate their cellular antioxidant and bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activities in vitro. A sequential screening strategy was developed to efficiently isolate and obtain 261 LAB strains tolerant of bile salt, acid, and H2O2 from nine Chinese traditional fermented foods. Among these strains, 70 were identified as having 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and/or BSH activity. These strains belonged to eight species: Enterococcus faecium (33% of the strains), Lactobacillus plantarum (26%), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (14%), Pediococcus pentosaceus (6%), Enterococcus durans (9%), Lactobacillus brevis (9%), Pediococcus ethanolidurans (3%), and Lactobacillus casei (1%). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genome fingerprinting profiles of these strains revealed 38 distinct pulsotypes, indicating a high level of genomic diversity among the tested strains. Twenty strains were further evaluated for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating activity exerted by both viable intact cells and/or intracellular cell-free extracts. Some strains, such as L. plantarum D28 and E. faecium B28, had high levels of both cellular antioxidant and BSH activities in vitro. These strains are promising probiotic components for health-promoting functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), China Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science and Technology
| | - Taigang Liu
- College of Information Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Chiraz Akorede Ibinke Radji
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), China Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science and Technology
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), China Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science and Technology
| | - Lanming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), China Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science and Technology
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The Association of Neighborhood Gene-Environment Susceptibility with Cortisol and Blood Pressure in African-American Adults. Ann Behav Med 2016; 50:98-107. [PMID: 26685668 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-015-9737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African-American adults are disproportionately affected by stress-related chronic conditions like high blood pressure (BP), and both environmental stress and genetic risk may play a role in its development. PURPOSE This study tested whether the dual risk of low neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and glucocorticoid genetic sensitivity interacted to predict waking cortisol and BP. METHODS Cross-sectional waking cortisol and BP were collected from 208 African-American adults who were participating in a follow-up visit as part of the Positive Action for Today's Health trial. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped, salivary cortisol samples were collected, and neighborhood SES was calculated using 2010 Census data. RESULTS The sample was mostly female (65 %), with weight classified as overweight or obese (M BMI = 32.74, SD = 8.88) and a mean age of 55.64 (SD = 15.21). The gene-by-neighborhood SES interaction predicted cortisol (B = 0.235, p = .001, r (2) = .036), but not BP. For adults with high genetic sensitivity, waking cortisol was lower with lower SES but higher with higher SES (B = 0.87). Lower neighborhood SES was also related to higher systolic BP (B = -0.794, p = .028). CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrated an interaction whereby African-American adults with high genetic sensitivity had high levels of waking cortisol with higher neighborhood SES, and low levels with lower neighborhood SES. This moderation effect is consistent with a differential susceptibility gene-environment pattern, rather than a dual-risk pattern. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence that demonstrates the importance of investigating complex gene-environment relations in order to better understand stress-related health disparities.
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Thorpe RJ, Fesahazion RG, Parker L, Wilder T, Rooks RN, Bowie JV, Bell CN, Szanton SL, LaVeist TA. Accelerated Health Declines among African Americans in the USA. J Urban Health 2016; 93:808-819. [PMID: 27653384 PMCID: PMC5052148 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-016-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The weathering hypothesis, an explanation for race disparities in the USA, asserts that the health of African Americans begin to deteriorate prematurely compared to whites as a consequence of long-term exposure to social and environmental risk factors. Using data from 2000-2009 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS), we sought to describe differences in age-related health outcomes in 619,130 African Americans and whites. Outcome measures included hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. Using a mixed models approach to age-period-cohort analysis, we calculated age- and race-specific prevalence rates that accounted for the complex sampling design of NHIS. African Americans exhibited higher prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes, and stroke than whites across all age groups. Consistent with the weathering hypothesis, African Americans exhibited equivalent prevalence rates for these three conditions 10 years earlier than whites. This suggests that African Americans are acquiring age-related conditions prematurely compared to whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland J Thorpe
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Ste 708, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.
- Center for Biobehavioral Health Disparities Research, Duke University, Durham, USA.
| | - Ruth G Fesahazion
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Ste 708, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lauren Parker
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tanganiyka Wilder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ronica N Rooks
- Department of Health and Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, USA
| | - Janice V Bowie
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Ste 708, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Caryn N Bell
- Department of African American Studies, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sarah L Szanton
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Ste 708, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Thomas A LaVeist
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Ste 708, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Winett L, Wallack L, Richardson D, Boone-Heinonen J, Messer L. A Framework to Address Challenges in Communicating the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3:169-77. [PMID: 27449924 PMCID: PMC5560864 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Findings from the field of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) suggest that some of the most pressing public health problems facing communities today may begin much earlier than previously understood. In particular, this body of work provides evidence that social, physical, chemical, environmental, and behavioral influences in early life play a significant role in establishing vulnerabilities for chronic disease later in life. Further, because this work points to the importance of adverse environmental exposures that cluster in population groups, it suggests that existing opportunities to intervene at a population level may need to refocus their efforts "upstream" to sufficiently combat the fundamental causes of disease. To translate these findings into improved public health, however, the distance between scientific discovery and population application will need to be bridged by conversations across a breadth of disciplines and social roles. And importantly, those involved will likely begin without a shared vocabulary or conceptual starting point. The purpose of this paper is to support and inform the translation of DOHaD findings from the bench to population-level health promotion and disease prevention, by: (1) discussing the unique communication challenges inherent to translation of DOHaD for broad audiences, (2) introducing the First-hit/Second-hit Framework with an epidemiologic planning matrix as a model for conceptualizing and structuring communication around DOHaD, and (3) discussing the ways in which patterns of communicating DOHaD findings can expand the range of solutions considered and encourage discussion of population-level solutions in relation to one another, rather than in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Winett
- School of Community Health and OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
| | - Lawrence Wallack
- School of Community Health and OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Dawn Richardson
- School of Community Health and OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Janne Boone-Heinonen
- Public Health and Preventive Medicine and OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Lynne Messer
- School of Community Health and OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
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Williams DR, Mohammed SA, Shields AE. Understanding and effectively addressing breast cancer in African American women: Unpacking the social context. Cancer 2016; 122:2138-49. [PMID: 26930024 PMCID: PMC5588632 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Black women have a higher incidence of breast cancer before the age of 40 years, more severe disease at all ages, and an elevated mortality risk in comparison with white women. There is limited understanding of the contribution of social factors to these patterns. Elucidating the role of the social determinants of health in breast cancer disparities requires greater attention to how risk factors for breast cancer unfold over the lifecourse and to the complex ways in which socioeconomic status and racism shape exposure to psychosocial, physical, chemical, and other individual and community-level assaults that increase the risk of breast cancer. Research that takes seriously the social context in which black women live is also needed to maximize the opportunities to prevent breast cancer in this underserved group. Cancer 2016;122:2138-49. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Selina A. Mohammed
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA
| | - Alexandra E. Shields
- Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
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Winett LB, Wulf AB, Wallack L. Framing Strategies to Avoid Mother-Blame in Communicating the Origins of Chronic Disease. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:1369-73. [PMID: 27310351 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Evolving research in epigenetics and the developmental origins of health and disease offers tremendous promise in explaining how the social environment, place, and resources available to us have enduring effects on our health. Troubling from a communications perspective, however, is the tendency in framing the science to hold mothers almost uniquely culpable for their offspring's later disease risk. The purpose of this article is to add to the conversation about avoiding this unintended outcome by (1) discussing the importance of cognitive processing and issue frames, (2) describing framing challenges associated with communicating about developmental origins of health and disease and offering principles to address them, and (3) providing examples of conceptual metaphors that may be helpful in telling this complex and contextual story for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana B Winett
- Liana B. Winett and Lawrence Wallack are with the School of Community Health, Portland State University, Portland, OR. Alyssa B. Wulf is with Real Reason, Oakland, CA
| | - Alyssa B Wulf
- Liana B. Winett and Lawrence Wallack are with the School of Community Health, Portland State University, Portland, OR. Alyssa B. Wulf is with Real Reason, Oakland, CA
| | - Lawrence Wallack
- Liana B. Winett and Lawrence Wallack are with the School of Community Health, Portland State University, Portland, OR. Alyssa B. Wulf is with Real Reason, Oakland, CA
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Nobles CJ, Valentine SE, Borba CPC, Gerber MW, Shtasel DL, Marques L. Black-white disparities in the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic illness. J Psychosom Res 2016; 85:19-25. [PMID: 27212665 PMCID: PMC4879687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-Latino blacks experience a higher proportion of chronic illness and associated disabilities than non-Latino whites. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with a greater risk of chronic illness, although few studies have investigated whether the interaction of PTSD with racial disparities may lead to a greater risk of chronic illness among blacks with PTSD than among whites with PTSD. METHODS We evaluated data from the population-based National Survey of American Life and the National Comorbidity Survey Replication to investigate the association between race, lifetime PTSD and self-reported chronic illness. Weighted linear and Poisson regression models assessed differences in the magnitude of association between PTSD and chronic illness by race on both the additive and multiplicative scales. RESULTS The magnitude of the association between lifetime PTSD and diabetes was greater among blacks (RD 0.07, 95% CI 0.02, 0.11; RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4, 2.5) than whites (RD 0.004, 95% CI -0.02, 0.03; RR 1.2, 95% CI 0.7, 1.9) on the additive (p=0.017) scale. The magnitude of the association between lifetime PTSD and heart disease was greater among blacks (RD 0.09, 95% CI 0.05, 0.13) than whites (RD 0.04, 95% CI 0.01, 0.07) on the additive scale at a level approaching significance (p=0.051). CONCLUSION A lifetime history of PTSD was associated with a significantly greater risk of diabetes among blacks as compared to whites. These findings suggest that continuous exposure to racial inequalities may be associated with a greater risk of PTSD-related health sequela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Nobles
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 70 Everett Ave. Suite 516, Chelsea, MA 02150, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA.
| | - Sarah E Valentine
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 70 Everett Ave. Suite 516, Chelsea, MA 02150, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Christina P C Borba
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 70 Everett Ave. Suite 516, Chelsea, MA 02150, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Monica W Gerber
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 70 Everett Ave. Suite 516, Chelsea, MA 02150, USA
| | - Derri L Shtasel
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 70 Everett Ave. Suite 516, Chelsea, MA 02150, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Luana Marques
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 70 Everett Ave. Suite 516, Chelsea, MA 02150, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
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Non AL, Hollister BM, Humphreys KL, Childebayeva A, Esteves K, Zeanah CH, Fox NA, Nelson CA, Drury SS. DNA methylation at stress-related genes is associated with exposure to early life institutionalization. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:84-93. [PMID: 27218411 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Differences in DNA methylation have been associated with early life adversity, suggesting that alterations in methylation function as one pathway through which adverse early environments are biologically embedded. This study examined associations between exposure to institutional care, quantified as the proportion of time in institutional care at specified follow-up assessment ages, and DNA methylation status in two stress-related genes: FKBP5 and SLC6A4. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, which is a prospective study in which children reared in institutional settings were randomly assigned (mean age 22 months) to either newly created foster care or care as usual (to remain in their current placement) and prospectively followed. A group of children from the same geographic area, with no history of institutionalized caregiving, were also recruited. DNA methylation status was determined in DNA extracted from buccal epithelial cells of children at age 12. RESULTS An inverse association was identified such that more time spent in institutional care was associated with lower DNA methylation at specific CpG sites within both genes. DISCUSSION These results suggest a lasting impact of early severe social deprivation on methylation patterns in these genes, and contribute to a growing literature linking early adversity and epigenetic variation in children. Am J Phys Anthropol 161:84-93, 2016.. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Non
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | - Kyle Esteves
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Charles H Zeanah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA
| | - Stacy S Drury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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Kepper M, Sothern M, Zabaleta J, Ravussin E, Velasco-Gonzalez C, Leonardi C, Griffiths L, Park C, Estrada J, Scribner R. Prepubertal children exposed to concentrated disadvantage: An exploratory analysis of inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1148-53. [PMID: 26955975 PMCID: PMC4898459 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear whether physiologic and metabolic biomarkers are associated with chronic stressors evidenced during early childhood. METHODS Cross-sectional data were obtained from a cohort of healthy, prepubertal (Tanner stage < 2) children (n = 96; age: 8.06 [7.8] years; M = 51 [53%]; F = 45 [47%]; African-American = 26 [27%]; Caucasian = 70 [73%]; with obesity = 21 [22%]; without obesity = 75 [78%]) from the MET study. Body mass index z-score (z_BMI), total body fat (BF), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), intrahepatic and intramyocellular lipids, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured. Chronic stress was assessed using neighborhood concentrated disadvantage index (CDI) for the U.S. Census tracts in which participants resided. Spearman's rank correlations were used to examine relationships, accounting for sex and race. RESULTS CDI was not positively associated with inflammatory and metabolic markers of dysfunction. However, z_BMI (-0.234, P = 0.023), BF (-0.228, P = 0.028, n = 95), and VAT (-0.241, P = 0.042, n = 74) were significantly negatively associated with CDI. When stratifying by race, these relationships remained significant in Caucasian children only. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest chronic stress during early childhood is not associated with inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers, typically observed in adults. Therefore, exposure to stress during this critical developmental period may remain latent and emerge during a later developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Kepper
- School of Public Health, Behavioral & Community Health Sciences Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Melinda Sothern
- School of Public Health, Behavioral & Community Health Sciences Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jovanny Zabaleta
- School of Public Health, Behavioral & Community Health Sciences Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cruz Velasco-Gonzalez
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Claudia Leonardi
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- School of Public Health, Behavioral & Community Health Sciences Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chi Park
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - John Estrada
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Richard Scribner
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Olden K, Lin YS, Bussard D. Epigenome: A Biomarker or Screening Tool to Evaluate Health Impact of Cumulative Exposure to Chemical and Non-Chemical Stressors. BIOSENSORS 2016. [PMCID: PMC4931472 DOI: 10.3390/bios6020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current risk assessment practices and toxicity information are hard to utilize for assessing the health impact of combined or cumulative exposure to multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors encountered in the “real world” environment. Non-chemical stressors such as heat, radiation, noise, humidity, bacterial and viral agents, and social factors, like stress related to violence and socioeconomic position generally cannot be currently incorporated into the risk assessment paradigm. The Science and Decisions report released by the National Research Council (NRC) in 2009 emphasized the need to characterize the effects of multiple stressors, both chemical and non-chemical exposures. One impediment to developing information relating such non-chemical stressors to health effects and incorporating them into cumulative assessment has been the lack of analytical tools to easily and quantitatively monitor the cumulative exposure to combined effects of stressors over the life course.
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Abstract
Police brutality, a longstanding civil rights issue, has returned to the forefront of American public debate. A growing body of public health research shows that excessive use of force by police and racial profiling have adverse effects on health for African Americans and other marginalized groups. Yet, interventions to monitor unlawful policing have been met with fierce opposition at the federal, state, and local levels. On April 30, 2015, the mayor of Newark, New Jersey signed an executive order establishing a Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) to monitor the Newark Police Department (NPD). Using a mixed-methods approach, this study examined how advocates and government actors accomplished this recent policy change in the face of police opposition and after a 50-year history of unsuccessful attempts in Newark. Drawing on official public documents, news media, and interviews conducted in April and May 2015, I propose that: (1) a Department of Justice investigation of the NPD, (2) the activist background of the Mayor and his relationships with community organizations, and (3) the momentum provided by the national Black Lives Matter movement were pivotal in overcoming political obstacles to reform. Examining the history of CCRB adoption in Newark suggests when and where advocates may intervene to promote policing reforms in other US cities.
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Meloni M. From boundary-work to boundary object: how biology left and re-entered the social sciences. SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW MONOGRAPH 2016; 64:61-78. [PMID: 27818538 PMCID: PMC5074276 DOI: 10.1002/2059-7932.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In an archaeological spirit this paper comes back to a founding event in the construction of the twentieth-century episteme, the moment at which the life- and the social sciences parted ways and intense boundary-work was carried out on the biology/society border, with significant benefits for both sides. Galton and Weismann for biology, and Alfred Kroeber for anthropology delimit this founding moment and I argue, expanding on an existing body of historical scholarship, for an implicit convergence of their views. After this excavation, I look at recent developments in the life sciences, which I have named the 'social turn' in biology (Meloni, 2014), and in particular at epigenetics with its promise to destabilize the social/biological border. I claim here that today a different account of 'the biological' to that established during the Galton-Kroeber period is emerging. Rather than being used to support a form of boundary-work, biology has become a boundary object that crosses previously erected barriers, allowing different research communities to draw from it.
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184
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Olden K, Olden HA, Lin YS. The Role of the Epigenome in Translating Neighborhood Disadvantage Into Health Disparities. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:163-70. [PMID: 26231365 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The possible causal role of the environment in health disparities is not well understood, even though it has been a national priority for many years. Progress to investigate the relationship between genetics, environmental exposures, and health outcomes has been hampered by the lack of analytical tools to quantify the combined or cumulative effect of multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors on gene expression. The studies cited here provide a strong rationale for using epigenomic analysis to assess cumulative risk from multiple environmental exposures over the life course. The environment-specific "imprints" on the genome, coupled with transcriptomics and metabolomics, can be used to advance our understanding of the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Olden
- Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Mail Code: 8601P, Washington, DC, 20460, USA,
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185
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Antiochos P, Marques-Vidal P, McDaid A, Waeber G, Vollenweider P. Association between parental history and genetic risk scores for coronary heart disease prediction: The population-based CoLaus study. Atherosclerosis 2016; 244:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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186
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Abstract
To prevent the intergenerational transfer of obesity and end the current epidemic, interventions are needed across the early life stages, from preconception to prenatal to infancy through the age of 2 years. The foundation for obesity is laid in early life by actions and interactions passed from parent to child that have long-lasting biologic and behavioral consequences. The purpose of this paper is to examine the best evidence about (a) factors in parents and offspring that promote obesity during the early life stages, (b) the social determinants and dimensions of obesity in early life, (c) promising and effective interventions for preventing obesity in early life, and (d) opportunities for future research into strategies to disrupt the intergenerational cycle of obesity that begins early in life. The pathway for halting the intergenerational obesity epidemic requires the discovery and development of evidence-based interventions that can act across multiple dimensions of influence on early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Haire-Joshu
- Public Health and Medicine, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;
| | - Rachel Tabak
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;
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187
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Adam EK, Heissel JA, Zeiders KH, Richeson JA, Ross EC, Ehrlich KB, Levy DJ, Kemeny M, Brodish AB, Malanchuk O, Peck SC, Fuller-Rowell TE, Eccles JS. Developmental histories of perceived racial discrimination and diurnal cortisol profiles in adulthood: A 20-year prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 62:279-91. [PMID: 26352481 PMCID: PMC4739843 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Perceived racial discrimination (PRD) has been associated with altered diurnal cortisol rhythms in past cross-sectional research. We investigate whether developmental histories of PRD, assessed prospectively, are associated with adult diurnal cortisol profiles. One-hundred and twelve (N=50 Black, N=62 White) adults from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study provided saliva samples in adulthood (at approximately age 32 years) at waking, 30min after waking, and at bedtime for 7 days. Diurnal cortisol measures were calculated, including waking cortisol levels, diurnal cortisol slopes, the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and average daily cortisol (AUC). These cortisol outcomes were predicted from measures of PRD obtained over a 20-year period beginning when individuals were in 7th grade (approximately age 12). Greater average PRD measured across the 20-year period predicted flatter adult diurnal cortisol slopes for both Black and White adults, and a lower CAR. Greater average PRD also predicted lower waking cortisol for Black, but not White adults. PRD experiences in adolescence accounted for many of these effects. When adolescent and young adult PRD are entered together predicting cortisol outcomes, PRD experiences in adolescence (but not young adulthood) significantly predicted flatter diurnal cortisol slopes for both Black and White adults. Adolescent, but not young adult PRD, also significantly predicted lower waking and lower average cortisol for Black adults. Young adult PRD was, however, a stronger predictor of the CAR, predicting a marginally lower CAR for Whites, and a significantly larger CAR for Blacks. Effects were robust to controlling for covariates including health behaviors, depression, income and parent education levels. PRD experiences interacted with parent education and income to predict aspects of the diurnal cortisol rhythm. Although these results suggest PRD influences on cortisol for both Blacks and Whites, the key findings suggest that the effects are more pervasive for Blacks, affecting multiple aspects of the cortisol diurnal rhythm. In addition, adolescence is a more sensitive developmental period than adulthood for the impacts of PRD on adult stress biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Adam
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, United States,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States,Corresponding author. (E.K. Adam)
| | - Jennifer A. Heissel
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, United States,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
| | - Katharine H. Zeiders
- Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri Gentry Hall, Columbia, MO 64221, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Richeson
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States,Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
| | - Emily C. Ross
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, United States,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
| | - Katherine B. Ehrlich
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States,Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
| | - Dorainne J. Levy
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
| | - Margaret Kemeny
- Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Laurel Heights, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Amanda B. Brodish
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States
| | - Oksana Malanchuk
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States
| | - Stephen C. Peck
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States
| | - Thomas E. Fuller-Rowell
- Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, 203 Spidle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 United States
| | - Jacquelynne S. Eccles
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, 2068 Education, Mail Code: 5500, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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188
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Boone-Heinonen J, Messer LC, Fortmann SP, Wallack L, Thornburg KL. From fatalism to mitigation: A conceptual framework for mitigating fetal programming of chronic disease by maternal obesity. Prev Med 2015; 81:451-9. [PMID: 26522092 PMCID: PMC4679670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal development is recognized as a critical period in the etiology of obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Potential strategies to reduce maternal obesity-induced risk later in life have been largely overlooked. In this paper, we first propose a conceptual framework for the role of public health and preventive medicine in mitigating the effects of fetal programming. Second, we review a small but growing body of research (through August 2015) that examines interactive effects of maternal obesity and two public health foci - diet and physical activity - in the offspring. Results of the review support the hypothesis that diet and physical activity after early life can attenuate disease susceptibility induced by maternal obesity, but human evidence is scant. Based on the review, we identify major gaps relevant for prevention research, such as characterizing the type and dose response of dietary and physical activity exposures that modify the adverse effects of maternal obesity in the offspring. Third, we discuss potential implications of interactions between maternal obesity and postnatal dietary and physical activity exposures for interventions to mitigate maternal obesity-induced risk among children. Our conceptual framework, evidence review, and future research directions offer a platform to develop, test, and implement fetal programming mitigation strategies for the current and future generations of children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynne C Messer
- School of Community Health, College of Urban and Public Affairs, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Wallack
- School of Community Health, College of Urban and Public Affairs, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kent L Thornburg
- Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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189
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Thayer ZM, Non AL. Anthropology Meets Epigenetics: Current and Future Directions. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/aman.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaneta M. Thayer
- Department of Anthropology; University of Colorado Denver; Denver CO 80217-3364
| | - Amy L. Non
- Department of Anthropology; University of California San Diego La Jolla; CA 92093-0532
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190
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Nishi A. Evolution and social epidemiology. Soc Sci Med 2015; 145:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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191
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Abstract
Race/ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in obesity are substantial and may widen in the future. We review nine potential mechanisms that recent research has used to explain obesity disparities. Those nine mechanisms fall into three broad groups-health behaviors, biological factors, and the social environment-which incorporate both proximate and upstream determinants of obesity disparities. Efforts to reduce the prevalence of obesity in the US population and to close race/ethnic and SES disparities in obesity will likely require the use of multifaceted interventions that target multiple mechanisms simultaneously. Unfortunately, relatively few of the mechanisms reviewed herein have been tested in an intervention framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Krueger
- Department of Health and Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Administration Building, 1201 5th Street, Denver, CO, 80217, USA.
| | - Eric N Reither
- Department of Sociology and the Yun Kim Population Research Laboratory, Utah State University, 0730 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
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192
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Williams TC, Drake AJ. What a general paediatrician needs to know about early life programming. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100:1058-63. [PMID: 25990501 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The process whereby early exposure to an adverse environment has an influence on later life outcomes has been called 'early life programming'. While epidemiological evidence for this has been available for decades, only in recent years have the mechanisms, in particular epigenetic modifications, for this process begun to be elucidated. We discuss the evidence for early life programming, the possible mechanisms, how effects may be transmitted across generations, and conclude by looking at some examples relevant to general paediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Williams
- Neonatal Unit, Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda J Drake
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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193
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Stress, diabetes, and infection: Syndemic suffering at an urban Kenyan hospital. Soc Sci Med 2015; 146:11-20. [PMID: 26476849 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of sickness among Kenya's urban poor cannot be dissociated from how social and health problems become syndemic. Increasingly diabetes and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are emerging among low-income populations that also are most afflicted by social stress and infection. This article examines how social stress, psychological distress, and physical illness among patients in a public hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, produce syndemic suffering, defined by lived experiences of syndemic clustering such as diabetes with depression and infection. We recruited 100 urban public hospital patients, of which half were women, and half had type 2 diabetes from June to August 2014. We administered written informed consent and collected anthropometrics and blood samples before we conducted lengthy mixed qualitative and survey interviews. We analyzed social stress in narrative interviews using content analysis and evaluated social and physical contributors to mental distress with frequency tables and logistic regression. We found that people experienced diabetes through a complex social and medical framework, where social problems were cause and consequence to psychological and physical suffering. Women's narratives revealed more social suffering as well as more mental distress and somatic symptoms, including multi-morbidities, than men's. People with diabetes reported not only concurrent anxiety and depression but also common infections, including malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Narratives reveal how NCDs concurrent with infections, and HIV in particular, produce financial challenges for patients, especially when HIV treatment is free and patients must pay out-of-pocket for diabetes care. Future studies should investigate syndemic clustering of infections and NCDs among low-income populations at the population-level.
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194
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Psychological Distress Across the Life Course and Cardiometabolic Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:1577-1586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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195
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van der Kooi ALLF, Snijder MB, Peters RJG, van Valkengoed IGM. The Association of Handgrip Strength and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Six Ethnic Groups: An Analysis of the HELIUS Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137739. [PMID: 26368020 PMCID: PMC4569584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether ethnic differences in handgrip strength, a marker of poor muscle strength and quality, is a potential cause of ethnic disparities in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We included 2086 Dutch, 2216 South Asian Surinamese, 2084 African Surinamese, 1786 Ghanaian, 2223 Turkish and 2199 Moroccan origin participants from the HELIUS study. We analyzed ethnic differences in handgrip strength, and its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus using logistic regression analyses adjusted for socio-demographic factors, body composition and lifestyle factors. Additionally, we investigated whether handgrip strength explained the ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We found that handgrip strength differed significantly across ethnic groups. After full adjustment, we found an inverse association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.92-0.97) that did not differ substantially between ethnic groups, men and among women, and lean and overweight individuals. The association was not affected by the measure used to define type 2 diabetes mellitus, but was attenuated by exclusion of people with known diabetes. The ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes mellitus were not explained by handgrip strength (e.g. the OR for the South Asian Surinamese vs. Dutch changed from 5.03; 3.69-6.68 to 4.87; 3.57-6.65). In conclusion, we found large ethnic differences in handgrip strength and a consistent association of low handgrip strength with prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus. This suggests that handgrip strength may be investigated as a target for intervention or a marker to identify people at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marieke B. Snijder
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron J. G. Peters
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene G. M. van Valkengoed
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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196
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Birth weight and maternal socioeconomic circumstances were inversely related to systolic blood pressure among Afro-Caribbean young adults. J Clin Epidemiol 2015; 68:1002-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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197
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Gowland RL. Entangled lives: Implications of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis for bioarchaeology and the life course. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:530-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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198
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Lorusso L, Bacchini F. A reconsideration of the role of self-identified races in epidemiology and biomedical research. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 52:56-64. [PMID: 25791919 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A considerable number of studies in epidemiology and biomedicine investigate the etiology of complex diseases by considering (self-identified) race as a relevant variable and focusing on the differences in risk among racial groups in the United States; they extensively draw on a genetic hypothesis--viz. the hypothesis that differences in the risk of complex diseases among racial groups are largely due to genetic differences covarying with genetic ancestry--that appears highly problematic in the light of both current biological evidence and the theory of human genome evolution. Is this reason for dismissing self-identified races? No. An alternative promising use of self-identified races exists, and ironically is suggested by those studies that investigate the etiology of complex diseases without focusing on racial differences. These studies provide a large amount of empirical evidence supporting the primacy of the contribution of non-genetic as opposed to genetic factors to the risk of complex diseases. We show that differences in race--or, better, in racial self-identification--may be critically used as proxies for differences in risk-related exposomes and epigenomes in the context of the United States. Self-identified race is what we need to capture the complexity of the effects of present and past racism on people's health and investigate risk-related external and internal exposures, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetic events. In fact patterns of racial self-identifications on one side, and patterns of risk-related exposomes and epigenomes on the other side, constantly coevolve and tend to match each other. However, there is no guarantee that using self-identified races in epidemiology and biomedical research will be beneficial all things considered: special attention must be paid at balancing positive and negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Lorusso
- Department of Political Science, Communication, Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Philosophy, University of San Francisco, USA.
| | - Fabio Bacchini
- Laboratory of Applied Epistemology, DADU, University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Philosophy, Stanford University, USA
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199
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Aslibekyan S, Demerath EW, Mendelson M, Zhi D, Guan W, Liang L, Sha J, Pankow JS, Liu C, Irvin MR, Fornage M, Hidalgo B, Lin LA, Thibeault KS, Bressler J, Tsai MY, Grove ML, Hopkins PN, Boerwinkle E, Borecki IB, Ordovas JM, Levy D, Tiwari HK, Absher DM, Arnett DK. Epigenome-wide study identifies novel methylation loci associated with body mass index and waist circumference. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1493-501. [PMID: 26110892 PMCID: PMC4482015 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct an epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation and obesity traits. METHODS DNA methylation was quantified in CD4+ T-cells using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 array in 991 participants of the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network. Methylation at individual cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites as a function of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), adjusting for age, gender, study site, T-cell purity, smoking, and family structure, was modeled. RESULTS Epigenome-wide significant associations between eight CpG sites and BMI and five CpG sites and WC, successfully replicating the top hits in whole blood samples from the Framingham Heart Study (n = 2,377) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (n = 2,097), were found. Top findings were in CPT1A (meta-analysis P = 2.7 × 10(-43) for BMI and 9.9 × 10(-23) for WC), PHGDH (meta-analysis P = 2.0 × 10(-15) for BMI and 4.0 × 10(-9) for WC), CD38 (meta-analysis P = 6.3 × 10(-11) for BMI and 1.6 × 10(-12) for WC), and long intergenic non-coding RNA 00263 (meta-analysis P = 2.2 × 10(-16) for BMI and 8.9 × 10(-14) for WC), regions with biologically plausible relationships to adiposity. CONCLUSIONS This large-scale epigenome-wide study discovered and replicated robust associations between DNA methylation at CpG loci and obesity indices, laying the groundwork for future diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Mendelson
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Degui Zhi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Liming Liang
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jin Sha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Li-An Lin
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan L Grove
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul N Hopkins
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional De Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño De Estudios Avanzados Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin M Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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200
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Chor D, Pinho Ribeiro AL, Sá Carvalho M, Duncan BB, Andrade Lotufo P, Araújo Nobre A, de Aquino EMLL, Schmidt MI, Griep RH, Molina MDCB, Barreto SM, Passos VMDA, Benseñor IJM, Matos SMA, Mill JG. Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Influence of Socioeconomic Variables on Control of High Blood Pressure: Results of the ELSA-Brasil Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127382. [PMID: 26102079 PMCID: PMC4478044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure (HBP) is the leading risk factor for years of life lost in Brazil. Factors associated with HBP awareness, treatment and control need to be understood better. Our aim is to estimate prevalence, awareness, and types of anti-hypertensive treatment and to investigate the association of HBP control with social position. Data of 15,103 (54% female) civil servants in six Brazilian state capitals collected at the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline (2008-2010) were used to estimate prevalence and cross-sectional association of HBP control with education, per capita family income and self-reported race, using multiple logistic regression. Blood pressure was measured by the oscillometric method. 35.8% were classified as presenting HBP; 76.8% of these used anti-hypertensive medication. Women were more aware than men (84.8% v. 75.8%) and more often using medication (83.1% v. 70.7%). Adjusted HBP prevalence was, in ascending order, Whites (30.3%), Browns (38.2%) and Blacks (49.3%). The therapeutic schemes most used were angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, in isolation (12.4%) or combined with diuretics (13.3%). Among those in drug treatment, controlled blood pressure was more likely in the (postgraduate) higher education group than among participants with less than secondary school education (PR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.14-1.28), and among Asian (PR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.12-1.32) and 'Whites (PR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.12-1.26) compared to Blacks. Socioeconomic and racial inequality-as measured by different indicators-are strongly associated with HBP control, beyond the expected influence of health services access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Chor
- Department of Epidemiology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Marilia Sá Carvalho
- Scientific Computing Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruce Bartholow Duncan
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Araújo Nobre
- Scientific Computing Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Inês Schmidt
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rosane Härter Griep
- Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sandhi Maria Barreto
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Geraldo Mill
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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