Structure and function of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs

Role of non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in vasculitis: A narrative review

A category of very uncommon systemic inflammatory blood vessel illnesses known as vasculitides. The pathogenesis and etiology of vasculitis are still poorly known. Despite all of the progress made in understanding the genetics and causes behind vasculitis, there is still more to learn. Epigenetic dysregulation is a significant contributor to immune-mediated illnesses, and epigenetic aberrancies in vasculitis are becoming more widely acknowledged. Less than 2 % of the genome contains protein-encoding DNA. Studies have shown that a variety of RNAs originating from the non-coding genome exist. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have attracted the most attention in recent years as they are becoming more and more important regulators of different biological processes, such as diseases of the veins. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) such as exosomes, are membrane-bound vesicular structures that break free either during programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis or during cell activation. Exosomes may be involved in harmful ways in inflammation, procoagulation, autoimmune reactions, endothelial dysfunction/damage, intimal hyperplasia and angiogenesis, all of which may be significant in vasculitis. Herein, we summarized various non-coding RNAs that are involved in vasculitides pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the role of exosomes in vasculitides.

A review of matrix metalloproteinase-2-sensitive nanoparticles as a novel drug delivery for tumor therapy

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)-responsive nanodrug vehicles have garnered significant attention as antitumor drug delivery systems due to the extensive research on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) within the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM). These nanodrug vehicles exhibit stable circulation in the bloodstream and accumulate specifically in tumors through various mechanisms. Upon reaching tumor tissues, their structures are degraded in response to MMP-2 within the ECM, resulting in drug release. This controlled drug release significantly increases drug concentration within tumors, thereby enhancing its antitumor efficacy while minimizing side effects on normal organs. This review provides an overview of MMP-2 characteristics, enzyme-sensitive materials, and current research progress regarding their application as MMP-2-responsive nanodrug delivery system for anti-tumor drugs, as well as considering their future research prospects. In conclusion, MMP-2-sensitive drug delivery carriers have a broad application in all kinds of nanodrug delivery systems and are expected to become one of the main means for the clinical development and application of nanodrug delivery systems in the future.

MicroRNAs regulating signaling pathways in cardiac fibrosis: potential role of the exercise training

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity develop long-term fibrotic processes in the heart, promoting pathological cardiac remodeling, including after myocardial infarction, reparative fibrotic processes also occur. These processes are regulated by many intracellular signaling pathways that have not yet been completely elucidated, including those associated with microRNA (miRNA) expression. miRNAs are small RNA transcripts (18-25 nucleotides in length) that act as posttranscriptionally regulators of gene expression, inhibiting or degrading one or more target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and proven to be involved in many biological processes such as cell cycle, differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, directly affecting the pathophysiology of several diseases, including cardiac fibrosis. Exercise training can modulate the expression of miRNAs and it is known to be beneficial in various cardiovascular diseases, attenuating cardiac fibrosis processes. However, the signaling pathways modulated by the exercise associated with miRNAs in cardiac fibrosis were not fully understood. Thus, this review aims to analyze the expression of miRNAs that modulate signaling pathways in cardiac fibrosis processes that can be regulated by exercise training.

Matrix metalloproteinases as attractive therapeutic targets for chronic pain: A narrative review

Chronic pain constitutes an abnormal pain state that detrimentally affects the quality of life, daily activities, occupational performance, and stability of mood. Despite the prevalence of chronic pain, effective drugs with potent abirritation and minimal side effects remain elusive. Substantial studies have revealed aberrant activation of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in multiple chronic pain models. Additionally, emerging evidence has demonstrated that the downregulation of MMPs can alleviate chronic pain in diverse animal models, underscoring the unique and crucial role of MMPs in different stages and types of chronic pain. This review delves into the mechanistic insights and roles of MMPs in modulating chronic pain. The aberrant activation of MMPs has been linked to neuropathic pain through mechanisms involving myelin abnormalities in peripheral nerve and spinal dorsal horn (SDH), hyperexcitability of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and Ca2+-dependent signals, glial cell activation, and proinflammatory cytokines release. Different MMPs also contribute significantly to inflammatory pain and cancer pain. Furthermore, we summarized the substantial therapeutic potential of MMP pharmacological inhibitors across different types of chronic pain. Overall, our findings underscore the promising therapeutic prospects of MMPs targeting for managing chronic pain.

The role of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the progression of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by an imbalance between (synthesis) and catabolism (degradation) in altered homeostasis of articular cartilage mediated primarily by the innate immune system. OA degenerates the joints resulting in synovial hyperplasia, degradation of articular cartilage with damage of the structural and functional integrity of the cartilage extracellular matrix, subchondral sclerosis, osteophyte formation, and is characterized by chronic pain, stiffness, and loss of function. Inflammation triggered by factors like biomechanical stress is involved in the development of osteoarthritis. In OA apart from catabolic effects, anti-inflammatory anabolic processes also occur continually. There is also an underlying chronic inflammation present, not only in cartilage tissue but also within the synovium, which perpetuates tissue destruction of the OA joint. The consideration of inflammation in OA considers synovitis and/or other cellular and molecular events in the synovium during the progression of OA. In this review, we have presented the progression of joint degradation that results in OA. The critical role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of OA is discussed in detail along with the dysregulation within the cytokine networks composed of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that drive catabolic pathways, inhibit matrix synthesis, and promote cellular apoptosis. OA pathogenesis, fluctuation of synovitis, and its clinical impact on disease progression are presented here along with the role of synovial macrophages in promoting inflammatory and destructive responses in OA. The role of interplay between different cytokines, structure, and function of their receptors in the inter-cellular signaling pathway is further explored. The effect of cytokines in the increased synthesis and release of matrix-decomposing proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS), is elaborated emphasizing the potential impact of MMPs on the chondrocytes, synovial cells, articular and periarticular tissues, and other immune system cells migrating to the site of inflammation. We also shed light on the pathogenesis of OA via oxidative damage particularly due to nitric oxide (NO) via its angiogenic response to inflammation. We concluded by presenting the current knowledge about the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Synthetic MMP inhibitors include zinc binding group (ZBG), non-ZBG, and mechanism-based inhibitors, all of which have the potential to be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Improving our understanding of the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms that regulate the MMP gene expression, may open up new avenues for the creation of therapies that can stop the joint damage associated with OA.

Comparative peptidomics analysis of preeclamptic placenta and the identification of a novel bioactive SERPINA1 C-terminal peptide

Preeclampsia (PE) is a life-threatening disease that severely harms pregnant women and infants' health but has a poorly understood etiology. Peptidomics can supply important information about the occurrence of diseases. However, application of peptidomics in preeclamptic placentas has never been reported. We conducted a comparative peptidomics analysis of PE placentas and performed bio-informatics analysis on differentially expressed peptides. Effects of differential peptide 405SPLFMGKVVNPTQK418 on the behaviors of trophoblasts and angiogenesis were assessed by CCK8, transwell assays, and tube network formation assays. And we also confirmed the role of peptide in the zebrafish xenograft model. A total of 3582 peptide were identified. 48 peptides were differentially expressed. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that precursor proteins of these differentially expressed peptides correlate with "complement and coagulation cascades," and "platelet activation" pathways. Of the 48 differential peptides, we found that peptide 405SPLFMGKVVNPTQK418 can significantly increase proliferation, migration of trophoblasts and stimulate angiogenesis of HUVECs in vitro and zebrafish model. These findings suggest peptidomes can aid in understanding the pathogenesis of PE more comprehensively. Peptide 405SPLFMGKVVNPTQK418 can be novel target and strategy to alleviate the condition of preeclampsia.

Importance of Metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) in the Diagnosis of Periodontitis

Periodontitis is a complex condition. Left untreated, it leads to tooth loss and the need for prosthetic treatment. The incidence of periodontitis is steadily increasing, so new methods are being sought to aid in the diagnosis of the disease. Among the methods postulated is the determination of concentrations of bioactive compounds which include extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These enzymes are present in various structural elements of the stomatognathic system. The most promising enzyme of this group appears to be metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8). MMP-8 assays are performed in gingival fluid or saliva, and MMP-8 levels have been shown to be higher in patients with periodontitis compared to healthy subjects and correlated with some clinical parameters of the condition and the severity of the disease. In addition, the preliminary usefulness of this enzyme in evaluating the effectiveness of periodontal treatment and doxycycline therapy has been demonstrated. Determination of the active form of MMP-8 (aMMP-8) in oral rinse fluid using off-the-shelf assays shows the highest potential. Despite reports about aMMP-8 and promising data on the role of MMP-8 in periodontal diagnosis, a clear determination of the usefulness of this enzyme requires further research.

SPOCK2 modulates neuropathic pain by interacting with MT1-MMP to regulate astrocytic MMP-2 activation in rats with chronic constriction injury

BACKGROUND

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a kind of intractable pain. The pathogenesis of NP remains a complicated issue for pain management practitioners. SPARC/osteonectin, CWCV, and Kazal-like domains proteoglycan 2 (SPOCK2) are members of the SPOCK family that play a significant role in the development of the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the role of SPOCK2 in the development of NP in a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI).

METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly grouped to establish CCI models. We examined the effects of SPOCK2 on pain hpersensitivity and spinal astrocyte activation after CCI-induced NP. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) were used to reflects the pain behavioral degree. Molecular mechanisms involved in SPOCK2-mediated NP in vivo were examined by western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and co-immunoprecipitation. In addition, we examined the SPOCK2-mediated potential protein-protein interaction (PPI) in vitro coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments.

RESULTS

We founded the expression level of SPOCK2 in rat spinal cord was markedly increased after CCI-induced NP, while SPOCK2 downregulation could partially relieve pain caused by CCI. Our research showed that SPOCK2 expressed significantly increase in spinal astrocytes when CCI-induced NP. In addition, SPOCK2 could act as an upstream signaling molecule to regulate the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), thus affecting astrocytic ERK1/2 activation and interleukin (IL)-1β production in the development of NP. Moreover, in vitro coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments showed that SPOCK2 could interact with membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP/MMP14) to regulate MMP-2 activation by the SPARC extracellular (SPARC_EC) domain.

CONCLUSIONS

Research shows that SPOCK2 can interact with MT1-MMP to regulate MMP-2 activation, thus affecting astrocytic ERK1/2 activation and IL-1β production to achieve positive promotion of NP.

Proteolytic Vesicles Derived from Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium-Infected Macrophages: Enhancing MMP-9-Mediated Invasion and EV Accumulation

Proteolysis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a crucial role in the immune response to bacterial infections. Here we report the secretion of MMPs associated with proteolytic extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by macrophages in response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Specifically, we used global proteomics, in vitro, and in vivo approaches to investigate the composition and function of these proteolytic EVs. Using a model of S. Typhimurium infection in murine macrophages, we isolated and characterized a population of small EVs. Bulk proteomics analysis revealed significant changes in protein cargo of naïve and S. Typhimurium-infected macrophage-derived EVs, including the upregulation of MMP-9. The increased levels of MMP-9 observed in immune cells exposed to S. Typhimurium were found to be regulated by the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)-mediated response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Macrophage-derived EV-associated MMP-9 enhanced the macrophage invasion through Matrigel as selective inhibition of MMP-9 reduced macrophage invasion. Systemic administration of fluorescently labeled EVs into immunocompromised mice demonstrated that EV-associated MMP activity facilitated increased accumulation of EVs in spleen and liver tissues. This study suggests that macrophages secrete proteolytic EVs to enhance invasion and ECM remodeling during bacterial infections, shedding light on an essential aspect of the immune response.

Redefining metalloproteases specificity through network proteolysis

Proteolytic processes on cell surfaces and extracellular matrix (ECM) sustain cell behavior and tissue integrity in health and disease. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) remodel cell microenvironments through irreversible proteolysis of ECM proteins and cell surface bioactive molecules. Pan-MMP inhibitors in inflammation and cancer clinical trials have encountered challenges due to promiscuous activities of MMPs. Systems biology advances revealed that MMPs initiate multifactorial proteolytic cascades, creating new substrates, activating or suppressing other MMPs, and generating signaling molecules. This review highlights the intricate network that underscores the role of MMPs beyond individual substrate-enzyme activities. Gaining insight into MMP function and tissue specificity is crucial for developing effective drug discovery strategies and novel therapeutics. This requires considering the dynamic cellular processes and consequences of network proteolysis.

TIMP3 overexpression in myeloid lineage alleviates pancreatic damage and confers resistance to the development of type 1 diabetes in the MLDS -induced model

Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) development involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. By modulating the activity of proteases and receptors, the protein tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) plays a role in limiting the expression and function of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which have been implicated in the advancement of T1DM. This study was aimed at examining the effect of TIMP3 overexpression in myeloid cells on the development of T1DM.

Methods and results

Twelve weeks after multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLDS) treatment, diabetic mice overexpressing TIMP3 specifically in myeloid cells under the CD68 promoter (MacT3 mice) showed improved insulin secretion, islet morphology and vascularization, antioxidant defense system, and regulatory factors of mitochondrial biosynthesis and function. To get mechanistic insights into the origin of this protection, the severity of insulitis and inflammatory parameters were evaluated in pancreatic tissues 11 days after MLSD treatment, showing significantly reduced insulitis and levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin -1β, and interferon -γ in MacT3 mice.

Discussion

The results indicate that TIMP3 is involved in maintaining islet architecture and functions, at least in part, through modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production associated with insulitis and may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for T1DM.

Ketosis prevents abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture through C-C chemokine receptor type 2 downregulation and enhanced extracellular matrix balance

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are prevalent with aging, and AAA rupture is associated with increased mortality. There is currently no effective medical therapy to prevent AAA rupture. The monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1)/C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) axis critically regulates AAA inflammation, matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) production, and extracellular matrix (ECM) stability. We therefore hypothesized that a diet intervention that can modulate CCR2 axis may therapeutically impact AAA risk of rupture. Since ketone bodies (KBs) can trigger repair mechanisms in response to inflammation, we evaluated whether systemic ketosis in vivo could reduce CCR2 and AAA progression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgical AAA formation using porcine pancreatic elastase and received daily β-aminopropionitrile to promote AAA rupture. Rats with AAAs received either a standard diet, ketogenic diet (KD), or exogenous KBs (EKB). Rats receiving KD and EKB reached a state of ketosis and had significant reduction in AAA expansion and incidence of rupture. Ketosis also led to significantly reduced aortic CCR2 content, improved MMP balance, and reduced ECM degradation. Consistent with these findings, we also observed that Ccr2-/- mice have significantly reduced AAA expansion and rupture. In summary, this study demonstrates that CCR2 is essential for AAA expansion, and that its modulation with ketosis can reduce AAA pathology. This provides an impetus for future clinical studies that will evaluate the impact of ketosis on human AAA disease.

Pathophysiology and Genetic Associations of Varicose Veins: A Narrative Review

Varicose veins (VVs) have a high prevalence worldwide and have become a major medical burden. Their pathophysiology involves a complex interplay of inflammation and tissue remodeling, and current treatment is limited by its impact on the pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, despite clear environmental factors, family history is an important risk factor, suggesting a genetic component to the risk of developing VVs. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases has benefited greatly from the expansion of population genetic studies, from pioneering family studies to large genome-wide association studies; we now find multiple risk loci for each venous disease. This review considers the pathophysiology of VVs, highlighting the current state of genetic knowledge. We also propose future directions for research.

Matrix metalloproteinases as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in colitis-associated cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic approaches for advanced CRC are limited and rarely provide long-term benefit. Enzymes comprising the 24-member matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of zinc- and calcium-dependent endopeptidases are key players in extracellular matrix degradation, a requirement for colon tumor expansion, invasion, and metastasis; hence, MMPs are an important research focus. Compared to sporadic CRC, less is known regarding the molecular mechanisms and the role of MMPs in the development and progression of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) - CRC on a background of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - primarily ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Hence, the potential of MMPs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CAC is uncertain. Our goal was to review data regarding the role of MMPs in the development and progression of CAC. We sought to identify promising prognostic and therapeutic opportunities and novel lines of investigation. A key observation is that since MMPs may be more active in early phases of CAC, using MMPs as biomarkers of advancing neoplasia and as potential therapeutic targets for adjuvant therapy in those with advanced stage primary CAC rather than overt metastases may yield more favorable outcomes.

Matrix metalloproteinases at a glance

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteinases that belong to the group of endopeptidases or matrixins. They are able to cleave a plethora of substrates, including components of the extracellular matrix and cell-surface-associated proteins, as well as intracellular targets. Accordingly, MMPs play key roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, such as tissue homeostasis and cancer cell invasion. MMP activity is exquisitely regulated at several levels, including pro-domain removal, association with inhibitors, intracellular trafficking and transport via extracellular vesicles. Moreover, the regulation of MMP activity is currently being rediscovered for the development of respective therapies for the treatment of cancer, as well as infectious, inflammatory and neurological diseases. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we present an overview of the current knowledge regarding the regulation of MMP activity, the intra- and extra-cellular trafficking pathways of these enzymes and their diverse groups of target proteins, as well as their impact on health and disease.

Metalloproteinases as Biomarkers and Sociomarkers in Human Health and Disease

Metalloproteinases (MPs) are zinc-dependent enzymes with proteolytic activity and a variety of functions in the pathophysiology of human diseases. The main objectives of this review are to analyze a specific family of MPs, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in the most common chronic and complex diseases that affect patients' social lives and to better understand the nature of the associations between MMPs and the psychosocial environment. In accordance with the PRISMA extension for a scoping review, an examination was carried out. A collection of 24 studies was analyzed, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of MMP and their connection to the manifestation of social aspects in human disease. The complexity of the relationship between MMP and social problems is presented via an interdisciplinary approach based on complexity paradigm as a new approach for conceptualizing knowledge in health research. Finally, two implications emerge from the study: first, the psychosocial states of individuals have a profound impact on their overall health and disease conditions, which implies the importance of adopting a holistic perspective on human well-being, encompassing both physical and psychosocial aspects. Second, the use of MPs as biomarkers may provide physicians with valuable tools for a better understanding of disease when used in conjunction with "sociomarkers" to develop mathematical predictive models.

Bioresponsive Cytokine Delivery Responding to Matrix Metalloproteinases

Cytokines are regulated in acute and chronic inflammation, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and myocardial infarction (MI). However, the dynamic windows within which cytokine activity/inhibition is desirable in RA and MI change timely and locally during the disease. Therefore, traditional, static delivery regimens are unlikely to meet the idiosyncrasy of these highly dynamic pathophysiological and individual processes. Responsive delivery systems and biomaterials, sensing surrogate markers of inflammation (i.e., matrix metalloproteinases - MMPs) and answering with drug release, may present drug activity at the right time, manner, and place. This article discusses MMPs as surrogate markers for disease activity in RA and MI to clock drug discharge to MMP concentration profiles from MMP-responsive drug delivery systems and biomaterials.

Ranibizumab Modifies the Expression of Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration

BACKGROUND

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in people over 60 years of age. Despite research, the causes of AMD remain unclear. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are known to be involved in AMD development, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy has revolutionized its treatment. This study aims to analyze the changes in gene expression in MMPs and TIMPS in patients with neovascular AMD before and after three doses of ranibizumab.

METHODS

The study involved 29 patients with neovascular AMD treated with ranibizumab. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected before treatment and 24 h after the third dose of ranibizumab. We assessed MMP and TIMP gene expression profiles through oligonucleotide microarrays and validated selected differential genes using RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

A statistically significant change in the expression of six MMP- and TIMP-related genes was observed using oligonucleotide microarray. The mRNA levels of the two genes with the most significant fold changes, MMP15 and TIMP2, were then quantified using RT-qPCR. The results confirmed a statistically significant increase in MMP15 expression and a decrease in TIMP2 levels, although this change was not statistically significant in the group before and after the third dose of ranibizumab.

CONCLUSION

Ranibizumab affects the systemic expression of MMP and TIMP-related genes in patients with neovascular AMD. Results from our exploratory study suggest that MMP15, in particular, may play a role in the treatment response, but further research is necessary.

Unveiling the Genetic Landscape of Feed Efficiency in Holstein Dairy Cows: Insights into Heritability, Genetic Markers, and Pathways via Meta-Analysis

Improving the feeding efficiency of dairy cows is a key component to improve the utilization of land resources and meet the demand for high-quality protein. Advances in genomic methods and omics techniques have made it possible to breed more efficient dairy cows through genomic selection. The aim of this review is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the biological background of feed efficiency (FE) complex traits in purebred Holstein dairy cows including heritability estimate, and genetic markers, genes, and pathways participating in FE regulation mechanism. Through a literature search, we systematically reviewed the heritability estimation, molecular genetic markers, genes, biomarkers, and pathways of traits related to feeding efficiency in Holstein dairy cows. A meta-analysis based on a random-effects model was performed to combine reported heritability estimates of FE complex. The heritability of residual feed intake, dry matter intake, and energy balance was 0.20, 0.34, and 0.22, respectively, which proved that it was reasonable to include the related traits in the selection breeding program. For molecular genetic markers, a total of 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variance loci, associated genes, and functions were reported to be significant across populations. A total of 169 reported candidate genes were summarized on a large scale, using a higher threshold (adjusted P value < 0.05). Then, the subsequent pathway enrichment of these genes was performed. The important genes reported in the articles were included in a gene list and the gene list was enriched by gene ontology (GO):biological process (BP), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis. Three GO:BP terms and four KEGG terms were statistically significant, which mainly focused on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, electron transport chain, and OXPHOS pathway. Among these pathways, involved genes such as ATP5MC2, NDUFA, COX7A2, UQCR, and MMP are particularly important as they were previously reported. Twenty-nine reported biological mechanisms along with involved genes were explained mainly by four biological pathways (insulin-like growth factor axis, lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation pathways, tryptophan metabolism). The information from this study will be useful for future studies of genomic selection breeding and genetic structures influencing animal FE. A better understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms would be beneficial, particularly as it might address genetic antagonism.

Inhibitory effects of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Harms extract on the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis in a collagen-induced arthritis mouse model

BACKGROUND

The biological function of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Harm (ASH) has been investigated on various diseases; however, the effects of ASH on arthritis have not been investigated so far. This study investigates the effects of ASH on rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) was used for ASH extract preparation, and its primary components, pimaric and kaurenoic acids, were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Collagenase-induced arthritis (CIA) was used as the RA model, and primary cultures of articular chondrocytes were used to examine the inhibitory effects of ASH extract on arthritis in three synovial joints: ankle, sole, and knee.

RESULTS

Pimaric and kaurenoic acids attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated increase in the catabolic factors and retrieved pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated decrease in related anabolic factors in vitro; however, they did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6)-mediated cytotoxicity. ASH effectively inhibited cartilage degradation in the knee, ankle, and toe in the CIA model and decreased pannus development in the knee. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that ASH mostly inhibited the IL-6-mediated matrix metalloproteinase. Gene Ontology and pathway studies bridge major gaps in the literature and provide insights into the pathophysiology and in-depth mechanisms of RA-like joint degeneration.

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to conduct extensive research on the efficacy of ASH extract in inhibiting the pathogenesis of RA. However, additional animal models and clinical studies are required to validate this hypothesis.

Gas Plasma Exposure Alters Microcirculation and Inflammation during Wound Healing in a Diabetic Mouse Model

Diabetes can disrupt physiological wound healing, caused by decreased levels or impaired activity of angiogenic factors. This can contribute to chronic inflammation, poor formation of new blood vessels, and delayed re-epithelialization. The present study describes the preclinical application of medical gas plasma to treat a dermal, full-thickness ear wound in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Gas plasma-mediated effects occurred in both sexes but with gender-specific differences. Hyperspectral imaging demonstrated gas plasma therapy changing microcirculatory parameters, particularly oxygen saturation levels during wound healing, presumably due to the gas plasma's tissue delivery of reactive species and other bioactive components. In addition, gas plasma treatment significantly affected cell adhesion by regulating focal adhesion kinase and vinculin, which is important in maintaining skin barrier function by regulating syndecan expression and increasing re-epithelialization. An anticipated stimulation of blood vessel formation was detected via transcriptional and translational increase of angiogenic factors in gas plasma-exposed wound tissue. Moreover, gas plasma treatment significantly affected inflammation by modulating systemic growth factors and cytokine levels. The presented findings may help explain the mode of action of successful clinical plasma therapy of wounds of diabetic patients.

Mechanism of pro-MMP9 activation in co-culture of pro-inflammatory macrophages and cardiomyocytes

OBJECTIVE

A wide range of cardiac diseases is associated with inflammation. "Inflamed" heart tissue is infiltrated with pro-inflammatory macrophages which extensively secrete matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), a regulator of extracellular matrix turnover. As MMP9 is released from macrophages in a latent form, it requires activation. The present study addresses the role of cardiomyocytes in the course of this activation process.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In mono- and co-cultures of pro-inflammatory rat macrophages (bone marrow-derived and peritoneal) and cardiomyocytes (H9C2 cell line) gelatin zymography demonstrated that activated macrophages robustly secreted latent pro-MMP9, whereas cardiomyocytes could not produce the enzyme. Co-culturing of the two cell species was critical for pro-MMP9 activation and was also accompanied by processing of cardiomyocyte-secreted pro-MMP2. A cascade of pro-MMP9 activation was initiated on macrophage membrane with pro-MMP2 cleavage. Namely, pro-inflammatory macrophages expressed an active membrane type 1 MMP (MT1MMP), which activated pro-MMP2, which in turn converted pro-MMP9. Downregulation of MT1MMP in macrophages by siRNA abolished activation of both pro-MMP2 and pro-MMP9 in co-culture. In addition, both cell species secreted MMP13 as a further pro-MMP9 activator. In co-culture, activation of pro-MMP13 occurred on membranes of macrophages and was enhanced in presence of active MMP2. Using incubations with recombinant MMPs and isolated macrophage membranes, we demonstrated that while both MMP2 and MMP13 individually had the ability to activate pro-MMP9, their combined action provided a synergistic effect.

CONCLUSION

Activation of pro-MMP9 in a co-culture of pro-inflammatory macrophages and cardiomyocytes was the result of a complex interaction of several MMPs on the cell membrane and in the extracellular space. Both cell types contributed critically to pro-MMP9 processing.

Decanoylcarnitine Inhibits Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression via Mmp9 in an Intermittent Fasting Obesity Mouse

Purpose: Treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains challenging. Intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as a promising approach to improve metabolic health of various metabolic disorders. Clinical studies indicate IF is essential for TNBC progression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic remodeling in regulating IF and TNBC progression are still unclear. Methods: In this study, we utilized a robust mouse model of TNBC and exposed subjects to a high-fat diet (HFD) with IF to explore its impact on the metabolic reprogramming linked to cancer progression. To identify crucial serum metabolites and signaling events, we utilized targeted metabolomics and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Furthermore, we conducted immunoblotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), cell migration assays, lentivirus-mediated Mmp9 overexpression, and Mmp9 inhibitor experiments to elucidate the role of decanoylcarnitine/Mmp9 in TNBC cell migration. Results: Our observations indicate that IF exerts notable inhibitory effects on both the proliferation and cancer metastasis. Utilizing targeted metabolomics and RNA-seq, we initially identified pivotal serum metabolites and signaling events in the progression of TNBC. Among the 349 serum metabolites identified, decanoylcarnitine was picked out to inhibit TNBC cell proliferation and migration. RNA-seq analysis of TNBC cells treated with decanoylcarnitine revealed its suppressive effects on extracellular matrix-related protein components, with a notable reduction observed in Mmp9. Further investigations confirmed that decanoylcarnitine could inhibit Mmp9 expression in TNBC cells, primary tumors, lung, and liver metastasis tissues. Mmp9 overexpression abolished the inhibitory effect of decanoylcarnitine on cell migration. Conclusion: This study pioneers the exploration of IF intervention and the role of decanoylcarnitine/Mmp9 in the progression of TNBC in obese mice, enhancing our comprehension of the potential roles of various dietary patterns in the process of cancer treatment.

Pathogenesis of Common Ocular Diseases: Emerging Trends in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling

The prevalence of visual impairments in human societies is worrying due to retinopathy complications of several chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and many more that are on the rise worldwide. Since the proper function of this organ plays a pivotal role in people's quality of life, identifying factors affecting the development/exacerbation of ocular diseases is of particular interest among ophthalmology researchers. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a reticular, three-dimensional (3D) structure that determines the shape and dimensions of tissues in the body. The ECM remodeling/hemostasis is a critical process in both physiological and pathological conditions. It consists of ECM deposition, degradation, and decrease/increase in the ECM components. However, disregulation of this process and an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of ECM components are associated with many pathological situations, including ocular disorders. Despite the impact of ECM alterations on the development of ocular diseases, there is not much research conducted in this regard. Therefore, a better understanding in this regard, can pave the way toward discovering plausible strategies to either prevent or treat eye disorders. In this review, we will discuss the importance of ECM changes as a sentimental factor in various ocular diseases based on the research done up to now.

Surveillance of a Transplant Kidney Harboring a Stable Renal Artery Aneurysm: A Case Report

Renal artery aneurysms (RAAs) may occur in patients with transplanted kidneys, either through de novo development or as a preexisting feature of the donor kidney. How this vascular condition progresses in patients on immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation is poorly understood, and to our knowledge, consensus guidelines for treating transplant patients with RAA have not been developed. We present the case of a kidney allograft recipient on triple immunosuppressive therapy in whom postoperative imaging revealed a 13-mm renal artery aneurysm in the renal hilum not amenable to endovascular intervention. We review systemic influences on aneurysm formation and how matrix metalloproteinases may interact with immunosuppressive medications. Surveillance imaging over 5 years has shown a stable aneurysm, and the patient has maintained stable renal function with adequate creatinine levels and no adverse symptoms.

Applicability of an active matrix metalloproteinase-8 point-of-care test in an oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic: a pilot study

OBJECTIVES

Matrix metalloproteinases are enzymes that participate in numerous inflammatory responses and have been targeted as biomarkers in numerous pathologic states. The detection of active matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) using a mouthrinse point-of-care test (POCT) has emerged as a diagnostic marker for periodontitis and other systemic inflammatory states. The objective of this pilot study was to assess the applicability of aMMP-8 POCT in an oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic and to evaluate the relationship between aMMP-8 levels and different patient groups.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

aMMP-8 POCT samples were collected from patients in an oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic during a one-month period. aMMP-8 levels were analyzed using a chairside lateral-flow immunotest and a digital reader. Clinically relevant patient variables were collected and descriptively evaluated. aMMP-8 levels over 20 ng/ml were considered to be elevated.

RESULTS

A total of 115 patients were interviewed of which 112 agreed to the test (97.4%). Elevated aMMP-8 levels were observed in 58 (51.8%) patients. Bone loss was noted in 75 (67.0%) patients. Of these patients, aMMP-8 levels were elevated in 47 (62.7%) patients. Patients at an increased risk of infection had 35.5% higher aMMP-8 values on average compared to patients with no prior illnesses.

CONCLUSION

aMMP-8 POCT provides a non-invasive and reliable method for measuring aMMP-8 levels. Future studies are warranted to assess the clinical relevance between elevated aMMP-8 levels and specific patient groups.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The rapid availability of the test score allows an immediate impact on treatment planning.

Role of F-box proteins in human upper gastrointestinal tumors

Protein ubiquitination and degradation is an essential physiological process in almost all organisms. As the key participants in this process, the E3 ubiquitin ligases have been widely studied and recognized. F-box proteins, a crucial component of E3 ubiquitin ligases that regulates diverse biological functions, including cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis by facilitating the degradation of substrate proteins. Currently, there is an increasing focus on studying the role of F-box proteins in cancer. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the significant contributions of F-box proteins to the development of upper gastrointestinal tumors, highlighting their dual roles as both carcinogens and tumor suppressors. We delve into the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of F-box proteins in upper gastrointestinal tumors, exploring their interactions with specific substrates and their cross-talks with other key signaling pathways. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of F-box proteins in radiotherapy resistance in the upper gastrointestinal tract, emphasizing their potential as clinical therapeutic and prognostic targets. Overall, this review provides an up-to-date understanding of the intricate involvement of F-box proteins in human upper gastrointestinal tumors, offering valuable insights for the identification of prognostic markers and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.

Periodontal disease in down syndrome: Predisposing factors and potential non-surgical therapeutic approaches

BACKGROUND

Periodontal diseases (PDs) have been documented to be significantly more prevalent and severe in patients with Down syndrome (DS). Different immunological and microbiological factors contributed to predisposing these patients to progressive and recurrent PDs.

AIM

The aim of this review was to investigate the altered immunological responses and oral microbiota disorders as well as focus on adjunctive non-surgical methods for the treatment of PDs and its applicability in patients with DS.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A literature review was conducted addressing the following topics: (1) the altered immunological responses, (2) orofacial disorders related to DS patients, (3) oral microbiota changing, and (4) adjunctive non-surgical treatment and its efficacy in patients with DS.

RESULTS

Due to the early onset of PDs in children with DS, the need for prompt and effective treatment in these patients is essential.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

So, investigating underlying factors may open a new window to better understand the pathology of PDs in DS people and thus, find better strategies for treatment in such group. Although non-surgical treatments such as photodynamic therapy and probiotic consumption represented acceptable outcomes in different examined patients without DS, data about the application of these convenience and no need for local anesthesia methods in patients with DS is limited.

A systematic review of normal tissue neurovascular unit damage following brain irradiation-Factors affecting damage severity and timing of effects

Background

Radiotherapy is key in the treatment of primary and secondary brain tumors. However, normal tissue is inevitably irradiated, causing toxicity and contributing to cognitive dysfunction. The relative importance of vascular damage to cognitive decline is poorly understood. Here, we systematically review the evidence for radiation-induced damage to the entire neurovascular unit (NVU), particularly focusing on establishing the factors that influence damage severity, and timing and duration of vascular effects relative to effects on neural tissue.

Methods

Using PubMed and Web of Science, we searched preclinical and clinical literature published between January 1, 1970 and December 1, 2022 and evaluated factors influencing NVU damage severity and timing of NVU effects resulting from ionizing radiation.

Results

Seventy-two rodents, 4 canines, 1 rabbit, and 5 human studies met inclusion criteria. Radiation increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, reduced endothelial cell number and extracellular matrix proteoglycans, reduced tight junction proteins, upregulated cellular adhesion molecule expression, reduced activity of glucose and BBB efflux transporters and activated glial cells. In the brain parenchyma, increased metalloproteinases 2 and 9 levels, demyelination, cell death, and inhibited differentiation were observed. Effects on the vasculature and neural compartment were observed across acute, delayed, and late timepoints, and damage extent was higher with low linear energy transfer radiation, higher doses, lower dose rates, broader beams, and in the presence of a tumor.

Conclusions

Irradiation of normal brain tissue leads to widespread and varied impacts on the NVU. Data indicate that vascular damage is in most cases an early effect that does not quickly resolve. More studies are needed to confirm sequence of damages, and mechanisms that lead to cognitive dysfunction.

Regulation of MMP-2 by IL-8 in Vascular Endothelial Cells: Probable Mechanism for Endothelial Dysfunction in Women with Preeclampsia

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) in preeclampsia (PE) results from the convergence of oxidative stress, inflammation, and alterations in extracellular matrix components, affecting vascular tone and permeability. The molecular network leading to ED includes IL-8 and MMP-2. In vitro, IL-8 regulates the concentration and activity of MMP-2 in the trophoblast; this interaction has not been studied in endothelial cells during PE. We isolated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from women with healthy pregnancies (NP, n = 15) and PE (n = 15). We quantified the intracellular concentration of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species with colorimetric assays, IL-8 with ELISA, and MMP-2 with zymography and using an ELISA-type system. An IL-8 inhibition assay was used to study the influence of this cytokine on MMP-2 concentration and activity. HUVECs from women with PE showed significantly higher oxidative stress than NP. IL-8 and MMP-2 were found to be significantly elevated in PE HUVECs compared to NP. Inhibition of IL-8 in HUVECs from women with PE significantly decreased the concentration of MMP-2. We demonstrate that IL-8 is involved in the mechanisms of MMP-2 expression in HUVECs from women with PE. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating the ED distinctive of PE.

A collagen-rich arch in the urochordate notochord coordinates cell shaping and multi-tissue elongation

Cell and tissue reshaping is crucial for coordinating three-dimensional pattern formation, in which the size and shape of the cells must be accurately regulated via signal transport and communication among tissues. However, the identity of signaling and transportation mechanisms in this process remains elusive. In our study, we identified an extracellular matrix (ECM) structure with a vertebra-like shape surrounding the central notochord tissue in the larval tail of the urochordate Ciona. Additionally, we verified that the ECM structure was formed de novo, mainly from collagens secreted by notochord cells. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and simulation results revealed that this structure was formed via diffusional collagen flow from a notochord that was restricted and molded in the spaces among tail tissues. We revealed that the collagen structure was essential for notochord cell arrangement and elongation. Furthermore, we observed that the central notochord connects with the epidermis through this ECM structure. The disruption of this structure by collagen knockdown and loss-of-collagen function caused the failure of notochord elongation. More importantly, the epidermis could not elongate proportionally with notochord, indicating that the collagen-rich structure serves as a scaffold to coordinate the concurrent elongation of the tail tissues. These findings provide insights into how the central tissue forms and molds its surrounding ECM structure, by not only regulating its own morphogenesis but also functioning as a scaffold for signal transmission to orchestrate the coordinated morphologic reshaping of the surrounding tissues.

An overview of extracellular matrix and its remodeling in the development of cancer and metastasis with a glance at therapeutic approaches

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an inevitable part of tissues able to provide structural support for cells depending on the purpose of tissues and organs. The dynamic characteristics of ECM let this system fluently interact with the extrinsic triggers and get stiffed, remodeled, and/or degraded ending in maintaining tissue homeostasis. ECM could serve as the platform for cancer progression. The dysregulation of biochemical and biomechanical ECM features might take participate in some pathological conditions such as aging, tissue destruction, fibrosis, and particularly cancer. Tumors can reprogram how ECM remodels by producing factors able to induce protein synthesis, matrix proteinase expression, degradation of the basement membrane, growth signals and proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting the ECM components, their secretion, and their interactions with other cells or tumors could be a promising strategy in cancer therapies. The present study initially introduces the physiological functions of ECM and then discusses how tumor-dependent dysregulation of ECM could facilitate cancer progression and ends with reviewing the novel therapeutic strategies regarding ECM.

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) regulates invasion and matrix remodelling in colorectal cancer

Background

Cancer cells remodel their local physical environment through processes of matrix reorganisation, deposition, stiffening and degradation. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), which is encoded by the PLAU gene, is an extracellular proteolytic enzyme known to be involved in cancer progression and tumour microenvironment (TME) remodelling. Perturbing uPA therefore has a strong potential as a mechano-based cancer therapy. This work is a bioengineering investigation to validate whether 1) uPA is involved in matrix degradation and 2) preventing matrix degradation by targeting uPA can reduce cancer cell invasion and metastasis.

Methods

To this aim, we used an engineered 3D in vitro model, termed the tumouroid, that appropriately mimics the tumour's native biophysical environment (3 kPa). A CRISPR-Cas9 mediated uPA knockout was performed to introduce a loss of function mutation in the gene coding sequence. Subsequently, to validate the translational potential of blocking uPA action, we tested a pharmacological inhibitor, UK-371,801. The changes in matrix stiffness were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Invasion was quantified using images of the tumouroid, obtained after 21 days of culture.

Results

We showed that uPA is highly expressed in invasive breast and colorectal cancers, and these invasive cancer cells locally degrade their TME. PLAU (uPA) gene knock-out (KO) completely stopped matrix remodelling and significantly reduced cancer invasion. Many invasive cancer gene markers were also downregulated in the PLAU KO tumouroids. Pharmacological inhibition of uPA showed similarly promising results, where matrix degradation was reduced and so was the cancer invasion.

Conclusion

This work supports the role of uPA in matrix degradation. It demonstrates that the invasion of cancer cells was significantly reduced when enzymatic breakdown of the TME matrix was prevented. Collectively, this provides strong evidence of the effectiveness of targeting uPA as a mechano-based cancer therapy.

Defective Uterine Spiral Artery Remodeling and Placental Senescence in a Pregnant Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Pregnancy-related problems have been linked to impairments in maternal uterine spiral artery (SpA) remodeling. The mechanisms underlying this association are still unclear. It is also unclear whether hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, the two common manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome, affect uterine SpA remodeling. We verified previous work in which exposure to 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and insulin (INS) in rats during pregnancy resulted in hyperandrogenism, insulin intolerance, and higher fetal mortality. Exposure to DHT and INS dysregulated the expression of angiogenesis-related genes in the uterus and placenta and also decreased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and matrix metallopeptidases 2 and 9, increased fibrotic collagen deposits in the uterus, and reduced expression of marker genes for SpA-associated trophoblast giant cells. These changes were related to a greater proportion of unremodeled uterine SpAs and a smaller proportion of highly remodeled arteries in DHT + INS-exposed rats. Placentas from DHT + INS-exposed rats exhibited decreased basal and labyrinth zone regions, reduced maternal blood spaces, diminished labyrinth vascularity, and an imbalance in the abundance of vascular and smooth muscle proteins. Furthermore, placentas from DHT + INS-exposed rats showed expression of placental insufficiency markers and a significant increase in cell senescence-associated protein levels. Altogether, this work demonstrates that increased pregnancy complications in polycystic ovary syndrome may be mediated by problems with uterine SpA remodeling, placental functionality, and placental senescence.

Potent inhibition of MMP-9 by a novel sustained-release platform attenuates left ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction

Sustained drug-release systems prolong the retention of therapeutic drugs within target tissues to alleviate the need for repeated drug administration. Two major caveats of the current systems are that the release rate and the timing cannot be predicted or fine-tuned because they rely on uncontrolled environmental conditions and that the system must be redesigned for each drug and treatment regime because the drug is bound via interactions that are specific to its structure and composition. We present a controlled and universal sustained drug-release system, which comprises minute spherical particles in which a therapeutic protein is affinity-bound to alginate sulfate (AlgS) through one or more short heparin-binding peptide (HBP) sequence repeats. Employing post-myocardial infarction (MI) heart remodeling as a case study, we show that the release of C9-a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibitor protein that we easily bound to AlgS by adding one, two, or three HBP repeats to its sequence-can be directly controlled by modifying the number of HBP repeats. In an in vivo study, we directly injected AlgS particles, which were bound to C9 through three HBP repeats, into the left ventricular myocardium of mice following MI. We found that the particles substantially reduced post-MI remodeling, attesting to the sustained, local release of the drug within the tissue. As the number of HBP repeats controls the rate of drug release from the AlgS particles, and since C9 can be easily replaced with almost any protein, our tunable sustained-release system can readily accommodate a wide range of protein-based treatments.

Advancing Treatment in Bullous Pemphigoid: A Comprehensive Review of Novel Therapeutic Targets and Approaches

Bullous pemphigoid is one of the most common autoimmune bullous diseases occurring primarily in the elderly. Pathogenic autoantibodies against BP180 and BP230 at the dermal-epidermal junction cause subepidermal blisters, erosions, and intense pruritus, all of which adversely affect the patients' quality of life and may increase their morbidity and mortality. Current systemic treatment options for bullous pemphigoid are limited to corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, which can have substantial side effects on these vulnerable patients that even exceed their therapeutic benefits. Therefore, more precisely, targeting therapies to the pathogenic cells and molecules in bullous pemphigoid is an urgent issue. In this review, we describe the pathophysiology of bullous pemphigoid, focusing on autoantibodies, complements, eosinophils, neutrophils, proteases, and the T helper 2 and 17 axes since they are crucial in promoting proinflammatory environments. We also highlight the emerging therapeutic targets for bullous pemphigoid and their latest discoveries in clinical trials or experimental studies. Further well-designed studies are required to establish the efficacy and safety of these prospective therapeutic options.

A view of the genetic and proteomic profile of extracellular matrix molecules in aging and stroke

Introduction

Modification of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the major processes in the pathology of brain damage following an ischemic stroke. However, our understanding of how age-related ECM alterations may affect stroke pathophysiology and its outcome is still very limited.

Methods

We conducted an ECM-targeted re-analysis of our previously obtained RNA-Seq dataset of aging, ischemic stroke and their interactions in young adult (3-month-old) and aged (18-month-old) mice. The permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo) in rodents was used as a model of ischemic stroke. Altogether 56 genes of interest were chosen for this study.

Results

We identified an increased activation of the genes encoding proteins related to ECM degradation, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), proteases of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with the thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family and molecules that regulate their activity, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Moreover, significant upregulation was also detected in the mRNA of other ECM molecules, such as proteoglycans, syndecans and link proteins. Notably, we identified 8 genes where this upregulation was enhanced in aged mice in comparison with the young ones. Ischemia evoked a significant downregulation in only 6 of our genes of interest, including those encoding proteins associated with the protective function of ECM molecules (e.g., brevican, Hapln4, Sparcl1); downregulation in brevican was more prominent in aged mice. The study was expanded by proteome analysis, where we observed an ischemia-induced overexpression in three proteins, which are associated with neuroinflammation (fibronectin and vitronectin) and neurodegeneration (link protein Hapln2). In fibronectin and Hapln2, this overexpression was more pronounced in aged post-ischemic animals.

Conclusion

Based on these results, we can conclude that the ratio between the protecting and degrading mechanisms in the aged brain is shifted toward degradation and contributes to the aged tissues' increased sensitivity to ischemic insults. Altogether, our data provide fresh perspectives on the processes underlying ischemic injury in the aging brain and serve as a freely accessible resource for upcoming research.

Structure and computation-guided yeast surface display for the evolution of TIMP-based matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors

The study of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and the engineering of protein-based inhibitors often employ two distinct strategies. One approach leverages the power of combinatorial libraries, displaying large ensembles of mutant proteins, for example, on the yeast cell surface, to select binders. Another approach harnesses computational modeling, sifting through an astronomically large number of protein sequences and attempting to predict the impact of mutations on PPI binding energy. Individually, each approach has inherent limitations, but when combined, they generate superior outcomes across diverse protein engineering endeavors. This synergistic integration of approaches aids in identifying novel binders and inhibitors, fine-tuning specificity and affinity for known binding partners, and detailed mapping of binding epitopes. It can also provide insight into the specificity profiles of varied PPIs. Here, we outline strategies for directing the evolution of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which act as natural inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We highlight examples wherein design of combinatorial TIMP libraries using structural and computational insights and screening these libraries of variants using yeast surface display (YSD), has successfully optimized for MMP binding and selectivity, and conferred insight into the PPIs involved.

Genetic Variants in Matrix Metalloproteinases MMP3 (rs3025058) and MMP9 (rs3918242) Associated with Colonic Diverticulosis

Background and Objectives: Diverticulosis affects a significant portion of the elderly population, with age and lifestyle being established risk factors. Additionally, genetic predisposition is gaining recognition as a contributing factor. This pilot study sought to explore the frequency of genetic variants in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 3, 9, and 12 in a population of colonic diverticulosis patients. Materials and Methods: The study encompassed 134 participants: 59 diagnosed with colon diverticulosis during colonoscopy and 75 healthy controls. The cases and controls were meticulously matched in terms of age and gender. We assessed the distribution of genetic variants MMP3 rs3025058, MMP9 rs3918242, and MMP12 rs2276109 using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragments length polymorphism technique. Results: The MMP9 rs3918242 allele T was notably more frequent in individuals with diverticulosis when compared with the control group (p < 0.03). Furthermore, it was associated with dominant (OR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.24-5.56; p < 0.01) and co-dominant (OR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.06-4.13; p < 0.03) genetic models. The MMP3 rs3025058 5A/5A genotype was nearly twice as frequent in patients with diverticulosis, while the 6A/6A genotype was only half as common in this group. Conversely, no significant correlation was established between MMP12 rs2276109 and colonic diverticulosis. Conclusions: Our study offers the first insight into a potential connection between genetic variants in MMPs and colon diverticulosis. Specifically, allele T of MMP9 rs3918242 and allele 5A of MMP3 rs3025058 appear to be linked to this condition. These findings indirectly suggest a role for extracellular matrix proteins in the pathogenesis of diverticulosis.

Metalloproteinases in Restorative Dentistry: An In Silico Study toward an Ideal Animal Model

In dentistry, various animal models are used to evaluate adhesive systems, dental caries and periodontal diseases. Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that degrade collagen in the dentin matrix and are categorized in over 20 different classes. Collagenases and gelatinases are intrinsic constituents of the human dentin organic matrix fibrillar network and are the most abundant MMPs in this tissue. Understanding such enzymes' action on dentin is important in the development of approaches that could reduce dentin degradation and provide restorative procedures with extended longevity. This in silico study is based on dentistry's most used animal models and intends to search for the most suitable, evolutionarily close to Homo sapiens. We were able to retrieve 176,077 mammalian MMP sequences from the UniProt database. These sequences were manually curated through a three-step process. After such, the remaining 3178 sequences were aligned in a multifasta file and phylogenetically reconstructed using the maximum likelihood method. Our study inferred that the animal models most evolutionarily related to Homo sapiens were Orcytolagus cuniculus (MMP-1 and MMP-8), Canis lupus (MMP-13), Rattus norvegicus (MMP-2) and Orcytolagus cuniculus (MMP-9). Further research will be needed for the biological validation of our findings.

Fibrin and Fibrinolytic Enzyme Cascade in Thrombosis: Unravelling the Role

Blood clot formation in blood vessels (thrombosis) is a major cause of life-threatening cardiovascular diseases. These clots are formed by αA-, βB-, and ϒ-peptide chains of fibrinogen joined together by isopeptide bonds with the help of blood coagulation factor XIIIa. These clot structures are altered by various factors such as thrombin, platelets, transglutaminase, DNA, histones, and red blood cells. Various factors are used to dissolve the blood clot, such as anticoagulant agents, antiplatelets drugs, fibrinolytic enzymes, and surgical operations. Fibrinolytic enzymes are produced by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.): streptokinase of Streptococcus hemolyticus, nattokinase of Bacillus subtilis YF 38, bafibrinase of Bacillus sp. AS-S20-I, longolytin of Arthrobotrys longa, versiase of Aspergillus versicolor ZLH-1, etc. They act as a thrombolytic agent by either enhancing the production of plasminogen activators (tissue or urokinase types), which convert inactive plasminogen to active plasmin, or acting as plasmin-like proteins themselves, forming fibrin degradation products which cause normal blood flow again in blood vessels. Fibrinolytic enzymes may be classified in two groups, as serine proteases and metalloproteases, based on their catalytic properties, consisting of a catalytic triad responsible for their fibrinolytic activity having different physiochemical properties (such as molecular weight, pH, and temperature). The analysis of fibrinolysis helps to detect hyperfibrinolysis (menorrhagia, renal failure, etc.) and hypofibrinolysis (diabetes, obesity, etc.) with the help of various fibrinolytic assays such as a fibrin plate assay, fibrin microplate assay, the viscoelastic method, etc. These fibrinolytic activities serve as a key aspect in the recognition of numerous cardiovascular diseases and can be easily produced on a large scale with a short generation time by microbes and are less expensive.

High glucose enhances the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by ambient fine particulate matter in alveolar macrophages

BACKGROUND

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that individuals with preexisting conditions, including diabetes mellitus (DM), are more susceptible to air pollution. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we proposed that a high glucose setting enhances ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced macrophage activation and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, altering the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs).

RESULTS

Exposure of mouse alveolar macrophages to non-cytotoxic doses of PM2.5 led to upregulation of IL-1β, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, increased nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB, increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased expression and enzymatic activity of MMP-9; these effects were enhanced when cells were pretreated with high glucose. However, pretreatment in a high glucose setting alone did not induce significant changes. ROS generation following PM2.5 exposure was abolished when cells were pretreated with ROS scavengers such as Trolox and superoxide dismutase (SOD), or with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, DPI. Pretreatment of cells with DPI attenuated the effects of a high glucose setting on PM2.5-induced upregulation of IL-1β, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. In addition, enhancement of PM2.5-induced expression and enzymatic activity of MMP-9 following high glucose pretreatment was not observed in primary alveolar macrophages obtained from NLRP3 or IL-1R1 knockout (KO) mice, where pro-IL-1β cannot be cleaved to IL-1β or cells are insensitive to IL-1β, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that exposure of mouse alveolar macrophages to PM2.5 in a high glucose setting enhanced PM2.5-induced production of IL-1β through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and nuclear translocation of NF-κB due to PM2.5-induced oxidative stress, leading to MMP-9 upregulation. The key role of NADPH oxidase in PM2.5-induced ROS generation and activation of the IL-1β secretion pathway and the importance of IL-1β secretion and signaling in PM2.5-induced increases in MMP-9 enzymatic activity were also demonstrated. This study provides a further understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of individuals with DM to air pollution and suggests potential therapeutic targets.

Downregulation of RUNX1-Activated Osteopontin Facilitates Burn Wound Healing by Activating the MAPK Pathways

Burn wounds require intervention to ensure timely progression to reduce morbidity and mortality. The migrative and proliferative capabilities of keratinocytes are impaired in wounds. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM), allowing epithelial cells to migrate. As reported, osteopontin can regulate cell migration, cell adhesion, and ECM invasion in endothelial and epithelial cells, and its expression is significantly increased in chronic wounds. Therefore, this study investigates the biological functions of osteopontin and its related mechanisms involved in burn wounds. We established cellular and animal models of burn injury. Levels of osteopontin, RUNX1, MMPs, collagen I, CK19, PCNA, and pathway-associated proteins were measured by RT-qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. Cell viability and migration were examined by CCK-8 and wound scratch assays. Histological changes were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining. For in vitro analysis, osteopontin silencing facilitated the growth and migration of HaCaT cells and promoted ECM degradation in HaCaT cells. Mechanistically, RUNX1 bound to osteopontin promoter, and RUNX1 upregulation attenuated the promoting efficacy of osteopontin silencing on cell growth and migration and ECM degradation. Additionally, RUNX1-activated osteopontin inactivated the MAPK signaling pathway. For in vivo analysis, osteopontin depletion facilitated burn wound healing by promoting reepithelialization and ECM degradation. In conclusion, RUNX1 activates the osteopontin expression at the transcriptional level and osteopontin depletion facilitates the recovery of burn wounds by promoting the migration of keratinocytes and reepithelization and ECM degradation by activating the MAPK pathway.

Mechano-Activated Cell Therapy for Accelerated Diabetic Wound Healing

Chronic diabetic wounds are a significant global healthcare challenge. Current strategies, such as biomaterials, cell therapies, and medical devices, however, only target a few pathological features and have limited efficacy. A powerful platform technology combining magneto-responsive hydrogel, cells, and wireless magneto-induced dynamic mechanical stimulation (MDMS) is developed to accelerate diabetic wound healing. The hydrogel encapsulates U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved fibroblasts and keratinocytes to achieve ∼3-fold better wound closure in a diabetic mouse model. MDMS acts as a nongenetic mechano-rheostat to activate fibroblasts, resulting in ∼240% better proliferation, ∼220% more collagen deposition, and improved keratinocyte paracrine profiles via the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway to boost angiogenesis. The magneto-responsive property also enables on-demand insulin release for spatiotemporal glucose regulation through increasing network deformation and interstitial flow. By mining scRNAseq data, a mechanosensitive fibroblast subpopulation is identified that can be mechanically tuned for enhanced proliferation and collagen production, maximizing therapeutic impact. The "all-in-one" system addresses major pathological factors associated with diabetic wounds in a single platform, with potential applications for other challenging wound types.

Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of matrix metalloproteinases in intervertebral disc degeneration: A comprehensive review

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is a common disorder that affects the spine and is a major cause of lower back pain (LBP). The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the structural foundation of the biomechanical properties of IVD, and its degradation is the main pathological characteristic of IDD. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of endopeptidases that play an important role in the degradation and remodeling of the ECM. Several recent studies have shown that the expression and activity of many MMP subgroups are significantly upregulated in degenerated IVD tissue. This upregulation of MMPs results in an imbalance of ECM anabolism and catabolism, leading to the degradation of the ECM and the development of IDD. Therefore, the regulation of MMP expression is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of IDD. Recent research has focused on identifying the mechanisms by which MMPs cause ECM degradation and promote IDD, as well as on developing therapies that target MMPs. In summary, MMP dysregulation is a crucial factor in the development of IDD, and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved is needed to develop effective biological therapies that target MMPs to treat IDD.

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Glaucoma: An Updated Overview

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important regulators of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are involved in many stages of cellular growth and development. An imbalance of MMP expression is also the basis of many diseases, including eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, dry eye, corneal ulcer, keratoconus. This paper describes the role of MMPs in the glaucoma and their role in the glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM), aqueous outflow channel, retina, and optic nerve (ON). This review also summarizes several treatments for glaucoma that target MMPs imbalance and suggests that MMPs may represent a viable therapeutic target for glaucoma.

Evidence Accumulates: Patients with Ascending Aneurysms Are Strongly Protected from Atherosclerotic Disease

Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms may be fatal upon rupture or dissection and remain a leading cause of death in the developed world. Understanding the pathophysiology of the development of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms may help reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the protective relationship between ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms and the development of atherosclerosis, including decreased carotid intima-media thickness, low-density lipoprotein levels, coronary and aortic calcification, and incidence of myocardial infarction. We also propose several possible mechanisms driving this relationship, including matrix metalloproteinase proteins and transforming growth factor-β.

Stromal cells-specific retinoic acid determines parturition timing at single-cell and spatial-temporal resolution

The underlying mechanisms governing parturition remain largely elusive due to limited knowledge of parturition preparation and initiation. Accumulated evidences indicate that maternal decidua plays a critical role in parturition initiation. To comprehensively decrypt the cell heterogeneity in decidua approaching parturition, we investigate the roles of various cell types in mouse decidua process and reveal previously unappreciated insights in parturition initiation utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We enumerate the cell types in decidua and identity five different stromal cells populations and one decidualized stromal cells. Furthermore, our study unravels that stromal cells prepare for parturition by regulating local retinol acid (RA) synthesis. RA supplement decreases expression of extracellular matrix-related genes in vitro and accelerates the timing of parturition in vivo. Collectively, the discovery of contribution of stromal cells in parturition expands current knowledge about parturition and opens up avenues for the intervention of preterm birth (PTB).

Tissue Morphogenesis Through Dynamic Cell and Matrix Interactions

Multicellular organisms generate tissues of diverse shapes and functions from cells and extracellular matrices. Their adhesion molecules mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, which not only play crucial roles in maintaining tissue integrity but also serve as key regulators of tissue morphogenesis. Cells constantly probe their environment to make decisions: They integrate chemical and mechanical information from the environment via diffusible ligand- or adhesion-based signaling to decide whether to release specific signaling molecules or enzymes, to divide or differentiate, to move away or stay, or even whether to live or die. These decisions in turn modify their environment, including the chemical nature and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Tissue morphology is the physical manifestation of the remodeling of cells and matrices by their historical biochemical and biophysical landscapes. We review our understanding of matrix and adhesion molecules in tissue morphogenesis, with an emphasis on key physical interactions that drive morphogenesis.

An in vitro culture platform to study the extracellular matrix remodeling potential of human mesenchymal stem cells

The ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to synthesize and degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) is important for MSC-based therapies. However, the therapeutic effects associated with ECM remodeling in cultured MSCs have been limited by the lack of a method to assess the ability of cultured cells to degrade ECM in vitro. Here, we describe a simple in vitro culture platform for studying the ECM remodeling potential of cultured MSCs using a high-density collagen (CL) surface. Cells on the CL surface have remarkable ability to degrade collagen fibrils by secreting matrix metalloproteinase (MMP); to study this, the marker collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP) was used. Confirming the ECM remodeling potential of MSCs with different population doublings (PDs), young and healthy γ-H2AX-negative cells, a marker of DNA damage and senescence, showed more extensive collagen degradation on the CL surface, whereas damaged cells of γ-H2AX-positive cells showed no collagen degradation. The frequency of γ-H2AX-/CHP + cells at PD = 0 was 49%, which was 4.9-fold higher than that at PD=13.07, whereas the frequency of γ-H2AX+/CHP- at PD=13.07 was 50%, which was 6.4-folds higher than that at PD=0. Further experimentation examining the in vitro priming effect of MSCs with the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ treatment showed increased frequency of cells with ECM remodeling potential with higher MMP secretion. Thus, this culture surface can be used for studying the ECM remodeling capacity of ex vivo-expanded MSCs in vitro and may serve as a platform for prediction in vivo ECM remodeling effect. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling potential of cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is important for assessing the effectiveness of MSC-based therapy. However, methods to assess the ability of cultured cells to degrade ECM in vitro are still lacking. Here, we developed a simple in vitro culture platform to study the ECM remodeling potential of cultured MSCs using high-density collagen surfaces. This platform was used to evaluate the ECM remodeling potential of long-term ex vivo-expanded MSCs in vitro.