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Henique C, Mansouri A, Vavrova E, Lenoir V, Ferry A, Esnous C, Ramond E, Girard J, Bouillaud F, Prip‐Buus C, Cohen I. Increasing mitochondrial muscle fatty acid oxidation induces skeletal muscle remodeling toward an oxidative phenotype. FASEB J 2015; 29:2473-83. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-257717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Henique
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Abdelhak Mansouri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Eliska Vavrova
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Véronique Lenoir
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
- INSERM U974, CNRS UMR 7215Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMRS 974Institut de MyologieParisFrance
| | - Catherine Esnous
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Elodie Ramond
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Jean Girard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Carina Prip‐Buus
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Isabelle Cohen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
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152
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Zizola C, Kennel PJ, Akashi H, Ji R, Castillero E, George I, Homma S, Schulze PC. Activation of PPARδ signaling improves skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism and endurance function in an animal model of ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1078-85. [PMID: 25713305 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00679.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise intolerance in heart failure has been linked to impaired skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Oxidative metabolism and exercise capacity are regulated by PPARδ signaling. We hypothesized that PPARδ stimulation reverts skeletal muscle oxidative dysfunction. Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in C57BL/6 mice and the development of ventricular dysfunction was monitored over 8 wk. Mice were randomized to the PPARδ agonist GW501516 (5 mg/kg body wt per day for 4 wk) or placebo 8 wk post-MI. Muscle function was assessed through running tests and grip strength measurements. In muscle, we analyzed muscle fiber cross-sectional area and fiber types, metabolic gene expression, fatty acid (FA) oxidation and ATP content. Signaling pathways were studied in C2C12 myotubes. FA oxidation and ATP levels decreased in muscle from MI mice compared with sham- operated mice. GW501516 administration increased oleic acid oxidation levels in skeletal muscle of the treated MI group compared with placebo treatment. This was accompanied by transcriptional changes including increased CPT1 expression. Further, the PPARδ-agonist improved running endurance compared with placebo. Cell culture experiments revealed protective effects of GW501516 against the cytokine-induced decrease of FA oxidation and changes in metabolic gene expression. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in HF is associated with impaired PPARδ signaling and treatment with the PPARδ agonist GW501516 corrects oxidative capacity and FA metabolism and improves exercise capacity in mice with LV dysfunction. Pharmacological activation of PPARδ signaling could be an attractive therapeutic intervention to counteract the progressive skeletal muscle dysfunction in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Zizola
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Peter J Kennel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Hirokazu Akashi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Ruiping Ji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Estibaliz Castillero
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Isaac George
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
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153
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Abstract
Skeletal and cardiac muscles play key roles in the regulation of systemic energy homeostasis and display remarkable plasticity in their metabolic responses to caloric availability and physical activity. In this Perspective we discuss recent studies highlighting transcriptional mechanisms that govern systemic metabolism by striated muscles. We focus on the participation of the Mediator complex in this process, and suggest that tissue-specific regulation of Mediator subunits impacts metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedryn K Baskin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Benjamin R Winders
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA; Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
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154
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Ferry A, Schuh M, Parlakian A, Mgrditchian T, Valnaud N, Joanne P, Butler-Browne G, Agbulut O, Metzger D. Myofiber androgen receptor promotes maximal mechanical overload-induced muscle hypertrophy and fiber type transition in male mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4739-48. [PMID: 25216388 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first aim of this study was to examine the role of myofiber androgen receptor (AR) in male mice on muscle performance gain and remodeling-induced muscle mechanical overloading (OVL) that mimics resistance training. The response of OVL in mice in which AR is selectively ablated in myofibers (AR(skm-/y)) was compared with that of wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, we determined whether the synthetic anabolic androgen nandrolone administration affects the OVL response. We found that OVL increased absolute maximal force and fatigue resistance in both mouse genotypes (P < .05). However, the absolute maximal force increased more in AR(skm-/y) mice as compared with WT mice (+88% vs +63%) (P < .05). Muscle weight increased less in response to OVL in AR(skm-/y) mice (+54%) than in WT mice (+115%) (P < .05). The fiber number per cross-section similarly increased in both mouse genotypes after OVL (P < .05). In contrast to WT mice, the diameter of the fibers expressing myosin heavy chain (MHC)-2x decreased after OVL in AR(skm-/y) mice (P < .05). The MHC-2b to MHC-2a fiber type transition in response to OVL was reduced in AR(skm-/y) mice as compared with WT mice (P < .05). Finally, nandrolone administration during OVL did not further improve absolute maximal force and fatigue resistance and markedly alter muscle remodeling in both mouse genotypes. Together, our results indicate that myofiber AR is required for a complete response to OVL and that exogenous androgens do not increase muscle performance during intensive remodeling in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Ferry
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06 (A.F., T.M., N.V., G.B.-B.), Sorbonne Universités, Inserm Unité 974, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7215, Institut de Myologie, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (A.F.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (M.S., D.M.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Inserm Unité 964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06 (A.P., T.M., P.J., O.A.), Sorbonne Universités, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75005 Paris, France
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155
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Fu H, Desvergne B, Ferrari S, Bonnet N. Impaired musculoskeletal response to age and exercise in PPARβ(-/-) diabetic mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4686-96. [PMID: 25279796 PMCID: PMC4239426 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fragility fractures are recognized complication of diabetes, but yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This is particularly pronounced in type 2 diabetes in which the propensity to fall is increased but bone mass is not necessarily low. Thus, whether factors implicated in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes directly impact on the musculoskeletal system remains to be investigated. PPARβ(-/-) mice have reduced metabolic activity and are glucose intolerant. We examined changes in bone and muscle in PPARβ(-/-) mice and investigated both the mechanism behind those changes with age as well as their response to exercise. Compared with their wild type, PPARβ(-/-) mice had an accelerated and parallel decline in both muscle and bone strength with age. These changes were accompanied by increased myostatin expression, low bone formation, and increased resorption. In addition, mesenchymal cells from PPARβ(-/-) had a reduced proliferation capacity and appeared to differentiate into more of an adipogenic phenotype. Concomitantly we observed an increased expression of PPARγ, characteristic of adipocytes. The anabolic responses of muscle and bone to exercise were also diminished in PPARβ(-/-) mice. The periosteal bone formation response to direct bone compression was, however, maintained, indicating that PPARβ controls periosteal bone formation through muscle contraction and/or metabolism. Taken together, these data indicate that PPARβ deficiency leads to glucose intolerance, decreased muscle function, and reduced bone strength. On a molecular level, PPARβ appears to regulate myostatin and PPARγ expression in muscle and bone, thereby providing potential new targets to reverse bone fragility in patients with metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Fu
- Division of Bone Diseases (S.F., N.B.), Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva 14, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; and Center of Integrative Genomics (H.F., B.D.), Genopode, Lausanne Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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156
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Pérez-Schindler J, Svensson K, Vargas-Fernández E, Santos G, Wahli W, Handschin C. The coactivator PGC-1α regulates skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism independently of the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ in sedentary mice fed a regular chow diet. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2405-12. [PMID: 25116175 PMCID: PMC4657154 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Physical activity improves oxidative capacity and exerts therapeutic beneficial effects, particularly in the context of metabolic diseases. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ have both been independently discovered to play a pivotal role in the regulation of oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle, though their interdependence remains unclear. Hence, our aim was to determine the functional interaction between these two factors in mouse skeletal muscle in vivo. METHODS Adult male control mice, PGC-1α muscle-specific transgenic (mTg) mice, PPARβ/δ muscle-specific knockout (mKO) mice and the combination PPARβ/δ mKO + PGC-1α mTg mice were studied under basal conditions and following PPARβ/δ agonist administration and acute exercise. Whole-body metabolism was assessed by indirect calorimetry and blood analysis, while magnetic resonance was used to measure body composition. Quantitative PCR and western blot were used to determine gene expression and intracellular signalling. The proportion of oxidative muscle fibre was determined by NADH staining. RESULTS Agonist-induced PPARβ/δ activation was only disrupted by PPARβ/δ knockout. We also found that the disruption of the PGC-1α-PPARβ/δ axis did not affect whole-body metabolism under basal conditions. As expected, PGC-1α mTg mice exhibited higher exercise performance, peak oxygen consumption and lower blood lactate levels following exercise, though PPARβ/δ mKO + PGC-1α mTg mice showed a similar phenotype. Similarly, we found that PPARβ/δ was dispensable for PGC-1α-mediated enhancement of an oxidative phenotype in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Collectively, these results indicate that PPARβ/δ is not an essential partner of PGC-1α in the control of skeletal muscle energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristoffer Svensson
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gesa Santos
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 169612
| | - Christoph Handschin
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Christoph Handschin, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. Phone: +41 61 267 2378,
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157
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Salvadó L, Barroso E, Gómez-Foix AM, Palomer X, Michalik L, Wahli W, Vázquez-Carrera M. PPARβ/δ prevents endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells through an AMPK-dependent mechanism. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2126-35. [PMID: 25063273 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is involved in the link between inflammation and insulin resistance, contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we assessed whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ prevented ER stress-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. METHODS Studies were conducted in mouse C2C12 myotubes, in the human myogenic cell line LHCN-M2 and in skeletal muscle from wild-type and PPARβ/δ-deficient mice and mice exposed to a high-fat diet. RESULTS The PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 prevented lipid-induced ER stress in mouse and human myotubes and in skeletal muscle of mice fed a high-fat diet. PPARβ/δ activation also prevented thapsigargin- and tunicamycin-induced ER stress in human and murine skeletal muscle cells. In agreement with this, PPARβ/δ activation prevented ER stress-associated inflammation and insulin resistance, and glucose-intolerant PPARβ/δ-deficient mice showed increased phosphorylated levels of inositol-requiring 1 transmembrane kinase/endonuclease-1α in skeletal muscle. Our findings demonstrate that PPARβ/δ activation prevents ER stress through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the subsequent inhibition of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 due to the inhibitory crosstalk between AMPK and ERK1/2, since overexpression of a dominant negative AMPK construct (K45R) reversed the effects attained by PPARβ/δ activation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Overall, these findings indicate that PPARβ/δ prevents ER stress, inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells by activating AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Salvadó
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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158
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Kawabata F, Mizushige T, Uozumi K, Hayamizu K, Han L, Tsuji T, Kishida T. Fish protein intake induces fast-muscle hypertrophy and reduces liver lipids and serum glucose levels in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 79:109-16. [PMID: 25198797 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.951025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, fish protein was proven to reduce serum lipids and body fat accumulation by skeletal muscle hypertrophy and enhancing basal energy expenditure in rats. In the present study, we examined the precise effects of fish protein intake on different skeletal muscle fiber types and metabolic gene expression of the muscle. Fish protein increased fast-twitch muscle weight, reduced liver triglycerides and serum glucose levels, compared with the casein diet after 6 or 8 weeks of feeding. Furthermore, fish protein upregulated the gene expressions of a fast-twitch muscle-type marker and a glucose transporter in the muscle. These results suggest that fish protein induces fast-muscle hypertrophy, and the enhancement of basal energy expenditure by muscle hypertrophy and the increase in muscle glucose uptake reduced liver lipids and serum glucose levels. The present results also imply that fish protein intake causes a slow-to-fast shift in muscle fiber type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Kawabata
- a Human Life Science R&D Center, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd. , Tokyo , Japan
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159
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Neels JG, Grimaldi PA. Physiological functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:795-858. [PMID: 24987006 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ, are a family of transcription factors activated by a diversity of molecules including fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. PPARs regulate the transcription of a large variety of genes implicated in metabolism, inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation in different cell types. These transcriptional regulations involve both direct transactivation and interaction with other transcriptional regulatory pathways. The functions of PPARα and PPARγ have been extensively documented mainly because these isoforms are activated by molecules clinically used as hypolipidemic and antidiabetic compounds. The physiological functions of PPARβ remained for a while less investigated, but the finding that specific synthetic agonists exert beneficial actions in obese subjects uplifted the studies aimed to elucidate the roles of this PPAR isoform. Intensive work based on pharmacological and genetic approaches and on the use of both in vitro and in vivo models has considerably improved our knowledge on the physiological roles of PPARβ in various cell types. This review will summarize the accumulated evidence for the implication of PPARβ in the regulation of development, metabolism, and inflammation in several tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and intestine. Some of these findings indicate that pharmacological activation of PPARβ could be envisioned as a therapeutic option for the correction of metabolic disorders and a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, other experimental data suggesting that activation of PPARβ could result in serious adverse effects, such as carcinogenesis and psoriasis, raise concerns about the clinical use of potent PPARβ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G Neels
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul A Grimaldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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160
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Ding H, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yuan H, Qu J, Shen R. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator Activator Receptor Delta in Mouse Impacts Lipid Composition and Placental Development at Early Stage of Gestation1. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:57. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.116772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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161
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Mouisel E, Relizani K, Mille-Hamard L, Denis R, Hourdé C, Agbulut O, Patel K, Arandel L, Morales-Gonzalez S, Vignaud A, Garcia L, Ferry A, Luquet S, Billat V, Ventura-Clapier R, Schuelke M, Amthor H. Myostatin is a key mediator between energy metabolism and endurance capacity of skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R444-54. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00377.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin (Mstn) participates in the regulation of skeletal muscle size and has emerged as a regulator of muscle metabolism. Here, we hypothesized that lack of myostatin profoundly depresses oxidative phosphorylation-dependent muscle function. Toward this end, we explored Mstn −/− mice as a model for the constitutive absence of myostatin and AAV-mediated overexpression of myostatin propeptide as a model of myostatin blockade in adult wild-type mice. We show that muscles from Mstn −/− mice, although larger and stronger, fatigue extremely rapidly. Myostatin deficiency shifts muscle from aerobic toward anaerobic energy metabolism, as evidenced by decreased mitochondrial respiration, reduced expression of PPAR transcriptional regulators, increased enolase activity, and exercise-induced lactic acidosis. As a consequence, constitutively reduced myostatin signaling diminishes exercise capacity, while the hypermuscular state of Mstn−/− mice increases oxygen consumption and the energy cost of running. We wondered whether these results are the mere consequence of the congenital fiber-type switch toward a glycolytic phenotype of constitutive Mstn −/− mice. Hence, we overexpressed myostatin propeptide in adult mice, which did not affect fiber-type distribution, while nonetheless causing increased muscle fatigability, diminished exercise capacity, and decreased Pparb/d and Pgc1a expression. In conclusion, our results suggest that myostatin endows skeletal muscle with high oxidative capacity and low fatigability, thus regulating the delicate balance between muscle mass, muscle force, energy metabolism, and endurance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Mouisel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)/Paul Sabatier University, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity Research Laboratory, Toulouse, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Universités Européennes, l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Myology Center of Research and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR S974 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Karima Relizani
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratoire “End:icap”, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
| | | | - Raphaël Denis
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC 4413, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Hourdé
- Sorbonne Universités, Universités Européennes, l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Myology Center of Research and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR S974 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University of Savoie, Chambery, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- UPMC, Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Arandel
- Sorbonne Universités, Universités Européennes, l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Myology Center of Research and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR S974 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Susanne Morales-Gonzalez
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Luis Garcia
- Laboratoire “End:icap”, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
- Laboratoire International Associé - Biothérapies Appliquées aux Handicaps Neuromusculaires, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Sorbonne Universités, Universités Européennes, l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Myology Center of Research and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR S974 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC 4413, Paris, France
- CNRS, EAC 4413, Paris, France; and
| | | | | | - Markus Schuelke
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helge Amthor
- Sorbonne Universités, Universités Européennes, l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Myology Center of Research and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR S974 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
- Laboratoire “End:icap”, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
- Laboratoire International Associé - Biothérapies Appliquées aux Handicaps Neuromusculaires, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco
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Relizani K, Mouisel E, Giannesini B, Hourdé C, Patel K, Morales Gonzalez S, Jülich K, Vignaud A, Piétri-Rouxel F, Fortin D, Garcia L, Blot S, Ritvos O, Bendahan D, Ferry A, Ventura-Clapier R, Schuelke M, Amthor H. Blockade of ActRIIB signaling triggers muscle fatigability and metabolic myopathy. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1423-1433. [PMID: 24861054 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin regulates skeletal muscle size via the activin receptor IIB (ActRIIB). However, its effect on muscle energy metabolism and energy-dependent muscle function remains largely unexplored. This question needs to be solved urgently since various therapies for neuromuscular diseases based on blockade of ActRIIB signaling are being developed. Here, we show in mice, that 4-month pharmacological abrogation of ActRIIB signaling by treatment with soluble ActRIIB-Fc triggers extreme muscle fatigability. This is associated with elevated serum lactate levels and a severe metabolic myopathy in the mdx mouse, an animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Blockade of ActRIIB signaling downregulates porin, a crucial ADP/ATP shuttle between cytosol and mitochondrial matrix leading to a consecutive deficiency of oxidative phosphorylation as measured by in vivo Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS). Further, ActRIIB blockade reduces muscle capillarization, which further compounds the metabolic stress. We show that ActRIIB regulates key determinants of muscle metabolism, such as Pparβ, Pgc1α, and Pdk4 thereby optimizing different components of muscle energy metabolism. In conclusion, ActRIIB signaling endows skeletal muscle with high oxidative capacity and low fatigability. The severe metabolic side effects following ActRIIB blockade caution against deploying this strategy, at least in isolation, for treatment of neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Relizani
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Myologie, Unité mixte de recherche UPMC-AIM UM 76, INSERM U 974, CNRS UMR 7215, Paris, France; Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Myologie, Unité mixte de recherche UPMC-AIM UM 76, INSERM U 974, CNRS UMR 7215, Paris, France; Current address: Inserm UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Benoit Giannesini
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Resonance Magnetique Biologique et Medicale UMR 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Hourdé
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Myologie, Unité mixte de recherche UPMC-AIM UM 76, INSERM U 974, CNRS UMR 7215, Paris, France
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Susanne Morales Gonzalez
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Jülich
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alban Vignaud
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Myologie, Unité mixte de recherche UPMC-AIM UM 76, INSERM U 974, CNRS UMR 7215, Paris, France; Généthon, 1 bis rue de l'Internationale, Evry, France
| | - France Piétri-Rouxel
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Myologie, Unité mixte de recherche UPMC-AIM UM 76, INSERM U 974, CNRS UMR 7215, Paris, France
| | | | - Luis Garcia
- UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Stéphane Blot
- Unité de Neurologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Bendahan
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Resonance Magnetique Biologique et Medicale UMR 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Myologie, Unité mixte de recherche UPMC-AIM UM 76, INSERM U 974, CNRS UMR 7215, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Markus Schuelke
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Helge Amthor
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Myologie, Unité mixte de recherche UPMC-AIM UM 76, INSERM U 974, CNRS UMR 7215, Paris, France; UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Service Génétique Médicale, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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163
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Niacin in pharmacological doses alters microRNA expression in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98313. [PMID: 24847987 PMCID: PMC4029970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of pharmacological niacin doses was recently reported to have pronounced effects on skeletal muscle gene expression and phenotype in obese Zucker rats, with the molecular mechanisms underlying the alteration of gene expression being completely unknown. Since miRNAs have been shown to play a critical role for gene expression through inducing miRNA-mRNA interactions which results in the degradation of specific mRNAs or the repression of protein translation, we herein aimed to investigate the influence of niacin at pharmacological doses on the miRNA expression profile in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats fed either a control diet with 30 mg supplemented niacin/kg diet or a high-niacin diet with 780 mg supplemented niacin/kg diet for 4 wk. miRNA microarray analysis revealed that 42 out of a total of 259 miRNAs were differentially expressed (adjusted P-value <0.05), 20 being down-regulated and 22 being up-regulated, between the niacin group and the control group. Using a biostatistics approach, we could demonstrate that the most strongly up-regulated (log2 ratio ≥0.5) and down-regulated (log2 ratio ≤-0.5) miRNAs target approximately 1,800 mRNAs. Gene-term enrichment analysis showed that many of the predicted target mRNAs from the most strongly regulated miRNAs were involved in molecular processes dealing with gene transcription such as DNA binding, transcription regulator activity, transcription factor binding and in important regulatory pathways such as Wnt signaling and MAPK signaling. In conclusion, the present study shows for the first time that pharmacological niacin doses alter the expression of miRNAs in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats and that the niacin-regulated miRNAs target a large set of genes and pathways which are involved in gene regulatory activity indicating that at least some of the recently reported effects of niacin on skeletal muscle gene expression and phenotype in obese Zucker rats are mediated through miRNA-mRNA interactions.
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164
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Maternal protein restriction impairs the transcriptional metabolic flexibility of skeletal muscle in adult rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:328-37. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle exhibits a remarkable flexibility in the usage of fuel in response to the nutrient intake and energy demands of the organism. In fact, increased physical activity and fasting trigger a transcriptional programme in skeletal muscle cells leading to a switch from carbohydrate to lipid oxidation. Impaired metabolic flexibility has been reported to be associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, but it is not known whether the disability to adapt to metabolic demands is a cause or a consequence of these pathological conditions. Inasmuch as a poor nutritional environment during early life is a predisposing factor for the development of metabolic diseases in adulthood, in the present study, we aimed to determine the long-term effects of maternal malnutrition on the metabolic flexibility of offspring skeletal muscle. To this end, the transcriptional responses of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles to fasting were evaluated in adult rats born to dams fed a control (17 % protein) or a low-protein (8 % protein, protein restricted (PR)) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. With the exception of reduced body weight and reduced plasma concentrations of TAG, PR rats exhibited a metabolic profile that was the same as that of the control rats. In the fed state, PR rats exhibited an enhanced expression of key regulatory genes of fatty acid oxidation including CPT1a, PGC-1α, UCP3 and PPARα and an impaired expression of genes that increase the capacity for fat oxidation in response to fasting. These results suggest that impaired metabolic inflexibility precedes and may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders associated with early malnutrition.
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165
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Hong SH, Ahmadian M, Yu RT, Atkins AR, Downes M, Evans RM. Nuclear receptors and metabolism: from feast to famine. Diabetologia 2014; 57:860-7. [PMID: 24619218 PMCID: PMC3980036 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability to adapt to cycles of feast and famine is critical for survival. Communication between multiple metabolic organs must be integrated to properly metabolise nutrients. By controlling networks of genes in major metabolic organs, nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) play central roles in regulating metabolism in a tissue-specific manner. NHRs also establish daily rhythmicity by controlling the expression of core clock genes both centrally and peripherally. Recent findings show that many of the metabolic effects of NHRs are mediated through certain members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. This review focuses on the roles of NHRs in critical metabolic organs, including adipose tissue, liver and muscle, during the fed and fasted states, as well as their roles in circadian metabolism and downstream regulation of FGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Hyun Hong
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Maryam Ahmadian
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Ruth T. Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Annette R. Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA USA
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166
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Donadelli M, Dando I, Fiorini C, Palmieri M. UCP2, a mitochondrial protein regulated at multiple levels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1171-90. [PMID: 23807210 PMCID: PMC11114077 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of studies highlight the role of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of UCP2 regulation is becoming fundamental in both the comprehension of UCP2-related physiological events and the identification of novel therapeutic strategies based on UCP2 modulation. The study of UCP2 regulation is a fast-moving field. Recently, several research groups have made a great effort to thoroughly understand the various molecular mechanisms at the basis of UCP2 regulation. In this review, we describe novel findings concerning events that can occur in a concerted manner at various levels: Ucp2 gene mutation (single nucleotide polymorphisms), UCP2 mRNA and protein expression (transcriptional, translational, and protein turn-over regulation), UCP2 proton conductance (ligands and post-transcriptional modifications), and nutritional and pharmacological regulation of UCP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Donadelli
- Section of Biochemistry, Deparment of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy,
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167
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Quinn LS, Anderson BG, Conner JD, Wolden-Hanson T, Marcell TJ. IL-15 is required for postexercise induction of the pro-oxidative mediators PPARδ and SIRT1 in male mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:143-55. [PMID: 24169546 PMCID: PMC5378429 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise induces transient upregulation of the pro-oxidative mediators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ), silent information regulator of transcription (sirtuin)-1 (SIRT1), PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and PGC-1β in skeletal muscle. To determine the role of the cytokine IL-15 in acute postexercise induction of these molecules, expression of these factors after a bout of exhaustive treadmill running was examined in the gastrocnemius muscle of untrained control and IL-15-knockout (KO) mice. Circulating IL-15 levels increased transiently in control mice after exercise. Control mice, but not IL-15-KO mice, upregulated muscle PPARδ and SIRT1 protein after exercise, accompanied by a complex pattern of mRNA expression for these factors. However, in exhaustive exercise, control mice ran significantly longer than IL-15-KO mice. Therefore, in a second experiment, mice were limited to a 20-minute run, after which a similar pattern of induction of muscle PPARδ and SIRT1 protein by control mice only was observed. In a separate experiment, IL-15-KO mice injected systemically with recombinant IL-15 upregulated muscle PPARδ and SIRT1 mRNA within 30 minutes and also exhibited increased muscle PPARδ protein levels by 3 hours. After exercise, both control and IL-15-KO mice downregulated IL-15 receptor-α (IL-15Rα) mRNA, whereas IL-15Rα-deficient mice exhibited constitutively elevated circulating IL-15 levels. These observations indicate IL-15 release after exercise is necessary for induction of PPARδ and SIRT1 at the protein level in muscle tissue and suggest that exercise releases IL-15 normally sequestered by the IL-15Rα in the resting state. These findings could be used to develop an IL-15-based strategy to induce many of the metabolic benefits of physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lebris S Quinn
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (L.S.Q., B.G.A.) and Research Service (L.S.Q., J.D.C., T.W.-H.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, and Seattle Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Research (L.S.Q., J.D.C.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (L.S.Q., B.G.A.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; and Department of Kinesiology (T.J.M.), California State University Stanislaus, Turlock, California 95382
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168
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Nakamura MT, Yudell BE, Loor JJ. Regulation of energy metabolism by long-chain fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 53:124-44. [PMID: 24362249 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, excess energy is stored primarily as triglycerides, which are mobilized when energy demands arise. This review mainly focuses on the role of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in regulating energy metabolism as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPAR-alpha expressed primarily in liver is essential for metabolic adaptation to starvation by inducing genes for beta-oxidation and ketogenesis and by downregulating energy expenditure through fibroblast growth factor 21. PPAR-delta is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and induces genes for LCFA oxidation during fasting and endurance exercise. PPAR-delta also regulates glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis by inducing FOXO1 and PGC1-alpha. Genes targeted by PPAR-gamma in adipocytes suggest that PPAR-gamma senses incoming non-esterified LCFAs and induces the pathways to store LCFAs as triglycerides. Adiponectin, another important target of PPAR-gamma may act as a spacer between adipocytes to maintain their metabolic activity and insulin sensitivity. Another topic of this review is effects of skin LCFAs on energy metabolism. Specific LCFAs are required for the synthesis of skin lipids, which are essential for water barrier and thermal insulation functions of the skin. Disturbance of skin lipid metabolism often causes apparent resistance to developing obesity at the expense of normal skin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu T Nakamura
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Barbara E Yudell
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Juan J Loor
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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169
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Stephenson EJ, Hawley JA. Mitochondrial function in metabolic health: a genetic and environmental tug of war. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1285-94. [PMID: 24345456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased prevalence of obesity and its co-morbidities and their strong association with inactivity have produced an 'exercise-deficient phenotype' in which individuals with a particular combination of disease-susceptible genes collide with environmental influences to cross a biological 'threshold' that ultimately manifests as overt clinical conditions (i.e., risk-factors for disease states). These risk-factors have been linked to impairments in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. SCOPE OF REVIEW The question of whether 'inborn' mitochondrial deficiencies and/or defective mitochondrial metabolism contribute to metabolic disease, or if environmental factors are the major determinant, will be examined. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We contend that impaired whole-body insulin resistance along with impaired skeletal muscle handling of carbohydrate and lipid fuels (i.e., metabolic inflexibility) is associated with a reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial content which, in large part, is a maladaptive response to an 'inactivity cycle' which predisposes to a reduced level of habitual physical activity. While genetic components play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease, exercise is a powerful environmental stimulus capable of restoring the metabolic flexibility of fuel selection and reduces risk-factors for metabolic disease in genetically-susceptible individuals. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Given the apathy towards voluntary physical activity in most Western societies, it is clear that there is an urgent need for innovative, clinically-effective exercise strategies, coupled with changes in current attitudes and methods of delivering exercise prescription and dietary advice, in order to improve metabolic health and reduce metabolic disease risk at the population level. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Stephenson
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A..
| | - John A Hawley
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia; Research Institute for Sports and Exercise, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool United Kingdom.
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170
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Fan W, Atkins AR, Yu RT, Downes M, Evans RM. Road to exercise mimetics: targeting nuclear receptors in skeletal muscle. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 51:T87-T100. [PMID: 24280961 PMCID: PMC3936671 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the human body and is the major site for energy expenditure. It exhibits remarkable plasticity in response to physiological stimuli such as exercise. Physical exercise remodels skeletal muscle and enhances its capability to burn calories, which has been shown to be beneficial for many clinical conditions including the metabolic syndrome and cancer. Nuclear receptors (NRs) comprise a class of transcription factors found only in metazoans that regulate major biological processes such as reproduction, development, and metabolism. Recent studies have demonstrated crucial roles for NRs and their co-regulators in the regulation of skeletal muscle energy metabolism and exercise-induced muscle remodeling. While nothing can fully replace exercise, development of exercise mimetics that enhance or even substitute for the beneficial effects of physical exercise would be of great benefit. The unique property of NRs that allows modulation by endogenous or synthetic ligands makes them bona fide therapeutic targets. In this review, we present an overview of the current understanding of the role of NRs and their co-regulators in skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism and summarize recent progress in the development of exercise mimetics that target NRs and their co-regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Fan
- Gene Expression Laboratory Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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171
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily includes many receptors, identified based on their similarity to steroid hormone receptors but without a known ligand. The study of how these receptors are diversely regulated to interact with genomic regions to control a plethora of biological processes has provided critical insight into development, physiology, and the molecular pathology of disease. Here we provide a compendium of these so-called orphan receptors and focus on what has been learned about their modes of action, physiological functions, and therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Mullican
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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172
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Scholz K, Kynast AM, Couturier A, Mooren FC, Krüger K, Most E, Eder K, Ringseis R. Supplementing healthy rats with a high-niacin dose has no effect on muscle fiber distribution and muscle metabolic phenotype. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:1229-36. [PMID: 24271591 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It was recently shown that niacin prevents the obesity-induced type I to type II fiber switching in skeletal muscle of obese rats and favors the development of a more oxidative metabolic phenotype and thereby increases whole body utilization of fatty acids. Whether niacin also causes type II to type I fiber switching in skeletal muscle of healthy rats has not been investigated yet. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate whether niacin supplementation influences fiber distribution and metabolic phenotype of different skeletal muscles with a distinct type I-to-type II fiber ratio in healthy rats. METHODS Twenty-four male, 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into two groups of 12 rats each and fed either a control diet with 30 mg supplemented niacin/kg diet (control group) or a high-niacin diet with 780 mg supplemented niacin/kg diet (high-niacin group). RESULTS After 27 days of treatment, the percentage number of type I fibers in rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles was 5-10% greater in the niacin group than in the control group, but did not differ between groups in soleus and vastus intermedius muscles. Transcript levels of genes encoding transcription factors regulating fiber switching, fiber-specific myosin heavy chain isoforms, and proteins involved in fatty acid utilization, oxidative phosphorylation, and angiogenesis did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS The results show that niacin has only negligible effects on fiber distribution and its regulation as well as the metabolic phenotype of skeletal muscle in healthy rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Scholz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35390, Giessen, Germany
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173
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Khan M, Couturier A, Kubens JF, Most E, Mooren FC, Krüger K, Ringseis R, Eder K. Niacin supplementation induces type II to type I muscle fiber transition in skeletal muscle of sheep. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55:85. [PMID: 24267720 PMCID: PMC4176759 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It was recently shown that niacin supplementation counteracts the obesity-induced muscle fiber transition from oxidative type I to glycolytic type II and increases the number of type I fibers in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats. These effects were likely mediated by the induction of key regulators of fiber transition, PPARδ (encoded by PPARD), PGC-1α (encoded by PPARGC1A) and PGC-1β (encoded by PPARGC1B), leading to type II to type I fiber transition and upregulation of genes involved in oxidative metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether niacin administration also influences fiber distribution and the metabolic phenotype of different muscles [M. longissimus dorsi (LD), M. semimembranosus (SM), M. semitendinosus (ST)] in sheep as a model for ruminants. For this purpose, 16 male, 11 wk old Rhoen sheep were randomly allocated to two groups of 8 sheep each administered either no (control group) or 1 g niacin per day (niacin group) for 4 wk. Results After 4 wk, the percentage number of type I fibers in LD, SM and ST muscles was greater in the niacin group, whereas the percentage number of type II fibers was less in niacin group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B, and PPARD and the relative mRNA levels of genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid uptake (CPT1B, SLC25A20), tricarboxylic acid cycle (SDHA), mitochondrial respiratory chain (COX5A, COX6A1), and angiogenesis (VEGFA) in LD, SM and ST muscles were greater (P < 0.05) or tended to be greater (P < 0.15) in the niacin group than in the control group. Conclusions The study shows that niacin supplementation induces muscle fiber transition from type II to type I, and thereby an oxidative metabolic phenotype of skeletal muscle in sheep as a model for ruminants. The enhanced capacity of skeletal muscle to utilize fatty acids in ruminants might be particularly useful during metabolic states in which fatty acids are excessively mobilized from adipose tissue, such as during the early lactating period in high producing cows.
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174
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Ljubicic V, Burt M, Jasmin BJ. The therapeutic potential of skeletal muscle plasticity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: phenotypic modifiers as pharmacologic targets. FASEB J 2013; 28:548-68. [PMID: 24249639 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-238071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a life-limiting, neuromuscular disorder that causes progressive, severe muscle wasting in boys and young men. Although there is no cure, scientists and clinicians can leverage the fact that slower, more oxidative skeletal muscle fibers possess an enhanced degree of resistance to the dystrophic pathology relative to their faster, more glycolytic counterparts, and can thus use this knowledge when investigating novel therapeutic avenues. Several factors have been identified as powerful regulators of muscle plasticity. Some proteins, such as calcineurin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), PPARβ/δ, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), when chronically stimulated in animal models, remodel skeletal muscle toward the slow, oxidative myogenic program, whereas others, such as receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) and E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), repress this phenotype. Recent studies demonstrating that pharmacologic and physiological activation of targets that shift dystrophic muscle toward the slow, oxidative myogenic program provide appreciable molecular and functional benefits. This review surveys the rationale behind, and evidence for, the study of skeletal muscle plasticity in preclinical models of DMD and highlights the potential therapeutic opportunities in advancing a strategy focused on remodeling skeletal muscle in patients with DMD toward the slow, oxidative phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ljubicic
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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175
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Mizunoya W, Iwamoto Y, Shirouchi B, Sato M, Komiya Y, Razin FR, Tatsumi R, Sato Y, Nakamura M, Ikeuchi Y. Dietary fat influences the expression of contractile and metabolic genes in rat skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80152. [PMID: 24244634 PMCID: PMC3823866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases. To determine whether the intake of different types of dietary fats affect the muscle fiber types that govern the metabolic and contractile properties of the skeletal muscle, we fed male Wistar rats with a 15% fat diet derived from different fat sources. Diets composed of soybean oil (n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-rich), fish oil (n-3 PUFA-rich), or lard (low in PUFAs) were administered to the rats for 4 weeks. Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms were used as biomarkers to delineate the skeletal muscle fiber types. Compared with soybean oil intake, fish oil intake showed significantly lower levels of the fast-type MyHC2B and higher levels of the intermediate-type MyHC2X composition in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, which is a fast-type dominant muscle. Concomitantly, MyHC2X mRNA levels in fish oil-fed rats were significantly higher than those observed in the soybean oil-fed rats. The MyHC isoform composition in the lard-fed rats was an intermediate between that of the fish oil and soybean oil-fed rats. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, and porin mRNA showed significantly upregulated levels in the EDL of fish oil-fed rats compared to those observed in soybean oil-fed and lard-fed rats, implying an activation of oxidative metabolism. In contrast, no changes in the composition of MyHC isoforms was observed in the soleus muscle, which is a slow-type dominant muscle. Fatty acid composition in the serum and the muscle was significantly influenced by the type of dietary fat consumed. In conclusion, dietary fat affects the expression of genes related to the contractile and metabolic properties in the fast-type dominant skeletal muscle, where the activation of oxidative metabolism is more pronounced after fish oil intake than that after soybean oil intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Mizunoya
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yohei Iwamoto
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Bungo Shirouchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Sato
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Komiya
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Farzaneh Rahimi Razin
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tatsumi
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mako Nakamura
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Ikeuchi
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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176
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Mizunoya W, Iwamoto Y, Sato Y, Tatsumi R, Ikeuchi Y. Cold exposure increases slow-type myosin heavy chain 1 (MyHC1) composition of soleus muscle in rats. Anim Sci J 2013; 85:293-304. [PMID: 24206444 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cold exposure on rat skeletal muscle fiber type, according to myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform and metabolism-related factors. Male Wistar rats (7 weeks old) were housed individually at 4 ± 2°C as a cold-exposed group or at room temperature (22 ± 2°C) as a control group for 4 weeks. We found that cold exposure significantly increased the slow-type MyHC1 content in the soleus muscle (a typical slow-type fiber), while the intermediate-type MyHC2A content was significantly decreased. In contrast to soleus, MyHC composition of extensor digitorum longus (EDL, a typical fast-type fiber) and gastrocnemius (a mix of slow-type and fast-type fibers) muscle did not change from cold exposure. Cold exposure increased mRNA expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in both the soleus and EDL. Cold exposure also increased mRNA expression of myoglobin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) in the soleus. Upregulation of UCP3 and PGC1α proteins were observed with Western blotting in the gastrocnemius. Thus, cold exposure increased metabolism-related factors in all muscle types that were tested, but MyHC isoforms changed only in the soleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Mizunoya
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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177
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Wang YC, Li Y, Wang XY, Zhang D, Zhang H, Wu Q, He YQ, Wang JY, Zhang L, Xia H, Yan J, Li X, Ying H. Circulating miR-130b mediates metabolic crosstalk between fat and muscle in overweight/obesity. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2275-85. [PMID: 23868745 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ that regulates whole-body energy homeostasis through the secretion of signalling molecules. Recent reports suggest that secreted microRNAs (miRNAs) may function as biologically active molecules for intercellular communication. This study aims to identify obesity-related circulating miRNA that could be secreted from adipocytes and to explore its possible role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. METHODS Real-time RT-PCR was used to evaluate the circulating level of miR-130b in mouse models of obesity as well as in humans. Luciferase assay and immunoblotting were used to verify the miRNA target. The effect of miR-130b on mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α was also investigated by electrogene transfer. RESULTS The circulating level of miR-130b was elevated in mouse models of obesity as well as in obese Chinese individuals. More interestingly, the circulating level of miR-130b was positively correlated with BMI. Moreover, circulating miR-130b was a better predictor of the metabolic syndrome than was triacylglycerol level. Mechanistically, adipocytes secreted miR-130b during adipogenesis. TGF-β, which is proportionately increased with obesity, stimulated miR-130b secretion from adipocytes. Furthermore, miR-130b was able to target muscle cells and reduce the expression of its direct target gene, PGC-1α (also known as PPARGC1A), which plays a key role in lipid oxidation in muscle. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Circulating miR-130b reflects the degree of obesity and could serve as a potential biomarker for hypertriacylglycerolaemia and metabolic syndrome. Circulating miR-130b could function as a metabolic mediator for adipose-muscle crosstalk and might be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-cheng Wang
- Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Khan M, Ringseis R, Mooren FC, Krüger K, Most E, Eder K. Niacin supplementation increases the number of oxidative type I fibers in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:177. [PMID: 24010567 PMCID: PMC3846775 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A recent study showed that niacin supplementation counteracts the obesity-induced muscle fiber switching from oxidative type I to glycolytic type II and increases the number of type I fibers in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats. These effects were likely mediated by the induction of key regulators of fiber transition, PGC-1α and PGC-1β, leading to muscle fiber switching and up-regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid import and oxidation, citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether niacin supplementation causes type II to type I muscle and changes the metabolic phenotype of skeletal muscles in growing pigs. Results 25 male, 11 wk old crossbred pigs (Danzucht x Pietrain) with an average body weight of 32.8 ± 1.3 (mean ± SD) kg were randomly allocated to two groups of 12 (control group) and 13 pigs (niacin group) which were fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with 750 mg niacin/kg diet. After 3 wk, the percentage number of type I fibers in three different muscles (M. longissismus dorsi, M. quadriceps femoris, M. gastrocnemius) was greater in the niacin group and the percentage number of type II fibers was lower in the niacin group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of PGC-1β and genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid catabolism (CACT, FATP1, OCTN2), citrate cycle (SDHA), oxidative phosphorylation (COX4/1, COX6A1), and thermogenesis (UCP3) in M. longissimus dorsi were greater in the niacin group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions The study demonstrates that niacin supplementation induces type II to type I muscle fiber switching, and thereby an oxidative metabolic phenotype of skeletal muscle in pigs. Given that oxidative muscle types tend to develop dark, firm and dry pork in response to intense physical activity and/or high psychological stress levels preslaughter, a niacin-induced change in the muscle´s fiber type distribution may influence meat quality of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muckta Khan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, Giessen 35390, Germany.
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Nierobisz LS, Cheatham B, Buehrer BM, Sexton JZ. High-content screening of human primary muscle satellite cells for new therapies for muscular atrophy/dystrophy. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2013; 7:21-9. [PMID: 24396732 PMCID: PMC3854661 DOI: 10.2174/2213988501307010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Myoblast proliferation and differentiation are essential for normal skeletal muscle growth and repair. Muscle recovery is dependent on the quiescent population of muscle stem cells - satellite cells. During muscle injury, satellite cells become mitotically active and begin the repair process by fusing with each other and/or with myofibers. Aging, prolonged inactivity, obesity, cachexia and other muscle wasting diseases are associated with a decreased number of quiescent and proliferating satellite cells, which impedes the repair process. A high-content/high-throughput platform was developed and utilized for robust phenotypic evaluation of human primary satellite cells in vitro for the discovery of chemical probes that may improve muscle recovery. A 1600 compound pilot screen was developed using two highly annotated small molecule libraries. This screen yielded 15 dose responsive compounds that increased proliferation rate in satellite cells derived from a single obese human donor. Two of these compounds remained dose responsive when counter-screened in 3-donor obese superlot. The Alk-5 inhibitor LY364947, was used as a positive control for assessing satellite cell proliferation/delayed differentiation. A multivariate approach was utilized for exploratory data analysis to discover proliferation vs. differentiation-dependent changes in cellular phenotype. Initial screening efforts successfully identified a number of phenotypic outcomes that are associated with desired effect of stimulation of proliferation and delayed differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia S Nierobisz
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan Z Sexton
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Liu S, Reilly SM, Lee CH. Transcriptional repression of mitochondrial function in aging: a novel role for the silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors co-repressor. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:299-309. [PMID: 22703297 PMCID: PMC3691917 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondrial function plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis and has been implicated in aging. Although there is still ongoing debate regarding whether mitochondrion-derived oxidative stress is causative to the aging process, interventions that increase oxidative metabolism and antioxidant pathways in animal models protect against age-related deterioration, such as metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. RECENT ADVANCES One of the well-characterized transcriptional networks known to improve mitochondrial activity is mediated by transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), which is activated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), two of the major energy sensing molecules that are responsible for the longevity effect of caloric restriction in certain model systems. PGC-1α co-activates several nuclear receptors, notably members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, which are key regulators of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. CRITICAL ISSUES Although the AMPK/SIRT1-PGC-1α-PPAR axis plays a prominent role in activating mitochondrial functions, their activities are down-regulated in older animals, suggesting the involvement of dominant negative regulatory mechanisms in the process of aging. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In this review, we will discuss the role of a transcriptional co-repressor, silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT), whose activity and expression are increased with age, as a negative regulator of mitochondrial function that promotes aging and age-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Liu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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181
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Woldt E, Sebti Y, Solt LA, Duhem C, Lancel S, Eeckhoute J, Hesselink MKC, Paquet C, Delhaye S, Shin Y, Kamenecka TM, Schaart G, Lefebvre P, Nevière R, Burris TP, Schrauwen P, Staels B, Duez H. Rev-erb-α modulates skeletal muscle oxidative capacity by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy. Nat Med 2013; 19:1039-46. [PMID: 23852339 PMCID: PMC3737409 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor Rev-erb-α modulates hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism, adipogenesis and the inflammatory response in macrophages. We show here that Rev-erb-α is highly expressed in oxidative skeletal muscle and plays a role in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative function, in gain- and loss-of function studies. Rev-erb-α-deficiency in skeletal muscle leads to reduced mitochondrial content and oxidative function, resulting in compromised exercise capacity. This phenotype was recapitulated in isolated fibers and in muscle cells upon Rev-erbα knock-down, while Rev-erb-α over-expression increased the number of mitochondria with improved respiratory capacity. Rev-erb-α-deficiency resulted in deactivation of the Stk11–Ampk–Sirt1–Ppargc1-α signaling pathway, whereas autophagy was up-regulated, resulting in both impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and increased clearance. Muscle over-expression or pharmacological activation of Rev-erb-α increased respiration and exercise capacity. This study identifies Rev-erb-α as a pharmacological target which improves muscle oxidative function by modulating gene networks controlling mitochondrial number and function.
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182
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Ikonomov OC, Sbrissa D, Delvecchio K, Feng HZ, Cartee GD, Jin JP, Shisheva A. Muscle-specific Pikfyve gene disruption causes glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, adiposity, and hyperinsulinemia but not muscle fiber-type switching. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E119-31. [PMID: 23673157 PMCID: PMC3725567 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00030.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved kinase PIKfyve that synthesizes PtdIns5P and PtdIns(3,5)P₂ has been implicated in insulin-regulated GLUT4 translocation/glucose entry in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To decipher PIKfyve's role in muscle and systemic glucose metabolism, here we have developed a novel mouse model with Pikfyve gene disruption in striated muscle (MPIfKO). These mice exhibited systemic glucose intolerance and insulin resistance at an early age but had unaltered muscle mass or proportion of slow/fast-twitch muscle fibers. Insulin stimulation of in vivo or ex vivo glucose uptake and GLUT4 surface translocation was severely blunted in skeletal muscle. These changes were associated with premature attenuation of Akt phosphorylation in response to in vivo insulin, as tested in young mice. Starting at 10-11 wk of age, MPIfKO mice progressively accumulated greater body weight and fat mass. Despite increased adiposity, serum free fatty acid and triglyceride levels were normal until adulthood. Together with the undetectable lipid accumulation in liver, these data suggest that lipotoxicity and muscle fiber switching do not contribute to muscle insulin resistance in MPIfKO mice. Furthermore, the 80% increase in total fat mass resulted from increased fat cell size rather than altered fat cell number. The observed profound hyperinsulinemia combined with the documented increases in constitutive Akt activation, in vivo glucose uptake, and gene expression of key enzymes for fatty acid biosynthesis in MPIfKO fat tissue suggest that the latter is being sensitized for de novo lipid anabolism. Our data provide the first in vivo evidence that PIKfyve is essential for systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin-regulated glucose uptake/GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognian C Ikonomov
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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183
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High sugar intake and development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance and inflammation in mice: a protective role for PPAR- δ agonism. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:509502. [PMID: 23861559 PMCID: PMC3703883 DOI: 10.1155/2013/509502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR)-δ agonists may serve for treating metabolic diseases. However, the effects of PPAR-δ agonism within the skeletal muscle, which plays a key role in whole-body glucose metabolism, remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the signaling pathways activated in the gastrocnemius muscle by chronic administration of the selective PPAR-δ agonist, GW0742 (1 mg/kg/day for 16 weeks), in male C57Bl6/J mice treated for 30 weeks with high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), the major sweetener in foods and soft-drinks (15% wt/vol in drinking water). Mice fed with the HFCS diet exhibited hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and hypoadiponectinemia. In the gastrocnemius muscle, HFCS impaired insulin and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and reduced GLUT-4 and GLUT-5 expression and membrane translocation. GW0742 administration induced PPAR-δ upregulation and improvement in glucose and lipid metabolism. Diet-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of inducible-nitric-oxide-synthase and intercellular-adhesion-molecule-1 were attenuated by drug treatment. These effects were accompanied by reduction in the serum concentration of interleukin-6 and increase in muscular expression of fibroblast growth factor-21. Overall, here we show that PPAR-δ activation protects the skeletal muscle against the metabolic abnormalities caused by chronic HFCS exposure by affecting multiple levels of the insulin and inflammatory cascades.
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184
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New insights in the regulation of skeletal muscle PGC-1α by exercise and metabolic diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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185
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Fedorova LV, Sodhi K, Gatto-Weis C, Puri N, Hinds TD, Shapiro JI, Malhotra D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ agonist, HPP593, prevents renal necrosis under chronic ischemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64436. [PMID: 23691217 PMCID: PMC3654981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Goldblatt’s 2 kidney 1 clip (2K1C) rat animal model of renovascular hypertension is characterized by ischemic nephropathy of the clipped kidney. 2K1C rats were treated with a specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) agonist, HPP593. Clipped kidneys from untreated rats developed tubular and glomerular necrosis and massive interstitial, periglomerular and perivascular fibrosis. HPP593 kidneys did not exhibit any histochemical features of necrosis; fibrotic lesions were present only in perivascular areas. Necrosis in the untreated clipped kidneys was associated with an increased oxidative stress, up regulation and mitochondrial translocation of the pro-death protein BNIP3 specifically in tubules. In the kidneys of HPP593-treated rats oxidative stress was attenuated and BNIP3 protein decreased notably in the mitochondrial fraction when compared to untreated animals. In untreated clipped kidneys, mitochondria were dysfunctional as revealed by perturbations in the levels of MCAD, COXIV, TFAM, and Parkin proteins and AMPK activation, while in HPP593-treated rats these proteins remained at the physiological levels. Nuclear amounts of oxidative stress-responsive proteins, NRF1 and NRF2 were below physiological levels in treated kidneys. Mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy were inhibited similarly in both treated and untreated 2K1C kidneys as indicated by a decrease in PGC1-α and deficiency of the autophagy-essential proteins LC3-II and ATG5. However, HPP593 treatment resulted in increased accumulation of p62 protein, an autophagic substrate and an enhancer of NRF2 activity. Therefore, inhibition of BNIP3 activation by the preservation of mitochondrial function and control of oxidative stress by PPARδ is the most likely mechanism to account for the prevention of necrotic death in the kidney under conditions of persistent ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V Fedorova
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo School of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America.
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186
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Gan Z, Rumsey J, Hazen BC, Lai L, Leone TC, Vega RB, Xie H, Conley KE, Auwerx J, Smith SR, Olson EN, Kralli A, Kelly DP. Nuclear receptor/microRNA circuitry links muscle fiber type to energy metabolism. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2564-75. [PMID: 23676496 DOI: 10.1172/jci67652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the coordinate regulation of the metabolic and structural programs controlling muscle fitness and endurance are unknown. Recently, the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ was shown to activate muscle endurance programs in transgenic mice. In contrast, muscle-specific transgenic overexpression of the related nuclear receptor, PPARα, results in reduced capacity for endurance exercise. We took advantage of the divergent actions of PPARβ/δ and PPARα to explore the downstream regulatory circuitry that orchestrates the programs linking muscle fiber type with energy metabolism. Our results indicate that, in addition to the well-established role in transcriptional control of muscle metabolic genes, PPARβ/δ and PPARα participate in programs that exert opposing actions upon the type I fiber program through a distinct muscle microRNA (miRNA) network, dependent on the actions of another nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ). Gain-of-function and loss-of-function strategies in mice, together with assessment of muscle biopsies from humans, demonstrated that type I muscle fiber proportion is increased via the stimulatory actions of ERRγ on the expression of miR-499 and miR-208b. This nuclear receptor/miRNA regulatory circuit shows promise for the identification of therapeutic targets aimed at maintaining muscle fitness in a variety of chronic disease states, such as obesity, skeletal myopathies, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenji Gan
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
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Wu W, Ren Z, Zhang L, Liu Y, Li H, Xiong Y. Overexpression of Six1 gene suppresses proliferation and enhances expression of fast-type muscle genes in C2C12 myoblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:23-32. [PMID: 23613228 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox 1 (Six1) homeodomain transcription factor is implicated in the genesis of muscle fiber type diversity, but its regulatory mechanisms on the formation of muscle fiber type are still poorly understood. To elucidate the biological roles of Six1 gene in muscle fiber formation, we established C2C12 cell line overexpressing Six1 and determined the effects of forced Six1 expression on muscle-specific genes expression, cell proliferation, and cell cycles. Our results indicated that Six1 overexpression could significantly promote the expression of fast-type muscle genes Atp2a1, Srl, and Mylpf. Furthermore, Six1 overexpressing C2C12 cells displayed a relative lower proliferative potential, and cell cycle analysis showed that Six1 exerted its role in cell cycle primarily through the regulation of G1/S and G2/M phases. In conclusion, Six1 plays an essential role in modulation of the fast-twitch muscle fiber phenotype through up-regulating fast-type muscle genes expression, and it could suppress the proliferation of muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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188
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Castillero E, Alamdari N, Aversa Z, Gurav A, Hasselgren PO. PPARβ/δ regulates glucocorticoid- and sepsis-induced FOXO1 activation and muscle wasting. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59726. [PMID: 23555761 PMCID: PMC3605288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXO1 is involved in glucocorticoid- and sepsis-induced muscle wasting, in part reflecting regulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Mechanisms influencing FOXO1 expression in muscle wasting are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) upregulates muscle FOXO1 expression and activity with a downstream upregulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression during sepsis and glucocorticoid treatment and that inhibition of PPARβ/δ activity can prevent muscle wasting. We found that activation of PPARβ/δ in cultured myotubes increased FOXO1 activity, atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression, protein degradation and myotube atrophy. Treatment of myotubes with dexamethasone increased PPARβ/δ expression and activity. Dexamethasone-induced FOXO1 activation and atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression, protein degradation, and myotube atrophy were inhibited by PPARβ/δ blocker or siRNA. Importantly, muscle wasting induced in rats by dexamethasone or sepsis was prevented by treatment with a PPARβ/δ inhibitor. The present results suggest that PPARβ/δ regulates FOXO1 activation in glucocorticoid- and sepsis-induced muscle wasting and that treatment with a PPARβ/δ inhibitor may ameliorate loss of muscle mass in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Castillero
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nima Alamdari
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zaira Aversa
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aniket Gurav
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Per-Olof Hasselgren
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li L, Luo Z, Yu H, Feng X, Wang P, Chen J, Pu Y, Zhao Y, He H, Zhong J, Liu D, Zhu Z. Telmisartan improves insulin resistance of skeletal muscle through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ activation. Diabetes 2013; 62:762-74. [PMID: 23238297 PMCID: PMC3581229 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the improvement of glucose homeostasis through angiotensin receptor blockers are not fully elucidated in hypertensive patients. We investigated the effects of telmisartan on insulin signaling and glucose uptake in cultured myotubes and skeletal muscle from wild-type and muscle-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ knockout (MCK-PPARδ(-/-)) mice. Telmisartan increased PPARδ expression and activated PPARδ transcriptional activity in cultured C2C12 myotubes. In palmitate-induced insulin-resistant C2C12 myotubes, telmisartan enhanced insulin-stimulated Akt and Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) phosphorylation as well as Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane. These effects were inhibited by antagonizing PPARδ or phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, but not by PPARγ and PPARα inhibition. Palmitate reducing the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes could be restored by telmisartan. In vivo experiments showed that telmisartan treatment reversed high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in wild-type mice but not in MCK-PPARδ(-/-) mice. The protein levels of PPARδ, phospho-Akt, phospho-AS160, and Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane in the skeletal muscle on insulin stimulation were reduced by high-fat diet and were restored by telmisartan administration in wild-type mice. These effects were absent in MCK-PPARδ(-/-) mice. These findings implicate PPARδ as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertensive subjects with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daoyan Liu
- Corresponding author: Zhiming Zhu, , or Daoyan Liu,
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Corresponding author: Zhiming Zhu, , or Daoyan Liu,
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190
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Ringseis R, Rosenbaum S, Gessner DK, Herges L, Kubens JF, Mooren FC, Krüger K, Eder K. Supplementing obese Zucker rats with niacin induces the transition of glycolytic to oxidative skeletal muscle fibers. J Nutr 2013; 143:125-31. [PMID: 23256146 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.164038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that niacin increases the oxidative capacity of muscle by increasing the oxidative type I muscle fiber content. Twenty-four obese Zucker rats were assigned to 2 groups of 12 rats that were fed either a control diet (O group) or a diet supplemented with 750 mg/kg diet niacin (O+N group) for 4 wk. In addition, one group of lean rats (L group) was included in the experiment and fed the control diet for 4 wk. Plasma and liver concentrations of TG were markedly greater in obese groups than in the L group but markedly lower in the O+N group than in the O group (P < 0.05). Rats of the O+N group had a higher percentage of oxidative type I fibers and higher mRNA levels of genes encoding regulators of muscle fiber composition (Ppard, Ppargc1a, Ppargc1b), angiogenic factors (Vegfa, Vegfb), and genes involved in fatty acid utilization (Cpt1b, Slc25a20, Slc22a4, Slc22a5, Slc27a1) and oxidative phosphorylation (Cox4i1, Cox6a2) and a higher activity of the mitochondrial oxidative enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in muscle than rats of the O and L groups (P < 0.05). These niacin-induced changes in muscle metabolic phenotype are indicative of an increased capacity of muscle for oxidative utilization of fatty acids and are likely mediated by the upregulation of Ppard, Ppargc1a, and Ppargc1b, which are key regulators of muscle fiber composition, mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, and genes involved in fatty acid catabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. The increased utilization of fatty acids by muscle might contribute to the strong TG-lowering effect of niacin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen,Germany
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191
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Vina J, Sanchis-Gomar F, Martinez-Bello V, Gomez-Cabrera MC. Exercise acts as a drug; the pharmacological benefits of exercise. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1-12. [PMID: 22486393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of regular exercise for the promotion of health and cure of diseases have been clearly shown. In this review, we would like to postulate the idea that exercise can be considered as a drug. Exercise causes a myriad of beneficial effects for health, including the promotion of health and lifespan, and these are reviewed in the first section of this paper. Then we deal with the dosing of exercise. As with many drugs, dosing is extremely important to get the beneficial effects of exercise. To this end, the organism adapts to exercise. We review the molecular signalling pathways involved in these adaptations because understanding them is of great importance to be able to prescribe exercise in an appropriate manner. Special attention must be paid to the psychological effects of exercise. These are so powerful that we would like to propose that exercise may be considered as a psychoactive drug. In moderate doses, it causes very pronounced relaxing effects on the majority of the population, but some persons may even become addicted to exercise. Finally, there may be some contraindications to exercise that arise when people are severely ill, and these are described in the final section of the review. Our general conclusion is that exercise is so effective that it should be considered as a drug, but that more attention should be paid to the dosing and to individual variations between patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vina
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
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192
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Effect of 2,4-thiazolidinedione on limousin cattle growth and on muscle and adipose tissue metabolism. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:891841. [PMID: 23304114 PMCID: PMC3523600 DOI: 10.1155/2012/891841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ possesses high affinity to 2,4-TZD, a member of the Thiazolidinedione family of insulin-sensitizing compounds used as adipogenic agents. We evaluated 2,4-TZD's effect on bovine growth and PPAR tissue expression. Seventeen Limousin bulls (18 month-old; 350 kg body weight (BW)) were assigned into 2 treatments: control and 2,4-TZD (8 mg/70 kg BW) and were fed until bulls reached 500 kg BW. They were weighed and their blood was sampled. DNA, RNA, and protein were determined in liver; skeletal muscle; subcutaneous (SC), omental, perirenal adipose tissues (AT) to determine protein synthesis rate and cellular size. Expression of PPAR mRNA was measured in liver and muscle (PPARα, -δ, and -γ) and SC adipose tissue (γ) by real-time PCR. No significant differences were found (P > 0.1) in weight gain, days on feed, and carcass quality. Muscle synthesis was greater in controls (P < 0.05); cell size was larger with 2,4-TZD (P < 0.05). PPARα, -δ, and -γ expressions with 2,4-TZD in liver were lower (P < 0.01) than in muscle. No differences were found for PPARγ mRNA expression in SCAT. The results suggest the potential use of 2,4-TZD in beef cattle diets, because it improves AT differentiation, liver, and muscle fatty acid oxidation that, therefore, might improve energy efficiency.
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193
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Iglesias J, Barg S, Vallois D, Lahiri S, Roger C, Yessoufou A, Pradevand S, McDonald A, Bonal C, Reimann F, Gribble F, Debril MB, Metzger D, Chambon P, Herrera P, Rutter GA, Prentki M, Thorens B, Wahli W. PPARβ/δ affects pancreatic β cell mass and insulin secretion in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4105-17. [PMID: 23093780 DOI: 10.1172/jci42127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARβ/δ protects against obesity by reducing dyslipidemia and insulin resistance via effects in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. However, its function in pancreas remains ill defined. To gain insight into its hypothesized role in β cell function, we specifically deleted Pparb/d in the epithelial compartment of the mouse pancreas. Mutant animals presented increased numbers of islets and, more importantly, enhanced insulin secretion, causing hyperinsulinemia. Gene expression profiling of pancreatic β cells indicated a broad repressive function of PPARβ/δ affecting the vesicular and granular compartment as well as the actin cytoskeleton. Analyses of insulin release from isolated PPARβ/δ-deficient islets revealed an accelerated second phase of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These effects in PPARβ/δ-deficient islets correlated with increased filamentous actin (F-actin) disassembly and an elevation in protein kinase D activity that altered Golgi organization. Taken together, these results provide evidence for a repressive role for PPARβ/δ in β cell mass and insulin exocytosis, and shed a new light on PPARβ/δ metabolic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Iglesias
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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194
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Maltin CA. Muscle development and obesity: Is there a relationship? Organogenesis 2012; 4:158-69. [PMID: 19279728 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.3.6312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of skeletal muscle from the epithelial somites involves a series of events triggered by temporally and spatially discrete signals resulting in the generation of muscle fibers which vary in their contractile and metabolic nature. The fiber type composition of muscles varies between individuals and it has now been found that there are differences in fiber type proportions between lean and obese animals and humans. Amongst the possible causes of obesity, it has been suggested that inappropriate prenatal environments may 'program' the fetus and may lead to increased risks for disease in adult life. The characteristics of muscle are both heritable and plastic, giving the tissue some ability to adapt to signals and stimuli both pre and postnatally. Given that muscle is a site of fatty acid oxidation and carbohydrate metabolism and that its development can be changed by prenatal events, it is interesting to examine the possible relationship between muscle development and the risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Maltin
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Robert Gordon University; Aberdeen UK
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195
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Voloshyna I, Hussaini SM, Reiss AB. Resveratrol in Cholesterol Metabolism and Atherosclerosis. J Med Food 2012; 15:763-73. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Voloshyna
- Winthrop Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Syed M. Hussaini
- Winthrop Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Allison B. Reiss
- Winthrop Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
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196
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a drug target in the improvement of insulin sensitivity. Several insulin-sensitizing medicines are able to activate AMPK through inhibition of mitochondrial functions. These drugs, such as metformin and STZ, inhibit ATP synthesis in mitochondria to raise AMP/ATP ratio in the process of AMPK activation. However, chemicals that activate AMPK directly or by activating its upstream kinases have not been approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes in humans. In an early study, we reported that berberine inhibited oxygen consumption in mitochondria, and increased AMP/ATP ratio in cells. The observation suggests an indirect mechanism for AMPK activation by berberine. Berberine stimulates glycolysis for ATP production that offsets the cell toxicity after mitochondria inhibition. The study suggests that mitochondrial inhibition is an approach for AMPK activation. In this review article, literature is critically reviewed to interpret the role of mitochondria function in the mechanism of insulin resistance, which supports that mitochondria inhibitors represent a new class of AMPK activator. The inhibitors are promising candidates for insulin sensitizers. This review provides a guideline in search for small molecule AMPK activators in the drug discovery for type 2 diabetes.
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197
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Nagatomo F, Fujino H, Kondo H, Takeda I, Tsuda K, Ishihara A. High-fat diet-induced reduction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α messenger RNA levels and oxidative capacity in the soleus muscle of rats with metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res 2012; 32:144-51. [PMID: 22348463 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of type 2 diabetes exhibit reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, which are associated with decreased oxidative capacity, in skeletal muscles. In contrast, animal models with metabolic syndrome show normal PGC-1α mRNA levels. We hypothesized that a high-fat diet decreases PGC-1α mRNA levels in skeletal muscles of rats with metabolic syndrome, reducing muscle oxidative capacity and accelerating metabolic syndrome or inducing type 2 diabetes. We examined mRNA levels and fiber profiles in the soleus muscles of rats with metabolic syndrome (SHR/NDmcr-cp [cp/cp]; CP) fed a high-fat diet. Five-week-old CP rats were assigned to a sedentary group (CP-N) that was fed a standard diet (15.1 kJ/g, 23.6% protein, 5.3% fat, and 54.4% carbohydrates) or a sedentary group (CP-H) that was fed a high-fat diet (21.6 kJ/g, 23.6% protein, 34.9% fat, and 25.9% carbohydrates) and were housed for 10 weeks. Body weight, energy intake, and systolic blood pressure were higher in the CP-H group than in the CP-N group. Nonfasting glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and leptin levels were higher in the CP-H group than in the CP-N group. There was no difference in insulin levels between the CP-N and CP-H groups. Muscle PGC-1α mRNA levels and succinate dehydrogenase activity were lower in the CP-H group than in the CP-N group. We concluded that a high-fat diet reduces PGC-1α mRNA levels and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscles and accelerates metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Nagatomo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Life Science, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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198
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Stephenson EJ, Camera DM, Jenkins TA, Kosari S, Lee JS, Hawley JA, Stepto NK. Skeletal muscle respiratory capacity is enhanced in rats consuming an obesogenic Western diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1541-9. [PMID: 22496344 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00590.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced lipid oversupply promotes skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Previous investigations have utilized extreme high-fat diets (HFD) to induce such mitochondrial perturbations despite their disparity from human obesogenic diets. Here, we evaluate the effects of Western diet (WD)-induced obesity on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Long-Evans rats were given ad libitum access to either a WD [40% energy (E) from fat, 17% protein, and 43% carbohydrate (30% sucrose); n = 12] or a control diet (CON; 16% of E from fat, 21% protein, and 63% carbohydrate; n = 12) for 12 wk. Rats fed the WD consumed 23% more E than CON (P = 0.0001), which was associated with greater increases in body mass (23%, P = 0.0002) and adiposity (17%, P = 0.03). There were no differences in fasting blood glucose concentration or glucose tolerance between diets, although fasting insulin was increased by 40% (P = 0.007). Fasting serum triglycerides were also elevated in WD (86%, P = 0.001). The maximal capacity of the electron transfer system was greater following WD (37%, P = 0.02), as were the maximal activities of several mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase). Protein expression of citrate synthase, UCP3, and individual respiratory complexes was greater after WD (P < 0.05) despite no differences in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, PPARδ, or PPARγ coactivator-1 mRNA or protein abundance. We conclude that the respiratory capacity of skeletal muscle is enhanced in response to the excess energy supplied by a WD. This is likely due to an increase in mitochondrial density, which at least in the short term, and in the absence of increased energy demand, may protect the tissue from lipid-induced impairments in glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Stephenson
- School of Medical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Australia
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199
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200
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Vo T, Hardy DB. Molecular mechanisms underlying the fetal programming of adult disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 6:139-53. [PMID: 22623025 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse events in utero can be critical in determining quality of life and overall health. It is estimated that up to 50 % of metabolic syndrome diseases can be linked to an adverse fetal environment. However, the mechanisms linking impaired fetal development to these adult diseases remain elusive. This review uncovers some of the molecular mechanisms underlying how normal physiology may be impaired in fetal and postnatal life due to maternal insults in pregnancy. By understanding the mechanisms, which include epigenetic, transcriptional, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), we also highlight how intervention in fetal and neonatal life may be able to prevent these diseases long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thin Vo
- The Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
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