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Luo C, Liu H, Ren J, Chen D, Cheng X, Sun W, Hong B, Huang C. Cold-inducible expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana AP2 transcription factor gene, AtCRAP2, promotes flowering under unsuitable low-temperatures in chrysanthemum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 146:220-230. [PMID: 31760343 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time is regulated by biotic and abiotic stresses and affected by the ambient temperature. For chrysanthemum, a low ambient growth temperature can cause a flowering delay, which limits the annual commercial production. Therefore, it is important to improve the low-temperature flowering capability of chrysanthemum through genetic modifications. Here, we isolated a natural variation of a CRT/DRE-binding factor (CBF/DREB) 3 gene, CRAP2, from the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Condara (190AV) that encodes a stop codon at position 151 of the CBF3 protein. Unlike AtCBF3, the overexpression AtCRAP2 in Arabidopsis did not cause detectable growth retardation nor delayed flowering and it conferred cold tolerance. The cold-inducible expression of AtCRAP2 in chrysanthemum promoted flowering under short-day conditions with a low 15 °C nighttime temperature. RNA-sequencing of rd29A:AtCRAP2 and qRT-PCR assays of flowering time-related genes and AtCRAP2 expressed at an ambient temperature revealed that AtCRAP2 positively affected SOC1 and FTL3, thereby promoting flowering under low temperature stress and short-day conditions. These results indicate that DREB genes can be used in the genetic engineering of crop plants without accompanying negative effects by modifying the encoded proteins' C termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Luo
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Junan Ren
- Beijing Industrial Technology Research Institute, Beijing, 101111, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Yuquan School of the Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100195, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, 100097, China.
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152
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Marshall MM, Remington DL, Lacey EP. Two reproductive traits show contrasting genetic architectures in Plantago lanceolata. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:272-291. [PMID: 31793079 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In many species, temperature-sensitive phenotypic plasticity (i.e., an individual's phenotypic response to temperature) displays a positive correlation with latitude, a pattern presumed to reflect local adaptation. This geographical pattern raises two general questions: (a) Do a few large-effect genes contribute to latitudinal variation in a trait? (b) Is the thermal plasticity of different traits regulated pleiotropically? To address the questions, we crossed individuals of Plantago lanceolata derived from northern and southern European populations. Individuals naturally exhibited high and low thermal plasticity in floral reflectance and flowering time. We grew parents and offspring in controlled cool- and warm-temperature environments, mimicking what plants would encounter in nature. We obtained genetic markers via genotype-by-sequencing, produced the first recombination map for this ecologically important nonmodel species, and performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of thermal plasticity and single-environment values for both traits. We identified a large-effect QTL that largely explained the reflectance plasticity differences between northern and southern populations. We identified multiple smaller-effect QTLs affecting aspects of flowering time, one of which affected flowering time plasticity. The results indicate that the genetic architecture of thermal plasticity in flowering is more complex than for reflectance. One flowering time QTL showed strong cytonuclear interactions under cool temperatures. Reflectance and flowering plasticity QTLs did not colocalize, suggesting little pleiotropic genetic control and freedom for independent trait evolution. Such genetic information about the architecture of plasticity is environmentally important because it informs us about the potential for plasticity to offset negative effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - David L Remington
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Lacey
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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153
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Aslam M, Fakher B, Jakada BH, Cao S, Qin Y. SWR1 Chromatin Remodeling Complex: A Key Transcriptional Regulator in Plants. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121621. [PMID: 31842357 PMCID: PMC6952815 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleosome is the structural and fundamental unit of eukaryotic chromatin. The chromatin remodeling complexes change nucleosome composition, packaging and positioning to regulate DNA accessibility for cellular machinery. SWI2/SNF2-Related 1 Chromatin Remodeling Complex (SWR1-C) belongs to the INO80 chromatin remodeling family and mainly catalyzes the exchange of H2A-H2B with the H2A.Z-H2B dimer. The replacement of H2A.Z into nucleosomes affects nucleosome stability and chromatin structure. Incorporation of H2A.Z into the chromatin and its physiochemical properties play a key role in transcriptional regulation during developmental and environmental responses. In Arabidopsis, various studies have uncovered several pivotal roles of SWR1-C. Recently, notable progress has been achieved in understanding the role of SWR1-C in plant developmental and physiological processes such as DNA damage repair, stress tolerance, and flowering time. The present article introduces the SWR1-C and comprehensively reviews recent discoveries made in understanding the function of the SWR1 complex in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aslam
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.F.); (B.H.J.); (S.C.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (Y.Q.); Tel.: +86-177-2075-0046 (Y.Q.)
| | - Beenish Fakher
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.F.); (B.H.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Bello Hassan Jakada
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.F.); (B.H.J.); (S.C.)
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shijiang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.F.); (B.H.J.); (S.C.)
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (B.F.); (B.H.J.); (S.C.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (Y.Q.); Tel.: +86-177-2075-0046 (Y.Q.)
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154
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Choudhary S, Thakur S, Majeed A, Bhardwaj P. Exploring microRNA profiles for circadian clock and flowering development regulation in Himalayan Rhododendron. Genomics 2019; 111:1456-1463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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155
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The Role of EjSVPs in Flower Initiation in Eriobotrya japonica. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235933. [PMID: 31779080 PMCID: PMC6928820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering plants have evolved different flowering habits to sustain long-term reproduction. Most woody trees experience dormancy and then bloom in the warm spring, but loquat blooms in the cold autumn and winter. To explore its mechanism of flowering regulation, we cloned two SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) homologous genes from 'Jiefanzhong' loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), namely, EjSVP1 and EjSVP2. Sequence analysis revealed that the EjSVPs were typical MADS-box transcription factors and exhibited a close genetic relationship with other plant SVP/DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM) proteins. The temporal and spatial expression patterns showed that EjSVP1 and EjSVP2 were mainly expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) after the initiation of flowering; after reaching their highest level, they gradually decreased with the development of the flower until they could not be detected. EjSVP1 expression levels were relatively high in young tissues, and EjSVP2 expression levels were relatively high in young to mature transformed tissues. Interestingly, EjSVP2 showed relatively high expression levels in various flower tissues. We analyzed the EjSVP promoter regions and found that they did not contain the C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element. Finally, we overexpressed the EjSVPs in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 and found no significant changes in the number of rosette leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana; however, overexpression of EjSVP2 affected the formation of Arabidopsis thaliana flower organs. In conclusion, EjSVPs were found to play an active role in the development of loquat flowering. These findings may provide a reference for exploring the regulation mechanisms of loquat flowering and the dormancy mechanisms of other plants.
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156
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Qian X, Sun Y, Zhou G, Yuan Y, Li J, Huang H, Xu L, Li L. Single-molecule real-time transcript sequencing identified flowering regulatory genes in Crocus sativus. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:857. [PMID: 31726972 PMCID: PMC6854690 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saffron crocus (Crocus sativus) is a valuable spice with medicinal uses in gynaecopathia and nervous system diseases. Identify flowering regulatory genes plays a vital role in increasing flower numbers, thereby resulting in high saffron yield. Results Two full length transcriptome gene sets of flowering and non-flowering saffron crocus were established separately using the single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing method. A total of sixteen SMRT cells generated 22.85 GB data and 75,351 full-length saffron crocus unigenes on the PacBio RS II panel and further obtained 79,028 SSRs, 72,603 lncRNAs and 25,400 alternative splicing (AS) events. Using an Illumina RNA-seq platform, an additional fifteen corms with different flower numbers were sequenced. Many differential expression unigenes (DEGs) were screened separately between flowering and matched non-flowering top buds with cold treatment (1677), flowering top buds of 20 g corms and non-flowering top buds of 6 g corms (1086), and flowering and matched non-flowering lateral buds (267). A total of 62 putative flower-related genes that played important roles in vernalization (VRNs), gibberellins (G3OX, G2OX), photoperiod (PHYB, TEM1, PIF4), autonomous (FCA) and age (SPLs) pathways were identified and a schematic representation of the flowering gene regulatory network in saffron crocus was reported for the first time. After validation by real-time qPCR in 30 samples, two novel genes, PB.20221.2 (p = 0.004, r = 0.52) and PB.38952.1 (p = 0.023, r = 0.41), showed significantly higher expression levels in flowering plants. Tissue distribution showed specifically high expression in flower organs and time course expression analysis suggested that the transcripts increasingly accumulated during the flower development period. Conclusions Full-length transcriptomes of flowering and non-flowering saffron crocus were obtained using a combined NGS short-read and SMRT long-read sequencing approach. This report is the first to describe the flowering gene regulatory network of saffron crocus and establishes a reference full-length transcriptome for future studies on saffron crocus and other Iridaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Qian
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou Hospital affiliated with Zhejiang University, Huzhou, 31300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youping Sun
- Department of Plant, Soil and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, 84322, USA
| | - Guifen Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yumei Yuan
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou Hospital affiliated with Zhejiang University, Huzhou, 31300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou Hospital affiliated with Zhejiang University, Huzhou, 31300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huilian Huang
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou Hospital affiliated with Zhejiang University, Huzhou, 31300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Limin Xu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou Hospital affiliated with Zhejiang University, Huzhou, 31300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou Hospital affiliated with Zhejiang University, Huzhou, 31300, Zhejiang, China.
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157
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Cai F, Shao C, Zhang Y, Bao Z, Li Z, Shi G, Bao M, Zhang J. Identification and characterisation of a novel FT orthologous gene in London plane with a distinct expression response to environmental stimuli compared to PaFT. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:1039-1051. [PMID: 31192516 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a key integrator of environmental signals and internal cues, and codes for florigen-like activity which regulates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in flowering plants. Unlike annual plants, perennial tree species undergo several years of vegetative growth prior to the transition to the reproductive stage, as characterised by the ability to form flower buds. Thereafter, trees in temperate regions typically display an annual growth cycle involving distinct vegetative growth, flowering and dormancy stages. In London plane (Platanus acerifolia Willd.), a FT-like gene has previously been identified. Here, we report the isolation of a novel FT orthologous gene, PaFTL, and investigate the functions of PaFT and PaFTL through the analysis of expression profiles and transgenic phenotypes. PaFT displayed the highest levels of expression during tree dormancy, and similarly elevated expression levels were seen under conditions of low temperature and short days (LT/SD). In contrast, PaFTL transcripts were up-regulated during the floral transition phase, the early stages of inflorescence development and throughout the main flowering period, whereas expression levels were low and variable during dormancy and in response to LT/SD treatments. Ectopic expression of 35s::PaFTL in tobacco produced a phenotype similar to that with PaFT, namely, advanced floral initiation. Overall, the results suggest that PaFT and PaFTL have both conserved and diverse functions in floral initiation, floral development and dormancy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - C Shao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Z Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - G Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - M Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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158
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Hwang DY, Park S, Lee S, Lee SS, Imaizumi T, Song YH. GIGANTEA Regulates the Timing Stabilization of CONSTANS by Altering the Interaction between FKF1 and ZEITLUPE. Mol Cells 2019; 42:693-701. [PMID: 31617339 PMCID: PMC6821452 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants monitor changes in day length to coordinate their flowering time with appropriate seasons. In Arabidopsis , the diel and seasonal regulation of CONSTANS (CO) protein stability is crucial for the induction of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene in long days. FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX 1 (FKF1) and ZEITLUPE (ZTL) proteins control the shape of CO expression profile antagonistically, although regulation mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we show that GIGANTEA (GI) protein modulates the stability and nuclear function of FKF1, which is closely related to the stabilization of CO in the afternoon of long days. The abundance of FKF1 protein is decreased by the gi mutation, but increased by GI overexpression throughout the day. Unlike the previous report, the translocation of FKF1 to the nucleus was not prevented by ZTL overexpression. In addition, the FKF1-ZTL complex formation is higher in the nucleus than in the cytosol. GI interacts with ZTL in the nucleus, implicating the attenuation of ZTL activity by the GI binding and, in turn, the sequestration of FKF1 from ZTL in the nucleus. We also found that the CO-ZTL complex presents in the nucleus, and CO protein abundance is largely reduced in the afternoon by ZTL overexpression, indicating that ZTL promotes CO degradation by capturing FKF1 in the nucleus under these conditions. Collectively, our findings suggest that GI plays a pivotal role in CO stability for the precise control of flowering by coordinating balanced functional properties of FKF1 and ZTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Sangkyu Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Sungbeom Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212,
Korea
| | - Seung Sik Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212,
Korea
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Takato Imaizumi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195,
USA
| | - Young Hun Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499,
Korea
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159
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Mátyás KK, Hegedűs G, Taller J, Farkas E, Decsi K, Kutasy B, Kálmán N, Nagy E, Kolics B, Virág E. Different expression pattern of flowering pathway genes contribute to male or female organ development during floral transition in the monoecious weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. ( Asteraceae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7421. [PMID: 31598422 PMCID: PMC6779118 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly allergenic and invasive weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is a monoecius plant with separated male and female flowers. The genetic regulation of floral morphogenesis is a less understood field in the reproduction biology of this species. Therefore the objective of this work was to investigate the genetic control of sex determination during floral organogenesis. To this end, we performed a genome-wide transcriptional profiling of vegetative and generative tissues during the plant development comparing wild-growing and in vitro cultivated plants. RNA-seq on Illumina NextSeq 500 platform with an integrative bioinformatics analysis indicated differences in 80 floral gene expressions depending on photoperiodic and endogenous initial signals. Sex specificity of genes was validated based on RT-qPCR experiments. We found 11 and 16 uniquely expressed genes in female and male transcriptomes that were responsible particularly to maintain fertility and against abiotic stress. High gene expression of homologous such as FD, FT, TFL1 and CAL, SOC1, AP1 were characteristic to male and female floral meristems during organogenesis. Homologues transcripts of LFY and FLC were not found in the investigated generative and vegetative tissues. The repression of AP1 by TFL1 homolog was demonstrated in male flowers resulting exclusive expression of AP2 and PI that controlled stamen and carpel formation in the generative phase. Alterations of male and female floral meristem differentiation were demonstrated under photoperiodic and hormonal condition changes by applying in vitro treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Klára Mátyás
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Géza Hegedűs
- Department of Economic Methodology, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - János Taller
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Kincső Decsi
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Barbara Kutasy
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Kálmán
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs Medical School, Szentagothai Research Center, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Nagy
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kolics
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Eszter Virág
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely, Hungary
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160
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Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization affects the flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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161
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Abstract
The evolutionary processes that transitioned plants to land-based habitats also incorporated a multiplicity of strategies to enhance resilience to the greater environmental variation encountered on land. The sensing of light, its quality, quantity, and duration, is central to plant survival and, as such, serves as a central network hub. Similarly, plants as sessile organisms that can encounter isolation must continually assess their reproductive options, requiring plasticity in propagation by self- and cross-pollination or asexual strategies. Irregular fluctuations and intermittent extremes in temperature, soil fertility, and moisture conditions have given impetus to genetic specializations for network resiliency, protein neofunctionalization, and internal mechanisms to accelerate their evolution. We review some of the current advancements made in understanding plant resiliency and phenotypic plasticity mechanisms. These mechanisms incorporate unusual nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions, various transposable element (TE) activities, and epigenetic plasticity of central gene networks that are broadly pleiotropic to influence resiliency phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Sally A Mackenzie
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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162
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Del Olmo I, Poza-Viejo L, Piñeiro M, Jarillo JA, Crevillén P. High ambient temperature leads to reduced FT expression and delayed flowering in Brassica rapa via a mechanism associated with H2A.Z dynamics. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:343-356. [PMID: 31257648 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time is a relevant agronomic trait because is crucial for the optimal formation of seeds and fruits. The genetic pathways controlling this developmental phase transition have been studied extensively in Arabidopsis thaliana. These pathways converge in a small number of genes including FT, the so-called florigen, which integrates environmental cues like ambient temperature. Nevertheless, detailed and functional studies about flowering time in Brassica crops are scarce. Here we study the role of the FT Brassica rapa homologues and the effect of high ambient temperature on flowering time in this crop. Phenotypic characterization and gene-expression analyses suggest that BraA.FT.a (BraA02g016700.3C) is decisive for initiating floral transition; consequently, braA.ft.a loss-of-function and hypomorphic mutations result in late flowering phenotypes. We also show that high ambient temperature delays B. rapa floral transition by reducing BraA.FT.a expression. Strikingly, these expression changes are associated with increased histone H2A.Z levels and less accessible chromatin configuration of the BraA.FT.a locus at high ambient temperature. Interestingly, increased H2A.Z levels at high ambient temperature were also observed for other B. rapa temperature-responsive genes. Previous reports delimited that Arabidopsis flowers earlier at high ambient temperature due to reduced H2A.Z incorporation in the FT locus. Our data reveal a conserved chromatin-mediated mechanism in B. rapa and Arabidopsis in which the incorporation of H2A.Z at FT chromatin in response to warm ambient temperature results in different flowering time responses. This work will help to develop improved Brassica crop varieties with flowering time requirements to cope with global warming. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Materials Badge for making publicly available the components of the research methodology needed to reproduce the reported procedure and analysis. Methods are available at protocols.iodx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.zmff43n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Del Olmo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Laura Poza-Viejo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Manuel Piñeiro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - José A Jarillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Pedro Crevillén
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
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163
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Yuan N, Balasubramanian VK, Chopra R, Mendu V. The Photoperiodic Flowering Time Regulator FKF1 Negatively Regulates Cellulose Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2240-2253. [PMID: 31221729 PMCID: PMC6670086 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthesis is precisely regulated by internal and external cues, and emerging evidence suggests that light regulates cellulose biosynthesis through specific light receptors. Recently, the blue light receptor CRYPTOCHROME 1 (CRY1) was shown to positively regulate secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we characterize the role of FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX 1 (FKF1), another blue light receptor and well-known photoperiodic flowering time regulator, in cellulose biosynthesis. A phenotype suppression screen using a cellulose deficient mutant cesa1aegeus,cesa3ixr1-2 (c1,c3), which carries nonlethal point mutations in CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A 1 (CESA1) and CESA3, resulted in identification of the phenotype-restoring large leaf (llf) mutant. Next-generation mapping using the whole genome resequencing method identified the llf locus as FKF1 FKF1 was confirmed as the causal gene through observation of the llf phenotype in an independent triple mutant c1,c3,fkf1-t carrying a FKF1 T-DNA insertion mutant. Moreover, overexpression of FKF1 in llf plants restored the c1,c3 phenotype. The fkf1 mutants showed significant increases in cellulose content and CESA gene expression compared with that in wild-type Columbia-0 plants, suggesting a negative role of FKF1 in cellulose biosynthesis. Using genetic, molecular, and phenocopy and biochemical evidence, we have firmly established the role of FKF1 in regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. In addition, CESA expression analysis showed that diurnal expression patterns of CESAs are FKF1 independent, whereas their circadian expression patterns are FKF1 dependent. Overall, our work establishes a role of FKF1 in the regulation of cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yuan
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - Ratan Chopra
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - Venugopal Mendu
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
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164
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Niu SH, Liu SW, Ma JJ, Han FX, Li Y, Li W. The transcriptional activity of a temperature-sensitive transcription factor module is associated with pollen shedding time in pine. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1173-1186. [PMID: 31073594 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that the pollen shedding time in pine trees is correlated with temperature, but the molecular basis for this has remained largely unknown. To better understand the mechanisms driving temperature response and to identify the hub regulators of pollen shedding time regulation in Pinus tabuliformis Carr., we identified a set of temperature-sensitive genes by carrying out a comparative transcriptome analysis using six early pollen shedding trees (EPs) and six late pollen shedding trees (LPs) during mid-winter and at three consecutive time points in early spring. We carried out a weighted gene co-expression network analysis and constructed a transcription factor (TF) collaborative network, merging the common but differentially expressed TFs of the EPs and LPs into a joint network. We found five hub genes in the core TF module whose expression was rapidly induced by low temperatures. The transcriptional activity of this TF module was strongly associated with pollen shedding time, and likely to produce the fine balance between cold hardiness and growth activity in early spring. We confirmed the key role of temperature in regulating flowering time and identified a transcription factor module associated with pollen shedding time in P. tabuliformis. This suggests that repression of growth activity by repressors is the main mechanism balancing growth and cold hardiness in pine trees in early spring. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating seasonal flowering time in pines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shuang-Wei Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fang-Xu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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165
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Weng X, Lovell JT, Schwartz SL, Cheng C, Haque T, Zhang L, Razzaque S, Juenger TE. Complex interactions between day length and diurnal patterns of gene expression drive photoperiodic responses in a perennial C 4 grass. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2165-2182. [PMID: 30847928 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod is a key environmental cue affecting flowering and biomass traits in plants. Key components of the photoperiodic flowering pathway have been identified in many species, but surprisingly few studies have globally examined the diurnal rhythm of gene expression with changes in day length. Using a cost-effective 3'-Tag RNA sequencing strategy, we characterize 9,010 photoperiod responsive genes with strict statistical testing across a diurnal time series in the C4 perennial grass, Panicum hallii. We show that the vast majority of photoperiod responses are driven by complex interactions between day length and sampling periods. A fine-scale contrast analysis at each sampling time revealed a detailed picture of the temporal reprogramming of cis-regulatory elements and biological processes under short- and long-day conditions. Phase shift analysis reveals quantitative variation among genes with photoperiod-dependent diurnal patterns. In addition, we identify three photoperiod enriched transcription factor families with key genes involved in photoperiod flowering regulatory networks. Finally, coexpression networks analysis of GIGANTEA homolog predicted 1,668 potential coincidence partners, including five well-known GI-interacting proteins. Our results not only provide a resource for understanding the mechanisms of photoperiod regulation in perennial grasses but also lay a foundation to increase biomass yield in biofuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Weng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - John T Lovell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, 35806
| | - Scott L Schwartz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - Changde Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - Taslima Haque
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - Samsad Razzaque
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
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166
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Herath V. The architecture of the GhD7 promoter reveals the roles of GhD7 in growth, development and the abiotic stress response in rice. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 82:1-8. [PMID: 31247396 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Grain number, plant height and heading date 7 (GhD7) is considered to be one of the key yield-related genes in the production of high-yielding and climate-ready super rice varieties. GhD7 delays the plant's flowering under long-day conditions, which ultimately results in increased yield. Recent findings indicate that GhD7 also plays a major role in the abiotic stress response; however, the fine regulatory mechanisms controlling Ghd7 expression have yet to be uncovered. This study was carried out to explore the transcription factor binding site (TFBS) architecture of the GhD7 promoter to identify the regulatory dynamics of GhD7 transcription. The promoter sequence (-2000 to +200 base pairs from the transcription start site) was retrieved from the PlantPAN 2.0 database. Ab initio promoter analysis, DNase I hypersensitive site (DHS) analysis, and methylation analysis were carried out to identify TFBSs. The TFBS diversity among rice varieties was also assessed. In addition to the previously identified 8 cis-elements, 448 novel cis-elements were identified in the GhD7 promoter that provide binding sites for 25 transcription factor families. Furthermore, a DNase I hypersensitive site and a CpG island were also identified. The identified transcription factor families include key transcription factors involved in both development and abiotic stress responses, revealing the regulatory dynamics of GhD7. Comparative analysis of multiple GhD7 promoters identified 31 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that result in TFBS variations among rice accessions. These variations are mostly found in relation to flowering and abiotic stress responsive TFBSs on the promoter. This study supports the model that GhD7 acts as a central regulator of rice growth, development, and the abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venura Herath
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka.
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167
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Kang YJ, Lee BM, Nam M, Oh KW, Lee MH, Kim TH, Jo SH, Lee JH. Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with flowering time in perilla using genotyping-by-sequencing. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4397-4407. [PMID: 31152338 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the transition to the reproductive period is important for crop breeding. This information can facilitate the production of novel varieties that are better adapted to local environments or changing climatic conditions. Here, we report the development of a high-density linkage map based on genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) for the genus perilla. Through GBS library construction and Illumina sequencing of an F2 population, a total of 9607 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were developed. The ten-group linkage map of 1309.39 cM contained 2518 markers, with an average marker density of 0.56 cM per linkage group (LG). Using this map, a total of six QTLs were identified. These quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are associated with three traits related to flowering time: days to visible flower bud, days to flowering, and days to maturity. Ortholog analysis conducted with known genes involved in the regulation of flowering time among different crop species identified GI, CO and ELF4 as putative perilla orthologs that are closely linked to the QTL regions associated with flowering time. These results provide a foundation that will be useful for future studies of flowering time in perilla using fine mapping, and marker-assisted selection for the development of new varieties of perilla.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo-Mi Lee
- SEEDERS Inc., Daejeon, 34912, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Nam
- SEEDERS Inc., Daejeon, 34912, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Won Oh
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang, 50424, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Hee Lee
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang, 50424, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Jo
- SEEDERS Inc., Daejeon, 34912, Republic of Korea.
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168
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Kryvokhyzha M. INFLUENCE OF SHORT-WAVELENTH ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ON GENES EXPRESSION IN Arabidopsis thaliana PLANTS. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech12.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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169
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Brelsford CC, Nybakken L, Kotilainen TK, Robson TM. The influence of spectral composition on spring and autumn phenology in trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:925-950. [PMID: 30901060 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several recent reviews highlight the molecular mechanisms that underpin phenological responses to temperature and photoperiod; however, these have mostly overlooked the influence of solar radiation and its spectral composition on these processes. For instance, solar radiation in the blue and ultraviolet (UV) regions of the spectrum, as well as the red/far-red (R:FR) ratio, can influence spring and autumn phenology. Solar radiation reaching the Earth changes diurnally and seasonally; however, rising global temperatures, latitudinal range shifts and light pollution are likely to produce novel combinations of phenological cues for tree species. Here, we review the literature on phenological responses to spectral composition. Our objective was to explore the natural variation in spectral composition using radiative transfer models and to reveal any species-specific or ecotype-specific responses relating to latitudinal origin. These responses are likely to be most pronounced at high latitudes where spectral composition varies most throughout the year. For instance, trees from high latitudes tend to be more sensitive to changes in R:FR than those from low latitudes. The effects of blue light and UV radiation on phenology have not been studied as much as those of R:FR, but the limited results available suggest both could be candidate cues affecting autumn leaf colouration and senescence. Failure of more-southern species and ecotypes to adapt and use spectral cues during northwards range shifts could result in mistimed phenology, potentially resulting in frost damage, reduced fitness and limited range expansion. Future areas for research should look to establish how consistently different functional types of tree respond to spectral cues and identify photoreceptor-mediated mechanisms that allow plants to combine information from multiple light cues to coordinate the timing of phenological events. It should then be feasible to consider the synchronous or sequential action of light cues within a hierarchy of environmental factors regulating phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Brelsford
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Titta K Kotilainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - T Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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170
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Dong L, Qin L, Dai X, Ding Z, Bi R, Liu P, Chen Y, Brutnell TP, Wang X, Li P. Transcriptomic Analysis of Leaf Sheath Maturation in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102472. [PMID: 31109136 PMCID: PMC6566692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological development of the leaf greatly influences plant architecture and crop yields. The maize leaf is composed of a leaf blade, ligule and sheath. Although extensive transcriptional profiling of the tissues along the longitudinal axis of the developing maize leaf blade has been conducted, little is known about the transcriptional dynamics in sheath tissues, which play important roles in supporting the leaf blade. Using a comprehensive transcriptome dataset, we demonstrated that the leaf sheath transcriptome dynamically changes during maturation, with the construction of basic cellular structures at the earliest stages of sheath maturation with a transition to cell wall biosynthesis and modifications. The transcriptome again changes with photosynthesis and lignin biosynthesis at the last stage of sheath tissue maturation. The different tissues of the maize leaf are highly specialized in their biological functions and we identified 15 genes expressed at significantly higher levels in the leaf sheath compared with their expression in the leaf blade, including the BOP2 homologs GRMZM2G026556 and GRMZM2G022606, DOGT1 (GRMZM2G403740) and transcription factors from the B3 domain, C2H2 zinc finger and homeobox gene families, implicating these genes in sheath maturation and organ specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Centre of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Lei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Xiuru Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Zehong Ding
- The Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology (ITBB), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Ran Bi
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Yanhui Chen
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Centre of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Thomas P Brutnell
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Centre of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xianglan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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171
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Marín-Guirao L, Entrambasaguas L, Ruiz JM, Procaccini G. Heat-stress induced flowering can be a potential adaptive response to ocean warming for the iconic seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2486-2501. [PMID: 30938465 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea is particularly vulnerable to warming and the abrupt declines experienced by the endemic Posidonia oceanica populations after recent heatwaves have forecasted severe consequences for the ecological functions and socio-economical services this habitat forming species provides. Nevertheless, this highly clonal and long-lived species could be more resilient to warming than commonly thought since heat-sensitive plants massively bloomed after a simulated heatwave, which provides the species with an opportunity to adapt to climate change. Taking advantage of this unexpected plant response, we investigated for the first time the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in seagrass flowering through the transcriptomic analysis of bloomed plants. We also aimed to identify if flowering is a stress-induced response as suggested from the fact that heat-sensitive but not heat-tolerant plants flowered. The transcriptomic profiles of flowered plants showed a strong metabolic activation of sugars and hormones and indications of an active transport of these solutes within the plant, most likely to induce flower initiation in the apical meristem. Preflowered plants also activated numerous epigenetic-related genes commonly used by plants to regulate the expression of key floral genes and stress-tolerance genes, which could be interpreted as a mechanism to survive and optimize reproductive success under stress conditions. Furthermore, these plants provided numerous molecular clues suggesting that the factor responsible for the massive flowering of plants from cold environments (heat-sensitive) can be considered as a stress. Heat-stress induced flowering may thus be regarded as an ultimate response to survive extreme warming events with potential adaptive consequences for the species. Fitness implications of this unexpected stress-response and the potential consequences on the phenotypic plasticity (acclimation) and evolutionary (adaptation) opportunity of the species to ocean warming are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan M Ruiz
- Seagrass Ecology Group, Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, San Pedro del Pinatar, Spain
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172
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Liu X, Liu Z, Hao Z, Chen G, Qi K, Zhang H, Jiao H, Wu X, Zhang S, Wu J, Wang P. Characterization of Dof family in Pyrus bretschneideri and role of PbDof9.2 in flowering time regulation. Genomics 2019; 112:712-720. [PMID: 31078718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA binding with One Finger (Dof) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors with highly conserved Dof domain, including C2-C2 type zinc finger motifs. In this study, we identified 45 PbDofs in pear (Pyrusbretschneideri). PbDofs were classified into eight subfamilies by phylogenetic analysis. Conserved motifs of PbDof proteins were analyzed by MEME. PbDofs in subfamily D1 werehomologous to CDFs in Arabidopsis. In this study, we showed that PbDof9.2 was regulated by both the circadian clock and photoperiod. PbDof9.2-GFP proteinwas localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of PbDof9.2 in Arabidopsis caused delayed flowering time. PbDof9.2 suppressed the flowering time regulator FT and could repress flowering time by promoting activity of PbTFL1a and PbTFL1b promoter. These results suggest that Doftranscription factors have conserved functions in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Liu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ziwei Hao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huijun Jiao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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173
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Sun J, Young LW, House MA, Daba K, Booker HM. Photoperiod sensitivity of Canadian flax cultivars and 5-azacytidine treated early flowering derivative lines. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:177. [PMID: 31046671 PMCID: PMC6498464 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early flowering and maturing flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars are better adapted than lines with a longer reproductive phase for the short growing season of the northern Canadian Prairies. We examined the role of long days (LD) and short days (SD) on the time taken to flower in five established flax cultivars and three mutant-derived F10 lines. The photoperiod sensitivity of these eight different genotypes was determined using a reciprocal transfer experiment involving weekly transfers between LD and SD environments. RESULTS The genotypes tested had varying degrees of photoperiod sensitivity and demonstrated reduced time to flowering if exposed to LD environments prior to a critical time point. The duration of each of the three phases of vegetative growth differed among the genotypes studied. Transfers from SD to LD shortened the vegetative stage, reduced time to flowering, and extended the reproductive phase in the genotypes studied. Mutant-derived lines RE1/2/3 flowered significantly earlier compared to CDC Sorrel, CDC Bethune, Flanders, Prairie Thunder, and Royal. Modelling of the flowering times indicated that transferring the cultivars from SD to LD increased the photoperiod sensitive time; however, different reproductive phases for mutant lines were not defined as parsimonious models were not identified. Expression of the putative flax homologs for CONSTANS (CO), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), and GIGANTEA (GI) was examined in the leaves of Royal and RE1/2/3 plants at 10, 15, 19 and 29 days after planting. Expression of putative FT homologs was detected in all three early-flowering lines but expression was negligible, or not detected, in Royal. CONCLUSIONS Models defining the three phases of reproductive development were established for the five cultivars studied; however, it was not possible to identify these phases for the three early flowering and photoperiod insensitive epimutant-derived lines. A putative flax homolog of FT, a key regulator of flowering time, is more highly expressed in RE plants, which may condition the day-length insensitivity in the early flowering 'epimutant' lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Present Address: Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Lester W. Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Megan A. House
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Ketema Daba
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Helen M. Booker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
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174
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Zhang L, Jiang Y, Zhu Y, Su W, Long T, Huang T, Peng J, Yu H, Lin S, Gao Y. Functional characterization of GI and CO homologs from Eriobotrya deflexa Nakai forma koshunensis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:533-543. [PMID: 30725169 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The first report of the cloning and characterization of the flowering time-regulating genes GI and CO homologs from loquat. Flowering time is critical for successful reproduction in plants. In fruit trees, it can also influence the fruit yield and quality. In the previous work, we cloned the important florigen one EdFT and two EdFDs from wild loquat (Eriobotrya deflexa Nakai forma koshunensis); however, the upstream transcription factors are still unknown. The photoperiod pathway genes GIGANTEA (GI) and CONSTANS (CO) have been reported to mainly regulate FT expression in model plants. In this work, we first cloned photoperiod pathway orthologs EdGI and EdCO from E. deflexa Nakai f. koshunensis. Phylogenetic analysis showed they are highly conserved to those from Arabidopsis. They are mainly expressed in the leaves. The EdGI and EdCO were localized in the nucleus. Their expression showed in photoperiodic regulation, while the EdCO transcripts reached the peak at different periods from that of CO in Arabidopsis. Moreover, EdCO significantly activated the EdFT promoter activity. In the transgenic Arabidopsis, downstream-flowering genes like FT and AP1 were obviously upregulated, and consequently resulted in early-flowering phenotype compared to the wild type. These data revealed that the EdGI and EdCO may play a similar role as GI and CO in Arabidopsis, and regulate flower initiation in loquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yunmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ting Long
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tianqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiangrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shunquan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yongshun Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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175
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Cai M, Chen S, Wu M, Zheng T, Zhou L, Li C, Zhang H, Wang J, Xu X, Chai J, Ren Y, Guo X, Zhang X, Lei C, Cheng Z, Wang J, Jiang L, Zhai H, Wang H, Zhu S, Wan J. Early heading 7 interacts with DTH8, and regulates flowering time in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:521-532. [PMID: 30790011 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
EH7/Ghd7 interacts with DTH8, and regulates heading date by controlling the expression of Ehd1 in rice. Heading date, or flowering time, an important agronomic trait, influences regional adaptability and yield of crops. Many genes related to heading date in rice have been identified, and a preliminary regulatory network has been established, but the relationships between proteins involved are poorly understood. We identified a flowering suppressor EH7 (Early heading 7) that represses flowering under long-day (LD) conditions. The eh7 allele caused earlier heading, shorter plant height and less grain per main panicle than did the wild type (WT), but the tiller number and 1000-grain weight were not significantly affected under natural long-day conditions. Biochemical assays showed that EH7 interacts with DTH8. Quantitative PCR showed that EH7 inhibited heading date by downregulating the expression of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1. We propose that EH7 interacts with DTH8 to control flowering time by regulating the expression of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohong Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Saihua Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingming Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tianhui Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiachang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinyang Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juntao Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huqu Zhai
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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176
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Gou J, Tang C, Chen N, Wang H, Debnath S, Sun L, Flanagan A, Tang Y, Jiang Q, Allen RD, Wang ZY. SPL7 and SPL8 represent a novel flowering regulation mechanism in switchgrass. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1610-1623. [PMID: 30688366 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aging pathway in flowering regulation is controlled mainly by microRNA156 (miR156). Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana reveal that nine miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL) genes are involved in the control of flowering. However, the roles of SPLs in flowering remain elusive in grasses. Inflorescence development in switchgrass was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microarray, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR and EMSA were used to identify regulators of phase transition and flowering. Gene function was characterized by downregulation and overexpression of the target genes. Overexpression of SPL7 and SPL8 promotes flowering, whereas downregulation of individual genes moderately delays flowering. Simultaneous downregulation of SPL7/SPL8 results in extremely delayed or nonflowering plants. Furthermore, downregulation of both genes leads to a vegetative-to-reproductive reversion in the inflorescence, a phenomenon that has not been reported in any other grasses. Detailed analyses demonstrate that SPL7 and SPL8 induce phase transition and flowering in grasses by directly upregulating SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) and MADS32. Thus, the SPL7/8 pathway represents a novel regulatory mechanism in grasses that is largely different from that in Arabidopsis. Additionally, genetic modification of SPL7 and SPL8 results in much taller plants with significantly increased biomass yield and sugar release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Gou
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Chaorong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Hainan University, Haiko, 570228, China
| | - Naichong Chen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Smriti Debnath
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Liang Sun
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Amy Flanagan
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | | | - Randy D Allen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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177
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Wiegmann M, Maurer A, Pham A, March TJ, Al-Abdallat A, Thomas WTB, Bull HJ, Shahid M, Eglinton J, Baum M, Flavell AJ, Tester M, Pillen K. Barley yield formation under abiotic stress depends on the interplay between flowering time genes and environmental cues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6397. [PMID: 31024028 PMCID: PMC6484077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the dawn of agriculture, crop yield has always been impaired through abiotic stresses. In a field trial across five locations worldwide, we tested three abiotic stresses, nitrogen deficiency, drought and salinity, using HEB-YIELD, a selected subset of the wild barley nested association mapping population HEB-25. We show that barley flowering time genes Ppd-H1, Sdw1, Vrn-H1 and Vrn-H3 exert pleiotropic effects on plant development and grain yield. Under field conditions, these effects are strongly influenced by environmental cues like day length and temperature. For example, in Al-Karak, Jordan, the day length-sensitive wild barley allele of Ppd-H1 was associated with an increase of grain yield by up to 30% compared to the insensitive elite barley allele. The observed yield increase is accompanied by pleiotropic effects of Ppd-H1 resulting in shorter life cycle, extended grain filling period and increased grain size. Our study indicates that the adequate timing of plant development is crucial to maximize yield formation under harsh environmental conditions. We provide evidence that wild barley alleles, introgressed into elite barley cultivars, can be utilized to support grain yield formation. The presented knowledge may be transferred to related crop species like wheat and rice securing the rising global food demand for cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Wiegmann
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Anh Pham
- The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Timothy J March
- The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- Rijk Zwaan Australia Pty. Ltd., PO Box 284, Daylesford, 3460, Australia
| | - Ayed Al-Abdallat
- The University of Jordan, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Hazel J Bull
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergrowie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
- Syngenta UK Ltd, Market Stainton, Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, LN8 5LJ, UK
| | - Mohammed Shahid
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jason Eglinton
- The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- Sugar Research Australia, 71378 Bruce Highway, Gordonvale, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Baum
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Dalia Building 2nd Floor, Bashir El Kassar Street, Verdun, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Andrew J Flavell
- University of Dundee at JHI, School of Life Sciences, Invergrowie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark Tester
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Germany.
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178
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Casto AL, Mattison AJ, Olson SN, Thakran M, Rooney WL, Mullet JE. Maturity2, a novel regulator of flowering time in Sorghum bicolor, increases expression of SbPRR37 and SbCO in long days delaying flowering. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212154. [PMID: 30969968 PMCID: PMC6457528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum bicolor is a drought-resilient facultative short-day C4 grass that is grown for grain, forage, and biomass. Adaptation of sorghum for grain production in temperate regions resulted in the selection of mutations in Maturity loci (Ma1 -Ma6) that reduced photoperiod sensitivity and resulted in earlier flowering in long days. Prior studies identified the genes associated with Ma1 (PRR37), Ma3 (PHYB), Ma5 (PHYC) and Ma6 (GHD7) and characterized their role in the flowering time regulatory pathway. The current study focused on understanding the function and identity of Ma2. Ma2 delayed flowering in long days by selectively enhancing the expression of SbPRR37 (Ma1) and SbCO, genes that co-repress the expression of SbCN12, a source of florigen. Genetic analysis identified epistatic interactions between Ma2 and Ma4 and located QTL corresponding to Ma2 on SBI02 and Ma4 on SBI10. Positional cloning and whole genome sequencing identified a candidate gene for Ma2, Sobic.002G302700, which encodes a SET and MYND (SYMD) domain lysine methyltransferase. Eight sorghum genotypes previously identified as recessive for Ma2 contained the mutated version of Sobic.002G302700 present in 80M (ma2) and one additional putative recessive ma2 allele was identified in diverse sorghum accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Casto
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Ashley J. Mattison
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Sara N. Olson
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Manish Thakran
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - William L. Rooney
- Soil and Crop Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - John E. Mullet
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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179
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Shibuta MK, Matsunaga S. Seasonal and Diurnal Regulation of Flowering <i>via</i> an Epigenetic Mechanism in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. CYTOLOGIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.84.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mio K. Shibuta
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
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180
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Zheng S, Hu H, Ren H, Yang Z, Qiu Q, Qi W, Liu X, Chen X, Cui X, Li S, Zhou B, Sun D, Cao X, Du J. The Arabidopsis H3K27me3 demethylase JUMONJI 13 is a temperature and photoperiod dependent flowering repressor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1303. [PMID: 30899015 PMCID: PMC6428840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, flowering time is controlled by environmental signals such as day-length and temperature, which regulate the floral pathway integrators, including FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we identify an H3K27me3 demethylase, JUMONJI 13 (JMJ13), which regulates flowering time in Arabidopsis. Structural characterization of the JMJ13 catalytic domain in complex with its substrate peptide reveals that H3K27me3 is specifically recognized through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Under short-day conditions, the jmj13 mutant flowers early and has increased FT expression at high temperatures, but not at low temperatures. In contrast, jmj13 flowers early in long-day conditions regardless of temperature. Long-day condition and higher temperature induce the expression of JMJ13 and increase accumulation of JMJ13. Together, our data suggest that the H3K27me3 demethylase JMJ13 acts as a temperature- and photoperiod-dependent flowering repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhi Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongmiao Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huimin Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xinye Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Xiekui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sisi Li
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Daye Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jiamu Du
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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181
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Fujino K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y, Obara M, Yano M. Switching genetic effects of the flowering time gene Hd1 in LD conditions by Ghd7 and OsPRR37 in rice. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:127-132. [PMID: 31086490 PMCID: PMC6507719 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time control in plants is a major limiting factor on the range of species. Day length, perceived via the photoperiodic pathway, is a critical factor for the induction of flowering. The module of GIGANTEA (GI)-CONSTANS (CO)-FLOWERING LOCUS T in the long day (LD) plant Arabidopsis is conserved in diverse plant species including the short day (SD) plant rice, where this module comprises OsGI-Heading date 1 (Hd1)-Heading date 3a. Hd1, the rice ortholog of Arabidopsis CO, has dual functions in the regulation of flowering time, promoting flowering in SD conditions and delaying it in LD conditions. We herein show genetic interactions among three LD repressor genes: Hd1, Grain number, plant height and heading date 7 (Ghd7), and Oryza sativa Pseudo-Response Regulator37 (OsPRR37). Genetic analyses, including segregation analyses, evaluations of near isogenic lines, and transformation for flowering time demonstrated that Hd1 promoted flowering time in inductive SD and non-inductive LD conditions in genetic condition of loss-of-function Ghd7 and OsPRR37 (ghd7osprr37) in rice. Functional Ghd7 or OsPRR37 may switch the genetic effects of Hd1 from the promotion to the delay of flowering times in LD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fujino
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural Research Organization,
Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Utako Yamanouchi
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agricultural Research Organization,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
| | - Yasunori Nonoue
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agricultural Research Organization,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
| | - Mari Obara
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural Research Organization,
Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555,
Japan
| | - Masahiro Yano
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agricultural Research Organization,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
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182
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Glassop D, Rae AL. Expression of sugarcane genes associated with perception of photoperiod and floral induction reveals cycling over a 24-hour period. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:314-327. [PMID: 32172741 DOI: 10.1071/fp18136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The genetic network resulting in the production of an inflorescence is complex, involving one or more pathways including the photoperiod, maturity, gibberellin and autonomous pathways, and induction and repression of genes along the pathways. Understanding the cyclic expression profile of genes involved with photoperiod perception and floral pathway induction in sugarcane, an intermediate-short day plant (ISD), is crucial for identifying key genes and understanding how the profile changes in response to floral induction signals under decreasing daylengths. Homologues of 21 genes, and some gene alleles, associated with photoperiod perception and the flower induction pathway were examined in sugarcane variety Q174 over a 24-h light-dark cycle. The strongest expression of these genes was seen in the immature spindle leaves and levels of expression generally decreased with increasing leaf age. Significant changes in gene expression levels during a 24-h cycle were observed for 16 of the 21 genes tested. We have now defined an important baseline for expression patterns over a 24-h cycle in non-inductive conditions in sugarcane. These results can be utilised to select the optimal time for detecting changes during floral induction, differences between varieties that are responsive/non-responsive to photoperiod induction, and to identify genes that may be manipulated to enhance or inhibit flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Glassop
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia
| | - Anne L Rae
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia
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183
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Zhang H, Wang L, Shi K, Shan D, Zhu Y, Wang C, Bai Y, Yan T, Zheng X, Kong J. Apple tree flowering is mediated by low level of melatonin under the regulation of seasonal light signal. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12551. [PMID: 30597595 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin regulates the seasonal reproduction in photoperiodic sensitive animals. Its function in plants reproduction has not been extensively studied. In the current study, the effects of melatonin on the apple tree flowering have been systematically investigated. For consecutive 2-year monitoring, it was found that the flowering was always associated with the drop of melatonin level in apple tree. Melatonin application before flowering postponed apple tree flowering with a dose-dependent manner. The increased melatonin levels at a suitable range also resulted in more flowering. The data indicated that similar to the animals, the melatonin also serves as the signal of the environmental light to regulate the plant reproduction. It was mainly the blue and far-red light to regulate the gene expression of melatonin synthetic enzymes and melatonin production in plants. The seasonal alterations of the blue and far-red lights coordinated well with the changes of the melatonin levels and led to decreased melatonin level before flowering. The mechanism studies showed that melatonin per se inhibits all the four flowering pathways in apple. The results not only provide the basic knowledge for melatonin research, but also uncover melatonin as a chemical message of light signal to mediate plant reproduction. This information can be potentially used to control flowering period and prolong the harvest time, helpfully to open a new avenue for increasing crop yield by melatonin application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqian Shan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chanyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixue Bai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianci Yan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Kong
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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184
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Xing X, Jiang J, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Song A, Ding L, Wang H, Yao J, Chen S, Chen F, Fang W. The Constitutive Expression of a Chrysanthemum ERF Transcription Factor Influences Flowering Time in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:20-31. [PMID: 30448907 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs) represent valuable targets for the genetic manipulation of crop plants, as they participate in the control of metabolism, growth and development, as well as in the plants' response to environmental stimuli. Here, an ERF TF encoded by the chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) genome, designated CmERF110, was cloned and functionally characterized. The predicted CmERF110 polypeptide included a conserved DNA-binding AP2/ERF domain. A transient expression experiment revealed that the protein was deposited in the nucleus, and a transactivation experiment in yeast suggested that it had no transcriptional activity. The gene was transcribed in the chrysanthemum root, stem and leaf, with its transcript level following a circadian rhythm under both long and short days. The effect of constitutively expressing the gene in Arabidopsis thaliana was to accelerate flowering. Transcriptional profiling implied that its effect on floral initiation operated through the photoperiod pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, Republic of China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, Republic of China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, Republic of China
| | - Aiping Song
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, Republic of China
| | - Lian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, Republic of China
| | - Haibing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Yao
- Shanghai Honghua Horticulture Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 200070, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, Republic of China
| | - Fadi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, Republic of China
| | - Weimin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, Republic of China.
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185
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Zotova L, Kurishbayev A, Jatayev S, Goncharov NP, Shamambayeva N, Kashapov A, Nuralov A, Otemissova A, Sereda S, Shvidchenko V, Lopato S, Schramm C, Jenkins C, Soole K, Langridge P, Shavrukov Y. The General Transcription Repressor TaDr1 Is Co-expressed With TaVrn1 and TaFT1 in Bread Wheat Under Drought. Front Genet 2019; 10:63. [PMID: 30800144 PMCID: PMC6375888 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The general transcription repressor, TaDr1 gene, was identified during screening of a wheat SNP database using the Amplifluor-like SNP marker KATU-W62. Together with two genes described earlier, TaDr1A and TaDr1B, they represent a set of three homeologous genes in the wheat genome. Under drought, the total expression profiles of all three genes varied between different bread wheat cultivars. Plants of four high-yielding cultivars exposed to drought showed a 2.0-2.4-fold increase in TaDr1 expression compared to controls. Less strong, but significant 1.3-1.8-fold up-regulation of the TaDr1 transcript levels was observed in four low-yielding cultivars. TaVrn1 and TaFT1, which controls the transition to flowering, revealed similar profiles of expression as TaDr1. Expression levels of all three genes were in good correlation with grain yields of evaluated cultivars growing in the field under water-limited conditions. The results could indicate the involvement of all three genes in the same regulatory pathway, where the general transcription repressor TaDr1 may control expression of TaVrn1 and TaFT1 and, consequently, flowering time. The strength of these genes expression can lead to phenological changes that affect plant productivity and hence explain differences in the adaptation of the examined wheat cultivars to the dry environment of Northern and Central Kazakhstan. The Amplifluor-like SNP marker KATU-W62 used in this work can be applied to the identification of wheat cultivars differing in alleles at the TaDr1 locus and in screening hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Zotova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Akhylbek Kurishbayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Satyvaldy Jatayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Nikolay P. Goncharov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nazgul Shamambayeva
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Azamat Kashapov
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Arystan Nuralov
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Otemissova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergey Sereda
- A.F.Khristenko Karaganda Agricultural Experimental Station, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Vladimir Shvidchenko
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergiy Lopato
- Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Carly Schramm
- Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Colin Jenkins
- Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Kathleen Soole
- Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Peter Langridge
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Wheat Initiative, Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuri Shavrukov
- Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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186
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Taylor MA, Cooper MD, Schmitt J. Phenological and fitness responses to climate warming depend upon genotype and competitive neighbourhood in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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187
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Nibau C, Gallemí M, Dadarou D, Doonan JH, Cavallari N. Thermo-Sensitive Alternative Splicing of FLOWERING LOCUS M Is Modulated by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase G2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1680. [PMID: 32038671 PMCID: PMC6987439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense environmental temperature and to coordinate growth and development accordingly, is critical to the reproductive success of plants. Flowering time is regulated at the level of gene expression by a complex network of factors that integrate environmental and developmental cues. One of the main players, involved in modulating flowering time in response to changes in ambient temperature is FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM). FLM transcripts can undergo extensive alternative splicing producing multiple variants, of which FLM-β and FLM-δ are the most representative. While FLM-β codes for the flowering repressor FLM protein, translation of FLM-δ has the opposite effect on flowering. Here we show that the cyclin-dependent kinase G2 (CDKG2), together with its cognate cyclin, CYCLYN L1 (CYCL1) affects the alternative splicing of FLM, balancing the levels of FLM-β and FLM-δ across the ambient temperature range. In the absence of the CDKG2/CYCL1 complex, FLM-β expression is reduced while FLM-δ is increased in a temperature dependent manner and these changes are associated with an early flowering phenotype in the cdkg2 mutant lines. In addition, we found that transcript variants retaining the full FLM intron 1 are sequestered in the cell nucleus. Strikingly, FLM intron 1 splicing is also regulated by CDKG2/CYCL1. Our results provide evidence that temperature and CDKs regulate the alternative splicing of FLM, contributing to flowering time definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Nibau
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nicola Cavallari, ; Candida Nibau,
| | - Marçal Gallemí
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Despoina Dadarou
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - John H. Doonan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Cavallari
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Nicola Cavallari, ; Candida Nibau,
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188
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de Leone MJ, Hernando CE, Romanowski A, García-Hourquet M, Careno D, Casal J, Rugnone M, Mora-García S, Yanovsky MJ. The LNK Gene Family: At the Crossroad between Light Signaling and the Circadian Clock. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:genes10010002. [PMID: 30577529 PMCID: PMC6356500 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Light signaling pathways interact with the circadian clock to help organisms synchronize physiological and developmental processes to periodic environmental cycles. The plant photoreceptors responsible for clock resetting have been characterized, but signaling components that link the photoreceptors to the clock remain to be identified. Members of the family of NIGHT LIGHT–INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED (LNK) genes play key roles linking light regulation of gene expression to the control of daily and seasonal rhythms in Arabidopsis thaliana. Particularly, LNK1 and LNK2 were shown to control circadian rhythms, photomorphogenic responses, and photoperiod-dependent flowering time. Here we analyze the role of the four members of the LNK family in Arabidopsis in these processes. We found that depletion of the closely related LNK3 and LNK4 in a lnk1;lnk2 mutant background affects circadian rhythms, but not other clock-regulated processes such as flowering time and seedling photomorphogenesis. Nevertheless, plants defective in all LNK genes (lnkQ quadruple mutants) display developmental alterations that lead to increased rosette size, biomass, and enhanced phototropic responses. Our work indicates that members of the LNK family have both distinctive and partially overlapping functions, and are an essential link to orchestrate light-regulated developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José de Leone
- Leloir Institute, Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA)⁻ National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
| | - Carlos Esteban Hernando
- Leloir Institute, Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA)⁻ National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
| | - Andrés Romanowski
- Leloir Institute, Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA)⁻ National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
| | - Mariano García-Hourquet
- Leloir Institute, Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA)⁻ National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
| | - Daniel Careno
- Leloir Institute, Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA)⁻ National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
| | - Joaquín Casal
- Leloir Institute, Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA)⁻ National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
| | - Matías Rugnone
- The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Santiago Mora-García
- Leloir Institute, Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA)⁻ National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo Javier Yanovsky
- Leloir Institute, Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA)⁻ National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
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189
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Li B, Zhao W, Li D, Chao H, Zhao X, Ta N, Li Y, Guan Z, Guo L, Zhang L, Li S, Wang H, Li M. Genetic dissection of the mechanism of flowering time based on an environmentally stable and specific QTL in Brassica napus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:296-310. [PMID: 30466595 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time is an important agronomic trait that is highly influenced by the environment. To elucidate the genetic mechanism of flowering time in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), a genome-wide QTL analysis was performed in a doubled haploid population grown in winter, semi-winter and spring ecological conditions. Fifty-five consensus QTLs were identified after combining phenotype and genomic data, including 12 environment-stable QTLs and 43 environment-specific QTLs. Importantly, six major QTLs for flowering time were identified, of which two were considered environment-specific QTLs in spring ecological condition and four were considered environment-stable QTLs in winter and semi-winter ecological conditions. Through QTL comparison, 18 QTLs were colocalized with QTLs from six other published studies. Combining the candidate genes with their functional annotation, in 49 of 55 consensus QTLs, 151 candidate genes in B. napus corresponding to 95 homologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana related to flowering were identified, including BnaC03g32910D (CO), BnaA02g12130D (FT) and BnaA03g13630D (FLC). Most of the candidate genes were involved in different flowering regulatory pathways. Based on re-sequencing and differences in sequence annotation between the two parents, we found that regions containing some candidate genes have numerous non-frameshift InDels and many non- synonymous mutations, which might directly lead to gene functional variation. Flowering time was negativly correlated with seed yield and thousand seed weight based on a QTL comparison of flowering time and seed yield traits, which has implications in breeding new early-maturing varieties of B. napus. Moreover, a putative flowering regulatory network was constructed, including the photoperiod, circadian clock, vernalization, autonomous and gibberellin pathways. Multiple copies of genes led to functional difference among the different copies of homologous genes, which also increased the complexity of the flowering regulatory networks. Taken together, the present results not only provide new insights into the genetic regulatory network underlying the control of flowering time but also improve our understanding of flowering time regulatory pathways in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Li
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Rapeseed Branch of National Centre for Oil Crops Genetic Improvement, Yangling, China; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Rapeseed Branch of National Centre for Oil Crops Genetic Improvement, Yangling, China; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dianrong Li
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Rapeseed Branch of National Centre for Oil Crops Genetic Improvement, Yangling, China.
| | - Hongbo Chao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Rapeseed Branch of National Centre for Oil Crops Genetic Improvement, Yangling, China.
| | - Na Ta
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Rapeseed Branch of National Centre for Oil Crops Genetic Improvement, Yangling, China.
| | - Yonghong Li
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Rapeseed Branch of National Centre for Oil Crops Genetic Improvement, Yangling, China.
| | - Zhoubo Guan
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Rapeseed Branch of National Centre for Oil Crops Genetic Improvement, Yangling, China.
| | - Liangxing Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shisheng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Rapeseed Branch of National Centre for Oil Crops Genetic Improvement, Yangling, China.
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China.
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190
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Tyagi S, Mazumdar PA, Mayee P, Shivaraj SM, Anand S, Singh A, Madhurantakam C, Sharma P, Das S, Kumar A, Singh A. Natural variation in Brassica FT homeologs influences multiple agronomic traits including flowering time, silique shape, oil profile, stomatal morphology and plant height in B. juncea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:251-266. [PMID: 30466591 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural structural variants of regulatory proteins causing quantitative phenotypic consequences have not been reported in plants. Herein, we show that 28 natural structural variants of FT homeologs, isolated from 6 species of Brassica, differ with respect to amino-acid substitutions in regions critical for interactions with FD and represent two evolutionarily distinct categories. Analysis of structural models of selected candidates from Brassica juncea (BjuFT_AAMF1) and Brassica napus (BnaFT_CCLF) predicted stronger binding between BjuFT and Arabidopsis thaliana FD. Over-expression of BjuFT and BnaFT in wild type and ft-10 mutant backgrounds of Arabidopsis validated higher potency of BjuFT in triggering floral transition. Analysis of gain-of-function and artificial miRNA mediated silenced lines of B. juncea implicated Brassica FT in multiple agronomic traits beyond flowering, consistent with a pleiotropic effect. Several dependent and independent traits such as lateral branching, silique shape, seed size, oil-profile, stomatal morphology and plant height were found altered in mutant lines. Enhanced FT levels caused early flowering, which in turn was positively correlated to a higher proportion of desirable fatty acids (PUFA). However, higher FT levels also resulted in altered silique shape and reduced seed size, suggesting trait trade-offs. Modulation of FT levels for achieving optimal balance of trait values and parsing pair-wise interactions among a reportoire of regulatory protein homeologs in polyploid genomes are indeed future areas of crop research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10, Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | | | - Pratiksha Mayee
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10, Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India; Department of Research, Ankur Seeds Pvt. Ltd., 27, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440018, India
| | - S M Shivaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10, Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India; Departement de Phytologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Saurabh Anand
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Anupama Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10, Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Chaithanya Madhurantakam
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10, Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Department of Energy and Environment, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10, Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Sandip Das
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- National Phytotron Facility, IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anandita Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, 10, Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India.
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191
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Lee BD, Cha JY, Kim MR, Shin GI, Paek NC, Kim WY. Light-dependent suppression of COP1 multimeric complex formation is determined by the blue-light receptor FKF1 in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:191-197. [PMID: 30471853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), a multifunctional E3 ligase protein with many target proteins, is involved in diverse developmental processes throughout the plant's lifecycle, including seed germination, the regulation of circadian rhythms, photomorphogenesis, and the control of flowering time. To function, COP1 must form multimeric complexes with SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA1 (SPA1), i.e., [(COP1)2(SPA1)2] tetramers. We recently reported that the blue-light receptor FKF1 (FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX1) represses COP1 activity by inhibiting its homodimerization, but it is not yet clear whether FKF1 affects the formation of COP1-containing multimeric complexes. To explore this issue, we performed size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins and found that the levels and composition of COP1-containing multimeric complexes varied throughout a 24-h period. The levels of 440-669 kDa complexes were dramatically reduced in the late afternoon compared to the morning and at night in wild-type plants. During the daytime, the levels of these complexes were reduced in FKF1-overexpressing plants but not in fkf1-t, a loss-of-function mutant of FKF1, suggesting that FKF1 is closely associated with the destabilization of COP1 multimeric protein complexes in a light-dependent manner. We also analyzed the SEC patterns of COP1 multimeric complexes in transgenic plants overexpressing mutant COP1 variants, including COP1L105A (which forms homodimers) and COP1L170A (which cannot form homodimers), and found that COP1 multimeric complexes were scarce in plants overexpressing COP1L170A. These results indicate that COP1 homodimers serve as basic building blocks that assemble into COP1 multimeric complexes with diverse target proteins. We propose that light-activated FKF1 inhibits COP1 homodimerization, mainly by destabilizing 440-669 kDa COP1 complexes, resulting in the repression of CONSTANS-degrading COP1 activity in the late afternoon in long days, but not in short days, thereby regulating photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Doo Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08829, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yung Cha
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), PMBBRC & IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ri Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), PMBBRC & IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Im Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), PMBBRC & IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08829, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), PMBBRC & IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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192
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Pandey S, Goel R, Bhardwaj A, Asif MH, Sawant SV, Misra P. Transcriptome analysis provides insight into prickle development and its link to defense and secondary metabolism in Solanum viarum Dunal. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17092. [PMID: 30459319 PMCID: PMC6244164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prickles are epidermal outgrowth found on the aerial surface of several terrestrial plants. Microscopic studies on prickles of S. viarum Dunal indicated a crucial role of glandular trichomes (GTs) in their development. A spontaneously obtained prickleless mutant showed normal epidermal GTs, but its downstream developmental process to prickle was perturbed. Thus, prickleless mutant offers an ideal opportunity to unveil molecular regulators working downstream to GTs in the prickle formation. Differential transcriptome analysis of epidermis of prickly and prickleless mutant revealed that expression of several defense regulators like ethylene, salicylic acid, PR-proteins, etc. were significantly down-regulated in prickleless mutant, provide an important link between defense and prickle development. It was also noteworthy that the expression of few essential development related TFs like MADS-box, R2R3-MYB, REM, DRL1, were also down-regulated in the stem, petioles, and leaves of prickleless mutant indicating their potential role in prickle development. Interestingly, the gene expression of terpenoid, steroid, flavonoid, glucosinolate, and lignin biosynthesis pathways were up-regulated in prickleless mutant. The biochemical and qRT-PCR analysis also confirmed metabolite elevation. These results indicated that the loss of prickle was compensated by elevated secondary metabolism in the prickleless mutant which played important role in the biotic and abiotic stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatrujeet Pandey
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ridhi Goel
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Archana Bhardwaj
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Mehar H Asif
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Samir V Sawant
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.
| | - Pratibha Misra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.
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193
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Oh Y, Fragoso V, Guzzonato F, Kim SG, Park CM, Baldwin IT. Root-expressed phytochromes B1 and B2, but not PhyA and Cry2, regulate shoot growth in nature. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2577-2588. [PMID: 29766532 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although photoreceptors are expressed throughout all plant organs, most studies have focused on their function in aerial parts with laboratory-grown plants. Photoreceptor function in naturally dark-grown roots of plants in their native habitats is lacking. We characterized patterns of photoreceptor expression in field- and glasshouse-grown Nicotiana attenuata plants, silenced the expression of PhyB1/B2/A/Cry2 whose root transcripts levels were greater/equal to those of shoots, and by micrografting combined empty vector transformed shoots onto photoreceptor-silenced roots, creating chimeric plants with "blind" roots but "sighted" shoots. Micrografting procedure was robust in both field and glasshouse, as demonstrated by transcript accumulation patterns, and a spatially-explicit lignin visual reporter chimeric line. Field- and glasshouse-grown plants with PhyB1B2, but not PhyA or Cry2, -blind roots, were delayed in stalk elongation compared with control plants, robustly for two field seasons. Wild-type plants with roots directly exposed to FR phenocopied the growth of irPhyB1B2-blind root grafts. Additionally, root-expressed PhyB1B2 was required to activate the positive photomorphogenic regulator, HY5, in response to aboveground light. We conclude that roots of plants growing deep into the soil in nature sense aboveground light, and possibly soil temperature, via PhyB1B2 to control key traits, such as stalk elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoo Oh
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Variluska Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Francesco Guzzonato
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Chung-Mo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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194
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Dally N, Eckel M, Batschauer A, Höft N, Jung C. Two CONSTANS-LIKE genes jointly control flowering time in beet. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16120. [PMID: 30382124 PMCID: PMC6208394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breeding vegetative crops (e.g. beets, cabbage, forage grasses) is challenged by two conflicting aims. For field production, flowering must be avoided while flowering and seed set is necessary for breeding and seed production. The biennial species sugar beet makes shoot elongation (‘bolting’) followed by flowering after a long period of cold temperatures. Field production in northern geographical regions starts in spring. A thickened storage root is formed only during vegetative growth. It is expected that winter beets, which are sown before winter would have a much higher yield potential. However, field production was not possible so far due to bolting after winter. We propose a strategy to breed winter beets exploiting haplotype variation at two major bolting time loci, B and B2. Both genes encode transcription factors controlling the expression of two orthologs of the Arabidopsis gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). We detected an epistatic interaction between both genes because F2 plants homozygous for two B/B2 mutant alleles did not bolt even after vernalization. Fluorescence complementation studies revealed that both proteins form a heterodimer in vivo. In non-bolting plants, the bolting activator BvFT2 was completely downregulated whereas the repressor BvFT1 was upregulated which suggests that both genes acquire a CONSTANS (CO) like function in beet. Like CO, B and B2 proteins house CCT and BBX domains which, in contrast to CO are split between the two beet genes. We propose an alternative regulation of FT orthologs in beet that can be exploited to breed winter beets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Dally
- UKSH Campus Kiel, Hematology Laboratory Kiel, Langer Segen 8-10, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maike Eckel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alfred Batschauer
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Höft
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
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195
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Susila H, Nasim Z, Ahn JH. Ambient Temperature-Responsive Mechanisms Coordinate Regulation of Flowering Time. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103196. [PMID: 30332820 PMCID: PMC6214042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, environmental conditions such as temperature affect survival, growth, and fitness, particularly during key stages such as seedling growth and reproduction. To survive and thrive in changing conditions, plants have evolved adaptive responses that tightly regulate developmental processes such as hypocotyl elongation and flowering time in response to environmental temperature changes. Increases in temperature, coupled with increasing fluctuations in local climate and weather, severely affect our agricultural systems; therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which plants perceive and respond to temperature is critical for agricultural sustainability. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of ambient temperature perception as well as possible temperature sensing components in plants. Based on recent publications, we highlight several temperature response mechanisms, including the deposition and eviction of histone variants, DNA methylation, alternative splicing, protein degradation, and protein localization. We discuss roles of each proposed temperature-sensing mechanism that affects plant development, with an emphasis on flowering time. Studies of plant ambient temperature responses are advancing rapidly, and this review provides insights for future research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of temperature perception and responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendry Susila
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Zeeshan Nasim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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196
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197
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Song YH, Kubota A, Kwon MS, Covington MF, Lee N, Taagen ER, Laboy Cintrón D, Hwang DY, Akiyama R, Hodge SK, Huang H, Nguyen NH, Nusinow DA, Millar AJ, Shimizu KK, Imaizumi T. Molecular basis of flowering under natural long-day conditions in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:824-835. [PMID: 30250277 PMCID: PMC6195122 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense light and temperature changes to regulate flowering time. Here, we show that expression of the Arabidopsis florigen gene, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), peaks in the morning during spring, a different pattern than we observe in the laboratory. Providing our laboratory growth conditions with a red/far-red light ratio similar to open-field conditions and daily temperature oscillation is sufficient to mimic the FT expression and flowering time in natural long days. Under the adjusted growth conditions, key light signalling components, such as phytochrome A and EARLY FLOWERING 3, play important roles in morning FT expression. These conditions stabilize CONSTANS protein, a major FT activator, in the morning, which is probably a critical mechanism for photoperiodic flowering in nature. Refining the parameters of our standard growth conditions to more precisely mimic plant responses in nature can provide a powerful method for improving our understanding of seasonal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Song
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Life Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.
| | - Akane Kubota
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael S Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nayoung Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ella R Taagen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Dae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Reiko Akiyama
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah K Hodge
- School of Biological Sciences and SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - He Huang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nhu H Nguyen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Millar
- School of Biological Sciences and SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takato Imaizumi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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198
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Abstract
Two distinct variations in the promoter of a key flowering time gene were selected during the spread of maize from its tropical origin to northern North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Holland
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Box 7620 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620, USA.
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199
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Taylor M, Tornqvist CE, Zhao X, Grabowski P, Doerge R, Ma J, Volenec J, Evans J, Ramstein GP, Sanciangco MD, Buell CR, Casler MD, Jiang Y. Genome-Wide Association Study in Pseudo-F 2 Populations of Switchgrass Identifies Genetic Loci Affecting Heading and Anthesis Dates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1250. [PMID: 30271414 PMCID: PMC6146286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a native prairie grass and valuable bio-energy crop. The physiological change from juvenile to reproductive adult can draw important resources away from growth into producing reproductive structures, thereby limiting the growth potential of early flowering plants. Delaying the flowering of switchgrass is one approach by which to increase total biomass. The objective of this research was to identify genetic variants and candidate genes for controlling heading and anthesis in segregating switchgrass populations. Four pseudo-F2 populations (two pairs of reciprocal crosses) were developed from lowland (late flowering) and upland (early flowering) ecotypes, and heading and anthesis dates of these populations were collected in Lafayette, IN and DeKalb, IL in 2015 and 2016. Across 2 years, there was a 34- and 73-day difference in heading and a 52- and 75-day difference in anthesis at the Lafayette and DeKalb locations, respectively. A total of 37,901 single nucleotide polymorphisms obtained by exome capture sequencing of the populations were used in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) that identified five significant signals at three loci for heading and two loci for anthesis. Among them, a homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T on chromosome 5b associated with heading date was identified at the Lafayette location across 2 years. A homolog of ARABIDOPSIS PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5, a light modulator in the circadian clock associated with heading date was detected on chromosome 8a across locations and years. These results demonstrate that genetic variants related to floral development could lend themselves to a long-term goal of developing late flowering varieties of switchgrass with high biomass yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Taylor
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Carl-Erik Tornqvist
- U.S. Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Xiongwei Zhao
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Paul Grabowski
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Rebecca Doerge
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Biology and Department of Statistics, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jianxin Ma
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jeffrey Volenec
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joseph Evans
- U.S. Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Guillaume P. Ramstein
- U.S. Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Millicent D. Sanciangco
- U.S. Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - C. Robin Buell
- U.S. Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Michael D. Casler
- U.S. Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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200
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Zeng L, Liu X, Zhou Z, Li D, Zhao X, Zhu L, Luo Y, Hu S. Identification of a G2-like transcription factor, OsPHL3, functions as a negative regulator of flowering in rice by co-expression and reverse genetic analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:157. [PMID: 30081823 PMCID: PMC6091178 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flowering time is a key trait for regional adaption and seed production in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Forward and reverse genetic studies have characterized a number of flowering-time genes. However, co-expression analysis has not been used to identify the flowering-time genes. RESULTS We predicted a G2-like family transcription factor, OsPHL3, by co-expression networks analysis with photoperiodic flowering pathway genes. OsPHL3 contains a MYB-CC domain, and was localized in the nucleus with transcriptional activation potential. OsPHL3 was mainly expressed in the leaves and exhibited a circadian rhythmic expression pattern. Rice lines overexpressing OsPHL3 showed a delayed flowering time in the genetic background of TP309 under both long-day (Beijing) and short-day (Hainan) conditions. By contrast, the knockout rice lines of OsPHL3 by CRISPR/Cas9 technology promoted flowering time regardless of genetic backgrounds (i.e. Nipponbare and TP309) or day length. Further analysis indicated that OsPHL3 delayed flowering time by down-regulating the expression of Hd3a and RFT1 through promoting Hd1 under long-day conditions (LDs), or suppressing Ehd1/Hd1 under short-day conditions (SDs). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that co-expression analysis is a useful strategy for identifying novel flowering-time genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xue Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center For Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center For Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center For Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center For Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yingfeng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 China
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