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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to integrate recent research on the respiratory immune effects of e-cigarettes with the pathogenesis of asthma to better understand how e-cigarettes may affect asthmatics and to note critical knowledge gaps regarding the effects of e-cigarettes on asthmatics. RECENT FINDINGS Human, rodent, and cell culture studies show that key cellular functions of epithelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils are altered by e-cigarette exposure. Because respiratory immunity is already dysregulated in asthma, further alteration of cellular function by e-cigarettes could impact asthma development, severity, and/or exacerbations. Future research is needed to more directly investigate this relationship using controlled human exposure studies and exposure of cell culture or animal models of asthma to e-cigarettes.
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152
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Son Y, Weisel C, Wackowski O, Schwander S, Delnevo C, Meng Q. The Impact of Device Settings, Use Patterns, and Flavorings on Carbonyl Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5650. [PMID: 32764435 PMCID: PMC7460324 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Health impacts of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping are associated with the harmful chemicals emitted from e-cigarettes such as carbonyls. However, the levels of various carbonyl compounds under real-world vaping conditions have been understudied. This study evaluated the levels of carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, and diacetyl, etc.) under various device settings (i.e., power output), vaping topographies, and e-liquid compositions (i.e., base liquid, flavor types). The results showed that e-vapor carbonyl levels were the highest under higher power outputs. The propylene glycol (PG)-based e-liquids generated higher formaldehyde and acetaldehyde than vegetable glycerin (VG)-based e-liquids. In addition, fruit flavored e-liquids (i.e., strawberry and dragon fruit) generated higher formaldehyde emissions than mint/menthol and creamy/sweet flavored e-liquids. While single-top coils formed 3.5-fold more formaldehyde per puff than conventional cigarette smoking, bottom coils generated 10-10,000 times less formaldehyde per puff. In general, increases in puff volume and longer puff durations generated significantly higher amounts of formaldehyde. While e-cigarettes emitted much lower levels of carbonyl compounds compared to conventional cigarettes, the presence of several toxic carbonyl compounds in e-cigarette vapor may still pose potential health risks for users without smoking history, including youth. Therefore, the public health administrations need to consider the vaping conditions which generated higher carbonyls, such as higher power output with PG e-liquid, when developing e-cigarette product standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkwon Son
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.W.); (S.S.); (Q.M.)
| | - Clifford Weisel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.W.); (S.S.); (Q.M.)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Olivia Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (O.W.); (C.D.)
- Cancer Prevention & Control Research Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.W.); (S.S.); (Q.M.)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (O.W.); (C.D.)
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Cristine Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (O.W.); (C.D.)
- Cancer Prevention & Control Research Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.W.); (S.S.); (Q.M.)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (O.W.); (C.D.)
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153
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Lai L, Qiu H. Biological Toxicity of the Compositions in Electronic-Cigarette on Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 14:371-376. [PMID: 32748205 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-10060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Using electronic cigarette (e-cig) among youth is becoming a critical public health crisis in the USA. However, the biological impacts of the e-cig on multiple organ systems, especially in the cardiovascular system, are largely unknown. Unlike conventional tobacco, e-cig combines various chemical ingredients including nicotine and other add-on non-nicotine chemicals, such as the solvents (propylene glycol and/or vegetable glycerin) and flavoring chemicals, which dramatically increases the diversity of the potential implications. The recent outbreak of e-cig vaping-related tragic deaths in youth and multiple hospitalized patients raised a question on the safety of e-cig use and led to an urgent need for the knowledge of the health risk of the e-cig compositions. Therefore, in the review, we summarized the latest findings from both human and animal studies on the potential cardiovascular toxicological effects of e-cig on the cardiovascular system in terms of the systemic physiological implications and the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo Lai
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Petit Research Center, Institution of Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Room 588, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Hongyu Qiu
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Petit Research Center, Institution of Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Room 588, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
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154
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Heldt NA, Seliga A, Winfield M, Gajghate S, Reichenbach N, Yu X, Rom S, Tenneti A, May D, Gregory BD, Persidsky Y. Electronic cigarette exposure disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity and promotes neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:363-380. [PMID: 32243899 PMCID: PMC7899242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has grown substantially since inception, particularly among adolescents and combustible tobacco users. Several cigarette smoke constituents with known neurovascular effect are present in e-cigarette liquids or formed during the vapor generation. The present study establishes inhaled models of cigarette and e-cigarette use with normalized nicotine delivery, then characterizes the impact on blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Sequencing of microvessel RNA following exposure revealed downregulation of several genes with critical roles in BBB function. Reduced protein expression of Occludin and Glut1 is also observed at the tight junction in all groups following exposure. Pro-inflammatory changes in leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction are also noted, and mice exposed to nicotine-free e-cigarettes have impaired novel object recognition performance. On this basis, it is concluded that long term e-cigarette use may adversely impact neurovascular health. The observed effects are noted to be partly independent of nicotine content and nicotine may even serve to moderate the effects of non-nicotinic components on the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Heldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Alecia Seliga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Malika Winfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Reichenbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amogha Tenneti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dana May
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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155
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Leventhal AM, Mason TB, Kirkpatrick MG, Anderson MK, Levine MD. E-cigarette device power moderates the effects of non-tobacco flavors and nicotine on product appeal in young adults. Addict Behav 2020; 107:106403. [PMID: 32222565 PMCID: PMC7282993 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying e-cigarette product characteristics that moderate the effects of non-tobacco flavors and nicotine on user appeal can inform regulations issued in tandem with e-cigarette nicotine and flavor policies aimed to protect young adult health. An e-cigarette device's electrical power affects the amount of solution aerosolized per puff, leading to more concentrated or diluted aerosol, which may alter product appeal. This laboratory experiment tested whether e-cigarette device power moderated the independent and interactive effects of non-tobacco flavors and nicotine on appeal in young adults. METHOD In a within-subject design single-visit protocol, young adult e-cigarette users (N = 100) administered standardized doses of e-cigarette solutions varying in flavor (fruit, menthol, tobacco) and nicotine (nicotine-containing [6 mg/mL], nicotine-free). Solutions were administered via a variable-voltage tank-style device at low (7.3 W[3.3 V@1.5 Ω resistance]) and high (12.3 W[4.3 V@1.5 Ω resistance]) power settings. Participants rated each dose's appeal (0-100 scale). RESULTS The high (vs. low) power setting attenuated the appeal-enhancing effects of menthol (vs. tobacco) flavors (Menthol × Power, estimate = -5.44, P = .03). Power did not moderate the appeal-enhancing effects of fruit flavors. High (vs. low) power amplified the appeal-reducing effects of nicotine-containing (vs. nicotine-free) solutions (Nicotine × Power, estimate = 6.69, P < .001) and augmented the extent to which fruit and menthol flavors suppressed nicotine's appeal-reducing effects (Flavor × Nicotine × Power, estimates = 9.40-14.85, Ps≤0.03). CONCLUSION E-cigarette device power appears to moderate flavor- and nicotine-induced changes in product appeal in nuanced ways, including by augmenting the ability of non-tobacco flavors to mask nicotine's appeal-reducing effects. Regulatory restrictions on high-powered e-cigarette devices warrant consideration in efforts to protect young adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Institute for Addiction Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Institute for Addiction Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Institute for Addiction Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marissa K Anderson
- Institute for Addiction Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael D Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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156
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El-Hage R, El-Hellani A, Salman R, Talih S, Shihadeh A, Saliba NA. Vaped Humectants in E-Cigarettes Are a Source of Phenols. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2374-2380. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel El-Hage
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Rola Salman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Soha Talih
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Najat Aoun Saliba
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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157
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Talih S, Salman R, Karam E, El-Hourani M, El-Hage R, Karaoghlanian N, El-Hellani A, Saliba N, Shihadeh A. Hot Wires and Film Boiling: Another Look at Carbonyl Formation in Electronic Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00196. [PMID: 32635721 PMCID: PMC9355290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are a class of tobacco products that emit a nicotine-containing aerosol by heating and vaporizing a liquid. Apart from initiating nicotine addiction in nonsmokers, a persistent concern about these products is that their emissions often include high levels of carbonyl species, toxicants thought to cause most noncancer pulmonary diseases in smokers. This study examined whether the phenomenon of film boiling can account for observations of high carbonyl emissions under certain operating conditions and, if so, whether film boiling theory can be invoked to predict conditions where high carbonyl emissions are likely. We measured the critical heat flux for several common heating materials and liquids and carbonyl emissions for several ECIG types while varying the power. We found that emissions rise drastically whenever the power exceeds the value corresponding to the critical heat flux. While limiting the heat flux to below this threshold can greatly reduce carbonyl exposure, ECIG manufacturer operating instructions often exceed it. Product regulations that limit heat flux may reduce the public health burden of electronic cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Talih
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Rola Salman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Ebrahim Karam
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Mario El-Hourani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Rachel El-Hage
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Najat Saliba
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
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158
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Barker JO, Rohde JA. Topic Clustering of E-Cigarette Submissions Among Reddit Communities: A Network Perspective. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2020; 46:59-68. [PMID: 31742448 DOI: 10.1177/1090198119863770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
E-cigarette use in the United States has significantly grown in recent years. Widespread diffusion of e-cigarette content across social media communities may be contributing to this growth. In this study, we (1) explored topics related to e-cigarettes and vaping on Reddit and (2) examined the extent to which these topics clustered across distinct communities. We analyzed a total of N = 79,783 Reddit submissions posted between March 2017 and February 2018 that mentioned at least one e-cigarette or vaping keyword. We created a dictionary to classify submissions into seven different topics related to e-cigarettes and vaping. Submissions were also categorized into one of six mutually exclusive communities identified using subreddit meta-data. Our results indicate that e-cigarette and vaping content on Reddit is primarily about the buying and selling of e-cigarette products. Other common topics included how to build vaping devices, e-juice, and e-cigarette advice. Network correlation analyses found that the distribution of our seven identified topics varied significantly among general e-cigarette, drugs, and research/news subreddit communities. Findings from this study add to a growing literature investigating e-cigarettes and vaping on social media and also contribute to network-level theories by linking communities on Reddit to the diffusion of various depictions of e-cigarettes and vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob A Rohde
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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159
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Melvin MS, Avery KC, Ballentine RM, Flora JW, Gardner W, Karles GD, Pithawalla YB, Smith DC, Ehman KD, Wagner KA. Formation of Diacetyl and Other α-Dicarbonyl Compounds during the Generation of E-Vapor Product Aerosols. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:17565-17575. [PMID: 32715241 PMCID: PMC7377230 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diacetyl (DA) has been linked to the respiratory condition bronchiolitis obliterans. Previous research has demonstrated that DA and other α-dicarbonyl compounds can be detected in both the e-liquids and aerosols of e-vapor products (EVPs). While some EVP manufacturers may add these compounds as flavor ingredients, the primary objective of this work was to determine the potential for the formation of α-dicarbonyl compounds during the generation of aerosols from EVPs where no DA or other α-dicarbonyl compounds are added to the e-liquid. A novel ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analytical method for the determination of DA, acetyl propionyl, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal was developed and validated. Next, eight commercially available cig-a-like-type EVPs were evaluated for α-dicarbonyl formation. Increased levels of α-dicarbonyls were observed in the aerosols of all evaluated EVPs compared to their respective e-liquids. Mechanistic studies were conducted using a model microwave reaction system to identify key reaction precursors for DA generated from propylene glycol (PG) and carbon-13-labeled glycerin (GLY). These studies, along with the corresponding retrosynthetic analysis, resulted in the proposed formation pathway where hydroxyacetone is generated from PG and/or GLY. Hydroxyacetone then participates in an aldol condensation with formaldehyde where formaldehyde can also be generated from PG and/or GLY; the resultant product then dehydrates to form DA. This proposed pathway was further investigated through in situ synthetic organic experiments within the model microwave reaction system. This work establishes that DA is formed in the aerosol generation process of the EVPs tested though at levels below toxicological concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S. Melvin
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Karen C. Avery
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Regina M. Ballentine
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Jason W. Flora
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - William Gardner
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Georgios D. Karles
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Yezdi B. Pithawalla
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Donna C. Smith
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Kimberly D. Ehman
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Karl A. Wagner
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
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160
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Escobar YNH, Nipp G, Cui T, Petters SS, Surratt JD, Jaspers I. In Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Characterization of Aerosol Derived from Electronic Cigarette Humectants Using a Newly Developed Exposure System. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1677-1688. [PMID: 32223225 PMCID: PMC11391858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, the recent surge of electronic cigarette (e-cig) use has raised questions concerning the safety of these devices. This study seeks to assess the pro-inflammatory and cellular stress effects of the vaped humectants propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY) on airway epithelial cells (16HBE cells and differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells) with a newly developed aerosol exposure system. This system allows for chemical characterization of e-cig generated aerosol particles as well as in vitro exposures of 16HBE cells at an air-liquid interface to vaped PG and GLY aerosol. Our data demonstrate that the process of vaping results in the formation of PG- and GLY-derived oligomers in the aerosol particles. Our in vitro data demonstrate an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 levels in response to vaped PG and GLY exposures. Vaped GLY also causes an increase in cellular stress signals HMOX1, NQO1, and carbonylated proteins when the e-cig device is operated at high wattages. Additionally, we find that the exposure of vaped PG causes elevated IL-6 expression, while the exposure of vaped GLY increases HMOX1 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells when the device is operated at high wattages. These findings suggest that vaporizing PG and GLY results in the formation of novel compounds and the exposure of vaped PG and GLY are detrimental to airway cells. Since PG and/or GLY is universally contained in all e-cig liquids, we conclude that these components alone can cause harm to the airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace Nipp
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sarah S Petters
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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161
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Hung PH, Savidge M, De M, Kang JC, Healy SM, Valerio LG. In vitro and in silico genetic toxicity screening of flavor compounds and other ingredients in tobacco products with emphasis on ENDS. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1566-1587. [PMID: 32662109 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are regulated tobacco products and often contain flavor compounds. Given the concern of increased use and the appeal of ENDS by young people, evaluating the potential of flavors to induce DNA damage is important for health hazard identification. In this study, alternative methods were used as prioritization tools to study the genotoxic mode of action (MoA) of 150 flavor compounds. In particular, clastogen-sensitive (γH2AX and p53) and aneugen-sensitive (p-H3 and polyploidy) biomarkers of DNA damage in human TK6 cells were aggregated through a supervised three-pronged ensemble machine learning prediction model to prioritize chemicals based on genotoxicity. In addition, in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were used to predict genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential. The in vitro assay identified 25 flavors as positive for genotoxicity: 15 clastogenic, eight aneugenic and two with a mixed MoA (clastogenic and aneugenic). Twenty-three of these 25 flavors predicted to induce DNA damage in vitro are documented in public literature to be in e-liquid or in the aerosols produced by ENDS products with youth-appealing flavors and names. QSAR models predicted 46 (31%) of 150 compounds having at least one positive call for mutagenicity, clastogenicity or rodent carcinogenicity, 49 (33%) compounds were predicted negative for all three endpoints, and remaining compounds had no prediction call. The parallel use of these predictive technologies to elucidate MoAs for potential genetic damage, hold utility as a screening strategy. This study is the first high-content and high-throughput genotoxicity screening study with an emphasis on flavors in ENDS products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsuan Hung
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Savidge
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mamata De
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jueichuan Connie Kang
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sheila M Healy
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis G Valerio
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Reilly SM, Cheng T, DuMond J. Method Validation Approaches for Analysis of Constituents in ENDS. TOB REGUL SCI 2020; 6:242-265. [PMID: 32789155 PMCID: PMC7416875 DOI: 10.18001/trs.6.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed how many peer-reviewed publications reporting chemical quantities and/or yields from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have included adequate method validation characteristics in the publication for appropriate interpretation of data quality for informing tobacco regulatory science. METHODS We searched 5 databases (Web of Knowledge, PubMed, SciFinder, Embase, EBSCOhost) for ENDS publications between January 2007 and September 2018. Of the 283 publications screened, 173 publications were relevant for analysis. We identified the publications that report a certain degree of control in data quality, ie, the publications that report marginally validated methods (MVMs). MVMs refer to the methods that: (1) report 3 or more International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) method validation characteristics, (2) state the method was validated, (3) cite their own previous publication(s) that report MVMs, or (4) use a method within the accreditation scope of an accredited laboratory. RESULTS Overall, 97 publications (56%) report MVMs in their studies. This percentage also reflects the publication distribution for the majority of the 28 chemicals measured by MVMs. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for reporting sufficient validation characteristics following appropriate guidance to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the published analytical data for proper data interpretations that may support policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Reilly
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Tianrong Cheng
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jenna DuMond
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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163
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Lempert LK, Glantz S. Analysis of FDA's IQOS marketing authorisation and its policy impacts. Tob Control 2020; 30:tobaccocontrol-2019-055585. [PMID: 32601147 PMCID: PMC7952009 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Philip Morris Products SA (PMPSA) submitted a premarket tobacco application (PMTA) to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeking an order permitting it to market IQOS in the USA. US law requires FDA to deny marketing authorisation if applicants fail to demonstrate that their product is 'appropriate for the protection of the public health'. FDA issued a marketing order for IQOS in April 2019, which Philip Morris is using to promote IQOS outside the USA. METHODS We analysed FDA's Technical Project Lead Review and marketing order for IQOS, relevant law and guidance on PMTAs and independent research on the health impacts of IQOS. RESULTS FDA found that the evidence PMPSA submitted did not demonstrate reduction in long-term disease risks and that IQOS aerosol emits toxins with carcinogenic and genotoxic potential, some at higher levels than conventional cigarettes. PMPSA did not appropriately consider the health impacts of dual use, the product's attractiveness to youth or data showing that consumers do not accurately perceive the addiction risks of IQOS. Despite FDA's own scientists' recommendations and independent research showing that IQOS presents serious risks to users including cytotoxic, genotoxic, hepatotoxic, cardiovascular and pulmonary risks, FDA concluded that IQOS is 'appropriate for the protection of the public health'. CONCLUSION FDA's decision allowing IQOS to be marketed in the USA disregarded valid scientific evidence and misapplied the public health standard mandated by law. This decision may have important health impacts, influence marketing IQOS outside the USA and erode public confidence in FDA's future PMTA decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kass Lempert
- Center for Tobacco Control Research & Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stanton Glantz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research & Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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164
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Monien BH, Abraham K, Nawrot TS, Hogervorst JGF. Levels of the hemoglobin adduct N-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)-valine in cord and maternal blood: Prenatal transfer of glycidol in the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:82-87. [PMID: 32569803 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycidol, a probable human carcinogen, is a reactive chemical released in the gastrointestinal tract from glycidyl fatty acid esters, which are heat-induced dietary contaminants. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prenatal transfer of glycidol, a specific hemoglobin adduct was measured as a biomarker for internal glycidol exposure in paired cord and maternal blood samples. METHODS In 100 mother-newborn pairs from the Belgian ENVIRONAGE (ENVIRonmental influence ON AGEing in early life) birth cohort, we studied the correlation between levels of the glycidol-derived hemoglobin adduct N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-valine (2,3-diHOPr-Val) in paired cord and maternal blood samples. The adduct levels were determined after cleavage with a modified Edman degradation by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and an isotope-labeled reference standard. RESULTS 2,3-DiHOPr-Val was detectable in all 100 maternal blood samples and in 96 cord blood samples (LOD =0.5 pmol 2,3-diHOPr-Val/g hemoglobin), with medians of 5.4 (range: 2.3-29.2) and 1.6 (range: LOD - 8.9) pmol/g hemoglobin), respectively. In blood samples of mothers who smoked during pregnancy and in the cord blood samples of their newborns (n = 6), the median 2,3-diHOPr-Val levels were 16.7 (range: 6.4-29.2) and 6.2 (range: LOD - 8.6) pmol/g hemoglobin, respectively. The median ratio of 2,3-diHOPr-Val levels of cord to maternal blood was 0.35 (range: 0.19-1.14) (n = 49). The Spearman correlation coefficient between 2,3-diHOPr-Val levels in cord and maternal blood samples was 0.63 (p < 0.001) among all mother-newborn pairs and 0.59 (p < 0.001) among mother-newborn pairs of non-smoking mothers. DISCUSSION Maternal data confirm widespread exposure to glycidol, also in non-smokers. Neonatal levels indicate prenatal exposure to glycidol, due to an obviously relatively unhindered passive transfer through the placental barrier. Possible health effects of fetal (and postnatal) glycidol exposure in children may be addressed in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard H Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
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165
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Ward E, Anholt C, Gentry S, Dawkins L, Holland R, Notley C. A Qualitative Exploration of Consumers' Perceived Impacts, Behavioural Reactions, and Future Reflections of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2017) as Applied to Electronic Cigarettes. Tob Use Insights 2020; 13:1179173X20925458. [PMID: 32612402 PMCID: PMC7307283 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x20925458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette regulations included in the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), Article 20, implemented in Europe by May 2017, aimed to improve safety for e-cigarette consumers, and prevent uptake among non-smokers, particularly young people. Before implementation, there were significant concerns from consumers, industry, and some in the scientific community about the potential negative impact of the TPD on people using e-cigarettes to remain abstinent from smoking. To date, there is limited evidence on how the TPD has affected consumers. This study aimed to add insight into how consumers perceived and experienced the regulations. METHODS Qualitative data, collected between March 2018 and March 2019, relating to participant views of the TPD were extracted from 160 interviews/extended surveys of e-cigarette consumers as part of a wider study into e-cigarette use trajectories (ECtra study). Data were thematically analysed. RESULTS Awareness of the TPD among consumers was not universal. Participants' smoking behaviour did not appear to be influenced by the legislation. Participants were reassured by manufacturing regulations and requirements for ingredients labels. Participants responded negatively to changes perceived to cause inconvenience and extra plastic waste. The product restrictions prompted some participants to purchase non-compliant products illegally, potentially putting their safety at risk. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette regulation should focus on ensuring product safety. Raising awareness of the TPD among consumers and smokers could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ward
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Claudia Anholt
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sarah Gentry
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lynne Dawkins
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Richard Holland
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Caitlin Notley
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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166
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Miyashita L, Foley G. E-cigarettes and respiratory health: the latest evidence. J Physiol 2020; 598:5027-5038. [PMID: 32495367 DOI: 10.1113/jp279526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The E-cigarette market continues to expand at an alarming rate with thousands of flavours available for purchase and continuously evolving devices. Now that it is a multi-billion dollar industry and one without stringent regulation, there is rising concern over the safety of vaping products. Since June 2019, over 2800 cases of E-cigarette-associated acute lung toxicity have been reported in the USA, over 60 of which resulted in death. Many argue that E-cigarettes offer a safer alternative to smoking, but we are evidently far from fully understanding the potential hazards that they pose to respiratory health. Although the risk of an outbreak in the UK has been considered low due to tighter E-cigarette regulations, we cannot fully eliminate the possibility of similar events occurring in the future. With evidence frequently emerging of the harmful effects of E-cigarettes to pulmonary health, there is an urgent need to define the long-term implications of vaping. Studies show that E-cigarette exposure can disrupt pulmonary homeostasis, with reports of gas exchange disturbance, reduced lung function, increased airway inflammation and oxidative stress, downregulation of immunity, and increased risk of respiratory infection. In this review, the latest research on the effect of E-cigarette use on respiratory health will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Miyashita
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, the Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, E1 2AT, London
| | - Gary Foley
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, the Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, E1 2AT, London
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167
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Zervas E, Matsouki N, Kyriakopoulos G, Poulopoulos S, Ioannides T, Katsaounou P. Transfer of metals in the liquids of electronic cigarettes. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:240-248. [PMID: 32538207 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1776801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: E-cigarettes are electronic devices containing a liquid that usually consists of a mixture of glycerol, propylene glycol and nicotine, with or without flavorings, in various concentrations. A vapor or aerosol is produced, and inhaled from the user, when this liquid is heated by a heating coil. This work examines the impact of three parameters (e-liquid composition, nicotine content and air flow) on the transfer of metals' from the heating coils to the e-liquids.Materials and methods: A distillation unit was used, where 20ml of an e-liquid were boiled with two commercial heating elements. Four e-liquids: 100% Propylene Glycol, 100% Glycerol, 50/50% Propylene Glycol/Glycerol, 33.3/33.3/33.3% Propylene Glycol/Glycerol/Water, three nicotine contents: 0, 0.4 and 0.8% per volume and three air flows: 0, 0.5 and 1.0 L/min, were used. The liquids were analyzed by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry to determine the final content of metals.Results and discussion: Five metals, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb, were found to be transferred from the heating coils to the e-liquids. The transfer of those metals increases with air flow and nicotine concentration, while e-liquid composition also has a significant impact. Glycerol enhances the transfer of metals compared to propylene glycol and their mixtures. The boiling temperature of the e-liquids increases significantly the transfer of metals in the e-liquids.Conclusions: There is a transfer of metals from the heating coils to the e-liquids. This transfer depends on the e-liquid composition and on the boiling temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios Zervas
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patra, Greece
| | - Niki Matsouki
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patra, Greece
| | - Grigorios Kyriakopoulos
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Poulopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Theophilos Ioannides
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patra, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Katsaounou
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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168
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Madison MC, Landers CT, Gu BH, Chang CY, Tung HY, You R, Hong MJ, Baghaei N, Song LZ, Porter P, Putluri N, Salas R, Gilbert BE, Levental I, Campen MJ, Corry DB, Kheradmand F. Electronic cigarettes disrupt lung lipid homeostasis and innate immunity independent of nicotine. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4290-4304. [PMID: 31483291 DOI: 10.1172/jci128531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) or e-cigarettes have emerged as a popular recreational tool among adolescents and adults. Although the use of ENDS is often promoted as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes, few comprehensive studies have assessed the long-term effects of vaporized nicotine and its associated solvents, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG). Here, we show that compared with smoke exposure, mice receiving ENDS vapor for 4 months failed to develop pulmonary inflammation or emphysema. However, ENDS exposure, independent of nicotine, altered lung lipid homeostasis in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. Comprehensive lipidomic and structural analyses of the lungs revealed aberrant phospholipids in alveolar macrophages and increased surfactant-associated phospholipids in the airway. In addition to ENDS-induced lipid deposition, chronic ENDS vapor exposure downregulated innate immunity against viral pathogens in resident macrophages. Moreover, independent of nicotine, ENDS-exposed mice infected with influenza demonstrated enhanced lung inflammation and tissue damage. Together, our findings reveal that chronic e-cigarette vapor aberrantly alters the physiology of lung epithelial cells and resident immune cells and promotes poor response to infectious challenge. Notably, alterations in lipid homeostasis and immune impairment are independent of nicotine, thereby warranting more extensive investigations of the vehicle solvents used in e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Madison
- Department of Medicine.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine
| | - Cameron T Landers
- Department of Medicine.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine
| | | | - Cheng-Yen Chang
- Department of Medicine.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine
| | | | - Ran You
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
| | - Monica J Hong
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Pathology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian E Gilbert
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Medicine.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine.,Department of Pathology and Immunology.,Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine.,Department of Pathology and Immunology.,Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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169
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Electronic nicotine delivery system design and aerosol toxicants: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234189. [PMID: 32497139 PMCID: PMC7272070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; e-cigarettes), consisting of a battery, heating element and e-liquid, have evolved significantly with wide variation in design, components, operating powers, and chemical constituents. Generated aerosols have been reported to contain potentially toxic substances. We conducted a systematic review to assess what is known about the presence of toxicants in ENDS aerosols in order to inform how system design could mitigate risk. METHODS Articles reporting on or evaluating design characteristics of ENDS and aerosol constituents were included and summarized. RESULTS The search identified 2,305 articles, of which 92 were included after full-text review. Findings were grouped into 6 major categories of potentially harmful chemicals: carbonyls, volatile organic chemicals, trace elements, reactive oxygen species and free radicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. In general, higher concentrations of aerosol toxicants are associated with increased power or voltage. Aerosol toxicants are also associated with e-liquid flavoring agents existing as primary ingredients or as products of thermal degradation. CONCLUSIONS Improved ENDS design can reduce toxicant levels. Additional research is needed to develop a framework for optimizing system characteristics to minimize exposure, especially with respect to heating power and e-liquids. Both manufacturers and regulatory agencies have roles in reducing toxicants and potential health risks from ENDS.
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170
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Massey ZB, Li Y, Holli J, Churchill V, Yang B, Henderson K, Ashley DL, Huang J, Popova L. Modifications to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: Content Analysis of YouTube Videos. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e17104. [PMID: 32348288 PMCID: PMC7298628 DOI: 10.2196/17104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As user modification can alter the addictiveness and toxicity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), more research is needed to understand the types, motivations, risks, and information sources that lead to these product alterations. YouTube has been identified as a major platform where ENDS users obtain and share information about ENDS products and modifications. However, a comprehensive study of ENDS modification videos on YouTube is lacking. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the content of YouTube videos depicting modifications of ENDS. METHODS YouTube was searched in March 2019 to identify videos depicting ENDS modifications. Search terms were derived from interviews with ENDS users and current literature. We used 28 search phrases that combined the words vape and vaping with modification-related key terms (eg, custom build, modification, and dripping). The final sample included 168 videos. RESULTS Videos were 1 to 108 min long (median 9.55). Presenters were largely male (117/168, 69.6%), white (94/168, 56.0%), and older than 25 years (94/168, 56.0%). Most videos gave how to instructions (148/168, 88.1%), but few offered warnings (30/168, 17.9%) or mentioned commercial alternatives to modifications they presented (16/168, 9.5%). The ENDS devices most often featured were drippers (63/168, 37.5%) and refillable tanks (37/168, 22.0%). The most often modified ENDS components were coils (82/168, 48.8%) and e-liquids (34/168, 20.2%), which included adding other substances, such as cannabis, to the e-liquids (6/168, 3.6%). Most videos portrayed ENDS modifications positively (106/168, 63.1% positive; 60/168, 35.7% neutral; and 2/168, 1.2% negative) and were either neutral or positive in their overall portrayal of ENDS devices (78/168, 46.4% positive; 89/168, 53.0% neutral; and 1/168, 0.6% negative). CONCLUSIONS This study identified several concerning trends in popular YouTube videos on ENDS modifications, including lack of warnings, the addition of marijuana derivatives to e-liquids, and the positive portrayal of ENDS devices and modifications. By identifying the types of modifications (coil and e-liquid being the most prevalent), this study sets an agenda for research on the effects of modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary B Massey
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yachao Li
- Department of Communication Studies and Department of Public Health, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States
| | - Jessica Holli
- Research and Training Institute, John Snow Incorporated, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Victoria Churchill
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Communication, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, United States
| | - Katherine Henderson
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David L Ashley
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jidong Huang
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lucy Popova
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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171
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Kim YH, An YJ. Development of a standardized new cigarette smoke generating (SNCSG) system for the assessment of chemicals in the smoke of new cigarette types (heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco and electronic cigarettes (E-Cigs)). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109413. [PMID: 32224342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To systematically regulate new types of cigarettes for which their safety has yet to be verified, such as heat-not-burn (HNB) products and electronic cigarettes (E-Cigs), the identification of chemicals in the new cigarette smoke is necessary. However, this is challenging due to the large number of new cigarette types and their different vaporization approaches. To address this issue, we herein report the development of a standardized new cigarette smoke generating (SNCSG) system based on heating-temperature control, which is able to generate smoke for all types of new cigarettes. Validation of the developed system was also carried out through analysis of the carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in the new cigarette smoke of HNB products and E-Cigs generated by the SNCSG system under different heating temperatures. The analytical results were used to validate the SNCSG system by comparison with those of previous studies. In all new cigarette smoke samples, the formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations increased dramatically upon increasing the heating temperatures, especially over the reference heating range of each HNB device (mean concentration (μg/cigarette, n = 5 (HNB and E-Cig samples)): formaldehyde = 0.373-5.841 (250-320 °C), and acetaldehyde = 0.088-27.60 (250-320 °C). In the case of the HNB samples, the concentration differences determined by the heating temperatures of the tobacco stick were statistically significant, with p-values (ANOVA) of 1.85E-10 (formaldehyde) and 1.73E-08 (acetaldehyde). In the majority of smoke samples, acrolein and propionaldehyde were detected under relatively high heating temperature conditions (>250 °C) at 0.50 ± 1.76 μg/(cigarette or 10 μL), while acetone was detected under low heating temperature conditions (<250 °C) at 0.09 ± 0.17 μg/(cigarette or 10 μL). These results indicate that the developed SNCSG system could be suitable for application in the regulation of new types of cigarettes, regardless of the cigarette type and heating approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Ji An
- Department of Toxicology Evaluation, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.
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172
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Ilies BD, Moosakutty SP, Kharbatia NM, Sarathy SM. Identification of volatile constituents released from IQOS heat-not-burn tobacco HeatSticks using a direct sampling method. Tob Control 2020:tobaccocontrol-2019-055521. [PMID: 32457207 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the chemicals released in I Quit Ordinary Smoking (IQOS) heat-not-burn tobacco aerosol and to assess their potential human health toxicity. METHODS The heating temperature window of the IQOS heat-not-burn device was determined using a thermographic camera over a period of 100 s. Qualitative studies were performed using a novel real-time gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer set-up. Aerosols from six tobacco-flavoured IQOS HeatSticks (Amber, Blue, Bronze, Sienna, Turquoise and Yellow) were collected in a 1 mL loop via a manual syringe attached to the sample-out port of the valve. The gas transport line was heated to 200°C in order to prevent the condensation of volatile species. Compound identification was performed using the NIST11 mass spectrometry database library (US National Institute of Standards and Technology), where only chemicals with a match of 70% and above were listed as identifiable. RESULTS The temperature profile of the IQOS device revealed a non-combustive process employed in generating the tobacco aerosol. Real-time qualitative analysis revealed 62 compounds encompassing a broad spectrum of chemicals such as carbonyls, furans and phthalates, which are highly toxic. DISCUSSION Our findings complement the qualitative studies previously performed by Philip Morris International and others via indirect sampling methods. By analysing the aerosols in real time, we have identified a total of 62 compounds, from which only 10 were in common with previous studies. Several identified species such as diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, hydroxymethylfurfural and diethylhexyl phthalate are classified as highly toxic, with the latter considered carcinogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Dragos Ilies
- CCRC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Najeh M Kharbatia
- Analytical Core Laboratoy, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Mani Sarathy
- CCRC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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173
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Ebersole J, Samburova V, Son Y, Cappelli D, Demopoulos C, Capurro A, Pinto A, Chrzan B, Kingsley K, Howard K, Clark N, Khlystov A. Harmful chemicals emitted from electronic cigarettes and potential deleterious effects in the oral cavity. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:41. [PMID: 32435175 PMCID: PMC7233525 DOI: 10.18332/tid/116988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), is increasing across the US population and is particularly troubling due to their adoption by adolescents, teens, and young adults. The industry’s marketing approach for these instruments of addiction has been to promote them as a safer alternative to tobacco, a behavioral choice supporting smoking cessation, and as the ‘cool’ appearance of vaping with flavored products (e.g. tutti frutti, bubble gum, and buttered popcorn etc.). Thus, there is a clear need to better document the health outcomes of e-cig use in the oral cavity of the addicted chronic user. There appears to be an array of environmental toxins in the vapors, including reactive aldehydes and carbonyls resulting from the heating elements action on fluid components, as well as from the composition of chemical flavoring agents. The chemistry of these systems shows that the released vapors from the e-cigs frequently contain levels of environmental toxins that considerably exceed federal occupational exposure limits. Additionally, the toxicants in the vapors appear to be retained in the host fluids/tissues at levels often approximating 90% of the levels in the e-cig vapors. These water-soluble reactive toxins can challenge the oral cavity constituents, potentially contributing to alterations in the autochthonous microbiome and host cells critical for maintaining oral homeostasis. This review updates the existing chemistry/environmental aspects of e-cigs, as well as providing an overview of the somewhat limited data on potential oral health effects that could occur across the lifetime of daily e-cig users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Vera Samburova
- Organic Analytical Laboratory, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, United States
| | - Yeongkwon Son
- Organic Analytical Laboratory, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, United States
| | - David Cappelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Christina Demopoulos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Antonina Capurro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Andres Pinto
- Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Brian Chrzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Katherine Howard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Nathaniel Clark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
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Podzolkov VI, Bragina AE, Druzhinina NA, Vasil'eva LV, Osadchiy KK, Dubchak AE, Khvalin EI. Relation between Tobacco Smoking/Electronic Smoking and Albuminuria/Vascular Stiffness in Young People without Cardiovascular Diseases. Kidney Blood Press Res 2020; 45:467-476. [PMID: 32434202 DOI: 10.1159/000507510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE Tobacco smoking is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases. In recent years, alternative types of smoking, including vaping, have been becoming popular. The contribution of vape to vascular and renal injury is not known. We studied the relation between smoking of traditional/electronic cigarettes and arterial stiffness and albuminuria, which is also a vascular dysfunction marker. METHODS We examined 270 young volunteers without significant clinical cardiovascular diseases (mean age: 21.2 ± 2.3 years). Twenty-seven percent of the subjects in the study group were smokers; 69.9% of them smoked traditional cigarettes and 30.1% smoked electronic cigarettes. The urine albumin level was assessed by a dipstick test, and the augmentation index was determined by photoplethysmography. A linear correlation test and multiple regression analysis were applied. RESULTS The study groups did not differ in basic characteristics. The smokers demonstrated generally higher blood pressure levels and were overweight. Most of the smokers were male. In the groups of smokers, albuminuria was more frequent, especially among vapers (94 vs. 79% in tobacco smokers and 29% in nonsmokers). AU values (median [quartile 25; quartile 75]) were significantly higher in vapers (160 mg/L [150; 207.5]) vs. tobacco smokers (115 mg/L [60; 200]) and vs. nonsmokers (20 mg/L [10; 50]) (р < 0.05). Photoplethysmographic results showed relevant higher augmentation indices among tobacco smokers (-4, [-6.6; -1.9]) and vapers (-5.05 [-13.4; -3.3]) compared to nonsmokers (-16.2 [-23.9; -7]) (р < 0.05). Results of multiple regression analysis demonstrate that smoking of both traditional and electronic cigarettes is related to an increase in the albuminuria level and the augmentation index. CONCLUSIONS Smoking of both traditional and electronic cigarettes is related to albuminuria and an increase in the augmentation index, which is a noninvasive marker for arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Podzolkov
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna E Bragina
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation,
| | - Natalya A Druzhinina
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lubov V Vasil'eva
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin K Osadchiy
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Artem E Dubchak
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny I Khvalin
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
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175
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Guy MC, Helt J, Palafox S, Green K, Soule EK, Maloney SF, Eissenberg T, Fagan P. Orthodox and Unorthodox Uses of Electronic Cigarettes: A Surveillance of YouTube Video Content. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1378-1384. [PMID: 29961828 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Open electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) systems are customizable by consumers and often allow for potential "unorthodox" use of the product; that is, use not as intended by the manufacturer. Little is known about the types and prevalence of unorthodox uses and how these practices are transmitted via popular social media. METHODS Monthly searches of YouTube were conducted from June through November 2016 using the following search terms: "e-cigarettes," "vaping," and "e-juice." After collecting static and dynamic data on the 150 videos identified, two coders independently coded videos for general information, unorthodox use behaviors, health claims, and production quality and characteristics for orthodox and unorthodox use. Intercoder reliability was high (Cohen's κ 0.81, p < .001). RESULTS One hundred fifty videos were included in the study with a total of 115 551 563 views. We identified nine categories of unorthodox uses of e-cigarettes. Unorthodox use was three times as prevalent as orthodox use. Seventy-seven percent of the unorthodox use videos included recreational e-cigarette use, 57% included modification of mechanical parts and components, and 44.6% included unorthodox substance application (dripping). There were more than twice as many social media links in videos depicting unorthodox compared to orthodox use, but the level of engagement was lower for unorthodox use. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette unorthodox use on YouTube is more prevalent than orthodox use, suggesting the need to further investigate the prevalence of unorthodox use among e-cigarette users and the influence of social media on consumer uptake of unorthodox and orthodox uses of e-cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS The US Food and Drug Administration has regulatory authority over e-cigarettes, parts and components. Many e-cigarettes currently marketed are open systems. Closed systems may allow less manipulation and may influence the safety of these products. This study provides valuable information on ways that open system e-cigarettes are used and it can inform safety tests that can be conducted by the US Food and Drug Administration to determine whether or not these products should remain on the market. In addition, our definitions of unorthodox use can be incorporated into the Population Assessment of Tobacco on Health Study to better understand the prevalence of these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mignonne C Guy
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Jacob Helt
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Sherilyn Palafox
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI.,Center for the Study of Tobacco, Department Health Behavior and Health Education, Fay Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Kellie Green
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Eric K Soule
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Sarah F Maloney
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Pebbles Fagan
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Center for the Study of Tobacco, Department Health Behavior and Health Education, Fay Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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176
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Hasan F, Khachatryan L, Lomnicki S. Comparative Studies of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals on Total Particulate Matter Collected from Electronic and Tobacco Cigarettes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5710-5718. [PMID: 32267684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to measure environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in the total particulate matter (TPM) of mainstream and sidestream TPM of conventional cigarettes and the TPM of e-cigarettes. Comparable concentrations of EPFRs were detected in both sidestream (8.05 ± 1.32) × 104 pmol/g and mainstream TPM (7.41 ± 0.85) × 104 pmol/g of conventional cigarettes. TPM exposure to air resulted in long-lived oxygen centered, secondary radicals with EPR g values of 2.0041 for mainstream and 2.0044 for sidestream. Surprisingly, despite no combustion process, the TPM from e-cigarettes (menthol flavor of NJOY and V2 brands) also contain EPFRs with g values of 2.0031-2.0033, characteristic of carbon centered radicals, while the radical signal in the vanilla flavor of V2 brand was remarkably similar to semiquinones in cigarette smoke with a higher g value (2.0063). The radical concentration in e-cigarettes was much lower as compared to tobacco TPM. Although the production of ROS generated by e-cigarettes is comparatively lower than ROS generated by conventional cigarettes, EPFRs in e-cigarettes appear to be more potent than those in tobacco TPM with respect to hydroxyl radical generation yield per unit EPFR. EPFRs in e-cigarette TPM may be a potential source of health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Hasan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Slawo Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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177
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Li Y, Burns AE, Burke GJP, Poindexter ME, Madl AK, Pinkerton KE, Nguyen TB. Application of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and a Theoretical Model to the Quantification of Multifunctional Carbonyls and Organic Acids in e-Cigarette Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5640-5650. [PMID: 32271013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electronic (e-) cigarette aerosol (particle and gas) is a complex mixture of chemicals, of which the profile is highly dependent on device operating parameters and e-liquid flavor formulation. The thermal degradation of the e-liquid solvents propylene glycol and glycerol often generates multifunctional carbonyls that are challenging to quantify because of unavailability of standards. We developed a theoretical method to calculate the relative electrospray ionization sensitivities of hydrazones of organic acids and carbonyls with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine based on their gas-phase basicities (ΔGdeprotonation). This method enabled quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry HPLC-HRMS in the absence of chemical standards. Accurate mass and tandem multistage MS (MSn) were used for structure identification of vaping products. We quantified five simple carbonyls, six hydroxycarbonyls, four dicarbonyls, three acids, and one phenolic carbonyl in the e-cigarette aerosol with Classic Tobacco flavor. Our results suggest that hydroxycarbonyls, such as hydroxyacetone, lactaldehyde, and dihydroxyacetone can be significant components in e-cigarette aerosols but have received less attention in the literature and have poorly understood health effects. The data support the radical-mediated e-liquid thermal degradation scheme that has been previously proposed and emphasize the need for more research on the chemistry and toxicology of the complex product formation in e-cigarette aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amanda E Burns
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Guy J P Burke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Morgan E Poindexter
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amy K Madl
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tran B Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Mikheev VB, Buehler SS, Brinkman MC, Granville CA, Lane TE, Ivanov A, Cross KM, Clark PI. The Application of Commercially Available Mobile Cigarette Topography Devices for E-cigarette Vaping Behavior Measurements. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:681-688. [PMID: 30215774 PMCID: PMC7171281 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability to reliably measure real-world vaping behavior is critical to understand exposures to potential toxins. Commercially available mobile topography devices were originally designed to measure cigarette puffing behavior. Information regarding how applicable these devices are to the measurement of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping topography is needed. METHODS Clinical Research Support System (CReSS; Pocket) and Smoking Puff Analyzer Mobile (SPA-M) topography devices were tested against the calibrated laboratory-based smoking puff analyzer duplicator (SPA-D) device combined with an analytical smoking machine that generates programmable puffs with high precision. Puff topography of e-cigarettes was measured over a range of puff volumes (10-130 mL) at 2 and 5 s puff durations (using bell- and square-shaped puffs). "Real-world" topography data collected from 10 participants during 1 week of at-home vaping were also analyzed. Recording anomalies and limitations of the devices, such as accuracy of detection of the puff end, flow rate dropouts, unreported puffs, and abandoned vaping sessions for the CReSS, and multi-peak puffs for the SPA-M were defined. RESULTS The accuracy of puff volumes and durations was determined for both devices. The error for SPA-M was generally within ±10%, whereas that for the CReSS varied more widely. The CReSS consistently underestimated puff duration at higher flow rates. CONCLUSIONS CReSS and SPA-M topography devices can be used for real-world e-cigarette topography measurements, but researchers have to be aware of the limitations. Both devices can provide accurate measurements only under certain puff parameter ranges. The SPA-M provided more accurate measurements under a wider range of puffing parameters than the CReSS. Summary data reported by both devices require thorough analysis of the raw data to avoid misleading data interpretation. IMPLICATIONS Results of this study provide researchers with valuable information about the capability of commercially available cigarette topography devices to measure real-world vaping behaviors. The differing measurement ranges of the two devices and puff recording limitations and anomalies should be taken into account during analysis and interpretation of real-world data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Timothy E Lane
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Columbus, OH
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Columbus, OH
| | - Kandice M Cross
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Columbus, OH
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179
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Reilly SM, Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Trushin N, Richie JP. Free Radical, Carbonyl, and Nicotine Levels Produced by Juul Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1274-1278. [PMID: 30346584 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Free radicals and carbonyls produced by electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have the potential to inflict oxidative stress. Recently, Juul e-cigs have risen drastically in popularity; however, there is no data on nicotine and oxidant yields from this new e-cig design. METHODS Aerosol generated from four different Juul flavors was analyzed for carbonyls, nicotine, and free radicals. The e-liquids were analyzed for propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY) concentrations. To determine the effects of e-liquid on oxidant production, Juul pods were refilled with nicotine-free 30:70 or 60:40 PG:GLY with or without citral. RESULTS No significant differences were found in nicotine (164 ± 41 µg/puff), free radical (5.85 ± 1.20 pmol/puff), formaldehyde (0.20 ± 0.10 µg/puff), and acetone (0.20 ± 0.05 µg/puff) levels between flavors. The PG:GLY ratio in e-liquids was ~30:70 across all flavors with GLY being slightly higher in tobacco and mint flavors. In general, when Juul e-liquids were replaced with nicotine-free 60:40 PG:GLY, oxidant production increased up to 190% and, with addition of citral, increased even further. CONCLUSIONS Juul devices produce free radicals and carbonyls, albeit, at levels substantially lower than those observed in other e-cig products, an effect only partially because of a low PG:GLY ratio. Nicotine delivery by these devices was as high as or higher than the levels previously reported from cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that oxidative stress and/or damage resulting from Juul use may be lower than that from cigarettes or other e-cig devices; however, the high nicotine levels are suggestive of a greater addiction potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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180
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Son Y, Bhattarai C, Samburova V, Khlystov A. Carbonyls and Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes Affected by Device Type and Use Patterns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2767. [PMID: 32316435 PMCID: PMC7215697 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dangerous levels of harmful chemicals in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosols were reported by several studies, but variability in e-cigarette design and use patterns, and a rapid development of new devices, such as JUUL, hamper efforts to develop standardized testing protocols and understand health risks associated with e-cigarette use. In this study, we investigated the relative importance of e-cigarette design, power output, liquid composition, puff topography on e-cigarette emissions of carbonyl compounds, carbon monoxide (CO), and nicotine. Four popular e-cigarette devices representing the most common e-cigarette types (e.g., cig-a-like, top-coil, 'mod', and 'pod') were tested. Under the tested vaping conditions, a top-coil device generated the highest amounts of formaldehyde and CO. A 'pod' type device (i.e., JUUL) emitted the highest amounts of nicotine, while generating the lowest levels of carbonyl and CO as compared to other tested e-cigarettes. Emissions increased nearly linearly with puff duration, while puff flow had a relatively small effect. Flavored e-liquids generated more carbonyls and CO than unflavored liquids. Carbonyl concentrations and CO in e-cigarette aerosols were found to be well correlated. While e-cigarettes emitted generally less CO and carbonyls than conventional cigarettes, daily carbonyl exposures from e-cigarette use could still exceed acute exposure limits, with the top-coil device potentially posing more harm than conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrey Khlystov
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA; (Y.S.); (C.B.); (V.S.)
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181
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Kosmider L, Cox S, Zaciera M, Kurek J, Goniewicz ML, McRobbie H, Kimber C, Dawkins L. Daily exposure to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde and potential health risk associated with use of high and low nicotine e-liquid concentrations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6546. [PMID: 32300142 PMCID: PMC7162853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that e-cigarette users tend to change their puffing behaviors when using e-liquids with reduced nicotine concentrations by taking longer and more frequent puffs. Using puffing regimens modelled on puffing topography data from 19 experienced e-cigarette users who switched between 18 and 6 mg/mL e-liquids with and without power adjustments, differences in daily exposure to carbonyl compounds and estimated changes in cancer risk were assessed by production of aerosols generated using a smoking machine and analyzed using gas and liquid chromatography. Significant differences across conditions were found for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde (p < 0.01). Switching from a higher to a lower nicotine concentration was associated with greater exposure regardless of whether power settings were fixed or adjustable which is likely due to increased liquid consumption under lower nicotine concentration settings. Daily exposure for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was higher for 17/19 participants when using low (6 mg/mL) compared with high (18 mg/mL) nicotine e-liquid concentration when power was fixed. When power adjustments were permitted, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde levels were higher respectively for 16/19 and 14/19 participants with the use of 6 compared with 18 mg/mL nicotine e-liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Kosmider
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice FOPS in Sosnowiec, Jagiellonska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Sharon Cox
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, SE1 0AA, London, UK
| | - Marzena Zaciera
- Department of Chemical Hazard and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kurek
- Department of Chemical Hazard and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Health Behavior, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Hayden McRobbie
- Queen Mary University of London, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, E1 4NS, London, UK
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, SE1 0AA, London, UK
| | - Lynne Dawkins
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, SE1 0AA, London, UK
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Frigerio G, Mercadante R, Campo L, Polledri E, Boniardi L, Olgiati L, Missineo P, Fustinoni S. Urinary biomonitoring of subjects with different smoking habits. Part I: Profiling mercapturic acids. Toxicol Lett 2020; 327:48-57. [PMID: 32278717 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals, some of which are carcinogenic to humans, the content of electronic cigarette smoke is less known. This work aimed to assess and compare the exposure associated with different smoking habits by profiling urinary mercapturic acids as biomarkers of toxic compounds. METHODS In this pilot study, sixty-seven healthy adults with different smoking habits were investigated: 38 non-smokers (NS), 7 electronic cigarette users (ECU), and 22 traditional tobacco smokers (TTS). Seventeen urinary mercapturic acids, metabolites of 1,3-butadiene (DHBMA, MHBMA), 4-chloronitrobenze (NANPC), acrolein (3-HPMA), acrylamide (AAMA, GAMA), acrylonitrile (CEMA), benzene (SPMA), crotonaldehyde (CMEMA, HMPMA), ethylating agents (EMA), methylating agents (MMA), ethylene oxide (HEMA), N,N-dimethylformamide (AMCC), propylene oxide (2-HPMA), styrene (PHEMA), and toluene (SBMA), were quantified, along with urinary nicotine and cotinine. RESULTS Median urinary cotinine was 0.4, 1530 and 1772 μg/L in NS, ECU and TTS, respectively. Most mercapturic acids were 2-165 fold-higher in TTS compared to NS, with CEMA, MHBMA, 3-HPMA and SPMA showing the most relevant increases. Furthermore, some mercapturic acids were higher in ECU than NS; CEMA and 3-HPMA, in particular, showed significant increases and were 1.8 and 4.9 fold-higher, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that tobacco smoking is a major source of carcinogenic chemicals such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene; electronic cigarette use is a minor source, mostly associated with exposure to chemicals with less carcinogenic potential such as acrylonitrile and acrolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Frigerio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Campo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Boniardi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Olgiati
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Missineo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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183
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Lin VY, Fain MD, Jackson PL, Berryhill TF, Wilson LS, Mazur M, Barnes SJ, Blalock JE, Raju SV, Rowe SM. Vaporized E-Cigarette Liquids Induce Ion Transport Dysfunction in Airway Epithelia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:162-173. [PMID: 30576219 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0432oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis. Acquired ion transport abnormalities, including cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dysfunction, caused by cigarette smoking have been proposed as potential mechanisms for mucus obstruction in chronic bronchitis. Although e-cigarette use is popular and perceived to be safe, whether it harms the airways via mechanisms altering ion transport remains unclear. In the present study, we sought to determine if e-cigarette vapor, like cigarette smoke, has the potential to induce acquired CFTR dysfunction, and to what degree. Electrophysiological methods demonstrated reduced chloride transport caused by vaporized e-cigarette liquid or vegetable glycerin at various exposures (30 min, 57.2% and 14.4% respectively, vs. control; P < 0.0001), but not by unvaporized liquid (60 min, 17.6% vs. untreated), indicating that thermal degradation of these products is required to induce the observed defects. We also observed reduced ATP-dependent responses (-10.8 ± 3.0 vs. -18.8 ± 5.1 μA/cm2 control) and epithelial sodium channel activity (95.8% reduction) in primary human bronchial epithelial cells after 5 minutes, suggesting that exposures dramatically inhibit epithelial ion transport beyond CFTR, even without diminished transepithelial resistance or cytotoxicity. Vaporizing e-cigarette liquid produced reactive aldehydes, including acrolein (shown to induce acquired CFTR dysfunction), as quantified by mass spectrometry, demonstrating that respiratory toxicants in cigarette smoke can also be found in e-cigarette vapor (30 min air, 224.5 ± 15.99; unvaporized liquid, 284.8 ± 35.03; vapor, 54,468 ± 3,908 ng/ml; P < 0.0001). E-cigarettes can induce ion channel dysfunction in airway epithelial cells, partly through acrolein production. These findings indicate a heretofore unknown toxicity of e-cigarette use known to be associated with chronic bronchitis onset and progression, as well as with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Taylor F Berryhill
- 2Pharmacology/Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory
| | - Landon S Wilson
- 2Pharmacology/Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory
| | | | - Stephen J Barnes
- 2Pharmacology/Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory
| | | | | | - Steven M Rowe
- 1Department of Medicine.,3Gregory J. Fleming Cystic Fibrosis Center.,4Department of Pediatrics, and.,5Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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184
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Abstract
With the rapid increase in electronic cigarette (e-cig) users worldwide, secondhand exposure to e-cig aerosols has become a serious public health concern. We summarize the evidence on the effects of e-cigs on indoor air quality, chemical compositions of mainstream and secondhand e-cig aerosols, and associated respiratory and cardiovascular effects. The use of e-cigs in indoor environments leads to high levels of fine and ultrafine particles similar to tobacco cigarettes (t-cigs). Concentrations of chemical compounds in e-cig aerosols are generally lower than those in t-cig smoke, but a substantial amount of vaporized propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and toxic substances, such as aldehydes and heavy metals, has been reported. Exposures to mainstream e-cig aerosols have biologic effects but only limited evidence shows adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects in humans. Long-term studies are needed to better understand the dosimetry and health effects of exposures to secondhand e-cig aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
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185
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Zhang Z, Gonçalves FM, Tizabi Y, Zelikoff JT, Aschner M. Neurotoxicity of e-cigarettes. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111245. [PMID: 32145355 PMCID: PMC7089837 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It appears that electronic cigarettes (EC) are a less harmful alternative to conventional cigarette (CC) smoking, as they generate substantially lower levels of harmful carcinogens and other toxic compounds. Thus, switching from CC to EC may be beneficial for smokers. However, recent accounts of EC- or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) has raised concerns regarding their adverse health effects. Additionally, the increasing popularity of EC among vulnerable populations, such as adolescents and pregnant women, calls for further EC safety evaluation. In this state-of-the-art review, we provide an update on recent findings regarding the neurological effects induced by EC exposure. Moreover, we discuss possible neurotoxic effects of nicotine and numerous other chemicals which are inherent both to e-liquids and EC aerosols. We conclude that in recognizing pertinent issues associated with EC usage, both government and scientific researchers must address this public health issue with utmost urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Filipe Marques Gonçalves
- Biochemistry Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, United States
| | - Judith T Zelikoff
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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186
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Gillman IG, Pennington AS, Humphries KE, Oldham MJ. Determining the impact of flavored e-liquids on aldehyde production during Vaping. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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187
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Nicol J, Fraser R, Walker L, Liu C, Murphy J, Proctor CJ. Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of the Aerosol Emissions of a Vaping Product Based on a New Technology. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:789-799. [PMID: 32122129 PMCID: PMC7308067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Around 10 million people in the United
States and 3 million people
in the United Kingdom are estimated to use vaping category products.
There are some estimates that there will be 75–80 million vapers
worldwide by 2020. Most of these products are based on coil-and-wick
technology. Because the heating and aerosol formation are separate
processes, the system can lead to dry-wicking and elevated emission
of carbonyls if designed and/or manufactured poorly. Low-nicotine
and low-power coil-and-wick devices have also been linked to increased
exposure to formaldehyde due to compensatory behavior by users. We
characterized the emissions of a vaping product which uses a fabric-free
stainless-steel mesh distiller plate technology that heats and aerosolizes
the e-liquid in a single process. The plate has a microporous structure
for capillary-induced liquid transformation (wicking) and aerosolization
that is optimized to avoid fluid starvation and overheating and improved
control. Compared with emissions previously reported for a coil-and-wick
nicotine vaping product (e-cigarette), most classes of harmful and
potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) from this vaping product
were below the level of detection or quantification. For those that
were quantifiable, this vaping product generally had lower levels
of emissions than the e-cigarette, including carbonyls. Formaldehyde
and methyl glyoxal levels did not differ significantly between vaping
products. In this system, the single mode of liquid transfer and vapor
formation permits high aerosol mass delivery but further reduces emissions
of HPHCs that may be present in conventional e-cigarette aerosol,
by lessening the risk of thermal breakdown of the aerosol-generating
solvent mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nicol
- JTN Consulting Limited, 272 Bath Street, Glasgow, Scotland G2 4JR
| | - Rory Fraser
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Reagents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Walker
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Reagents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Chuan Liu
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Reagents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Reagents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
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188
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Salthammer T. Emerging indoor pollutants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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189
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Sheu R, Stönner C, Ditto JC, Klüpfel T, Williams J, Gentner DR. Human transport of thirdhand tobacco smoke: A prominent source of hazardous air pollutants into indoor nonsmoking environments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay4109. [PMID: 32181345 PMCID: PMC7056301 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of indoor nonsmoking environments with thirdhand smoke (THS) is an important, poorly understood public health concern. Real-time THS off-gassing from smokers into a nonsmoking movie theater was observed with online and offline high-resolution mass spectrometry. Prominent emission events of THS tracers (e.g., 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2-methylfuran, and acetonitrile) and other tobacco-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) coincided with the arrival of certain moviegoers and left residual contamination. These VOC emission events exposed occupants to the equivalent of 1 to 10 cigarettes of secondhand smoke, including multiple hazardous air pollutants (e.g., benzene and formaldehyde) at parts-per-billion concentrations. Nicotine and related intermediate-volatility nitrogen-containing compounds, which vaporized from clothes/bodies and recondensed onto aerosol, comprised 34% of observed functionalized organic aerosol abundance. Exposure to THS VOC emission events will be considerably enhanced in poorly ventilated or smaller spaces in contrast with a large, well-ventilated theater-amplifying concentrations and potential impacts on health and indoor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sheu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jenna C. Ditto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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190
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Zhao D, Aravindakshan A, Hilpert M, Olmedo P, Rule AM, Navas-Acien A, Aherrera A. Metal/Metalloid Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids, Aerosols, and Human Biosamples: A Systematic Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:36001. [PMID: 32186411 PMCID: PMC7137911 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become popular, in part because they are perceived as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes. An increasing number of studies, however, have found toxic metals/metalloids in e-cigarette emissions. OBJECTIVE We summarized the evidence on metal/metalloid levels in e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid), aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users across e-cigarette device systems to evaluate metal/metalloid exposure levels for e-cigarette users and the potential implications on health outcomes. METHODS We searched PubMed/TOXLINE, Embase®, and Web of Science for studies on metals/metalloids in e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users. For metal/metalloid levels in e-liquid and aerosol samples, we collected the mean and standard deviation (SD) if these values were reported, derived mean and SD by using automated software to infer them if data were reported in a figure, or calculated the overall mean (mean ± SD) if data were reported only for separate groups. Metal/metalloid levels in e-liquids and aerosols were converted and reported in micrograms per kilogram and nanograms per puff, respectively, for easy comparison. RESULTS We identified 24 studies on metals/metalloids in e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosols, and human biosamples of e-cigarette users. Metal/metalloid levels, including aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium, tin, and zinc, were present in e-cigarette samples in the studies reviewed. Twelve studies reported metal/metalloid levels in e-liquids (bottles, cartridges, open wick, and tank), 12 studies reported metal/metalloid levels in e-cigarette aerosols (from cig-a-like and tank devices), and 4 studies reported metal/metalloid levels in human biosamples (urine, saliva, serum, and blood) of e-cigarette users. Metal/metalloid levels showed substantial heterogeneity depending on sample type, source of e-liquid, and device type. Metal/metalloid levels in e-liquid from cartridges or tank/open wicks were higher than those from bottles, possibly due to coil contact. Most metal/metalloid levels found in biosamples of e-cigarette users were similar or higher than levels found in biosamples of conventional cigarette users, and even higher than those found in biosamples of cigar users. CONCLUSION E-cigarettes are a potential source of exposure to metals/metalloids. Differences in collection methods and puffing regimes likely contribute to the variability in metal/metalloid levels across studies, making comparison across studies difficult. Standardized protocols for the quantification of metal/metalloid levels from e-cigarette samples are needed. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5686.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Atul Aravindakshan
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Markus Hilpert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pablo Olmedo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M. Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angela Aherrera
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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191
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Montanari C, Kelley LK, Kerr TM, Cole M, Gilpin NW. Nicotine e-cigarette vapor inhalation effects on nicotine & cotinine plasma levels and somatic withdrawal signs in adult male Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:613-625. [PMID: 31760460 PMCID: PMC7039759 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Non-contingent chronic nicotine exposure procedures have evolved rapidly in recent years, culminating in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS or e-cigarettes) to deliver vaporized drugs to rodents in standard housing chambers. OBJECTIVES The aim of the current work was to use ENDS to test concentration-dependent effects of nicotine e-cigarette vapor inhalation on blood-nicotine concentrations, blood-cotinine concentrations, and somatic withdrawal signs over time in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were exposed to vapor containing various concentrations of nicotine (20, 40, 80 mg/mL) for 11 days through ENDS, and blood concentrations of nicotine and cotinine, the major proximate metabolite of nicotine, as well as spontaneous and precipitated somatic withdrawal signs, were measured over time (across days of exposure and over hours after termination of vapor exposure). RESULTS Exposing male Wistar rats to non-contingent nicotine vapor inhalation through ENDS produces somatic withdrawal symptoms and measurable blood-nicotine and blood-cotinine levels that change according to (1) concentration of nicotine in vape solution, (2) number of days of nicotine vapor exposure, (3) time since termination of nicotine vapor exposure, and (4) relative to the withdrawal signs, whether withdrawal was spontaneous or precipitated (by mecamylamine). CONCLUSIONS The data presented here provide parameters that can be used as a reasonable starting point for future work that employs ENDS to deliver non-contingent nicotine vapor in rats, although many parameters can and should be altered to match the specific goals of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montanari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Leslie K Kelley
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Tony M Kerr
- La Jolla Alcohol Research Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maury Cole
- La Jolla Alcohol Research Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Alcohol & Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA
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192
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Noël A, Hansen S, Zaman A, Perveen Z, Pinkston R, Hossain E, Xiao R, Penn A. In utero exposures to electronic-cigarette aerosols impair the Wnt signaling during mouse lung development. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L705-L722. [PMID: 32083945 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00408.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, more than 9 million American adults, including women of childbearing age, use electronic-cigarettes (e-cigs). Further, the prevalence of maternal vaping now approaching 10% is similar to that of maternal smoking. Little, however, is known about the effects of fetal exposures to nicotine-rich e-cig aerosols on lung development. In this study, we assessed whether in utero exposures to e-cig aerosols compromised lung development in mice. A third-generation e-cig device was used to expose pregnant BALB/c mice by inhalation to 36 mg/mL of nicotine cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosols for 14-31 days. This included exposures for either 12 days before mating plus during gestation (preconception groups) or only during gestation (prenatal groups). Respective control mice were exposed to filtered air. Subgroups of offspring were euthanized at birth or at 4 wk of age. Compared with respective air-exposed controls, both preconception and prenatal exposures to e-cig aerosols significantly decreased the offspring birth weight and body length. In the preconception group, 7 inflammation-related genes were downregulated, including 4 genes common to both dams and fetuses, denoting an e-cig immunosuppressive effect. Lung morphometry assessments of preconception e-cig-exposed offspring showed a significantly increased tissue fraction at birth. This result was supported by the downregulation of 75 lung genes involved in the Wnt signaling, which is essential to lung organogenesis. Thus, our data indicate that maternal vaping impairs pregnancy outcomes, alters fetal lung structure, and dysregulates the Wnt signaling. This study provides experimental evidence for future regulations of e-cig products for pregnant women and developmentally vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Shannon Hansen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Anusha Zaman
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Zakia Perveen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Rakeysha Pinkston
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Ekhtear Hossain
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Arthur Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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193
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Prominent ocular surface dryness and poor tear film quality among electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smokers (or vapers) indicate potential harm to the eyes from vaping. These findings may serve as precautionary signs for e-cigarette users and exposed bystanders. PURPOSE Little is known about the effect of e-cigarettes on the eyes except for reported eye irritation among individuals who were exposed to e-cigarette vapors and e-liquids. This study aims to investigate the effect of vaping on ocular surface health of long-term vapers. METHODS Twenty-one vapers and 21 healthy nonsmokers who are all male underwent measurements of the Ocular Surface Disease Index, noninvasive tear breakup time, fluorescein breakup time, ocular surface staining, tear meniscus height, and the Schirmer test. The effect of voltage used during vaping was also evaluated against the measurements. RESULTS Vapers experienced moderate-to-severe eye dryness (25.0 [interquartile range, 14.6 to 43.7]) as indicated by the Ocular Surface Disease Index. Significant reductions of noninvasive tear breakup time (3.13 ± 0.97 vs. 6.57 ± 2.31 seconds; P < .0001), fluorescein breakup time (2.68 [interquartile range, 2.33 to 3.18] vs. 4.12 [3.56 to 5.07] seconds; P < .0001), and tear meniscus height (203.0 [193.0 to 225.5] vs. 235.0 [210.0 to 253.50] μm; P = .002) were noted in vapers, but the Schirmer test showed higher results (14.5 [12.0 to 17.0] vs. 8.0 [7.0 to 11.0] mm; P = .001) compared with nonsmokers. Increase in vaping voltage aggravated the dry eye symptoms and tear instability (P < .05). Higher Schirmer test result was also noted as voltage increases. CONCLUSIONS Vapers showed moderate-to-severe symptomatic dry eye and poorer tear film quality compared with nonsmokers. High vaping voltage may have aggravated the dry eye syndrome because of hazardous by-products from pyrolysis of the e-liquid constituents. Investigation of the ocular surface health at cellular and molecular levels is warranted to gain a deeper understanding on the effect of e-cigarette to the eyes.
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194
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More SL, Thornton SA, Maskrey JR, Sharma A, de Gandiaga E, Cheng TJ, Fung ES, Bernal AJ, Madl AK. PBPK modeling characterization of potential acute impairment effects from inhalation of ethanol during e-cigarette use. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:14-23. [PMID: 32013640 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1720867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Ethanol is used as a solvent for flavoring chemicals in some electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) liquids (e-liquids). However, there are limited data available regarding the effects of inhalation of ethanol on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) during e-cigarette use. In this study, a modified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for inhalation of ethanol was used to estimate the BAC time-profile of e-cigarette users who puffed an e-liquid containing 23.5% ethanol. Materials and Methods: A modified PBPK model for inhalation of ethanol was developed. Use characteristics were estimated based on first-generation and second-generation e-cigarette topography parameters. Three representative use-case puffing profiles were modeled: a user that took many, short puffs; a typical user with intermediate puff counts and puff durations; and a user that took fewer, long puffs. Results and Discussion: The estimated peak BACs for these three user profiles were 0.22, 0.22, and 0.30 mg/L for first-generation devices, respectively, and 0.85, 0.58, and 0.34 mg/L for second-generation devices, respectively. Additionally, peak BACs for individual first-generation users with directly measured puffing parameters were estimated to range from 0.06 to 0.67 mg/L. None of the scenarios modeled predicted a peak BAC result that approached toxicological or regulatory thresholds that would be associated with physiological impairment (roughly 0.01% or 100 mg/L). Conclusions: The approach used in this study, combining a validated PBPK model for a toxicant with peer-reviewed topographical parameters, can serve as a screening-level exposure assessment useful for evaluation of the safety of e-liquid formulations. Abbreviations: BAC: blood alcohol concentration; e-cigarette: electronic cigarette; e-liquid: e-cigarette liquid or propylene glycol and/or vegetable glycerin-based liquid; HS-GC-FID: headspace gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection; HS-GC-MS: headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; PBPK: physiologically based pharmacokinetic; Cair: puff concentration expressed as ppm; Cair,mass: ethanol air concentration expressed on a mass basis; Cv: ethanol concentration in the venous blood; ρ: density; EC: ethanol concentration in the liquid; PLC: liquid consumption per puff; PAV: air volume of the puff; Cair,mass: puff concentration expressed as ppm; MW: molecular weight; P: pressure; T: temperature; PK: pharmacokinetic.
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195
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Schupp JC, Prasse A, Erythropel HC. [E-Cigarettes - Operating Principle, Ingredients, and Associated Acute Lung Injury]. Pneumologie 2020; 74:77-87. [PMID: 32016924 DOI: 10.1055/a-1078-8126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Beginning in April of 2019, the US saw > 2,000 cases of hospitalized, often young, patients with severe acute lung injury, of which over 40 died, and the only existing connection between patients was their use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). The acronym EVALI ("e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury") has since been established for the condition. This review article is intended to provide an overview of recent, mainly US literature on EVALI, including the case definition, epidemiology, clinical presentation, typical disease progression, as well as potential triggers. Ancillary to this, the review further provides a general overview of the basic function of e-cigarettes, the ingredients of the liquids used in these (e-liquids), as well as a brief description of the associated potential inhalation risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Schupp
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A Prasse
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, und Fraunhofer ITEM, DZL BREATH, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - H C Erythropel
- Dept. of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Dept. Of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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196
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St Helen G, Liakoni E, Nardone N, Addo N, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Comparison of Systemic Exposure to Toxic and/or Carcinogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) during Vaping, Smoking, and Abstention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:153-162. [PMID: 31554628 PMCID: PMC7007368 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Comparisons of systemic exposure to toxicants during monitored cigarette smoking, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, and abstention are needed to enhance our understanding of the risks of e-cigarette use (vaping). In a cross-over study, we measured 10 mercapturic acid metabolites of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 24-hour urine samples collected from 36 dual users (8 women) of e-cigarettes and cigarettes during 2 days of ad libitum vaping or cigarette-only use, and 2 days of enforced abstention. Concentrations of VOC metabolites were higher during smoking compared with vaping, except for the methylating agents' metabolite. The fold-difference in concentrations when smoking relative to vaping ranged from 1.31 (1.06-1.61; geometric mean, 95% confidence interval; 1,3-butadiene) to 7.09 (5.88-8.54; acrylonitrile). Metabolites of acrylamide [fold difference of 1.21 (1.03-1.43)] and benzene [1.46 (1.13-1.90)] were higher during vaping compared with abstention. The 1,3-butadiene and propylene oxide metabolites were higher in variable-power tank users compared with users of cig-a-likes. E-cigarettes expose users to lower levels of toxic VOCs compared with cigarette smoking, supporting their harm reduction potential among smokers. However, some e-cigarettes expose users to VOCs such as acrylamide, benzene, and propylene oxide, and may pose health risks to nonsmoking users. The results of our study will inform regulators in assessing e-cigarettes with respect to the balance between its potential harm reduction for adult smokers and risk to nonsmoking users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon St Helen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (CTCRE), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Evangelia Liakoni
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Nardone
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Newton Addo
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (CTCRE), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (CTCRE), University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
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197
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Comparison of the Relative Abuse Liability of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Extracts and Nicotine Alone in Adolescent Rats: A Behavioral Economic Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030860. [PMID: 32019080 PMCID: PMC7037300 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Characterizing the determinants of the abuse liability of electronic cigarettes (ECs) in adolescents is needed to inform product regulation by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We recently reported that Vuse Menthol EC aerosol extract containing nicotine and a range of non-nicotine constituents (e.g., menthol, propylene glycol) had reduced aversive effects compared to nicotine alone in adolescent rats, whereas Aroma E-Juice EC aerosol extract did not. The current study used a behavioral economic approach to compare the relative abuse liability of these EC extracts and nicotine alone in an i.v. self-administration (SA) model in adolescents. Methods: Adolescents were tested for the SA of EC extracts prepared using an ethanol (ETOH) solvent or nicotine and saline, with and without 4% ETOH (i.e., the same concentration in the EC extracts) in 23 h/day sessions. Results. Although acquisition of SA was faster for nicotine + ETOH compared to all other formulations, the elasticity of demand for all nicotine-containing formulations was similar. Conclusions: EC aerosol extracts did not have greater abuse liability than nicotine alone in adolescents. These data suggest that nicotine may be the primary determinant of the abuse liability of these ECs in youth, at least in terms of the primary reinforcing effects of ECs mediated within the central nervous system.
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198
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Szostak J, Wong ET, Titz B, Lee T, Wong SK, Low T, Lee KM, Zhang J, Kumar A, Schlage WK, Guedj E, Phillips B, Leroy P, Buettner A, Xiang Y, Martin F, Sewer A, Kuczaj A, Ivanov NV, Luettich K, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A 6-month systems toxicology inhalation study in ApoE -/- mice demonstrates reduced cardiovascular effects of E-vapor aerosols compared with cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H604-H631. [PMID: 31975625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00613.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to the cardiovascular system. Considerable attention has been paid to the reduced harm potential of alternative nicotine-containing inhalable products such as e-cigarettes. We investigated the effects of E-vapor aerosols or cigarette smoke (CS) on atherosclerosis progression, cardiovascular function, and molecular changes in the heart and aorta of female apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. The mice were exposed to aerosols from three different E-vapor formulations: 1) carrier (propylene glycol and vegetable glycerol), 2) base (carrier and nicotine), or 3) test (base and flavor) or to CS from 3R4F reference cigarettes for up to 6 mo. Concentrations of CS and base or test aerosols were matched at 35 µg nicotine/L. Exposure to CS, compared with sham-exposed fresh air controls, accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation, whereas no such effect was seen for any of the three E-vapor aerosols. Molecular changes indicated disease mechanisms related to oxidative stress and inflammation in general, plus changes in calcium regulation, and altered cytoskeletal organization and microtubule dynamics in the left ventricle. While ejection fraction, fractional shortening, cardiac output, and isovolumic contraction time remained unchanged following E-vapor aerosols exposure, the nicotine-containing base and test aerosols caused an increase in isovolumic relaxation time similar to CS. A nicotine-related increase in pulse wave velocity and arterial stiffness was also observed, but it was significantly lower for base and test aerosols than for CS. These results demonstrate that in comparison with CS, E-vapor aerosols induce substantially lower biological responses associated with smoking-related cardiovascular diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Analysis of key urinary oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines showed an absence of oxidative stress and inflammation in the animals exposed to E-vapor aerosols. Conversely, animals exposed to conventional cigarette smoke had high urinary levels of these markers. When compared with conventional cigarette smoke, E-vapor aerosols induced smaller atherosclerotic plaque surface area and volume. Systolic and diastolic cardiac function, as well as endothelial function, were further significantly less affected by electronic cigarette aerosols than conventional cigarette smoke. Molecular analysis demonstrated that E-vapor aerosols induce significantly smaller transcriptomic dysregulation in the heart and aorta compared with conventional cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szostak
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Tom Lee
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Sin Kei Wong
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Tiffany Low
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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199
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Noël JC, Rainer D, Gstir R, Rainer M, Bonn G. Quantification of selected aroma compounds in e-cigarette products and toxicity evaluation in HUVEC/Tert2 cells. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4761. [PMID: 31758585 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, the number of consumers using so-called e-cigarettes, which are electrical devices to aerosolize a liquid consisting of propylene glycol, glycerol, optional nicotine and flavoring chemicals, has been increasing. Aromas vary from common flavors such as mint to more unusual flavors such as buttermilk or pepperoni pizza. Consumers today can buy e-concentrates that consist of propylene glycol and aroma to blend their own desired flavor at home. Little is known about the composition and concentration of various aroma molecules in the different e-liquids and e-concentrates. In addition, the process of EU-wide regulation is still ongoing. The aim of this research study was to identify and quantify possible undesirable aroma compounds in e-liquids and e-concentrates. Flavoring chemicals such as estragole, benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde were quantified. The measurements were carried out on a GC-MS system. The results show the presence of highly concentrated flavoring compounds and limonene oxide in lemon-flavored e-concentrates. In the final step, samples and single-aroma standards were tested for their toxicity to HUVEC/Tert2 cells, where some single-flavoring chemicals such as cinnamic aldehyde revealed significant toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Noël
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, CCB-Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Ronald Gstir
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Rainer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, CCB-Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther Bonn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, CCB-Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
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200
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Uchiyama S, Noguchi M, Sato A, Ishitsuka M, Inaba Y, Kunugita N. Determination of Thermal Decomposition Products Generated from E-Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:576-583. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Uchiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6, Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Mayumi Noguchi
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ayana Sato
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Miho Ishitsuka
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yohei Inaba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6, Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
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