151
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Zhu C, Yuan C, Ren Q, Wei F, Yu S, Sun X, Zheng S. Comparative analysis of the effects of collection methods on salivary steroids. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:352. [PMID: 34271881 PMCID: PMC8285872 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid hormone test for saliva was a promising area of research, however the impact of different collection methods on salivary steroids was underexplored so far. This study was designed to compare the effects of different collection methods (unstimulated or stimulated by chewing paraffin, forepart or midstream) on salivary flow rate, concentrations and secretion rates of steroids in saliva. METHODS Whole-saliva samples were collected from 10 systemically and orally healthy participants, whose forepart and midstream segments of saliva were collected under unstimulated and stimulated conditions, with the salivary flow rate of each sample recorded. The concentrations and secretion rates of salivary steroids including testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and progesterone were measured by ELISA, with the multiple of change calculated. RESULTS The results indicated mechanical stimulation used in collection of saliva samples could affect concentrations and secretion rates of steroids, whereas forepart and midstream segments had little differences in levels of salivary steroids, which effects could be partly influenced by individual specificity. The asynchronism in change of secretion rate of steroids with that of salivary flow rate might play an important role during this course. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we suggested to use the same collection method throughout one analytical study on salivary steroids or in longitudinal observations to ensure the comparability of the saliva samples collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Dentistry, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qidi Ren
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqiao Wei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunlan Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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152
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Guillon M, Pham Dang N, Thévenon J, Devoize L. Salivary diagnosis of oral cancers by salivary samples: a systematic literature review. JOURNAL OF ORAL MEDICINE AND ORAL SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/mbcb/2021013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to carry out a systematic analysis of the literature concerning the diagnosis of oral cancers by salivary samples. Different biomarkers, produced by the tumor itself or by its environment, show significant variations in their concentration at the salivary level, correlated or not at the blood or tissue level. After studying 239 articles, we included 36 in this analysis. This allowed us to extract 46 potential molecules for salivary diagnostics. Only 26 demonstrated a good level of evidence. 8 clusters have also been proposed for better specificity and sensitivity. To date, the protocols of the studies carried out do not allow to affirm that one or more biomarkers are effective for a salivary diagnosis of oral cancers. Part of the results contradict or sometimes lack precision. In addition, the studies included here do not have a good methodological quality and do not always take into account other factors influencing the concentrations (systemic diseases, age, sex, tobacco, alcohol, etc.). Additional studies are still necessary, notably with larger groups of patients, representative of the general population and standardization of the protocols for the study and quantification of biomarkers.
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153
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Agrawal A, Kashikar S, Deo K, Gaidhane A, Bansod A, Jaiswal P, Khatib MN. Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2: A Critical Review of Virus Biology, Genome and Pathophysiology. Open Dent J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602115010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2] emerged as a great threat to the world at the end of December 2019 in China. The SARS-CoV-2 evolved from a virus responsible for the SARS epidemic in 2002. The SARS-CoV-2 has a high rate of human-human transmission and originated from the bat. It has a close resemblance with bat-like-SARS-CoV compared to SARS-CoV; however, the Spike protein responsible for virus-host cell interaction possesses the least similarity with that of SARS-CoV. Cytokine Storm is associated with the severity of Covid-19 and leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS] and/or multiple organ dysfunction syndromes [MODS]. In the current review article, the features of a novel coronavirus, including viral biology, genomic organisation, life cycle, pathophysiology and genetic diversity, have been discussed. The development of policies and plans which can prepare the world for future pandemics has also been proposed. In addition, the drug development pipelines, diagnostic facilities and management of such pandemics need an up-gradation to contain the current as well as future outbreaks.
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154
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Sagredo-Olivares K, Morales-Gómez C, Aitken-Saavedra J. Evaluation of saliva as a complementary technique to the diagnosis of COVID-19: a systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2021; 26:e526-e532. [PMID: 33609022 PMCID: PMC8254882 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.24424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious disease coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and it mainly affects the upper respiratory tract. The gold standard for its diagnosis is real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) performed on a nasopharyngeal swab. In contrast, testing saliva has significant advantages as a diagnostic method. MATERIAL AND METHODS We searched for articles evaluating saliva as a diagnostic method for COVID-19 on the PUBMED/MEDLINE, WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE, and SCIELO platforms. We initially found 233 articles and 20 were selected for inclusion following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol: 18 cross-sectional studies and 2 case reports, including 8 from America, 8 from Asia, and 4 from Europe. The studies evaluated the presence of viral RNA, IgG, IgM, and IgA in samples of unstimulated saliva from adults with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. The vast majority of the studies performed RT-qPCR on the saliva samples and compared the results with the gold standard (a nasopharyngeal swab of the same patient). RESULTS Saliva samples analyzed by RT-qPCR, reverse transcription isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), spectroscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) offer high sensitivity to detect SARS-CoV-2 in the early stages of the disease and among asymptomatic patients as compared to nasopharyngeal swab RT-qPCR. In addition, the self-collection of saliva offers the possibility of receiving telemedicine instructions to carry out the test, reducing the risk of contagion. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of COVID-19 through saliva is sensitive, non-invasive, and is of low risk for the healthcare professionals. However, further studies are recommended to validate its clinical use.
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155
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Diagnostic Value of Salivary miRNA in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137026. [PMID: 34209954 PMCID: PMC8268325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the diagnostic potential of salivary microRNA (miRNA) in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to summarize published studies and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of salivary miRNA in HNSCC detection. In this meta-analysis, we systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for studies on miRNA and HNSCC diagnosis. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) with a summary receiver-operating characteristic curve were calculated using a bivariate random-effect meta-analysis model. Furthermore, subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the main sources of heterogeneity. Seventeen studies from ten articles, including 23 miRNA and a total of 759 subjects, were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of salivary miRNA in the diagnosis of HNSCC were 0.697 (95% CI: 0.644–0.744) and 0.868 (95% CI: 0.811–0.910), respectively. The overall area under the curve was 0.803 with a DOR of 12.915 (95% CI: 9.512–17.534). Salivary miRNAs are a promising non-invasive diagnostic biomarker with moderate accuracy for HNSCC. These results must be verified by large-scale prospective studies.
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156
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Lukose J, M. SP, N. M, Barik AK, Pai KM, Unnikrishnan VK, George SD, Kartha VB, Chidangil S. Photonics of human saliva: potential optical methods for the screening of abnormal health conditions and infections. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:359-385. [PMID: 34093888 PMCID: PMC8170462 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva can be treated as a pool of biological markers able to reflect on the state of personal health. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the use of optical devices for the analysis of body fluids. Several groups have carried out studies investigating the potential of saliva as a non-invasive and reliable clinical specimen for use in medical diagnostics. This brief review aims to highlight the optical technologies, mainly surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which are being used for the probing of saliva for diverse biomedical applications. Advances in bio photonics offer the promise of unambiguous, objective and fast detection of abnormal health conditions and viral infections (such as COVID-19) from the analysis of saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sanoop Pavithran M.
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Mithun N.
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Barik
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Keerthilatha M. Pai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - V. K. Unnikrishnan
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sajan D. George
- Centre for Applied Nanoscience, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - V. B. Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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157
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Pin E, Petricoin EF, Cortes N, Bowman TG, Andersson E, Uhlén M, Nilsson P, Caswell SV. Immunoglobulin A Autoreactivity toward Brain Enriched and Apoptosis-Regulating Proteins in Saliva of Athletes after Acute Concussion and Subconcussive Impacts. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2373-2383. [PMID: 33858214 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and management of concussion is hindered by its diverse clinical presentation and assessment tools reliant on subjectively experienced symptoms. The biomechanical threshold of concussion is also not well understood, and asymptomatic concussion or "subconcussive impacts" of variable magnitudes are common in contact sports. Concerns have risen because athletes returning to activity too soon have an increased risk of prolonged recovery or long-term adverse health consequences. To date, little is understood on a molecular level regarding concussion and subconcussive impacts. Recent research suggests that neuroinflammatory mechanisms may serve an important role subsequent to concussion and possibly to subconcussive impacts. These studies suggest that autoantibodies may be a valuable tool for detection of acute concussion and monitoring for changes caused by cumulative exposure to subconcussive impacts. Hence, we aimed to profile the immunoglobulin (Ig)A autoantibody repertoire in saliva by screening a unique sport-related head trauma biobank. Saliva samples (n = 167) were donated by male and female participants enrolled in either the concussion (24-48 h post-injury) or subconcussion (non-concussed participants having moderate or high cumulative subconcussive impact exposure) cohorts. Study design included discovery and verification phases. Discovery aimed to identify new candidate autoimmune targets of IgA. Verification tested whether concussion and subconcussion cohorts increased IgA reactivity and whether cohorts showed similarities. The results show a significant increase in the prevalence of IgA toward protein fragments representing 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (HTR1A), serine/arginine repetitive matrix 4 (SRRM4) and FAS (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6) after concussion and subconcussion. These results may suggest that concussion and subconcussion induce similar physiological effects, especially in terms of immune response. Our study demonstrates that saliva is a potential biofluid for autoantibody detection in concussion and subconcussion. After rigorous confirmation in much larger independent study sets, a validated salivary autoantibody assay could provide a non-subjective quantitative means of assessing concussive and subconcussive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pin
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA.,Institute for BioHealth Innovation, and School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Nelson Cortes
- Institute for BioHealth Innovation, and School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA.,Sports Medicine Assessment Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas G Bowman
- Department of Athletic Training, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eni Andersson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Division of Systems Biology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shane V Caswell
- Institute for BioHealth Innovation, and School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA.,Sports Medicine Assessment Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
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158
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Caixeta DC, Oliveira SW, Cardoso-Sousa L, Cunha TM, Goulart LR, Martins MM, Marin LM, Jardim ACG, Siqueira WL, Sabino-Silva R. One-Year Update on Salivary Diagnostic of COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9:589564. [PMID: 34150692 PMCID: PMC8210583 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.589564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health problem, which is challenging healthcare worldwide. In this critical review, we discussed the advantages and limitations in the implementation of salivary diagnostic platforms of COVID-19. The diagnostic test of COVID-19 by invasive nasopharyngeal collection is uncomfortable for patients and requires specialized training of healthcare professionals in order to obtain an appropriate collection of samples. Additionally, these professionals are in close contact with infected patients or suspected cases of COVID-19, leading to an increased contamination risk for frontline healthcare workers. Although there is a colossal demand for novel diagnostic platforms with non-invasive and self-collection samples of COVID-19, the implementation of the salivary platforms has not been implemented for extensive scale testing. Up to date, several cross-section and clinical trial studies published in the last 12 months support the potential of detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in saliva as a biomarker for COVID-19, providing a self-collection, non-invasive, safe, and comfortable procedure. Therefore, the salivary diagnosis is suitable to protect healthcare professionals and other frontline workers and may encourage patients to get tested due to its advantages over the current invasive methods. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva was substantial also in patients with a negative nasopharyngeal swab, indicating the presence of false negative results. Furthermore, we expect that salivary diagnostic devices for COVID-19 will continue to be used with austerity without excluding traditional gold standard specimens to detect SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Carvalho Caixeta
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Wutke Oliveira
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Leia Cardoso-Sousa
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Mario Machado Martins
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Lina Maria Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
- São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José Do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
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159
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Atukorallaya DS, Ratnayake RK. Oral Mucosa, Saliva, and COVID-19 Infection in Oral Health Care. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:656926. [PMID: 33968961 PMCID: PMC8100190 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.656926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has shaken the globe with an ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 and has set challenges to every corner of the modern health care setting. The oral mucosa and saliva are high risk sites for higher viral loads and dental health care professionals are considered a high risk group. COVID-19-induced oral lesions and loss of taste and smell are common clinical complaints in the dental health care setting. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been found to cause a wide range of non-specific oral mucosal lesions, but the specific diagnosis of these mucocutaneous lesions as COVID-19 lesions will facilitate the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 in dental health care settings and aid in proper patient management. The reported loss of taste and smell needs further investigation at the receptor level as it will give new insights into SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. The high yield of virus in the salivary secretion is a common finding in this infection and ongoing research is focusing on developing saliva as a rapid diagnostic fluid in COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the significance of oral mucosa, saliva and the relevance of the COVID-19 pandemic in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Sewvandini Atukorallaya
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ravindra K Ratnayake
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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160
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Wirth R, Maróti G, Lipták L, Mester M, Al Ayoubi A, Pap B, Madléna M, Minárovits J, Kovács KL. Microbiomes in supragingival biofilms and saliva of adolescents with gingivitis and gingival health. Oral Dis 2021; 28:2000-2014. [PMID: 33876475 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Important alterations exist in the microbiomes of supragingival biofilm and saliva samples from adolescent patients developing induced or spontaneous gingivitis relative to healthy controls. These and the relationships to dental health are not fully understood yet. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Supragingival biofilm samples (n = 36) were collected from the teeth of 9 adolescents with gingivitis induced by orthodontic appliances, as well as dental plaques (n = 40) from 10 adolescents with spontaneous gingivitis, in addition to similar samples (n = 36) from 9 healthy controls. The bacterial metagenomes were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Salivary microbiomes of the same persons were characterized by shotgun metagenome sequencing. The data sets were examined using advanced bioinformatics workflows and two reference databases. RESULTS The composition and diversity of bacterial communities did not differ extensively among the three study groups. Nevertheless, the relative abundances of the genera Fusobacterium, Akkermansia, Treponema, and Campylobacter were prominently higher in gingivitis patients versus controls. In contrast, the genera Lautropia, Kingella, Neisseria, Actinomyces, and Rothia were significantly more abundant in controls than in either of the two gingivitis groups. CONCLUSIONS The abundance pattern of certain taxa rather than individual strains shows characteristic features of potential diagnostic value. Stringent bioinformatics treatment of the sequencing data is mandatory to avoid unintentional misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wirth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lídia Lipták
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Mester
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alaa Al Ayoubi
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Pap
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda Madléna
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Minárovits
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kornél L Kovács
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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161
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Inchingolo AD, Inchingolo AM, Bordea IR, Malcangi G, Xhajanka E, Scarano A, Lorusso F, Farronato M, Tartaglia GM, Isacco CG, Marinelli G, D’Oria MT, Hazballa D, Santacroce L, Ballini A, Contaldo M, Inchingolo F, Dipalma G. SARS-CoV-2 Disease through Viral Genomic and Receptor Implications: An Overview of Diagnostic and Immunology Breakthroughs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:793. [PMID: 33920179 PMCID: PMC8070527 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which is believed to have originated in China towards the end of November 2019, has now spread across the globe, causing a pandemic in 192 countries. The World Health Organization has called it the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Rapid dissemination of the virus occurs mainly through the saliva (Flügge's droplets) and aerosol, together with nasal and lachrymal passages. The literature associated with the recent advancement in terms of rapid diagnostics and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has thoroughly studied the role of ACE2 receptors and Furin, as well as viral agent access into the host cell and its significant persistence at the level of the oral mucosa, which represents the main access to the virus. The purpose of this review was to underline the processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and novel breakthroughs in diagnostics and vaccines. Different technologies, such as the RT-PCR molecular test and the antigenic test, have been developed to identify subjects affected by the SARS-CoV-2 in order to improve the tracking of infection geographical diffusion. Novel rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tests has been proposed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 to improve the screening capability of suspected contagions. The strengthening of the vaccination campaign represents the most effective means to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent severe manifestations of the virus-different classes of vaccines have been developed for this purpose. Further attention on the novel SARS-CoV-2 variant is necessary in order to verify the protection efficacy and virulence reduction of the infective agent in the recent vaccine campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Edit Xhajanka
- Department of Dental Prosthesis, Medical University of Tirana, Rruga e Dibrës, U.M.T., 1001 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Marco Farronato
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Ciro Gargiulo Isacco
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
- Director of Research at Human Stem Cells Research Center HSC, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam
- Embryology and Regenerative Medicine and Immunology at Pham Chau Trinh University of Medicine, Hoi An 51300, Vietnam
| | - Grazia Marinelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Maria Teresa D’Oria
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Denisa Hazballa
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
- Kongresi Elbasanit, Rruga: Aqif Pasha, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Campus Universitario Ernesto Quagliariello, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
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Liu YK, Chen V, He JZ, Zheng X, Xu X, Zhou XD. A salivary microbiome-based auxiliary diagnostic model for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 126:105118. [PMID: 33930650 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have shown that oral microbiota composition is altered in type 2 diabetes mellitus, implying that it is a potential biomarker for diabetes. This study aimed at constructing a noninvasive auxiliary diagnostic model for diabetes based on differences in the salivary microbial community. DESIGN Salivary microbiota from 24 treatment-naive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 21 healthy populations were detected through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, targeting the V3/V4 region using the MiSeq platform. Salivary microbiome diversity and composition were analyzed so as to establish a diagnostic model for type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Salivary microbiome for treatment-naive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was imbalanced with certain taxa, including Slackia, Mitsuokella, Abiotrophia, and Parascardovia that being significantly dominant, while the abundance of Moraxella was high in healthy controls. Diabetic patients exhibited varying levels of Prevotella nanceiensis and Prevotella melaninogenica which were negatively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose levels, as well as fasting blood glucose levels, respectively. Based on differences in salivary microbiome composition between diabetic and healthy groups, we developed a diagnostic model that can be used for the auxiliary diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus with an accuracy of 80 %. CONCLUSIONS These findings elucidate on the differences in salivary microbiome compositions between type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic populations, and the diagnostic model provides a promising approach for the noninvasive auxiliary diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kun Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Vivian Chen
- UCSF School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Zhi He
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue-Dong Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China.
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Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Stroke Patients: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5545330. [PMID: 33897941 PMCID: PMC8052150 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5545330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke is a serious worldwide health problem, as can be seen by the global epidemic of the disease. In this disorder, when the blood flow is compromised by ruptures or blocked arteries, sudden death of neurons is observed as a result of a lack of oxygen and nutrients. Numerous severe problems and frequent complications also exist in stroke patients; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic methods for the disease. At present, the diagnosis of stroke is based on a neurological examination, medical history, and neuroimaging, due to the fact that rapid and noninvasive diagnostic tests are unavailable. Nevertheless, oxidative stress and inflammation are considered key factors in stroke pathogenesis. Oxygen free radicals are responsible for oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA/RNA, which in turn contributes to oxidative damage of the brain. Toxic products of the oxidation reactions act cytostatically on the cell by damaging cell membranes and leading to neuronal death by apoptosis or necrosis. Thus, it seems that redox/inflammatory biomarkers might be used in the diagnosis of the disease. Nowadays, saliva is of increasing interest in clinical laboratory medicine. Redox biomarkers could be obtained easily, noninvasively, cheaply, and stress-free from saliva. This minireview is aimed at presenting the current knowledge concerning the use of salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the diagnosis and prognosis of stroke.
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Gilmiyarova FN, Gusyakova OA, Konstantinov DY, Selezneva IA, Borodina IA, Kolotyeva NA, Konstantinova EA, Tlustenko VS, Lebedeva SS, Temnik EI, Remizov VV. Molecular profile of oral fluid in new coronavirus infection. Klin Lab Diagn 2021; 66:133-138. [PMID: 33793111 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2021-66-3-133-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid is an alternative biological material that confirms correlations with blood parameters in various pathological conditions of the body. In order to find a non-invasive approach to stratification of patients with COVID-19 disease, molecular biomarkers of the oral fluid have been determined in patients with moderate coronavirus infection in comparison with clinically healthy individuals. It has been shown that proteomic, carbohydrate, macro- and microelement profiles of the oral fluid in coronavirus infection can be used for diagnostics. The features of protein metabolism were revealed: an increase in the content of total protein, urea; increased activity of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase; changes in carbohydrate metabolism, which is expressed by an increase in glucose and lactate levels, an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, iron content.
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165
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Teixeira Essenfelder L, Gomes AA, Coimbra JLM, Moreira MA, Ferraz SM, Miquelluti DJ, Felippe da Silva G, Magalhães MDLB. Salivary β-glucosidase as a direct factor influencing the occurrence of halitosis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100965. [PMID: 33732903 PMCID: PMC7941027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucosidases are enzymes present in all living organisms, playing a pivotal role in diverse biological processes. These enzymes cleave β-glycosidic bonds between carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety, which may result in the liberation of volatile aglycones. Released compounds execute diverse physiological roles, while the industry takes advantage of exogenously added β-glucosidases for aroma enrichment during food and beverage production. β-Glucosidase enzymatic activity has been reported in human saliva and given the fact that these enzymes are involved in aroma release, we investigated here the correlation between β-glucosidase activity in human saliva and the occurrence of halitosis. Measurement of salivary enzyme activity of 48 volunteers was performed using p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside as substrate. Each volunteer was clinically evaluated by a dental surgeon and clinical and laboratorial data were statistically analyzed. Gas-chromatography of saliva headspace allowed the analysis of the direct role of exogenous β-glucosidase on aromatic /volatile profile of saliva samples. The data demonstrated a positive correlation between halitosis and enzymatic activity, suggesting that the enzyme exerts a direct role in the occurrence of bad breath. Gas-chromatography analysis demonstrated that exogenously added enzyme led to the alteration of volatile organic content, confirming a direct contribution of β-glucosidase activity on saliva volatile compounds release. Although halitosis is a multifactorial condition, the complete understanding of all governing factors may allow the development of more effective treatment strategies. Such studies may pave the way to the use of β-glucosidase inhibitors for halitosis clinical management. β-Glucosidases are capable of altering the aromatic profile of saliva. Increased salivary β-glucosidase is associated with halitosis. Increased salivary β-glucosidase is associated with dental biofilm. Salivary β-glucosidases are produced by oral microrganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimari Teixeira Essenfelder
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Albino Gomes
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Luis Meirelles Coimbra
- Department of Soil and Natural Resources, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Moreira
- Department of Soil and Natural Resources, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Ferraz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - David José Miquelluti
- Department of Soil and Natural Resources, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Felippe da Silva
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Borba Magalhães
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
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Wang J, Yu J, Wang T, Li C, Wei Y, Deng X, Chen X. Emerging intraoral biosensors. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:3341-3356. [PMID: 31904075 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02352f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical devices that involved continuous and real-time health-care monitoring have drawn much attention in modern medicine, of which skin electronics and implantable devices are widely investigated. Skin electronics are characterized for their non-invasive access to the physiological signals, and implantable devices are superior at the diagnosis and therapy integration. Despite the significant progress achieved, many gaps remain to be explored to provide a more comprehensive overview of human health. As the connecting point of the outer environment and human systems, the oral cavity contains many unique biomarkers that are absent in skin or inner organs, and hence, this could become a promising alternative locus for designing health-care monitoring devices. In this review, we outline the status of the oral cavity during the communication of the environment and human systems and compare the intraoral devices with skin electronics and implantable devices from the biophysical and biochemical aspects. We further summarize the established diagnosis database and technologies that could be adopted to design intraoral biosensors. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities for intraoral biosensors are discussed. Intraoral biosensors could become an important complement for existing biomedical devices to constitute a more reliable health-care monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
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Inchingolo AD, Inchingolo AM, Bordea IR, Malcangi G, Xhajanka E, Scarano A, Lorusso F, Farronato M, Tartaglia GM, Isacco CG, Marinelli G, D’Oria MT, Hazballa D, Santacroce L, Ballini A, Contaldo M, Inchingolo F, Dipalma G. SARS-CoV-2 Disease Adjuvant Therapies and Supplements Breakthrough for the Infection Prevention. Microorganisms 2021; 9:525. [PMID: 33806624 PMCID: PMC7999785 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a high-risk viral agent involved in the recent pandemic stated worldwide by the World Health Organization. The infection is correlated to a severe systemic and respiratory disease in many cases, which is clinically treated with a multi-drug pharmacological approach. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate through a literature overview the effect of adjuvant therapies and supplements for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The research has analyzed the advantage of the EK1C4, by also assessing the studies on the resveratrol, vitamin D, and melatonin as adjuvant supplements for long hauler patients' prognosis. The evaluated substances reported important benefits for the improvement of the immune system and as a potential inhibitor molecules against SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the use of sartans as therapy. The adjuvant supplements seem to create an advantage for the healing of the long hauler patients affected by chronic symptoms of constant chest and heart pain, intestinal disorders, headache, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, and tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Edit Xhajanka
- Dental Prosthesis Department, Medical University of Tirana, UMT, Rruga e Dibrës, Tirana 1001, Albania;
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Marco Farronato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Ciro Gargiulo Isacco
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
- Human Stem Cells Research Center HSC of Ho Chi Minh, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam
- Embryology and Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Pham Chau Trinh University of Medicine Hoi An, Hoi An 70000, Vietnam
| | - Grazia Marinelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Maria Teresa D’Oria
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Via delle Scienze, Università degli Studi di Udine, 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Denisa Hazballa
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
- Kongresi Elbasanit, Rruga: Aqif Pasha, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Campus Universitario, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (A.M.I.); (C.G.I.); (G.M.); (M.T.D.); (D.H.); (L.S.); (F.I.); (G.D.)
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The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020371. [PMID: 33671562 PMCID: PMC7926361 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases present with progressive neuronal degeneration, which can lead to cognitive and motor impairment. Early screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are necessary to begin treatment before the onset of clinical symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. Biomarkers have shown great potential as a diagnostic tool in the early diagnosis of many diseases, including AD and PD. However, screening for these biomarkers usually includes invasive, complex and expensive methods such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling through a lumbar puncture. Researchers are continuously seeking to find a simpler and more reliable diagnostic tool that would be less invasive than CSF sampling. Saliva has been studied as a potential biological fluid that could be used in the diagnosis and early screening of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to provide an insight into the current literature concerning salivary biomarkers used in the diagnosis of AD and PD. The most commonly studied salivary biomarkers in AD are β-amyloid1-42/1-40 and TAU protein, as well as α-synuclein and protein deglycase (DJ-1) in PD. Studies continue to be conducted on this subject and researchers are attempting to find correlations between specific biomarkers and early clinical symptoms, which could be key in creating new treatments for patients before the onset of symptoms.
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170
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Klimiuk A, Zalewska A, Knapp M, Sawicki R, Ładny JR, Maciejczyk M. Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure Is Aggravated by Nitrosative Stress, as Well as Oxidation and Glycation of Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:119. [PMID: 33477706 PMCID: PMC7831926 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (HF) is an important clinical, social, and economic problem. A key role in HF progression is played by oxidative stress. Free oxygen radicals, formed under the conditions of hypoxia and reperfusion, participate in myocardial stunning and other forms of post-reperfusion damage. HF patients also suffer from disorders connected with saliva secretion. However, still little is known about the mechanisms that impair the secretory function of salivary glands in these patients. In the presented study, we were the first to compare the antioxidant barrier, protein glycoxidation, and nitrosative/nitrative stress in non-stimulated (non-stimulated whole saliva (NWS)) and stimulated (SWS) saliva of HF patients. The study included 50 HF patients with normal saliva (NS) secretion (n = 27) and hyposalivation (HS) (n = 23), as well as an age- and gender-matched control group (n = 50). We demonstrated that, in NWS of HF patients with HS, the concentration of low-molecular-weight non-enzymatic antioxidants decreased (↓total polyphenols, ↓ascorbic acid, ↓reduced glutathione, ↓albumin) compared to HF patients with normal saliva (NS) secretion, as well as the control group (except albumin). We also observed increased content of protein glycoxidation products (↑dityrosine, ↑kynurenine, ↑glycophore) in NWS and SWS of HF patients with HS compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, the content of dityrosine, N-formylkynurenine, and glycophore in NWS was also significantly higher in HF patients with HS compared to those with NS secretion. The concentration of NO was considerably lower, while the levels of peroxynitrite and nitrotyrosine were significantly higher in NWS and SWS of HF subjects with HS compared to the controls. Salivary gland dysfunction occurs in patients with chronic HF with the submandibular salivary glands being the least efficient. Oxidative/nitrosative stress may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the impairment of salivary gland secretory function in HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klimiuk
- Experimental Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (A.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Experimental Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (A.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Małgorzata Knapp
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (M.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Sawicki
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (M.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Jerzy Robert Ładny
- 1st Department of General Surgery and Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 2c Mickiewicza Street, 15-233 Bialystok, Poland
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Application of Salivary Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010063. [PMID: 33401557 PMCID: PMC7824401 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a highly prevalent syndrome that impairs the quality of life of the patients; however, its diagnosis is complex and mainly centered on pain symptoms. The study of salivary biomarkers has proven highly useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of numerous diseases. The objective of this review was to gather published data on the utilization of salivary biomarkers to facilitate and complement the diagnosis of FM. Salivary biomarkers used in FM diagnosis include cortisol; calgranulin; and the enzymes α-amylase, transaldolase, and phosphoglycerate mutase. Increased serum levels of C-reactive protein, cytokines interleukin 1-β, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interleukin 10, interleukin 17, tumor necrosis factor α, and various chemokines may serve as salivary biomarkers, given observations of their increased serum levels in patients with FM. Further research is warranted to study in depth the role and performance of biomarkers currently used in FM diagnosis/prognosis and to identify novel salivary biomarkers for this disease.
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Riis JL, Ahmadi H, Hamilton KR, Hand T, Granger DA. Best practice recommendations for the measurement and interpretation of salivary proinflammatory cytokines in biobehavioral research. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:105-116. [PMID: 32931871 PMCID: PMC8164445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the integration of salivary inflammatory cytokines into research across the biobehavioral, psychological, clinical, and health-related disciplines, there is little guidance regarding the biospecimen collection, handling, and storage practices that maximize the quality and validity of salivary cytokine data. Furthermore, associations between salivary cytokines and measures related to oral health are rarely assessed and accounted for in studies outside the oral health fields. To address these gaps, we examine the sensitivity of salivary interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to changes in saliva sample collection technique and cold chain management procedures. Using subsets of saliva samples collected from 150 healthy adults, we measure salivary IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and other oral health-related indices (i.e., blood contamination [transferrin], and salivary matrixmallotprotienase-8). In addition to examining changes in cytokine levels associated with sample collection technique and cold chain management procedures, we assess relations between cytokine concentrations and levels of other oral health-related measures. We found that IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were more robust to changes in sample collection and cold chain management procedures than TNF-α, and all cytokines were positively associated with other oral health-related measures. Based on our findings, we recommend analyte-specific guidance for measuring and interpreting salivary cytokine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Riis
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Correspondence: Jenna L. Riis (), Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine CA 92697-7085
| | - Hedyeh Ahmadi
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Katrina R. Hamilton
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tracey Hand
- Center for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pediatrics Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Salivary Bioscience Laboratory and Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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173
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Suzuki D, Yamada SI, Sakurai A, Karasawa I, Kondo E, Sakai H, Tanaka H, Shimane T, Kurita H. Correlations between the properties of saliva and metabolic syndrome: A prospective observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23688. [PMID: 33371111 PMCID: PMC7748345 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva tests, which are easy to perform and non-invasive, can be used to monitor both oral disease (especially periodontal disease) and physical conditions, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, in the present study the associations between saliva test results and MetS were investigated based on medical health check-up data for a large population. In total, 1,888 and 2,296 individuals underwent medical check-ups for MetS and simultaneous saliva tests in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In the saliva tests, the buffer capacity of saliva, salivary pH, the salivary white blood cell count, the number of cariogenic bacteria in saliva, salivary occult blood, protein, and ammonia levels were tested using a commercially available kit. The relationships between the results of the saliva tests and MetS components were examined in cross-sectional and longitudinal multivariate analyses. Significant relationships were detected between salivary protein levels and serum HbA1c levels or blood pressure levels and between the buffer capacity of saliva and serum triglyceride levels. In addition, salivary pH was increased irreversibly by impaired renal function. This study suggested that saliva tests conducted during health check-ups of large populations might be a useful screening tool for periodontal disease and MetS/MetS components.
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174
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Donati P, Pomili T, Boselli L, Pompa PP. Colorimetric Nanoplasmonics to Spot Hyperglycemia From Saliva. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:601216. [PMID: 33425867 PMCID: PMC7793823 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.601216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnostics and point-of-care (POC) devices can save people's lives or drastically improve their quality. In particular, millions of diabetic patients worldwide benefit from POC devices for frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose. Yet, this still involves invasive sampling processes, which are quite discomforting for frequent measurements, or implantable devices dedicated to selected chronic patients, thus precluding large-scale monitoring of the globally increasing diabetic disorders. Here, we report a non-invasive colorimetric sensing platform to identify hyperglycemia from saliva. We designed plasmonic multibranched gold nanostructures, able to rapidly change their shape and color (naked-eye detection) in the presence of hyperglycemic conditions. This "reshaping approach" provides a fast visual response and high sensitivity, overcoming common detection issues related to signal (color intensity) losses and bio-matrix interferences. Notably, optimal performances of the assay were achieved in real biological samples, where the biomolecular environment was found to play a key role. Finally, we developed a dipstick prototype as a rapid home-testing kit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Boselli
- Nanobiointeractions and Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Pier P. Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions and Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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175
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Minarovits J. Anaerobic bacterial communities associated with oral carcinoma: Intratumoral, surface-biofilm and salivary microbiota. Anaerobe 2020; 68:102300. [PMID: 33246097 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It was estimated that more than 700 bacterial species inhabit the oral cavity of healthy humans. Anaerobes comprise a significant fraction of the oral bacteriome and play an important role in the formation of multi-species biofilms attached to various anatomical sites. Bacterial biofilms are also associated with pathologic laesions of the oral cavity, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and distinct oral taxa could also be detected within the tumors, i.e. in deep biopsy samples. These observations suggested that certain oral bacteria or oral bacterial communities may play a causative role in oral carcinogenesis, in addition to the well characterized risk factors of oral cancer. Alternatively, it was also proposed that a subset of oral bacteria may have a growth advantage in the unique microenvironment of OSCC. Recently, a series of studies analysed the OSCC-associated bacterial communities using metataxonomic, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches. This review outlines the major differences between the community structure of microbiota in tumor biopsy, surface-biofilm and salivary or oral wash samples collected from OSCC patients, compared to corresponding samples from control persons. A special emphasis is given to the anaerobic bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum and Fusobacterium periodonticum that were characterised repeatedly as "OSCC-associated" in independent studies. Predicted microbial functions and relevant in vivo experimental models of oral carcinogenesis will also be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Minarovits
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, H-6720 Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64 Hungary.
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176
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Li J, Chang S, Guo H, Ji Y, Jiang H, Ruan L, Du M. Altered Salivary Microbiome in the Early Stage of HIV Infections among Young Chinese Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110960. [PMID: 33228000 PMCID: PMC7699166 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are spiking in Chinese young men who have sex with men (MSM). To explore alterations in the salivary microbiome and its correlation with demographic characteristics, CD4+ T cell count and viral load (VL) in HIV infections, samples of unstimulated whole saliva were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform in 20 HIV newly infected patients before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and at three and six months after, and in 20 age- and gender-paired healthy Chinese people. The results showed that the alpha diversity of salivary microbiota in HIV infections did not show differences from the healthy controls, but was reduced after six months under ART treatment. Comparative analysis revealed that Streptococcus was enriched in HIV-infected individuals, while Neisseria was enriched in the healthy control group. After effective ART, the salivary microbiota composition was not completely restored, although some microbiota recovered. In addition, we found Provotella_7, Neisseria and Haemophilus were correlated negatively with CD4+ T cell count, while Neisseria was correlated positively with VL. We conclude that HIV infections experience a dysbiosis of the salivary microbiome. The salivary microbiome test could be a substitute for the blood tests in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (H.G.); (Y.J.); (H.J.)
| | - Shenghua Chang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (H.G.); (Y.J.); (H.J.)
| | - Haiying Guo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (H.G.); (Y.J.); (H.J.)
| | - Yaoting Ji
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (H.G.); (Y.J.); (H.J.)
| | - Han Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (H.G.); (Y.J.); (H.J.)
| | - Lianguo Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jin Yin-tan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Minquan Du
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (H.G.); (Y.J.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (M.D.)
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177
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Steigmann L, Maekawa S, Sima C, Travan S, Wang CW, Giannobile WV. Biosensor and Lab-on-a-chip Biomarker-identifying Technologies for Oral and Periodontal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:588480. [PMID: 33343358 PMCID: PMC7748088 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease that can lead to destruction of tooth supporting tissues and subsequent tooth loss. The most recent global burden of disease studies highlight that severe periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory conditions affecting humans. Periodontitis risk is attributed to genetics, host-microbiome and environmental factors. Empirical diagnostic and prognostic systems have yet to be validated in the field of periodontics. Early diagnosis and intervention prevents periodontitis progression in most patients. Increased susceptibility and suboptimal control of modifiable risk factors can result in poor response to therapy, and relapse. The chronic immune-inflammatory response to microbial biofilms at the tooth or dental implant surface is associated with systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or gastrointestinal diseases. Oral fluid-based biomarkers have demonstrated easy accessibility and potential as diagnostics for oral and systemic diseases, including the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Advances in biotechnology have led to innovations in lab-on-a-chip and biosensors to interface with oral-based biomarker assessment. This review highlights new developments in oral biomarker discovery and their validation for clinical application to advance precision oral medicine through improved diagnosis, prognosis and patient stratification. Their potential to improve clinical outcomes of periodontitis and associated chronic conditions will benefit the dental and overall public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Steigmann
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shogo Maekawa
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Corneliu Sima
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Suncica Travan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Chin-Wei Wang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - William V. Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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178
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Nguyen TTH, Sodnom-Ish B, Choi SW, Jung HI, Cho J, Hwang I, Kim SM. Salivary biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 46:301-312. [PMID: 33122454 PMCID: PMC7609938 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2020.46.5.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In disease diagnostics and health surveillance, the use of saliva has potential because its collection is convenient and noninvasive. Over the past two decades, the development of salivary utilization for the early detection of cancer, especially oral cavity and oropharynx cancer has gained the interest of the researcher and clinician. Until recently, the oral cavity and oropharynx cancers are still having a five-year survival rate of 62%, one of the lowest in all major human cancers. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Despite the ease of accessing the oral cavity in clinical examination, most OSCC lesions are not diagnosed in the early stage, which is suggested to be the main cause of the low survival rate. Many studies have been performed and reported more than 100 potential saliva biomarkers for OSCC. However, there are still obstacles in figuring out the reliable OSCC salivary biomarkers and the clinical application of the early diagnosis protocol. The current review article discusses the emerging issues and is hoped to raise awareness of this topic in both researchers and clinicians. We also suggested the potential salivary biomarkers that are reliable, specific, and sensitive for the early detection of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc Thi Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Buyanbileg Sodnom-Ish
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Weon Choi
- Oral Oncology Clinic, Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Soung Min Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Oral and Maxillofacial Microvascular Reconstruction LAB, Brong Ahafo Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Ghana
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179
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Bordea IR, Xhajanka E, Candrea S, Bran S, Onișor F, Inchingolo AD, Malcangi G, Pham VH, Inchingolo AM, Scarano A, Lorusso F, Isacco CG, Aityan SK, Ballini A, Dipalma G, Inchingolo F. Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic: Future Challenges for Dental Practitioners. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1704. [PMID: 33142764 PMCID: PMC7694165 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic, the medical system has been subjected to many changes. Face-to-face treatments have been suspended for a period of time. After the lockdown, dentists have to be aware of the modalities to protect themselves and their patients in order not to get infected. Dental practitioners are potentially exposed to a high degree of contamination with SARS-CoV-2 while performing dental procedures that produce aerosols. It should also be noted that the airways, namely the oral cavity and nostrils, are the access pathways for SARS-CoV-2. In order to protect themselves and their patients, they have to use full personal protective equipment. Relevant data regarding this pandemic are under evaluation and are still under test. In this article, we made a synthesis about the way in which SARS-CoV-2 spreads, how to diagnose a novel corona virus infection, what the possible treatments are, and which protective personal equipment we can use to stop its spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Edit Xhajanka
- President of Dental School, Medical University of Tirana, Rruga e Dibrës, 1001 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Sebastian Candrea
- Department of Pedodontics, County Hospital Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simion Bran
- Department of Maxilofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.B.); (F.O.)
| | - Florin Onișor
- Department of Maxilofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.B.); (F.O.)
| | - Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (D.I.M.), University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.); (F.I.)
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (D.I.M.), University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.); (F.I.)
| | - Van H Pham
- Nam Khoa Laboratories and Pham Chau Trinh University of Medicine, Hoi An 70000, Vietnam;
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (D.I.M.), University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.); (F.I.)
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Ciro Gargiulo Isacco
- Director of Research at Human Stem Cells Research Center HSC, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam;
- Associate Professor of Embryology and Regenerative Medicine and Immunology at Pham Chau Trinh University of Medicine, Hoi An 70000, Vietnam
- Visiting Professor of Regenerative Medicine and Metabolic Disorders at Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (D.I.M.), University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Sergey K Aityan
- Director of Multidisciplinary Research Center, Lincoln University, Oakland, CA 94102, USA;
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Campus Universitario “Ernesto Quagliariello” University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania“Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (D.I.M.), University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.); (F.I.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (D.I.M.), University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.); (F.I.)
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180
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Takaesu Y, Suzuki N, Naito M, Watanabe T, Shimazu A, Yatabe N, Yoneda M, Hirofuji T, Hanioka T. Novel oral biomarkers predicting oral malodor. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 130:667-674. [PMID: 33077409 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought new markers to predict oral malodor. STUDY DESIGN Seventy-five adults complaining of oral malodor were classified into 3 groups clinically: no oral malodor, physiologic oral malodor, and periodontitis-derived oral malodor. In addition to conventional clinical parameters, 7 salivary components, occlusal force, and lip-closing force were compared among the groups. RESULTS Concerning the salivary components, cariogenic bacteria, occult blood, leukocytes, and ammonia differed significantly among the groups. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that tongue-coating scores and ammonia levels were significantly associated with genuine oral malodor, including physiologic oral malodor and periodontitis-derived oral malodor, and the tongue-coating score, plaque index, and occult blood level were significantly associated with periodontitis-derived oral malodor. Occlusal force and lip-closing force did not differ among the groups. However, there was a statistically significant interaction between occlusal force and lip-closing force in oral malodor in women (P = .019). CONCLUSIONS Novel salivary markers, ammonia levels, and occult blood levels may predict genuine oral malodor and periodontitis-derived oral malodor, respectively. An interaction effect between occlusal force and lip-closing force on oral malodor was identified in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Takaesu
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nao Suzuki
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan; Oral Medical Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Marie Naito
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimazu
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Yatabe
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoneda
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Hirofuji
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanioka
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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181
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Skelly E, Johnson NW, Kapellas K, Kroon J, Lalloo R, Weyrich L. Response of Salivary Microbiota to Caries Preventive Treatment in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1830623. [PMID: 33149844 PMCID: PMC7586720 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1830623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A once-annual caries preventive (Intervention) treatment was offered to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander schoolchildren—a population with disproportionately poorer oral health than non-Indigenous Australian children—in the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA) of Far North Queensland (FNQ), which significantly improved their oral health. Here, we examine the salivary microbiota of these children (mean age = 10 ± 2.96 years; n = 103), reconstructing the bacterial community composition with high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Microbial communities of children who received the Intervention had lower taxonomic diversity than those who did not receive treatment (Shannon, p < 0.05). Moreover, the Intervention resulted in further decreased microbial diversity in children with active carious lesions existing at the time of saliva collection. Microbial species associated with caries were detected; Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus gasseri, Prevotella multisaccharivorax, Parascardovia denticolens, and Mitsuokella HMT 131 were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in children with severe caries, especially in children who did not receive the Intervention. These insights into microbial associations and community differences prompt future considerations to the mechanisms behind caries-preventive therapy induced change; important for understanding the long-term implications of like treatment to improve oral health disparities within Australia. Trial registration: ANZCTR, ACTRN12615000693527. Registered 3 July 2015, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=368750&isReview=true
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Skelly
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Newell W Johnson
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kostas Kapellas
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jeroen Kroon
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ratilal Lalloo
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Laura Weyrich
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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182
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Madariaga VI, Jasim H, Ghafouri B, Ernberg M. Myogenous temporomandibular disorders and salivary markers of oxidative stress-A cross-sectional study. J Oral Rehabil 2020; 48:1-9. [PMID: 32979853 PMCID: PMC7820944 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical care of chronic pain requires personalised understanding of the mechanisms involved. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are the most common chronic orofacial pain conditions, and oxidative stress has been proposed to be implicated in their pathophysiology, especially in arthrogenous TMD. However, few studies have explored oxidative stress in myogenous TMD (TMDM). OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to compare the salivary oxidative stress profiles between individuals with TMDM and healthy controls, and to explore associations of these markers with clinical characteristics. METHODOLOGY Saliva samples were collected from 39 individuals with TMDM and 37 age and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Psychological stress levels and clinical characteristics were assessed in all participants. The samples were analysed for total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidative capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase activity (SODa). Comparisons between groups were performed using parametric and non-parametric tests depending on data distribution. RESULTS Psychological stress was higher in TMDM compared to controls (P < .001). TAC levels were significantly higher (P < .05) whereas TOS levels were significantly lower (P < .05) in TMDM compared to controls. There were no differences in SODa levels between groups and no correlations were found between clinical characteristics and oxidative stress markers. CONCLUSION Individuals with TMDM showed higher levels of antioxidative markers, but lower levels of oxidative markers. These results can be explained in part by chronicity and adaptation to the disease and other factors, such as psychological stress. Longitudinal studies must be conducted to clarify the role of oxidative stress in TMDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Ignacio Madariaga
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hajer Jasim
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Malin Ernberg
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
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183
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Alteration of salivary microbiome in periodontitis with or without type-2 diabetes mellitus and metformin treatment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15363. [PMID: 32958790 PMCID: PMC7506544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the effects of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypoglycemic therapy on the salivary microbiome in periodontitis patients and identify the potential salivary micro-biomarker for the early warning of T2DM. Saliva samples were collected from healthy individuals (Health), periodontitis patients (P), T2DM patients, periodontitis patients with T2DM (DAP), and DAP patients treated with Metformin (Met). Samples were determined by16S rRNA gene sequencing. 29 phyla, 322 genera, and 333 species of salivary microbiome were annotated. Compared to the Health group, the P and DAP group showed a significantly higher diversity of saliva microbiota, while the T2DM and Met group had no significant difference in microbial abundance but showed a trend of increasing diversity. Other than well-known periodontitis-inducing pathogens, the proportion of Prevotella copri, Alloprevotella rava, and Ralstonia pickettii, etc. were also significantly increased in periodontitis patients with or without T2DM. After effective glycemic control, the abundance of Prevotella copri, Alloprevotella rava, Ralstonia pickettii, etc. decreased in periodontitis patients with companion T2DM. The accuracies of the classification models in differentiating Health-vs.-P, DAP-vs.-P, and T2DM-vs.-P were 100%, 96.3%, and 98.1%, respectively. Hypoglycemic therapy could reconstruct the saliva microbiota and hence improve the localized conditions of diabetes patients with periodontitis.
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184
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Gaudin A, Badran Z, Chevalier V, Aubeux D, Prud'homme T, Amador del Valle G, Cloitre A. COVID-19 and Oral Fluids. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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185
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Drexelius A, Hoellrich A, Jajack A, Gomez E, Brothers M, Hussain S, Kim S, Heikenfeld J. Analysis of pressure-driven membrane preconcentration for point-of-care assays. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:054101. [PMID: 32922588 PMCID: PMC7467750 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care diagnostic devices for both physicians and patients themselves are now ubiquitous, but often not sensitive enough for highly dilute analytes (e.g., pre-symptomatic viral detection). Two primary methods to address this challenge include (1) increasing the sensitivity of molecular recognition elements with greater binding affinity to the analyte or (2) increasing the concentration of the analyte being detected in the sample itself (preconcentration). The latter approach, preconcentration, is arguably more attractive if it can be made universally applicable to a wide range of analytes. In this study, pressure-driven membrane preconcentration devices were developed, and their performance was analyzed for detecting target analytes in biofluids in the form of point-of-care lateral-flow assays (LFAs). The demonstrated prototypes utilize negative or positive pressure gradients to move both water and small interferents (salt, pH) through a membrane filter, thereby concentrating the analyte of interest in the remaining sample fluid. Preconcentration up to 33× is demonstrated for influenza A nucleoprotein with a 5 kDa pore polyethersulfone membrane filter. LFA results are obtained within as short as several minutes and device operation is simple (very few user steps), suggesting that membrane preconcentration can be preferable to more complex and slow conventional preconcentration techniques used in laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Drexelius
- Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - A. Hoellrich
- Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - A. Jajack
- Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - E. Gomez
- UES, Inc., Beavercreek, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - M. Brothers
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - S. Hussain
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - S. Kim
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - J. Heikenfeld
- Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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186
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Guedes SFF, Neves BG, Bezerra DS, Souza GHMF, Lima-Neto ABM, Guedes MIF, Duarte S, Rodrigues LKA. Saliva proteomics from children with caries at different severity stages. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1219-1229. [PMID: 32285988 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a comparative analysis of saliva protein profile of patients with early childhood caries at different levels of severity and caries-free individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stimulated saliva samples were collected from 126 children (2-6 years old), classified according to the ICDAS II, and divided into 3 groups (n = 42): caries-free (CF), enamel caries (EC), and dentine caries (DC). Samples were digested and analyzed by nanoUPLC coupled with a mass spectrometry. Data analyses were conducted with Progenesis QI for Proteomics Software v2.0. Gene Ontology (GO) terms and protein-protein interaction analysis were obtained. RESULTS A total of 306 proteins (≈6 peptides) were identified. Among them, 122 were differentially expressed in comparisons among children with different caries status. Out of the 122 proteins, the proteins E2AK4 and SH3L2 were exclusively present in groups CF and EC, respectively, and 8 proteins (HAUS4, CAH1, IL36A, IL36G, AIMP1, KLHL8, KLH13, and SAA1) were considered caries-related proteins when compared to caries-free children; they were up-regulated proteins in the caries groups (EC and DC). CONCLUSION The identification of exclusive proteins for caries-free or carious-related conditions may help in understanding the mechanisms of caries and predicting risk as well as advancing in caries control or anti-caries approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F F Guedes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Beatriz G Neves
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo H M F Souza
- MS Applications Development Laboratory, Waters Corporation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abelardo B M Lima-Neto
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel F Guedes
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Simone Duarte
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lidiany K A Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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187
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Serrao S, Firinu D, Olianas A, Deidda M, Contini C, Iavarone F, Sanna MT, Boroumand M, Amado F, Castagnola M, Messana I, Del Giacco S, Manconi B, Cabras T. Top-Down Proteomics of Human Saliva Discloses Significant Variations of the Protein Profile in Patients with Mastocytosis. J Proteome Res 2020. [PMID: 32575983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00207.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a myeloproliferative neoplasm causing abnormal clonal mast cell accumulation in different tissues, such as skin and bone marrow. A cutaneous subtype (CM) is distinguished from a systemic one (SM); SM patients can be grouped into SM with (SM+C) or without (SM-C) additional cutaneous lesions, and their classification is often challenging. This study was purposed to highlight variations in the salivary proteome of patients with different mastocytosis subtypes and compared to healthy controls. A top-down proteomics approach coupled to a label-free quantitation revealed salivary profiles in patients different from those of controls and a down-regulation of peptides/proteins involved in the mouth homeostasis and defense, such as statherin, histatins, and acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRPs), and in innate immunity and inflammation, such as the cathepsin inhibitors, suggesting a systemic condition associated with an exacerbated inflammatory state. The up-regulation of antileukoproteinase and S100A8 suggested a protective role against the disease status. The two SM forms were distinguished by the lower levels of truncated forms of aPRPs, statherin, P-B peptide, and cystatin D and the higher levels of thymosin β4 and α-defensins 1 and 4 in SM-C patients with respect to SM+C. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Serrao
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Davide Firinu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Margherita Deidda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Contini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - M Teresa Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mozhgan Boroumand
- Laboratorio di Proteomica e Metabonomica-IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 100168 Roma, Italy
| | - Francisco Amado
- QOPNA, Mass spectrometry center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica e Metabonomica-IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 100168 Roma, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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188
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Sapkota D, Søland TM, Galtung HK, Sand LP, Giannecchini S, To KKW, Mendes-Correa MC, Giglio D, Hasséus B, Braz-Silva PH. COVID-19 salivary signature: diagnostic and research opportunities. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:jclinpath-2020-206834. [PMID: 32769214 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) epidemic started in Wuhan (Hubei Province, China) in mid-December 2019 and quickly spread across the world as a pandemic. As a key to tracing the disease and to implement strategies aimed at breaking the chain of disease transmission, extensive testing for SARS-CoV-2 was suggested. Although nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs are the most commonly used biological samples for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, they have a number of limitations related to sample collection and healthcare personnel safety. In this context, saliva is emerging as a promising alternative to nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnosis and monitoring. Saliva collection, being a non-invasive approach with possibility for self-collection, circumvents to a great extent the limitations associated with the use of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs. In addition, various salivary biomarkers including the salivary metabolomics offer a high promise to be useful for better understanding of COVID-19 and possibly in the identification of patients with various degrees of severity, including asymptomatic carriers. This review summarises the clinical and scientific basis for the potential use of saliva for COVID-19 diagnosis and disease monitoring. Additionally, we discuss saliva-based biomarkers and their potential clinical and research applications related to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine Merete Søland
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Kanli Galtung
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Peter Sand
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Toscana, Italy
| | - Kelvin K W To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li KaShing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maria Cassia Mendes-Correa
- Laboratory of Virology (LIM-52), Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Giglio
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Hasséus
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinic of Oral Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Laboratory of Virology (LIM-52), Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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189
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Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Costela-Ruiz VJ, Manzano-Moreno FJ, Ruiz C, Illescas-Montes R. Salivary Biomarkers and Their Application in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Most Common Oral Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145173. [PMID: 32708341 PMCID: PMC7403990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a highly versatile biological fluid that is easy to gather in a non-invasive manner—and the results of its analysis complement clinical and histopathological findings in the diagnosis of multiple diseases. The objective of this review was to offer an update on the contribution of salivary biomarkers to the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases of the oral cavity, including oral lichen planus, periodontitis, Sjögren’s syndrome, oral leukoplakia, peri-implantitis, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Salivary biomarkers such as interleukins, growth factors, enzymes, and other biomolecules have proven useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of these diseases, facilitating the early evaluation of malignization risk and the monitoring of disease progression and response to treatment. However, further studies are required to identify new biomarkers and verify their reported role in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
| | - Victor J. Costela-Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Manzano-Moreno
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958243497
| | - Rebeca Illescas-Montes
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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190
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Pereira JAM, Porto-Figueira P, Taware R, Sukul P, Rapole S, Câmara JS. Unravelling the Potential of Salivary Volatile Metabolites in Oral Diseases. A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3098. [PMID: 32646009 PMCID: PMC7412334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fostered by the advances in the instrumental and analytical fields, in recent years the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has emerged as a new frontier in medical diagnostics. VOCs analysis is a non-invasive, rapid and inexpensive strategy with promising potential in clinical diagnostic procedures. Since cellular metabolism is altered by diseases, the resulting metabolic effects on VOCs may serve as biomarkers for any given pathophysiologic condition. Human VOCs are released from biomatrices such as saliva, urine, skin emanations and exhaled breath and are derived from many metabolic pathways. In this review, the potential of VOCs present in saliva will be explored as a monitoring tool for several oral diseases, including gingivitis and periodontal disease, dental caries, and oral cancer. Moreover, the analytical state-of-the-art for salivary volatomics, e.g., the most common extraction techniques along with the current challenges and future perspectives will be addressed unequivocally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM–Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM–Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Ravindra Taware
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Ganeshkhind Road, SPPU Campus, Pune 411007, India; (R.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Pritam Sukul
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Ganeshkhind Road, SPPU Campus, Pune 411007, India; (R.T.); (S.R.)
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM–Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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191
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Serrao S, Firinu D, Olianas A, Deidda M, Contini C, Iavarone F, Sanna MT, Boroumand M, Amado F, Castagnola M, Messana I, Del Giacco S, Manconi B, Cabras T. Top-Down Proteomics of Human Saliva Discloses Significant Variations of the Protein Profile in Patients with Mastocytosis. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3238-3253. [PMID: 32575983 PMCID: PMC8008451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Mastocytosis is a myeloproliferative neoplasm causing abnormal clonal mast cell
accumulation in different tissues, such as skin and bone marrow. A
cutaneous subtype (CM) is distinguished from a systemic one (SM);
SM patients can be grouped into SM with (SM+C) or without (SM-C) additional
cutaneous lesions, and their classification is often challenging.
This study was purposed to highlight variations in the salivary proteome
of patients with different mastocytosis subtypes and compared to healthy
controls. A top-down proteomics approach coupled to a label-free quantitation
revealed salivary profiles in patients different from those of controls
and a down-regulation of peptides/proteins involved in the mouth homeostasis
and defense, such as statherin, histatins, and acidic proline-rich
proteins (aPRPs), and in innate immunity and inflammation, such as
the cathepsin inhibitors, suggesting a systemic condition associated
with an exacerbated inflammatory state. The up-regulation of antileukoproteinase
and S100A8 suggested a protective role against the disease status.
The two SM forms were distinguished by the lower levels of truncated
forms of aPRPs, statherin, P-B peptide, and cystatin D and the higher
levels of thymosin β4 and α-defensins 1 and 4 in SM-C
patients with respect to SM+C. Data are available via ProteomeXchange
with identifier PXD017759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Serrao
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Davide Firinu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Margherita Deidda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Contini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - M Teresa Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mozhgan Boroumand
- Laboratorio di Proteomica e Metabonomica-IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 100168 Roma, Italy
| | - Francisco Amado
- QOPNA, Mass spectrometry center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica e Metabonomica-IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 100168 Roma, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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192
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Zhu C, Yuan C, Wei FQ, Sun XY, Zheng SG. Comparative evaluation of peptidome and microbiota in different types of saliva samples. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:686. [PMID: 32617306 PMCID: PMC7327340 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Clinical and research interest in salivary peptidome and microbiota is ever-growing owing to its great value for diagnosis, risk assessment and prediction of prognosis in oral and systemic diseases. Saliva can be stimulated for the purpose of rapid collection, but currently there are no studies systematically addressing the similarities and differences of salivary peptidome and microbiota in different types of samples. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variations of salivary peptidome and microbial profiles in response to different stimulating conditions. Methods Unstimulated saliva and three types of stimulated saliva samples (olfaction, gustation, and mastication stimulated saliva) were collected from 10 systematically and orally healthy donors. The peptidome profiles were detected by weak cation exchange magnetic beads and analyzed through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), while their microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S rDNA V3-V4 hypervariable region amplicon sequencing utilizing the Illumina MiSeq PE300 platform. The distance matrixes of salivary peptidome and microbial profiles were generated and the intra-individual distances were extracted, then the variations brought by different sampling conditions and repeated collections were compared. Results By comparisons of the overall salivary peptidome and microbial profiles, olfactory stimulation led to minimal variations comparing with that of unstimulated saliva, but appreciable variations were observed between saliva samples collected with gustatory/masticatory stimulation and unstimulated saliva. The three types of stimulated saliva exhibited significantly different peptidome and microbial profiles. Conclusions Stimulated saliva collected in response to olfactory stimulation is an appropriate alternative to unstimulated saliva, whereas gustatory/masticatory stimulation introduced appreciable variations. It is suggested that only one type of stimulating method should be used throughout one peptidome/microbiome research, which provides comprehensive insight into the optimization of sampling methods for salivaomic studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Qiao Wei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Guo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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193
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Idkaidek N, Qawasmi H, Hanahen A, Abuqatouseh L, Hamadi S, Bustami M. Applicability of Saliva for Evaluation of Some Biochemical Parameters of Kidney and Liver Function in Healthy Individuals. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.14.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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194
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Yamamoto Y, Morozumi T, Takahashi T, Saruta J, To M, Sakaguchi W, Shimizu T, Kubota N, Tsukinoki K. Faster Short-Chain Fatty Acid Absorption from the Cecum Following Polydextrose Ingestion Increases the Salivary Immunoglobulin A Flow Rate in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061745. [PMID: 32545166 PMCID: PMC7353249 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a vital role in preventing upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). In our previous study, we showed that the intake of carbohydrates increases the intestinal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which in turn increase salivary IgA levels. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated in rats the effect of polydextrose (PDX) ingestion on salivary IgA level and SCFA concentration in cecal digesta and the portal vein. Five-week-old rats were fed with a fiber-free diet (control) or with 40 g/kg of PDX for 28 days. Compared to the control, ingestion of PDX led to a higher salivary IgA flow rate (p = 0.0013) and a higher concentration of SCFAs in the portal vein (p = 0.004). These two data were positively correlated (rs = 0.88, p = 0.0002, n = 12). In contrast, the concentration of SCFAs in cecal digesta and cecal digesta viscosity were significantly lower following PDX ingestion, compared to the control (p = 0.008 and 0.05, respectively). These findings suggest that the ingestion of PDX increases the absorption rate of SCFAs in the intestine through PDX-induced fermentation, which is accompanied by an increase in SCFA levels in the blood, and ultimately leads to increased salivary IgA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Junior College, School of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Health, Kanazawa Gakuin University, 10 Sue-machi, Kanazawa 9201392, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Juri Saruta
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Dental Anatomy, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 2210835, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-46-822-8866
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195
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Wei F, Sun X, Tong P, Gao Y, Zhu C, Chen F, Zheng S. The stability of children's salivary peptidome profiles in response to short-term beverage consumption. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:101-107. [PMID: 32531253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary peptidome profiling analysis has advantages of simplicity and non-invasiveness and great potentiality for screening, monitoring or primary diagnosis of diseases, but may be subjected to change against interferences like diet. METHODS We conducted a 5-day study to investigate the influence of 3 kinds of beverages (orange juice, sugar-free tea, and sugar-free liquid yoghurt; water as control) on children's salivary peptidome using mass spectrometry techniques. RESULTS All the groups shared a relatively stable pattern in heatmaps during the experimental days. Principal component analysis plot presented slight shifts in all the intervention groups between the baseline and intervention period while samples were not distinctly separated by date. The numbers of significantly changed peptides after short-term orange juice and tea intervention were four and three, respectively, while no changes occurred in the yoghurt group and control. Four of these peptides were identified as histatin-3, collagen alpha-1(IV) chain, zinc finger protein 805, and quinolinate synthase A. CONCLUSIONS Salivary peptidome has its own stability against beverage intervention, confirming the feasibility and validity of using it as a potential reference for the healthy state of the body, with diet habits recorded and considered as a confounder if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqiao Wei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peiyuan Tong
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.
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196
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Du W, Sun Y, Li G, Cao H, Pang R, Li Y. CapsNet-SSP: multilane capsule network for predicting human saliva-secretory proteins. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:237. [PMID: 32517646 PMCID: PMC7285745 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-03579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Compared with disease biomarkers in blood and urine, biomarkers in saliva have distinct advantages in clinical tests, as they can be conveniently examined through noninvasive sample collection. Therefore, identifying human saliva-secretory proteins and further detecting protein biomarkers in saliva have significant value in clinical medicine. There are only a few methods for predicting saliva-secretory proteins based on conventional machine learning algorithms, and all are highly dependent on annotated protein features. Unlike conventional machine learning algorithms, deep learning algorithms can automatically learn feature representations from input data and thus hold promise for predicting saliva-secretory proteins. Results We present a novel end-to-end deep learning model based on multilane capsule network (CapsNet) with differently sized convolution kernels to identify saliva-secretory proteins only from sequence information. The proposed model CapsNet-SSP outperforms existing methods based on conventional machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, the model performs better than other state-of-the-art deep learning architectures mostly used to analyze biological sequences. In addition, we further validate the effectiveness of CapsNet-SSP by comparison with human saliva-secretory proteins from existing studies and known salivary protein biomarkers of cancer. Conclusions The main contributions of this study are as follows: (1) an end-to-end model based on CapsNet is proposed to identify saliva-secretory proteins from the sequence information; (2) the proposed model achieves better performance and outperforms existing models; and (3) the saliva-secretory proteins predicted by our model are statistically significant compared with existing cancer biomarkers in saliva. In addition, a web server of CapsNet-SSP is developed for saliva-secretory protein identification, and it can be accessed at the following URL: http://www.csbg-jlu.info/CapsNet-SSP/. We believe that our model and web server will be useful for biomedical researchers who are interested in finding salivary protein biomarkers, especially when they have identified candidate proteins for analyzing diseased tissues near or distal to salivary glands using transcriptome or proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Gaoyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Huansheng Cao
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Ran Pang
- Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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197
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Wirth R, Maróti G, Mihók R, Simon-Fiala D, Antal M, Pap B, Demcsák A, Minarovits J, Kovács KL. A case study of salivary microbiome in smokers and non-smokers in Hungary: analysis by shotgun metagenome sequencing. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1773067. [PMID: 32922678 PMCID: PMC7448927 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1773067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of cigarette smoking in disease-development through altering the composition of the oral microbial community. Periodontitis and oral cancer are highly prevalent in Hungary; therefore, the salivary microbiome of smoker and non-smoker Hungarian adults was characterized. Methods Shotgun metagenome sequencing of salivary DNA samples from 22 individuals (11 non-smokers and 11 current smokers) was performed using the Ion Torrent PGMTM platform. Quality-filtered reads were analysed by both alignment-based sequence similarity searches and genome-centric binning. Results Prevotella, Veillonella and Streptococcus were the predominant genera in the saliva of both groups. Although the overall composition and diversity of the microbiota were similar, Prevotella was significantly more abundant in salivary samples of current smokers compared to non-smokers. Members of the genus Prevotella were implicated in the development of inflammatory diseases and oral cancer. The abundance of the genus Megasphaera also increased in current smokers, whereas the genera Neisseria, Oribacterium, Capnocytophaga and Porphyromonas were significantly reduced. The data generated by read-based taxonomic classification and genome-centric binning mutually validated the two distinct metagenomic approaches. Conclusion Smoking-associated dysbiosis of the salivary microbiome in current cigarette smokers, especially increased abundance of Prevotella and Megasphaera genera, may facilitate disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wirth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Mihók
- Department of Operative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Donát Simon-Fiala
- Department of Operative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márk Antal
- Department of Operative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Pap
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anett Demcsák
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Janos Minarovits
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kornél L Kovács
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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198
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Jian C, Zhao A, Ma X, Ge K, Lu W, Zhu W, Wang Y, Zhou J, Jia W, Bao Y. Diabetes Screening: Detection and Application of Saliva 1,5-Anhydroglucitol by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5805160. [PMID: 32170297 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Unlike other commonly used invasive blood glucose-monitoring methods, saliva detection prevents patients from suffering physical uneasiness. However, there are few studies on saliva 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of saliva 1,5-AG in diabetes screening in a Chinese population. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS This was a population-based cross-sectional study. A total of 641 subjects without a valid diabetic history were recruited from September 2018 to June 2019. Saliva 1,5-AG was measured with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES DM was defined per American Diabetes Association criteria. The efficiency of saliva 1,5-AG for diabetes screening was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curves, and the optimal cutoff point was determined according to the Youden index. RESULTS Saliva 1,5-AG levels in subjects with DM were lower than those in subjects who did not have DM (both P < .05). Saliva 1,5-AG was positively correlated with serum 1,5-AG and negatively correlated with blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (all P < .05). The optimal cutoff points of saliva 1,5-AG0 and 1,5-AG120 for diabetes screening were 0.436 μg/mL (sensitivity: 63.58%, specificity: 60.61%) and 0.438 μg/mL (sensitivity: 62.25%, specificity: 60.41%), respectively. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) combined with fasting saliva 1,5-AG reduced the proportion of people who required an oral glucose tolerance test by 47.22% compared with FPG alone. CONCLUSION Saliva 1,5-AG combined with FPG or HbA1c improved the efficiency of diabetes screening. Saliva 1,5-AG is robust in nonfasting measurements and a noninvasive and convenient tool for diabetes screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Jian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Ge
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
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199
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Li Y, Ren B, Peng X, Hu T, Li J, Gong T, Tang B, Xu X, Zhou X. Saliva is a non-negligible factor in the spread of COVID-19. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:141-145. [PMID: 32367576 PMCID: PMC7267240 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2, a novel emerging coronavirus, has caused severe disease (COVID‐19), and rapidly spread worldwide since the beginning of 2020. SARS‐CoV‐2 mainly spreads by coughing, sneezing, droplet inhalation, and contact. SARS‐CoV‐2 has been detected in saliva samples, making saliva a potential transmission route for COVID‐19. The participants in dental practice confront a particular risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection due to close contact with the patients and potential exposure to saliva‐contaminated droplets and aerosols generated during dental procedures. In addition, saliva‐contaminated surfaces could lead to potential cross‐infection. Hence, the control of saliva‐related transmission in the dental clinic is critical, particularly in the epidemic period of COVID‐19. Based on our experience of the COVID‐19 epidemic, some protective measures that can help reduce the risk of saliva‐related transmission are suggested, in order to avoid the potential spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 among patients, visitors, and dental practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- Human Saliva Laboratory of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Biao Ren
- Human Saliva Laboratory of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian Peng
- Human Saliva Laboratory of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Human Saliva Laboratory of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiyao Li
- Human Saliva Laboratory of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Human Saliva Laboratory of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Boyu Tang
- Human Saliva Laboratory of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Human Saliva Laboratory of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- Human Saliva Laboratory of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Galhardo LF, Ruivo GF, de Oliveira LD, Parize G, Santos SSFD, Pallos D, Leão MVP. Inflammatory markers in saliva for diagnosis of sepsis of hospitalizes patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13219. [PMID: 32129475 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory/immunological serum markers are useful for the early detection of organ dysfunction, helping the diagnosis of sepsis. Although the detection of blood biomarkers is a standard practice, the use of noninvasive samples (eg saliva) would be beneficial. AIM To investigate the saliva of hospitalized patients with and without sepsis and identify the levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO). METHODS Saliva samples were collected from 26 patients in intensive care unit with diagnosis of sepsis and from 26 without sepsis (control). The levels of CRP were determined by using latex agglutination test, whereas those of procalcitonin and IL-6 by ELISA and NO by the Griess reaction. RESULTS Of 26 patients with sepsis, 14 were males (54%) with a mean age of 63.81 ± 3.48 years. The control group had the same distribution for gender, with mean age 65.04 ± 4.07 years. Sepsis group showed higher salivary concentrations of CRP, PCT, IL-6 and NO, with only levels of IL-6 being statistically different (P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with sepsis had significantly higher levels of IL-6 in their saliva, suggesting that this biological sample could be useful in the diagnosis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Debora Pallos
- UNISA - University of Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariella Vieira Pereira Leão
- UNITAU - University of Taubaté, Taubaté, Brazil.,HUMANITAS - School of Medical Sciences of São José dos Campos, São José dos Campos, Brazil
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