151
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Tsuchiya K. Switching from Apoptosis to Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Elicited Inflammation and Antitumor Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E426. [PMID: 33406603 PMCID: PMC7794676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a necrotic form of regulated cell death. Gasdermines (GSDMs) are a family of intracellular proteins that execute pyroptosis. While GSDMs are expressed as inactive forms, certain proteases proteolytically activate them. The N-terminal fragments of GSDMs form pores in the plasma membrane, leading to osmotic cell lysis. Pyroptotic cells release pro-inflammatory molecules into the extracellular milieu, thereby eliciting inflammation and immune responses. Recent studies have significantly advanced our knowledge of the mechanisms and physiological roles of pyroptosis. GSDMs are activated by caspases and granzymes, most of which can also induce apoptosis in different situations, for example where the expression of GSDMs is too low to cause pyroptosis; that is, caspase/granzyme-induced apoptosis can be switched to pyroptosis by the expression of GSDMs. Pyroptosis appears to facilitate the killing of tumor cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes, and it may also reprogram the tumor microenvironment to an immunostimulatory state. Understanding pyroptosis may help the development of cancer immunotherapy. In this review article, recent findings on the mechanisms and roles of pyroptosis are introduced. The effectiveness and limitations of pyroptosis in inducing antitumor immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-76-264-6721
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (InFiniti), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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152
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Role of Microgliosis and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis and Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1283-1300. [PMID: 33387119 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked primarily by motor symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability and resting tremor associated with dopaminergic neuronal loss in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and deficit of dopamine in the basal ganglia. These motor symptoms can be preceded by pre-motor symptoms whose recognition can be useful to apply different strategies to evaluate risk, early diagnosis and prevention of PD progression. Although clinical characteristics of PD are well defined, its pathogenesis is still not completely known, what makes discoveries of therapies capable of curing patients difficult to be reached. Several theories about the cause of idiopathic PD have been investigated and among them, the key role of inflammation, microglia and the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of PD has been considered. In this review, we describe the role and relation of both the inflammasome and microglial activation with the pathogenesis, symptoms, progression and the possibilities for new therapeutic strategies in PD.
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153
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αvβ8 integrin-expression by BATF3-dependent dendritic cells facilitates early IgA responses to Rotavirus. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:53-67. [PMID: 32161355 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Secretory intestinal IgA can protect from re-infection with rotavirus (RV), but very little is known about the mechanisms that induce IgA production during intestinal virus infections. Classical dendritic cells (cDCs) in the intestine can facilitate both T cell-dependent and -independent secretory IgA. Here, we show that BATF3-dependent cDC1, but not cDC2, are critical for the optimal induction of RV-specific IgA responses in the mesenteric lymph nodes. This depends on the selective expression of the TGFβ-activating integrin αvβ8 by cDC1. In contrast, αvβ8 on cDC1 is dispensible for steady state immune homeostasis. Given that cDC2 are crucial in driving IgA during steady state but are dispensable for RV-specific IgA responses, we propose that the capacity of DC subsets to induce intestinal IgA responses reflects the context, as opposed to an intrinsic property of individual DC subsets.
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154
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Li J, Chen L, Zhou C, Bai Y, Zhao R, Zhang J, Xu X, Ge X, Qiu Y. Insight to Pyroptosis in Viral Infectious Diseases. Health (London) 2021. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2021.135043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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155
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Mullins B, Chen J. NLRP9 in innate immunity and inflammation. Immunology 2020; 162:262-267. [PMID: 33283292 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins. Several members of NLRs, notably NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRC4, are able to form cytosolic oligomeric signalling platforms termed inflammasomes to mediate immune response towards pathogens, damage and stress. However, the functions of many NLRs still remain elusive. In the past few years, a couple of less-characterized NLR members are emerging as important signalling molecules with fundamental functions in host defence and inflammation. Among them, NLRP9 is an NLR originally proposed to be expressed and function solely in the reproductive system. Recent evidence has suggested that NLRP9 is also capable of initiating inflammasome formation in the intestine to restrict replication and damage brought by rotavirus infection. Here, we highlight the latest progress in characterization of the role of NLRP9 in infectious and inflammatory diseases, as well as the newest crystallographic and biochemical studies on NLRP9. Finally, we discuss some important questions remained to be answered regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing NLRP9's function in innate immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jueqi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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156
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Zheng C. The emerging roles of NOD-like receptors in antiviral innate immune signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:407-413. [PMID: 33347926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection triggers host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns to initiate antiviral innate immune responses. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a subgroup of cytosolic PRRs. While substantial advances have been made over the past decade, recent studies have unveiled NLRs' emerging roles in the antiviral innate immune signaling pathways. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully understood. Here we present a detailed updated overview and novel insights into NLRs' functions in the antiviral innate immune signaling pathways, including TLR, RLR, and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes signaling pathways, and highlight discrepancies in the reported findings and current challenges to future studies. A better understanding of this interplay's underlying molecular mechanisms is very important to provide scientific and theoretical bases for regulating antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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157
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Goodnow CC. COVID-19, varying genetic resistance to viral disease and immune tolerance checkpoints. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:177-191. [PMID: 33113212 PMCID: PMC7894315 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a zoonosis like most of the great plagues sculpting human history, from smallpox to pandemic influenza and human immunodeficiency virus. When viruses jump into a new species the outcome of infection ranges from asymptomatic to lethal, historically ascribed to “genetic resistance to viral disease.” People have exploited these differences for good and bad, for developing vaccines from cowpox and horsepox virus, controlling rabbit plagues with myxoma virus and introducing smallpox during colonization of America and Australia. Differences in resistance to viral disease are at the core of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) crisis, yet our understanding of the mechanisms in any interspecies leap falls short of the mark. Here I review how the two key parameters of viral disease are countered by fundamentally different genetic mechanisms for resistance: (1) virus transmission, countered primarily by activation of innate and adaptive immune responses; and (2) pathology, countered primarily by tolerance checkpoints to limit innate and adaptive immune responses. I discuss tolerance thresholds and the role of CD8 T cells to limit pathological immune responses, the problems posed by tolerant superspreaders and the signature coronavirus evasion strategy of eliciting only short‐lived neutralizing antibody responses. Pinpointing and targeting the mechanisms responsible for varying pathology and short‐lived antibody were beyond reach in previous zoonoses, but this time we are armed with genomic technologies and more knowledge of immune checkpoint genes. These known unknowns must now be tackled to solve the current COVID‐19 crisis and the inevitable zoonoses to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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158
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Carty M, Guy C, Bowie AG. Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114316. [PMID: 33152343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasomes are a key part of the anti-viral innate immune system as they detect conserved viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A successful host response to viral infections critically depend on the initial activation of PRRs by viruses, mainly by viral DNA and RNA. The signalling pathways activated by PRRs leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit immune cells, and type I and type III interferons which leads to the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), powerful virus restriction factors that establish the "antiviral state". Inflammasomes contribute to anti-viral responses through the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 and through triggering pyroptotic cell death. The activity of the innate immune system along with the adaptive immune response normally leads to successful virus elimination, although disproportionate innate responses contribute to viral pathology. In this review we will discuss recent insights into the influence of PRR activation and inflammasomes on viral infections and what this means for the mammalian host. We will also comment on how specific PRRs and inflammasomes may be relevant to how SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, interacts with host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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159
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Wagatsuma K, Nakase H. Contradictory Effects of NLRP3 Inflammasome Regulatory Mechanisms in Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218145. [PMID: 33143375 PMCID: PMC7662299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is an intracellular molecular complex, which is mainly involved in innate immunity. Inflammasomes are formed in response to danger signals, associated with infection and injury, and mainly regulate the secretion of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Inflammasome dysregulation is known to be associated with various diseases and conditions, and its regulatory mechanisms have become of great interest in recent years. In the colon, inflammasomes have been reported to be associated with autophagy and the microbiota, and their dysregulation contributes to colitis and. However, the detailed role of inflammasomes in inflammatory bowel disease is still under debate because the mechanisms that regulate the inflammasome are complex and the inflammasome components and cytokines show seemingly contradictory multiple effects. Herein, we comprehensively review the literature on inflammasome functioning in the colon and describe the complex interactions of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components with inflammatory cytokines, autophagy, and the microbiota in experimental colitis models and patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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160
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Sandall CF, Ziehr BK, MacDonald JA. ATP-Binding and Hydrolysis in Inflammasome Activation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194572. [PMID: 33036374 PMCID: PMC7583971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prototypical model for NOD-like receptor (NLR) inflammasome assembly includes nucleotide-dependent activation of the NLR downstream of pathogen- or danger-associated molecular pattern (PAMP or DAMP) recognition, followed by nucleation of hetero-oligomeric platforms that lie upstream of inflammatory responses associated with innate immunity. As members of the STAND ATPases, the NLRs are generally thought to share a similar model of ATP-dependent activation and effect. However, recent observations have challenged this paradigm to reveal novel and complex biochemical processes to discern NLRs from other STAND proteins. In this review, we highlight past findings that identify the regulatory importance of conserved ATP-binding and hydrolysis motifs within the nucleotide-binding NACHT domain of NLRs and explore recent breakthroughs that generate connections between NLR protein structure and function. Indeed, newly deposited NLR structures for NLRC4 and NLRP3 have provided unique perspectives on the ATP-dependency of inflammasome activation. Novel molecular dynamic simulations of NLRP3 examined the active site of ADP- and ATP-bound models. The findings support distinctions in nucleotide-binding domain topology with occupancy of ATP or ADP that are in turn disseminated on to the global protein structure. Ultimately, studies continue to reveal how the ATP-binding and hydrolysis properties of NACHT domains in different NLRs integrate with signaling modules and binding partners to control innate immune responses at the molecular level.
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161
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Tang L, Lu C, Zheng G, Burgering BM. Emerging insights on the role of gasdermins in infection and inflammatory diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1186. [PMID: 33033617 PMCID: PMC7533414 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gasdermins, family of pore-forming proteins, are emerging key regulators of infection, autoinflammation and antitumor immunity. Multiple studies have recently characterised their crucial roles in driving pyroptosis, a lytic pro-inflammatory type of cell death. Additionally, gasdermins also act as key effectors of NETosis, secondary necrosis and apoptosis. In this review, we will address current understanding of the mechanisms of gasdermin activation and further describe the protective and detrimental roles of gasdermins in host defence and autoinflammatory diseases. These data suggest that gasdermins play a prominent role in innate immunity and autoinflammatory disorders, thereby providing potential new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of infection and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China.,Department of Molecular Cancer Research Center Molecular Medicine University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Department of Dermatology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Guangjuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China.,Department of Pathology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Boudewijn Mt Burgering
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research Center Molecular Medicine University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
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162
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Zhang Z, Zou J, Shi Z, Zhang B, Etienne-Mesmin L, Wang Y, Shi X, Shao F, Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT. IL-22-induced cell extrusion and IL-18-induced cell death prevent and cure rotavirus infection. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabd2876. [PMID: 33008915 PMCID: PMC7709835 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellin can elicit production of TLR5-mediated IL-22 and NLRC4-mediated IL-18 cytokines that act in concert to cure and prevent rotavirus (RV) infection. This study investigated the mechanism by which these cytokines act to impede RV. Although IL-18 and IL-22 induce each other's expression, we found that IL-18 and IL-22 both impeded RV independently of one another and did so by distinct mechanisms that involved activation of their cognate receptors in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). IL-22 drove IEC proliferation and migration toward villus tips, which resulted in increased extrusion of highly differentiated IEC that serve as the site of RV replication. In contrast, IL-18 induced cell death of RV-infected IEC thus directly interrupting the RV replication cycle, resulting in spewing of incompetent virus into the intestinal lumen and causing a rapid drop in the number of RV-infected IEC. Together, these actions resulted in rapid and complete expulsion of RV, even in hosts with severely compromised immune systems. These results suggest that a cocktail of IL-18 and IL-22 might be a means of treating viral infections that preferentially target short-lived epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Jun Zou
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Zhenda Shi
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Benyue Zhang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UMR 454 MEDIS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yanling Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Xuyan Shi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
- INSERM, U1016, team "Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases," Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA.
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163
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The role of lysosome in regulated necrosis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1880-1903. [PMID: 33163342 PMCID: PMC7606114 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosome is a ubiquitous acidic organelle fundamental for the turnover of unwanted cellular molecules, particles, and organelles. Currently, the pivotal role of lysosome in regulating cell death is drawing great attention. Over the past decades, we largely focused on how lysosome influences apoptosis and autophagic cell death. However, extensive studies showed that lysosome is also prerequisite for the execution of regulated necrosis (RN). Different types of RN have been uncovered, among which, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis are under the most intensive investigation. It becomes a hot topic nowadays to target RN as a therapeutic intervention, since it is important in many patho/physiological settings and contributing to numerous diseases. It is promising to target lysosome to control the occurrence of RN thus altering the outcomes of diseases. Therefore, we aim to give an introduction about the common factors influencing lysosomal stability and then summarize the current knowledge on the role of lysosome in the execution of RN, especially in that of necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis.
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164
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Tao W, Zhang G, Wang X, Guo M, Zeng W, Xu Z, Cao D, Pan A, Wang Y, Zhang K, Ma X, Chen Z, Jin T, Liu L, Weng J, Zhu S. Analysis of the intestinal microbiota in COVID-19 patients and its correlation with the inflammatory factor IL-18. MEDICINE IN MICROECOLOGY 2020; 5:100023. [PMID: 34173452 PMCID: PMC7832617 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2020.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19 disease, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), mainly infect lung epithelial cells, and spread mainly through respiratory droplets. However, recent studies showed potential intestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2, implicated the possibility that the intestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2 may correlate with the dysbiosis of gut microbiota, as well as the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Here, we investigated the alteration of the gut microbiota in COVID-19 patients, as well as analyzed the correlation between the altered microbes and the levels of intestinal inflammatory cytokine IL-18, which was reported to be elevated in the serum of in COVID-19 patients. Comparing with healthy controls or seasonal flu patients, the gut microbiota showed significantly reduced diversity, with increased opportunistic pathogens in COVID-19 patients. Also, IL-18 level was higher in the fecal samples of COVID-19 patients than in those of either healthy controls or seasonal flu patients. Moreover, the IL-18 levels were even higher in the fecal supernatants obtained from COVID-19 patients that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA than those that tested negative in fecal samples. These results indicate that changes in gut microbiota composition might contribute to SARS-CoV-2-induced production of inflammatory cytokines in the intestine and potentially also to the onset of a cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyin Tao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guorong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dan Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Aijun Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yucai Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kaiguang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengxu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory. the Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui, 230011, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lianxin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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165
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Ming SL, Zeng L, Guo YK, Zhang S, Li GL, Ma YX, Zhai YY, Chang WR, Yang L, Wang J, Yang GY, Chu BB. The Human-Specific STING Agonist G10 Activates Type I Interferon and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Porcine Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575818. [PMID: 33072119 PMCID: PMC7543045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs have anatomical and physiological characteristics comparable to those in humans and, therefore, are a favorable model for immune function research. Interferons (IFNs) and inflammasomes have essential roles in the innate immune system. Here, we report that G10, a human-specific agonist of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), activates both type I IFN and the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome in a STING-dependent manner in porcine cells. Without a priming signal, G10 alone transcriptionally stimulated Sp1-dependent p65 expression, thus triggering activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and thereby priming inflammasome activation. G10 was also found to induce potassium efflux- and NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1-dependent secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasomes increased G10-induced type I IFN expression, thereby preventing virus infection, suggesting negative regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the IFN response in the context of STING-mediated innate immune activation. Overall, our findings reveal a new mechanism through which G10 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in porcine cells and provide new insights into STING-mediated innate immunity in pigs compared with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Kun Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guo-Li Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying-Xian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun-Yun Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ru Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Le Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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166
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Devi S, Stehlik C, Dorfleutner A. An Update on CARD Only Proteins (COPs) and PYD Only Proteins (POPs) as Inflammasome Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6901. [PMID: 32962268 PMCID: PMC7555848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are protein scaffolds required for the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and danger signals, as well as the induction of pyroptotic cell death to restore homeostasis following infection and sterile tissue damage. However, excessive inflammasome activation also causes detrimental inflammatory disease. Therefore, extensive control mechanisms are necessary to prevent improper inflammasome responses and inflammatory disease. Inflammasomes are assembled by sequential nucleated polymerization of Pyrin domain (PYD) and caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing inflammasome components. Once polymerization is nucleated, this process proceeds in a self-perpetuating manner and represents a point of no return. Therefore, regulation of this key step is crucial for a controlled inflammasome response. Here, we provide an update on two single domain protein families containing either a PYD or a CARD, the PYD-only proteins (POPs) and CARD-only proteins (COPs), respectively. Their structure allows them to occupy and block access to key protein-protein interaction domains necessary for inflammasome assembly, thereby regulating the threshold of these nucleated polymerization events, and consequently, the inflammatory host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Devi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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167
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A noncanonical role of NOD-like receptor NLRP14 in PGCLC differentiation and spermatogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22237-22248. [PMID: 32839316 PMCID: PMC7486727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005533117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are traditionally recognized as key surveillance pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) during innate immune regulation. Several NLRs exhibit highly restricted expression in mammalian germline, where their physiological functions are largely unknown. Here we report that Nlrp14, an NLR specifically expressed in testis and ovary, plays a critical role in regulating germ cell differentiation and reproduction. Nlrp14 deficiency led to decreased primordial germ cell-like cell (PGCLC) differentiation in vitro and reproduction failure in both male and female mice in vivo. In the male mice, Nlrp14 knockout strongly compromised differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells and meiosis. Mechanistically, NLRP14 protected HSPA2 from proteasome-mediated degradation by recruiting BAG2, loss of which was further confirmed in a human mutation associated with male sterility. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are traditionally recognized as major inflammasome components. The role of NLRs in germ cell differentiation and reproduction is not known. Here, we identified the gonad-specific Nlrp14 as a pivotal regulator in primordial germ cell-like cell (PGCLC) differentiation in vitro. Physiologically, knock out of Nlrp14 resulted in reproductive failure in both female and male mice. In adult male mice, Nlrp14 knockout (KO) inhibited differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and meiosis, resulting in trapped SSCs in early stages, severe oligozoospermia, and sperm abnormality. Mechanistically, NLRP14 promoted spermatogenesis by recruiting a chaperone cofactor, BAG2, to bind with HSPA2 and form the NLRP14−HSPA2−BAG2 complex, which strongly inhibited ChIP-mediated HSPA2 polyubiquitination and promoted its nuclear translocation. Finally, loss of HSPA2 protection and BAG2 recruitment by NLRP14 was confirmed in a human nonsense germline variant associated with male sterility. Together, our data highlight a unique proteasome-mediated, noncanonical function of NLRP14 in PGCLC differentiation and spermatogenesis, providing mechanistic insights of gonad-specific NLRs in mammalian germline development.
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168
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Bulek K, Zhao J, Liao Y, Rana N, Corridoni D, Antanaviciute A, Chen X, Wang H, Qian W, Miller-Little WA, Swaidani S, Tang F, Willard BB, McCrae K, Kang Z, Dubyak GR, Cominelli F, Simmons A, Pizarro TT, Li X. Epithelial-derived gasdermin D mediates nonlytic IL-1β release during experimental colitis. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4218-4234. [PMID: 32597834 PMCID: PMC7410065 DOI: 10.1172/jci138103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) induces pyroptosis via the pore-forming activity of its N-terminal domain, cleaved by activated caspases associated with the release of IL-1β. Here, we report a nonpyroptotic role of full-length GSDMD in guiding the release of IL-1β-containing small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In response to caspase-8 inflammasome activation, GSDMD, chaperoned by Cdc37/Hsp90, recruits the E3 ligase, NEDD4, to catalyze polyubiquitination of pro-IL-1β, serving as a signal for cargo loading into secretory vesicles. GSDMD and IL-1β colocalize with the exosome markers CD63 and ALIX intracellularly, and GSDMD and NEDD4 are required for release of CD63+ sEVs containing IL-1β, GSDMD, NEDD4, and caspase-8. Importantly, increased expression of epithelial-derived GSDMD is observed both in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and those with experimental colitis. While GSDMD-dependent release of IL-1β-containing sEVs is detected in cultured colonic explants from colitic mice, GSDMD deficiency substantially attenuates disease severity, implicating GSDMD-mediated release of IL-1β sEVs in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation, such as that observed in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bulek
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yun Liao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nitish Rana
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniele Corridoni
- Medical Research Counsel (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- Medical Research Counsel (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wen Qian
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William A. Miller-Little
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathology and
| | | | - Fangqiang Tang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Belinda B. Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Keith McCrae
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences and
| | - Zizhen Kang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - George R. Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alison Simmons
- Medical Research Counsel (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa T. Pizarro
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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169
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de Alba E. The mysterious role of the NLRP9 pyrin domain in inflammasome assembly. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2380-2382. [PMID: 32735703 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva de Alba
- Department of Bioengineering. School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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170
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Zheng M, Kanneganti TD. The regulation of the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome and its implications in pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis). Immunol Rev 2020; 297:26-38. [PMID: 32729116 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ZBP1 has been characterized as a critical innate immune sensor of not only viral RNA products but also endogenous nucleic acid ligands. ZBP1 sensing of the Z-RNA produced during influenza virus infection induces cell death in the form of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis). PANoptosis is a coordinated cell death pathway that is driven through a multiprotein complex called the PANoptosome and enables crosstalk and co-regulation among these processes. During influenza virus infection, a key step in PANoptosis and PANoptosome assembly is the formation of the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome. When Z-RNA is sensed, ZBP1 recruits RIPK3 and caspase-8 to activate the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome. Several other host factors have been found to be important for ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, including molecules involved in the type I interferon signaling pathway and caspase-6. Additionally, influenza viral proteins, such as M2, NS1, and PB1-F2, have also been shown to regulate the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome. This review explains the functions of ZBP1 and the mechanistic details underlying the activation of the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome and the formation of the PANoptosome. Improved understanding of the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome will direct the development of therapeutic strategies to target infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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171
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Liu G, Gack MU. Distinct and Orchestrated Functions of RNA Sensors in Innate Immunity. Immunity 2020; 53:26-42. [PMID: 32668226 PMCID: PMC7367493 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Faithful maintenance of immune homeostasis relies on the capacity of the cellular immune surveillance machinery to recognize "nonself", such as the presence of pathogenic RNA. Several families of pattern-recognition receptors exist that detect immunostimulatory RNA and then induce cytokine-mediated antiviral and proinflammatory responses. Here, we review the distinct features of bona fide RNA sensors, Toll-like receptors and retinoic-acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors in particular, with a focus on their functional specificity imposed by cell-type-dependent expression, subcellular localization, and ligand preference. Furthermore, we highlight recent advances on the roles of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors and DEAD-box or DEAH-box RNA helicases in an orchestrated RNA-sensing network and also discuss the relevance of RNA sensor polymorphisms in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuanQun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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172
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Bartok E, Hartmann G. Immune Sensing Mechanisms that Discriminate Self from Altered Self and Foreign Nucleic Acids. Immunity 2020; 53:54-77. [PMID: 32668228 PMCID: PMC7359798 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity of the organism by detecting pathogens, dyshomeostasis and damage, and inducing appropriate responses to eliminate pathogens and reconstitute homeostasis. Effector mechanisms include i) immune signaling, ii) restriction of NA functions such as inhibition of mRNA translation, and iii) cell death pathways. An appropriate effector response is necessary for host defense, but dysregulated NA-sensing can lead to devastating autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. Their inherent biochemical similarity renders the reliable distinction between self NA under homeostatic conditions and altered or exogenous NA particularly challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in our understanding of the closely coordinated and regulated network of innate immune receptors, restriction factors, and nucleases to effectively respond to pathogens and maintain host integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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173
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Marleaux M, Anand K, Latz E, Geyer M. Crystal structure of the human NLRP9 pyrin domain suggests a distinct mode of inflammasome assembly. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2383-2395. [PMID: 32542665 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multimeric signaling complexes of the innate immune system that induce activation of caspases. The NOD-like receptor NLRP9 recruits the adaptor protein ASC to form an ASC-dependent inflammasome to limit rotaviral replication in intestinal epithelial cells, but only little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating and driving its assembly. Here, we present the crystal structure of the human NLRP9 pyrin domain (PYD). We show that NLRP9PYD is not able to self-polymerize nor to nucleate ASC specks in HEK293T cells. A comparison with filament-forming PYDs revealed that NLRP9PYD adopts a conformation compatible with filament formation, but several charge inversions of interfacing residues might cause repulsive effects that prohibit self-oligomerization. These results propose that inflammasome assembly of NLRP9 might differ largely from what we know of other inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marleaux
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kanchan Anand
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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174
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Ding S, Song Y, Brulois KF, Pan J, Co JY, Ren L, Feng N, Yasukawa LL, Sánchez-Tacuba L, Wosen JE, Mellins ED, Monack DM, Amieva MR, Kuo CJ, Butcher EC, Greenberg HB. Retinoic Acid and Lymphotoxin Signaling Promote Differentiation of Human Intestinal M Cells. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:214-226.e1. [PMID: 32247021 PMCID: PMC7569531 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal microfold (M) cells are a unique subset of intestinal epithelial cells in the Peyer's patches that regulate mucosal immunity, serving as portals for sampling and uptake of luminal antigens. The inability to efficiently develop human M cells in cell culture has impeded studies of the intestinal immune system. We aimed to identify signaling pathways required for differentiation of human M cells and establish a robust culture system using human ileum enteroids. METHODS We analyzed transcriptome data from mouse Peyer's patches to identify cell populations in close proximity to M cells. We used the human enteroid system to determine which cytokines were required to induce M-cell differentiation. We performed transcriptome, immunofluorescence, scanning electron microscope, and transcytosis experiments to validate the development of phenotypic and functional human M cells. RESULTS A combination of retinoic acid and lymphotoxin induced differentiation of glycoprotein 2-positive human M cells, which lack apical microvilli structure. Upregulated expression of innate immune-related genes within M cells correlated with a lack of viral antigens after rotavirus infection. Human M cells, developed in the enteroid system, internalized and transported enteric viruses, such as rotavirus and reovirus, across the intestinal epithelium barrier in the enteroids. CONCLUSIONS We identified signaling pathways required for differentiation of intestinal M cells, and used this information to create a robust culture method to develop human M cells with capacity for internalization and transport of viruses. Studies of this model might increase our understanding of antigen presentation and the systemic entry of enteric pathogens in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
| | - Yanhua Song
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Kevin F. Brulois
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Junliang Pan
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Y. Co
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lili Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Linda L. Yasukawa
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liliana Sánchez-Tacuba
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Wosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Denise M. Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manuel R. Amieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J. Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eugene C. Butcher
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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175
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Ding S, Liang TJ. Is SARS-CoV-2 Also an Enteric Pathogen With Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission? A COVID-19 Virological and Clinical Review. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:53-61. [PMID: 32353371 PMCID: PMC7184994 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In as few as 3 months, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread and ravaged the world at an unprecedented speed in modern history, rivaling the 1918 flu pandemic. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the culprit virus, is highly contagious and stable in the environment and transmits predominantly among humans via the respiratory route. Accumulating evidence suggest that this virus, like many of its related viruses, may also be an enteric virus that can spread via the fecal-oral route. Such a hypothesis would also contribute to the rapidity and proliferation of this pandemic. Here we briefly summarize what is known about this family of viruses and literature basis of the hypothesis that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is capable of infecting the gastrointestinal tract and shedding in the environment for potential human-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,Correspondence Address correspondence to: T. Jake Liang, MD, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg10-9B16, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD
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176
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Ha HJ, Park HH. Crystal structure of the human NLRP9 pyrin domain reveals a bent N-terminal loop that may regulate inflammasome assembly. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2396-2405. [PMID: 32542766 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of the NLR family pyrin domain containing (NLRPs) are pattern recognition receptors that participate in innate immunity. They form inflammasomes, which are platforms for caspase-1 recruitment and activation. The NLRP pyrin domain (PYD) is critical for the assembly of inflammasomes due to its ability to mediate protein interactions. Despite intensive structural studies on inflammasomes with PYDs, the structure of the PYD of NLRP9-the least studied member of the family-remains unknown. Herein, we report the crystal structure of the human NLRP9 PYD at 2.1 Å resolution, which reveals a kinked N-terminal loop oriented toward the interior of the helical bundle. Based on our findings, we propose a regulatory role for the kinked N-terminal loop of NLRP9 PYD in inflammasome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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177
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Salmonella enterica Infection of Murine and Human Enteroid-Derived Monolayers Elicits Differential Activation of Epithelium-Intrinsic Inflammasomes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00017-20. [PMID: 32284374 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00017-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have determined that inflammasome signaling plays an important role in driving intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) responses to bacterial infections, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. There are two primary inflammasome pathways, canonical (involving caspase-1) and noncanonical (involving caspase-4 and -5 in humans and caspase-11 in mice). Prior studies identified the canonical inflammasome as the major pathway leading to interleukin-18 (IL-18) release and restriction of S Typhimurium replication in the mouse cecum. In contrast, the human C2Bbe1 colorectal carcinoma cell line expresses little caspase-1 but instead utilizes caspase-4 to respond to S Typhimurium infection. Intestinal enteroid culture has enabled long-term propagation of untransformed IECs from multiple species, including mouse and human. Capitalizing on this technology, we used a genetic approach to directly compare the relative importance of different inflammatory caspases in untransformed mouse and human IECs and transformed human IECs upon S Typhimurium infection in vitro We show that caspase-1 is important for restricting intracellular S Typhimurium replication and initiating IL-18 secretion in mouse IECs but is dispensable in human IECs. In contrast, restriction of intracellular S Typhimurium and production of IL-18 are dependent on caspase-4 in both transformed and untransformed human IECs. Notably, cytosolic replication in untransformed cells from both species was less pronounced than in transformed human cells, suggesting that transformation may impact additional pathways that restrict S Typhimurium replication. Taken together, these data highlight the differences between mouse and human IECs and the utility of studying transformed and untransformed cells in parallel.
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Zheng D, Liwinski T, Elinav E. Inflammasome activation and regulation: toward a better understanding of complex mechanisms. Cell Discov 2020; 6:36. [PMID: 32550001 PMCID: PMC7280307 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic multiprotein complexes comprising a sensor protein, inflammatory caspases, and in some but not all cases an adapter protein connecting the two. They can be activated by a repertoire of endogenous and exogenous stimuli, leading to enzymatic activation of canonical caspase-1, noncanonical caspase-11 (or the equivalent caspase-4 and caspase-5 in humans) or caspase-8, resulting in secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, as well as apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death. Appropriate inflammasome activation is vital for the host to cope with foreign pathogens or tissue damage, while aberrant inflammasome activation can cause uncontrolled tissue responses that may contribute to various diseases, including autoinflammatory disorders, cardiometabolic diseases, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is imperative to maintain a fine balance between inflammasome activation and inhibition, which requires a fine-tuned regulation of inflammasome assembly and effector function. Recently, a growing body of studies have been focusing on delineating the structural and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of inflammasome signaling. In the present review, we summarize the most recent advances and remaining challenges in understanding the ordered inflammasome assembly and activation upon sensing of diverse stimuli, as well as the tight regulations of these processes. Furthermore, we review recent progress and challenges in translating inflammasome research into therapeutic tools, aimed at modifying inflammasome-regulated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Zheng
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Timur Liwinski
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
- Cancer-Microbiome Division Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW IL-18 is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. IL-18 pro-inflammatory activities are finely regulated in vivo by the inhibitory effects of the soluble IL-18-binding protein (IL-18BP). The elevation of circulating levels of IL-18 has been described in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA). In the recent years, the role of IL-18 in the pathogenesis of secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH), also referred to as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), in the context of autoinflammatory diseases, including sJIA, is emerging. RECENT FINDINGS A large number of studies in patients and animal models pointed to the imbalance in IL-18/IL-18BP levels, causing increased systemic levels of free bioactive IL-18, as a predisposing factor in the development of MAS. Although the exact mechanisms involved in the development of MAS are not clearly understood, increasing evidence demonstrate the role of IL-18 in upregulating the production of interferon (IFN)-γ. SUMMARY On the basis of the first emerging data on the possibility of blocking IL-18, we here discuss the scientific rationale for neutralizing the IL-18/IFNγ axis in the prevention and treatment of sHLH and MAS.
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Lupfer CR, Anand PK, Qi X, Zaki H. Editorial: Role of NOD-Like Receptors in Infectious and Immunological Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:923. [PMID: 32508824 PMCID: PMC7248271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Lupfer
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MA, United States
| | - Paras K Anand
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaopeng Qi
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Zang R, Gomez Castro MF, McCune BT, Zeng Q, Rothlauf PW, Sonnek NM, Liu Z, Brulois KF, Wang X, Greenberg HB, Diamond MS, Ciorba MA, Whelan SPJ, Ding S. TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/47/eabc3582. [PMID: 32404436 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.21.054015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are frequently observed in COVID-19 patients. However, it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the human intestine and contributes to possible fecal-oral transmission. Here, we report productive infection of SARS-CoV-2 in ACE2+ mature enterocytes in human small intestinal enteroids. Expression of two mucosa-specific serine proteases, TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, facilitated SARS-CoV-2 spike fusogenic activity and promoted virus entry into host cells. We also demonstrate that viruses released into the intestinal lumen were inactivated by simulated human colonic fluid, and infectious virus was not recovered from the stool specimens of COVID-19 patients. Our results highlight the intestine as a potential site of SARS-CoV-2 replication, which may contribute to local and systemic illness and overall disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Zang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Florencia Gomez Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Naomi M Sonnek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin F Brulois
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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182
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Zang R, Gomez Castro MF, McCune BT, Zeng Q, Rothlauf PW, Sonnek NM, Liu Z, Brulois KF, Wang X, Greenberg HB, Diamond MS, Ciorba MA, Whelan SPJ, Ding S. TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabc3582. [PMID: 32404436 PMCID: PMC7285829 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 179.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are frequently observed in COVID-19 patients. However, it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the human intestine and contributes to possible fecal-oral transmission. Here, we report productive infection of SARS-CoV-2 in ACE2+ mature enterocytes in human small intestinal enteroids. Expression of two mucosa-specific serine proteases, TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, facilitated SARS-CoV-2 spike fusogenic activity and promoted virus entry into host cells. We also demonstrate that viruses released into the intestinal lumen were inactivated by simulated human colonic fluid, and infectious virus was not recovered from the stool specimens of COVID-19 patients. Our results highlight the intestine as a potential site of SARS-CoV-2 replication, which may contribute to local and systemic illness and overall disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Zang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Florencia Gomez Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Naomi M Sonnek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin F Brulois
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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183
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Amoushahi M, Steffensen LL, Galieva A, Agger J, Heuck A, Siupka P, Ernst E, Nielsen MS, Sunde L, Lykke-Hartmann K. Maternally contributed Nlrp9b expressed in human and mouse ovarian follicles contributes to early murine preimplantation development. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:1355-1365. [PMID: 32399794 PMCID: PMC7311623 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to investigate presence and role of the gene encoding the maternally contributed nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors with a pyrin domain (PYD)-containing protein 9 (NLRP9) in human and mouse ovaries, respectively, and in preimplantation mouse embryo development by knocking down Nlrp9b. METHODS Expression levels of NLRP9 mRNA in human follicles were extracted from RNA sequencing data from previous studies. In this study, we performed a qPCR analysis of Nlpr9b mRNA in mouse oocytes and found it present. Intracellular ovarian distribution of NLRP9B protein was accomplished using immunohistochemistry. The distribution of NLRP9B was explored using a reporter gene approach, fusing NLRP9B to green fluorescent protein and microinjection of in vitro-generated mRNA. Nlrp9b mRNA function was knocked down by microinjection of short interference (si) RNA targeting Nlrp9b, into mouse pronuclear zygotes. Knockdown of the Nlrp9b mRNA transcript was confirmed by qPCR. RESULT We found that the human NLRP9 gene and its corresponding protein are highly expressed in human primordial and primary follicles. The NLRP9B protein is localized to the cytoplasm in the blastomeres of a 2-cell embryo in mice. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of Nlrp9b caused rapid elimination of endogenous Nlrp9b mRNA and premature embryo arrest at the 2- to 4-cell stages compared with that of the siRNA-scrambled control group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mouse Nlrp9b, as a maternal effect gene, could contribute to mouse preimplantation embryo development. It remains to investigate whether NLRP9 have a crucial role in human preimplantation embryo and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adelya Galieva
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Agger
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Heuck
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Piotr Siupka
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Ernst
- The Fertility Clinic, Horsens Hospital, Horsens, Denmark.,The Fertility Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lone Sunde
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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184
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Abstract
NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6 (NLRP6) is a novel NLR family member, that shows high expression in the intestine and liver (in contrast to NLRP3 in myeloid cells), to regulate inflammation and host defense against microbes. NLRP6 is reported to involved in inflammasome activation, regulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, antiviral interferon (IFN) signaling, mucus secretion, and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production. Here, we discuss the recent findings as well as debates regarding: how NLRP6 is induced ("signal I″) and activated ("signal II"); its roles in intestinal cells and immune cells; how NLRP6 and NLRP9 coordinate to regulate the anti-viral immune response in the intestine; potential targeting of NLRP6 in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Li
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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185
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Ma C, Yang D, Wang B, Wu C, Wu Y, Li S, Liu X, Lassen K, Dai L, Yang S. Gasdermin D in macrophages restrains colitis by controlling cGAS-mediated inflammation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz6717. [PMID: 32671214 PMCID: PMC7314554 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The functional relevance and mechanistic basis of the effects of the pyroptosis executioner Gasdermin D (GSDMD) on colitis remain unclear. In this study, we observed that GSDMD protein was activated during intestinal inflammation in a model of chemically induced colitis. GSDMD deficiency exacerbated experimental colitis independent of changes in the microbiota and without affecting the production of antimicrobial peptides. GSDMD deficiency in macrophages, but not epithelial cells, was sufficient to drive this exacerbated experimental colitis. We further demonstrate that GSDMD functions in macrophages as a negative regulator to control cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-dependent inflammation, thereby protecting against colitis. Moreover, the administration of cGAS inhibitor can rescue the colitogenic phenotype in GSDMD-deficient mice. Collectively, these findings provide the first demonstration of GSDMD's role in controlling colitis and a detailed delineation of the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongxue Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kara Lassen
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lue Dai
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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186
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Yu P, Li Y, Li Y, Miao Z, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Guanylate-binding protein 2 orchestrates innate immune responses against murine norovirus and is antagonized by the viral protein NS7. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8036-8047. [PMID: 32354743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the main causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis, but the host factors that restrict their replication remain poorly identified. Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPases that exert broad antiviral activity and are important mediators of host defenses against viral infections. Here, we show that both IFN-γ stimulation and murine norovirus (MNV) infection induce GBP2 expression in murine macrophages. Results from loss- and gain-of-function assays indicated that GBP2 is important for IFN-γ-dependent anti-MNV activity in murine macrophages. Ectopic expression of MNV receptor (CD300lf) in human HEK293T epithelial cells conferred susceptibility to MNV infection. Importantly, GBP2 potently inhibited MNV in these human epithelial cells. Results from mechanistic dissection experiments revealed that the N-terminal G domain of GBP2 mediates these anti-MNV effects. R48A and K51A substitutions in GBP2, associated with loss of GBP2 GTPase activity, attenuated the anti-MNV effects of GBP2. Finally, we found that nonstructural protein 7 (NS7) of MNV co-localizes with GBP2 and antagonizes the anti-MNV activity of GBP2. These findings reveal that GBP2 is an important mediator of host defenses against murine norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifa Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhijiang Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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187
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Hu X, Chen H, Xu H, Wu Y, Wu C, Jia C, Li Y, Sheng S, Xu C, Xu H, Ni W, Zhou K. Role of Pyroptosis in Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2042-2050. [PMID: 32549752 PMCID: PMC7294939 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) trauma, including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), remains a leading cause for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Past research has shown that cell death plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of CNS injuries. More recently, pyroptosis has been identified as a form of programmed inflammatory cell death, and it is a unique form of cell death in various aspects. Mechanistically, pyroptosis can be categorized into canonical (mediated by caspase-1) and non-canonical (mediated by caspase-4/5/11). In canonical pyroptosis, Nod-like receptors (NLRs) inflammasomes play a critical role, and their activation promotes the maturation and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β/18 (IL-1β/18), cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD), and ultimately pyroptotic cell death. Despite a plethora of new knowledge regarding pyroptosis, detailed understanding of how pyroptosis is involved in CNS injuries and possible ways to improve clinical outcomes following CNS injuries remain elusive. This review discusses the current knowledge on how pyroptosis is involved in CNS injuries, focusing on new discoveries regarding how pyroptosis activation occurs, differences between CNS cell types following injury, time-course of inflammatory responses, and key regulatory steps of pyroptosis. In addition, we highlight various investigational agents that are capable of regulating key steps in pyroptotic cell death, and we discuss how these agents may be used as therapies to improve outcomes following CNS trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chang Jia
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Sunren Sheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China
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188
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Lipopolysaccharide restricts murine norovirus infection in macrophages mainly through NF-kB and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Virology 2020; 546:109-121. [PMID: 32452409 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inflammasome machinery has recently been recognized as an emerging pillar of innate immunity. However, little is known regarding the interaction between the classical interferon (IFN) response and inflammasome activation in response to norovirus infection. We found that murine norovirus (MNV-1) infection induces the transcription of IL-1β, a hallmark of inflammasome activation, which is further increased by inhibition of IFN response, but fails to trigger the release of mature IL-1β. Interestingly, pharmacological inflammasome inhibitors do not affect viral replication, but slightly reverse the inflammasome activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inhibition of MNV replication. LPS efficiently stimulates the transcription of IFN-β through NF-ĸB, which requires the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7. This activates downstream antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) via the JAK-STAT pathway. Moreover, inhibition of NF-ĸB and JAK-STAT signaling partially reverse LPS-mediated anti-MNV activity, suggesting additional antiviral mechanisms activated by NF-ĸB. This study reveals additional insight in host defense against MNV infection.
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189
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Song Y, Feng N, Sanchez-Tacuba L, Yasukawa LL, Ren L, Silverman RH, Ding S, Greenberg HB. Reverse Genetics Reveals a Role of Rotavirus VP3 Phosphodiesterase Activity in Inhibiting RNase L Signaling and Contributing to Intestinal Viral Replication In Vivo. J Virol 2020; 94:e01952-19. [PMID: 32051268 PMCID: PMC7163120 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01952-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of how rotavirus (RV) subverts host innate immune signaling has greatly increased over the past decade. However, the relative contribution of each virus-encoded innate immune antagonist has not been fully studied in the context of RV infection in vivo Here, we present both in vitro and in vivo evidence that the host interferon (IFN)-inducible 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and RNase L pathway effectively suppresses the replication of heterologous RV strains. VP3 from homologous RVs relies on its 2'-5'-phosphodiesterase (PDE) domain to counteract RNase L-mediated antiviral signaling. Using an RV reverse-genetics system, we show that compared to the parental strain, VP3 PDE mutant RVs replicated at low levels in the small intestine and were shed less in the feces of wild-type mice, and such defects were rescued in Rnasel-/- suckling mice. Collectively, these findings highlight an important role of VP3 in promoting viral replication and pathogenesis in vivo in addition to its well-characterized function as the viral RNA-capping enzyme.IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses are significant human pathogens that result in diarrhea, dehydration, and deaths in many children around the world. Rotavirus vaccines have suboptimal efficacy in low- to middle-income countries, where the burden of the diseases is the most severe. With the ultimate goal of improving current vaccines, we aim to better understand how rotavirus interacts with the host innate immune system in the small intestine. Here, we demonstrate that interferon-activated RNase L signaling blocks rotavirus replication in a strain-specific manner. In addition, virus-encoded VP3 antagonizes RNase L activity both in vitro and in vivo These studies highlight an ever-evolving arms race between antiviral factors and viral pathogens and provide a new means of targeted attenuation for next-generation rotavirus vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Liliana Sanchez-Tacuba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Linda L Yasukawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lili Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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190
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Christgen S, Place DE, Kanneganti TD. Toward targeting inflammasomes: insights into their regulation and activation. Cell Res 2020; 30:315-327. [PMID: 32152420 PMCID: PMC7118104 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-component signaling complexes critical to the initiation of pyroptotic cell death in response to invading pathogens and cellular damage. A number of innate immune receptors have been reported to serve as inflammasome sensors. Activation of these sensors leads to the proteolytic activation of caspase-1, a proinflammatory caspase responsible for the cleavage of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 and the effector of pyroptotic cell death, gasdermin D. Though crucial to the innate immune response to infection, dysregulation of inflammasome activation can lead to the development of inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Therefore, clinical interest in the modulation of inflammasome activation is swiftly growing. As such, it is imperative to develop a mechanistic understanding of the regulation of these complexes. In this review, we divide the regulation of inflammasome activation into three parts. We discuss the transcriptional regulation of inflammasome components and related proteins, the post-translational mechanisms of inflammasome activation, and advances in the understanding of the structural basis of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelbi Christgen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David E Place
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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191
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein innate immune complexes that regulate caspase-dependent inflammation and cell death. Pattern recognition receptors, such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors, sense danger signals or cellular events to activate canonical inflammasomes, resulting in caspase 1 activation, pyroptosis and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. Non-canonical inflammasomes can be activated by intracellular lipopolysaccharides, toxins and some cell signalling pathways. These inflammasomes regulate the activation of alternative caspases (caspase 4, caspase 5, caspase 11 and caspase 8) that lead to pyroptosis, apoptosis and the regulation of other cellular pathways. Many inflammasome-related genes and proteins have been implicated in animal models of kidney disease. In particular, the NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome has been shown to contribute to a wide range of acute and chronic microbial and non-microbial kidney diseases via canonical and non-canonical mechanisms that regulate inflammation, pyroptosis, apoptosis and fibrosis. In patients with chronic kidney disease, immunomodulation therapies targeting IL-1β such as canakinumab have been shown to prevent cardiovascular events. Moreover, findings in experimental models of kidney disease suggest that small-molecule inhibitors targeting NLRP3 and other inflammasome components are promising therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Komada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daniel A Muruve
- Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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192
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Tsuchiya K. Inflammasome‐associated cell death: Pyroptosis, apoptosis, and physiological implications. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:252-269. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawa Japan
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (InFiniti)Kanazawa UniversityKanazawa Japan
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193
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Imre G. The involvement of regulated cell death forms in modulating the bacterial and viral pathogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 353:211-253. [PMID: 32381176 PMCID: PMC7102569 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis represent three distinct types of regulated cell death forms, which play significant roles in response to viral and bacterial infections. Whereas apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, bleb formation and retained membrane integrity, necroptosis and pyroptosis exhibit osmotic imbalance driven cytoplasmic swelling and early membrane damage. These three cell death forms exert distinct immune stimulatory potential. The caspase driven apoptotic cell demise is considered in many circumstances as anti-inflammatory, whereas the two lytic cell death modalities can efficiently trigger immune response by releasing damage associated molecular patterns to the extracellular space. The relevance of these cell death modalities in infections can be best demonstrated by the presence of viral proteins that directly interfere with cell death pathways. Conversely, some pathogens hijack the cell death signaling routes to initiate a targeted attack against the immune cells of the host, and extracellular bacteria can benefit from the destruction of intact extracellular barriers upon cell death induction. The complexity and the crosstalk between these cell death modalities reflect a continuous evolutionary race between pathogens and host. This chapter discusses the current advances in the research of cell death signaling with regard to viral and bacterial infections and describes the network of the cell death initiating molecular mechanisms that selectively recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Imre
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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194
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Maelfait J, Liverpool L, Rehwinkel J. Nucleic Acid Sensors and Programmed Cell Death. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:552-568. [PMID: 31786265 PMCID: PMC7322524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids derived from microorganisms are powerful triggers for innate immune responses. Proteins called RNA and DNA sensors detect foreign nucleic acids and, in mammalian cells, include RIG-I, cGAS, and AIM2. On binding to nucleic acids, these proteins initiate signaling cascades that activate host defense responses. An important aspect of this defense program is the production of cytokines such as type I interferons and IL-1β. Studies conducted over recent years have revealed that nucleic acid sensors also activate programmed cell death pathways as an innate immune response to infection. Indeed, RNA and DNA sensors induce apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Cell death via these pathways prevents replication of pathogens by eliminating the infected cell and additionally contributes to the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that programmed cell death triggered by nucleic acid sensors plays an important role in a number of noninfectious pathologies. In addition to nonself DNA and RNA from microorganisms, nucleic acid sensors also recognize endogenous nucleic acids, for example when cells are damaged by genotoxic agents and in certain autoinflammatory diseases. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the links between nucleic acid sensing and cell death and explores important open questions for future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Maelfait
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Layal Liverpool
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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195
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Jumani RS, Spector JM, Izadnegahdar R, Kelly P, Diagana TT, Manjunatha UH. Innovations in Addressing Pediatric Diarrhea in Low Resource Settings. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:14-24. [PMID: 31612701 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhea has long been recognized as an important cause of mortality during childhood. In parallel with ensuring access to proven care practices is the imperative to apply modern advances in medicine, science, and technology to accelerate progress against diarrheal disease, particularly in developing countries where the burden of avoidable harm is the greatest. In order to highlight achievements and identify outstanding areas of need, we reviewed the landscape of recent innovations that have significance for the study and clinical management of pediatric diarrhea in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv S. Jumani
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Spector
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Rasa Izadnegahdar
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 440 5th Ave N, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Paul Kelly
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, United Kingdom
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Thierry T. Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Ujjini H. Manjunatha
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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196
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Reverse Genetics System for a Human Group A Rotavirus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00963-19. [PMID: 31645445 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00963-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. Recently, we established an entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics system for simian RV strain SA11. Although that system was robust enough to generate reassortant RVs, including human RV gene segments, and enabled better understanding of the biological differences between animal and human RV strains, a complete reverse genetics system for human RV strains is desirable. Here, we established a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for G4P[8] human RV strain Odelia. This technology was used to generate a panel of monoreassortant viruses between human and simian RV strains for all of the 11 gene segments demonstrating full compatibility between human and simian RV strains. Furthermore, we generated recombinant viruses lacking the C-terminal region of the viral nonstructural protein NSP1 and used it to define the biological function of the interaction between NSP1 and its target protein β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) during viral replication. While the NSP1 truncation mutant lacking the C-terminal 13 amino acids displayed lower β-TrCP degradation activity, it replicated as efficiently as the wild-type virus. In contrast, the truncation mutant lacking the C-terminal 166 amino acids of NSP1 replicated poorly, suggesting that the C-terminal region of NSP1 plays critical roles in viral replication. The system reported here will allow generation of engineered recombinant virus harboring desired mutations, increase our understanding of the molecular biology of human RV, and facilitate development of novel therapeutics and vaccines.IMPORTANCE Reverse genetics, an approach used to generate viruses from cloned cDNA, has increased our understanding of virus biology. Worldwide research led to the development of an entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics system for the simian RV laboratory strain. Although the technique allows generation of gene-modified recombinant RVs, biological differences between animal and human RVs mean that reverse genetics systems for human RV strains are still needed. Here, we describe a reverse genetics system for the high-yield human RV strain Odelia, which replicates efficiently and is suitable for in vitro molecular studies. Monoreassortant viruses between simian and human RV strains and NSP1 mutant viruses generated by the rescue system enabled study of the biological functions of viral gene segments. This human RV reverse genetics system will facilitate study of RV biology and development of vaccines and vectors.
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197
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Sen A, Ding S, Greenberg HB. The Role of Innate Immunity in Regulating Rotavirus Replication, Pathogenesis, and Host Range Restriction and the Implications for Live Rotaviral Vaccine Development. MUCOSAL VACCINES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7148637 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are important causative agents of viral gastroenteritis in the young of most mammalian species studied, including humans, in which they are the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis worldwide despite the availability of several safe and effective vaccines. Replication of RVs is restricted in a host species-specific manner, and this barrier is determined predominantly by the host interferon (IFN) signaling and the ability of different RV strains to successfully negate IFN activation and amplification pathways. In addition, viral attachment to the target intestinal epithelial cells also regulates host range restriction. Several studies have focused on the role of the innate immune response in regulating RV replication and pathogenesis. The knowledge accrued from these efforts is likely to result in rational attenuation of RV vaccines to closely match circulating (and host species-matched) virus strains. In this chapter, we review prevalent models of RV interactions with innate immune factors, viral strategies employed to regulate their function, and the implications of these findings for improved RV vaccine development.
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198
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Yu ZW, Zhang J, Li X, Wang Y, Fu YH, Gao XY. A new research hot spot: The role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, a key step in pyroptosis, in diabetes and diabetic complications. Life Sci 2019; 240:117138. [PMID: 31809715 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of cell death mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD); it is characterised by NLRP3 inflammasome activation, caspase activation, cell membrane pore formation, and the release of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. NLRP3 inflammasome activation plays a central role in pyroptosis. Recent research has suggested that NLRP3 inflammasome activation may be involved in the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. This finding provided the impetus for us to clarify the significance of pyroptosis in diabetes. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in pyroptosis, as well as recent advances in the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in the development of diabetes and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu-Hong Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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199
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Soderholm AT, Pedicord VA. Intestinal epithelial cells: at the interface of the microbiota and mucosal immunity. Immunology 2019; 158:267-280. [PMID: 31509239 PMCID: PMC6856932 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms a barrier between the microbiota and the rest of the body. In addition, beyond acting as a physical barrier, the function of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in sensing and responding to microbial signals is increasingly appreciated and likely has numerous implications for the vast network of immune cells within and below the intestinal epithelium. IECs also respond to factors produced by immune cells, and these can regulate IEC barrier function, proliferation and differentiation, as well as influence the composition of the microbiota. The mechanisms involved in IEC-microbe-immune interactions, however, are not fully characterized. In this review, we explore the ability of IECs to direct intestinal homeostasis by orchestrating communication between intestinal microbes and mucosal innate and adaptive immune cells during physiological and inflammatory conditions. We focus primarily on the most recent findings and call attention to the numerous remaining unknowns regarding the complex crosstalk between IECs, the microbiota and intestinal immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia T. Soderholm
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious DiseaseUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Virginia A. Pedicord
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious DiseaseUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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200
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Schmidt FI. From atoms to physiology: what it takes to really understand inflammasomes. J Physiol 2019; 597:5335-5348. [PMID: 31490557 DOI: 10.1113/jp277027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid inflammatory responses to cytosolic threats are mediated by inflammasomes - large macromolecular signalling complexes that control the activation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, as well as cell death by pyroptosis. Different inflammasome sensors are activated by diverse direct and indirect signals, and subsequently nucleate the polymerization of the adaptor molecule ASC to form signalling platforms macroscopically observed as ASC specks. Caspase-1 is autocatalytically activated at these sites and subsequently matures pro-inflammatory cytokines and the pore-forming effector molecule gasdermin D. While most molecules and basic assembly principles have been deduced from reductionist experimental systems, we still lack fundamental information on the structure and regulation of these complexes in their physiological environment and in the interplay with other signalling pathways. In this review, novel experimental approaches are proposed, including some that rely on nanobodies and single domain antibodies, to understand inflammasome assembly and regulation in the context of the relevant tissues or cells.
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