151
|
Stem Cell Impairment at the Host-Microbiota Interface in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050996. [PMID: 33673612 PMCID: PMC7957811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation is believed to result from the conversion of normal intestinal stem cells (ISCs) into cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells (TICs). Hence, CRC evolves through the multiple acquisition of well-established genetic and epigenetic alterations with an adenoma-carcinoma sequence progression. Unlike other stem cells elsewhere in the body, ISCs cohabit with the intestinal microbiota, which consists of a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The gut microbiota communicates closely with ISCs and mounting evidence suggests that there is significant crosstalk between host and microbiota at the ISC niche level. Metagenomic analyses have demonstrated that the host-microbiota mutually beneficial symbiosis existing under physiologic conditions is lost during a state of pathological microbial imbalance due to the alteration of microbiota composition (dysbiosis) and/or the genetic susceptibility of the host. The complex interaction between CRC and microbiota is at the forefront of the current CRC research, and there is growing attention on a possible role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of CRC through ISC niche impairment. Here we primarily review the most recent findings on the molecular mechanism underlying the complex interplay between gut microbiota and ISCs, revealing a possible key role of microbiota in the aberrant reprogramming of CSCs in the initiation of CRC. We also discuss recent advances in OMICS approaches and single-cell analyses to explore the relationship between gut microbiota and ISC/CSC niche biology leading to a desirable implementation of the current precision medicine approaches.
Collapse
|
152
|
Sphyris N, Hodder MC, Sansom OJ. Subversion of Niche-Signalling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer: What Makes and Breaks the Intestinal Stem Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1000. [PMID: 33673710 PMCID: PMC7957493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium fulfils pleiotropic functions in nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and immune surveillance while also forming a barrier against luminal toxins and gut-resident microbiota. Incessantly barraged by extraneous stresses, the intestine must continuously replenish its epithelial lining and regenerate the full gamut of specialized cell types that underpin its functions. Homeostatic remodelling is orchestrated by the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche: a convergence of epithelial- and stromal-derived cues, which maintains ISCs in a multipotent state. Following demise of homeostatic ISCs post injury, plasticity is pervasive among multiple populations of reserve stem-like cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and/or fully differentiated cell types, all of which can contribute to regeneration and repair. Failure to restore the epithelial barrier risks seepage of toxic luminal contents, resulting in inflammation and likely predisposing to tumour formation. Here, we explore how homeostatic niche-signalling pathways are subverted in tumorigenesis, enabling ISCs to gain autonomy from niche restraints ("ISC emancipation") and transform into cancer stem cells capable of driving tumour initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. We further consider the implications of the pervasive plasticity of the intestinal epithelium for the trajectory of colorectal cancer, the emergence of distinct molecular subtypes, the propensity to metastasize, and the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sphyris
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Michael C. Hodder
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Role of adenomatous polyposis coli in proliferation and differentiation of colon epithelial cells in organoid culture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3980. [PMID: 33597597 PMCID: PMC7889860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a tumor-suppressing protein whose inactivation triggers the formation of colorectal polyps. Numerous studies using cell lines or genetically engineered mice have revealed its role in suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we performed genetic analyses of APC using a three-dimensional organoid culture of mouse colon epithelia, which enables the detailed examination of epithelial properties. Analyses of Apc-knockout colon organoids not only confirmed the importance of APC in suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling and regulating cell differentiation, but also revealed several novel features: a significant decrease in proliferating speed and an increase in cross-sectional area of cells. Moreover, we found a significant number of lysozyme-positive Paneth-like cells, which were never observed in wild-type colon tissues or organoids, but have been reported to emerge in colon cancers. Therefore, APC autonomously suppresses ectopic differentiation into lysozyme-positive cells, specifically in the colon epithelia. Colon organoids would be an ideal material to investigate the molecular mechanism and biological importance of the ectopic differentiation associated with cancer development.
Collapse
|
154
|
Boonekamp KE, Heo I, Artegiani B, Asra P, van Son G, de Ligt J, Clevers H. Identification of novel human Wnt target genes using adult endodermal tissue-derived organoids. Dev Biol 2021; 474:37-47. [PMID: 33571486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling plays a key role during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration and these processes are conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates. Mutations in Wnt pathway components are commonly found in various types of cancer. Upon activation of canonical Wnt signaling, β-catenin binds in the nucleus to members of the TCF-LEF family and activates the transcription of target genes. Multiple Wnt target genes, including Lgr5/LGR5 and Axin2/AXIN2, have been identified in mouse models and human cancer cell lines. Here we set out to identify the transcriptional targets of Wnt signaling in five human tissues using organoid technology. Organoids are derived from adult stem cells and recapitulate the functionality as well as the structure of the original tissue. Since the Wnt pathway is critical to maintain the organoids from the human intestine, colon, liver, pancreas and stomach, organoid technology allows us to assess Wnt target gene expression in a human wildtype situation. We performed bulk mRNA sequencing of organoids immediately after inhibition of Wnt pathway and identified 41 genes as commonly regulated genes in these tissues. We also identified large numbers of target genes specific to each tissue. One of the shared target genes is TEAD4, a transcription factor driving expression of YAP/TAZ signaling target genes. In addition to TEAD4, we identified a variety of genes which encode for proteins that are involved in Wnt-independent pathways, implicating the possibility of direct crosstalk between Wnt signaling and other pathways. Collectively, this study identified tissue-specific and common Wnt target gene signatures and provides evidence for a conserved role for these Wnt targets in different tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Elisabeth Boonekamp
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inha Heo
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Artegiani
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Priyanca Asra
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Son
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joep de Ligt
- University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Angius A, Scanu AM, Arru C, Muroni MR, Rallo V, Deiana G, Ninniri MC, Carru C, Porcu A, Pira G, Uva P, Cossu-Rocca P, De Miglio MR. Portrait of Cancer Stem Cells on Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Biomarkers, Signaling Pathways and miRNAome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1603. [PMID: 33562604 PMCID: PMC7915330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and about 20% is metastatic at diagnosis and untreatable. Increasing evidence suggests that the heterogeneous nature of CRC is related to colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs), a small cells population with stemness behaviors and responsible for tumor progression, recurrence, and therapy resistance. Growing knowledge of stem cells (SCs) biology has rapidly improved uncovering the molecular mechanisms and possible crosstalk/feedback loops between signaling pathways that directly influence intestinal homeostasis and tumorigenesis. The generation of CCSCs is probably connected to genetic changes in members of signaling pathways, which control self-renewal and pluripotency in SCs and then establish function and phenotype of CCSCs. Particularly, various deregulated CCSC-related miRNAs have been reported to modulate stemness features, controlling CCSCs functions such as regulation of cell cycle genes expression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasization, and drug-resistance mechanisms. Primarily, CCSC-related miRNAs work by regulating mainly signal pathways known to be involved in CCSCs biology. This review intends to summarize the epigenetic findings linked to miRNAome in the maintenance and regulation of CCSCs, including their relationships with different signaling pathways, which should help to identify specific diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for CRC, but also develop innovative CCSCs-targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angius
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), CNR, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Antonio Mario Scanu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Caterina Arru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Muroni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Vincenzo Rallo
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), CNR, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Giulia Deiana
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Maria Chiara Ninniri
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Giovanna Pira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Paolo Uva
- IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Paolo Cossu-Rocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
- Department of Diagnostic Services, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, ASSL Olbia-ATS Sardegna, 07026 Olbia, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria De Miglio
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Ten Hove AS, Seppen J, de Jonge WJ. Neuronal innervation of the intestinal crypt. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G193-G205. [PMID: 33296267 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00239.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal damage is a key feature of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and healing of the mucosa is an endpoint of IBD treatment that is often difficult to achieve. Autonomic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system may influence intestinal epithelial cell growth and modulating epithelial innervation could for that reason serve as an interesting therapeutic option to improve mucosal healing. Understanding of the biological processes triggered by nonspecific and specific epithelial adrenergic and cholinergic receptor activation is of key importance. At present, with rising technological advances, bioelectronic neuromodulation as treatment modality has gained momentum. We discuss the current view on state-of-the-art innervation of the intestinal crypt and its impact on epithelial cell growth and differentiation. Furthermore, we outline bioelectronic technology and review its relevance to wound healing processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Ten Hove
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Seppen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Hageman JH, Heinz MC, Kretzschmar K, van der Vaart J, Clevers H, Snippert HJG. Intestinal Regeneration: Regulation by the Microenvironment. Dev Cell 2021; 54:435-446. [PMID: 32841594 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the intestinal stem cell niche can result from mechanical stress, infections, chronic inflammation or cytotoxic therapies. Progenitor cells can compensate for insults to the stem cell population through dedifferentiation. The microenvironment modulates this regenerative response by influencing the activity of signaling pathways, including Wnt, Notch, and YAP/TAZ. For instance, mesenchymal cells and immune cells become more abundant after damage and secrete signaling molecules that promote the regenerative process. Furthermore, regeneration is influenced by the nutritional state, microbiome, and extracellular matrix. Here, we review how all these components cooperate to restore epithelial homeostasis in the intestine after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joris H Hageman
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Heinz
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kai Kretzschmar
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Mildred-Scheel Early Career Centre (MSNZ) for Cancer Research, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jelte van der Vaart
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo J G Snippert
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Rannikmae H, Peel S, Barry S, Senda T, de la Roche M. Mutational inactivation of Apc in the intestinal epithelia compromises cellular organisation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.250019. [PMID: 33335067 PMCID: PMC7860127 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) protein regulates diverse effector pathways essential for tissue homeostasis. Truncating oncogenic mutations in Apc removing its Wnt pathway and microtubule regulatory domains drives intestinal epithelia tumorigenesis. Exuberant cell proliferation is one well-established consequence of oncogenic Wnt pathway activity; however, the contribution of other deregulated molecular circuits to tumorigenesis has not been fully examined. Using in vivo and organoid models of intestinal epithelial tumorigenesis we found that Wnt pathway activity controls intestinal epithelial villi and crypt structure, morphological features lost upon Apc inactivation. Although the Wnt pathway target gene c-Myc (also known as Myc) has critical roles in regulating cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, Apc specification of intestinal epithelial morphology is independent of the Wnt-responsive Myc-335 (also known as Rr21) regulatory element. We further demonstrate that Apc inactivation disrupts the microtubule cytoskeleton and consequently localisation of organelles without affecting the distribution of the actin cytoskeleton and associated components. Our data indicates the direct control over microtubule dynamics by Apc through an independent molecular circuit. Our study stratifies three independent Apc effector pathways in the intestinal epithelial controlling: (1) proliferation, (2) microtubule dynamics and (3) epithelial morphology.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rannikmae
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Samantha Peel
- Discovery Science, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Simon Barry
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Takao Senda
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Marc de la Roche
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Treveil A, Sudhakar P, Matthews ZJ, Wrzesiński T, Jones EJ, Brooks J, Ölbei M, Hautefort I, Hall LJ, Carding SR, Mayer U, Powell PP, Wileman T, Di Palma F, Haerty W, Korcsmáros T. Regulatory network analysis of Paneth cell and goblet cell enriched gut organoids using transcriptomics approaches. Mol Omics 2021; 16:39-58. [PMID: 31819932 DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the small intestine consists of multiple cell types, including Paneth cells and goblet cells, that work in cohort to maintain gut health. 3D in vitro cultures of human primary epithelial cells, called organoids, have become a key model to study the functions of Paneth cells and goblet cells in normal and diseased conditions. Advances in these models include the ability to skew differentiation to particular lineages, providing a useful tool to study cell type specific function/dysfunction in the context of the epithelium. Here, we use comprehensive profiling of mRNA, microRNA and long non-coding RNA expression to confirm that Paneth cell and goblet cell enrichment of murine small intestinal organoids (enteroids) establishes a physiologically accurate model. We employ network analysis to infer the regulatory landscape altered by skewing differentiation, and using knowledge of cell type specific markers, we predict key regulators of cell type specific functions: Cebpa, Jun, Nr1d1 and Rxra specific to Paneth cells, Gfi1b and Myc specific for goblet cells and Ets1, Nr3c1 and Vdr shared between them. Links identified between these regulators and cellular phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggest that global regulatory rewiring during or after differentiation of Paneth cells and goblet cells could contribute to IBD aetiology. Future application of cell type enriched enteroids combined with the presented computational workflow can be used to disentangle multifactorial mechanisms of these cell types and propose regulators whose pharmacological targeting could be advantageous in treating IBD patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Treveil
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Yang L, Yang H, Chu Y, Song Y, Ding L, Zhu B, Zhai W, Wang X, Kuang Y, Ren F, Jia B, Wu W, Ye X, Wang Y, Chang Z. CREPT is required for murine stem cell maintenance during intestinal regeneration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:270. [PMID: 33431892 PMCID: PMC7801528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) residing in the crypts are critical for the continual self-renewal and rapid recovery of the intestinal epithelium. The regulatory mechanism of ISCs is not fully understood. Here we report that CREPT, a recently identified tumor-promoting protein, is required for the maintenance of murine ISCs. CREPT is preferably expressed in the crypts but not in the villi. Deletion of CREPT in the intestinal epithelium of mice (Vil-CREPTKO) results in lower body weight and slow migration of epithelial cells in the intestine. Vil-CREPTKO intestine fails to regenerate after X-ray irradiation and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment. Accordingly, the deletion of CREPT decreases the expression of genes related to the proliferation and differentiation of ISCs and reduces Lgr5+ cell numbers at homeostasis. We identify that CREPT deficiency downregulates Wnt signaling by impairing β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus of the crypt cells during regeneration. Our study provides a previously undefined regulator of ISCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxiang Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Emergency General Hospital, 100028, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Lidan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Bingtao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xuning Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Yanshen Kuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Fangli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Baoqing Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongjun Ye
- Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital, 100034, Beijing, China.
| | - Yinyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhijie Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Yang L, Yang H, Chu Y, Song Y, Ding L, Zhu B, Zhai W, Wang X, Kuang Y, Ren F, Jia B, Wu W, Ye X, Wang Y, Chang Z. CREPT is required for murine stem cell maintenance during intestinal regeneration. Nat Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20636-9 order by 38439--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIntestinal stem cells (ISCs) residing in the crypts are critical for the continual self-renewal and rapid recovery of the intestinal epithelium. The regulatory mechanism of ISCs is not fully understood. Here we report that CREPT, a recently identified tumor-promoting protein, is required for the maintenance of murine ISCs. CREPT is preferably expressed in the crypts but not in the villi. Deletion of CREPT in the intestinal epithelium of mice (Vil-CREPTKO) results in lower body weight and slow migration of epithelial cells in the intestine. Vil-CREPTKO intestine fails to regenerate after X-ray irradiation and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment. Accordingly, the deletion of CREPT decreases the expression of genes related to the proliferation and differentiation of ISCs and reduces Lgr5+ cell numbers at homeostasis. We identify that CREPT deficiency downregulates Wnt signaling by impairing β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus of the crypt cells during regeneration. Our study provides a previously undefined regulator of ISCs.
Collapse
|
162
|
Brassard JA, Nikolaev M, Hübscher T, Hofer M, Lutolf MP. Recapitulating macro-scale tissue self-organization through organoid bioprinting. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:22-29. [PMID: 32958879 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting promises enormous control over the spatial deposition of cells in three dimensions1-7, but current approaches have had limited success at reproducing the intricate micro-architecture, cell-type diversity and function of native tissues formed through cellular self-organization. We introduce a three-dimensional bioprinting concept that uses organoid-forming stem cells as building blocks that can be deposited directly into extracellular matrices conducive to spontaneous self-organization. By controlling the geometry and cellular density, we generated centimetre-scale tissues that comprise self-organized features such as lumens, branched vasculature and tubular intestinal epithelia with in vivo-like crypts and villus domains. Supporting cells were deposited to modulate morphogenesis in space and time, and different epithelial cells were printed sequentially to mimic the organ boundaries present in the gastrointestinal tract. We thus show how biofabrication and organoid technology can be merged to control tissue self-organization from millimetre to centimetre scales, opening new avenues for drug discovery, diagnostics and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Brassard
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mike Nikolaev
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tania Hübscher
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Hofer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science (SB), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Zhu G, Hu J, Xi R. The cellular niche for intestinal stem cells: a team effort. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:1. [PMID: 33385259 PMCID: PMC7775856 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly self-renewing epithelium in the mammalian intestine is maintained by multipotent intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the bottom of the intestinal crypt that are interspersed with Paneth cells in the small intestine and Paneth-like cells in the colon. The ISC compartment is also closely associated with a sub-epithelial compartment that contains multiple types of mesenchymal stromal cells. With the advances in single cell and gene editing technologies, rapid progress has been made for the identification and characterization of the cellular components of the niche microenvironment that is essential for self-renewal and differentiation of ISCs. It has become increasingly clear that a heterogeneous population of mesenchymal cells as well as the Paneth cells collectively provide multiple secreted niche signals to promote ISC self-renewal. Here we review and summarize recent advances in the regulation of ISCs with a main focus on the definition of niche cells that sustain ISCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiulong Hu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Gomart A, Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y. Necrotizing Enterocolitis: LPS/TLR4-Induced Crosstalk Between Canonical TGF-β/Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways and PPARγ. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:713344. [PMID: 34712628 PMCID: PMC8547806 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.713344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) represents one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Several recent studies, however, have contributed to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this dreadful disease. Numerous intracellular pathways play a key role in NEC, namely: bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ. In a large number of pathologies, canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ operate in opposition to one another, so that when one of the two pathways is overexpressed the other is downregulated and vice-versa. In NEC, activation of TLR4 by LPS leads to downregulation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and upregulation of PPARγ. This review aims to shed light on the complex intracellular mechanisms involved in this pathophysiological profile by examining additional pathways such as the GSK-3β, NF-κB, TGF-β/Smads, and PI3K-Akt pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Gomart
- Département de Pédiatrie et Médecine de l'adolescent, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Huang M, Yang L, Jiang N, Dai Q, Li R, Zhou Z, Zhao B, Lin X. Emc3 maintains intestinal homeostasis by preserving secretory lineages. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:873-886. [PMID: 33785873 PMCID: PMC8222001 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal exocrine secretory lineages, including goblet cells and Paneth cells, provide vital innate host defense to pathogens. However, how these cells are specified and maintained to ensure intestinal barrier function remains poorly defined. Here we show that endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex subunit 3 (Emc3) is essential for differentiation and function of exocrine secretory lineages. Deletion of Emc3 in intestinal epithelium decreases mucus production by goblet cells and Paneth cell population, along with gut microbial dysbiosis, which result in spontaneous inflammation and increased susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. Moreover, Emc3 deletion impairs stem cell niche function of Paneth cells, thus resulting in intestinal organoid culture failure. Mechanistically, Emc3 deficiency leads to increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mitigating ER stress with tauroursodeoxycholate acid alleviates secretory dysfunction and restores organoid formation. Our study identifies a dominant role of Emc3 in maintaining intestinal mucosal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meina Huang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanhui Dai
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runsheng Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaocai Zhou
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Seidlitz T, Koo BK, Stange DE. Gastric organoids-an in vitro model system for the study of gastric development and road to personalized medicine. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:68-83. [PMID: 33223522 PMCID: PMC7852679 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer ranks as the fifth most common human malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer related deaths. Depending on tumor stage, endoscopic or surgical resection supported by perioperative chemotherapy is the only curative option for patients. Due to late clinical manifestation and missing reliable biomarkers, early detection is challenging and overall survival remains poor. Organoids are cell aggregates cultured in three-dimensions that grow with similar characteristics as their tissue-of-origin. Due to their self-renewal and proliferative capacity, organoids can be maintained long term in culture and expanded in many cases in an unlimited fashion. Patient-derived organoid (PDO) libraries function as living biobanks, allowing the in depth analysis of tissue specific function, development and disease. The recent successful establishment of gastric cancer PDOs opens up new perspectives for multiple translational clinical applications. Here, we review different adult stem cell derived gastric organoid model systems and focus on their establishment, phenotypic and genotypic characterizations as well as their use in predicting therapy response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Seidlitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel E Stange
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Driehuis E, Gracanin A, Vries RGJ, Clevers H, Boj SF. Establishment of Pancreatic Organoids from Normal Tissue and Tumors. STAR Protoc 2020; 1:100192. [PMID: 33377086 PMCID: PMC7757566 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of patient-derived adult stem cell-based pancreatic (tumor) organoids was first described in 2015. Since then, multiple laboratories have demonstrated the robustness of this method. We recently described the generation of a pancreatic cancer biobank containing 30 well-characterized tumor organoid models. Here, we describe the applied methods in detail. Use of tumor-selective media prevents contamination with normal cells. Generated organoids can be cryopreserved and can serve as a living biobank of pancreatic cancer for biomarker identification and drug screening. For complete information on the generation and use of this protocol, please refer to Driehuis et al. (2019).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Else Driehuis
- Hubrecht Institute, Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht 3584 CM, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Department of Pathology, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Gracanin
- Formerly of Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht 3584 CM, the Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Seeger B. Farm Animal-derived Models of the Intestinal Epithelium: Recent Advances and Future Applications of Intestinal Organoids. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 48:215-233. [PMID: 33337913 DOI: 10.1177/0261192920974026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Farm animals play an important role in translational research as large animal models of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The mechanistic investigation of zoonotic diseases of the GI tract, in which animals can act as asymptomatic carriers, could provide important information for therapeutic approaches. In veterinary medicine, farm animals are no less relevant, as they can serve as models for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of GI diseases in the target species. However, farm animal-derived cell lines of the intestinal epithelium are rarely available from standardised cell banks and, in addition, are not usually specific for certain sections of the intestine. Immortalised porcine or bovine enterocytic cell lines are more widely available, compared to goat or sheep-derived cell lines; no continuous cell lines are available from the chicken. Other epithelial cell types with intestinal section-specific distribution and function, such as goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells and intestinal stem cells, are not represented in those cell line-based models. Therefore, intestinal organoid models of farm animal species, which are already widely used for mice and humans, are gaining importance. Crypt-derived or pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoid models offer the possibility to investigate the mechanisms of inter-cell or host-pathogen interactions and to answer species-specific questions. This review is intended to give an overview of cell culture models of the intestinal epithelium of farm animals, discussing species-specific differences, culture techniques and some possible applications for intestinal organoid models. It also highlights the need for species-specific pluripotent stem cell-derived or crypt-derived intestinal organoid models for promotion of the Three Rs principles (replacement, reduction and refinement).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Seeger
- Department of Food Toxicology and Replacement/Complementary Methods to Animal Testing, Institute for Food Toxicology, 460510University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Rees WD, Tandun R, Yau E, Zachos NC, Steiner TS. Regenerative Intestinal Stem Cells Induced by Acute and Chronic Injury: The Saving Grace of the Epithelium? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583919. [PMID: 33282867 PMCID: PMC7688923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is replenished every 3-4 days through an orderly process that maintains important secretory and absorptive functions while preserving a continuous mucosal barrier. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) derive from a stable population of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that reside in the basal crypts. When intestinal injury reaches the crypts and damages IECs, a mechanism to replace them is needed. Recent research has highlighted the existence of distinct populations of acute and chronic damage-associated ISCs and their roles in maintaining homeostasis in several intestinal perturbation models. What remains unknown is how the damage-associated regenerative ISC population functions in the setting of chronic inflammation, as opposed to acute injury. What long-term consequences result from persistent inflammation and other cellular insults to the ISC niche? What particular "regenerative" cell types provide the most efficacious restorative properties? Which differentiated IECs maintain the ability to de-differentiate and restore the ISC niche? This review will cover the latest research on damage-associated regenerative ISCs and epigenetic factors that determine ISC fate, as well as provide opinions on future studies that need to be undertaken to understand the repercussions of the emergence of these cells, their contribution to relapses in inflammatory bowel disease, and their potential use in therapeutics for chronic intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D Rees
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rene Tandun
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Enoch Yau
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Antfolk M, Jensen KB. A bioengineering perspective on modelling the intestinal epithelial physiology in vitro. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6244. [PMID: 33288759 PMCID: PMC7721730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestine is a specialised organ, essential for nutrient digestion and absorption. It is lined with a complex epithelial cell layer. Intestinal epithelial cells can be cultured in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds as self-organising entities with distinct domains containing stem cells and differentiated cells. Recent developments in bioengineering provide new possibilities for directing the organisation of cells in vitro. In this Perspective, focusing on the small intestine, we discuss how studies at the interface between bioengineering and intestinal biology provide new insights into organ function. Specifically, we focus on engineered biomaterials, complex 3D structures resembling the intestinal architecture, and micro-physiological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antfolk
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kim B Jensen
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Verdile N, Pasquariello R, Brevini TAL, Gandolfi F. The 3D Pattern of the Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Enterocytes and Intestinal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239192. [PMID: 33276531 PMCID: PMC7730110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that, according to the frequency and distribution of specific cell types, the rainbow trout (RT) intestinal mucosa can be divided in two regions that form a complex nonlinear three-dimensional (3D) pattern and have a different renewal rate. This work had two aims. First, we investigated whether the unusual distribution of cell populations reflects a similar distribution of functional activities. To this end, we determined the protein expression pattern of three well-defined enterocytes functional markers: peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), sodium-glucose/galactose transporter 1 (SGLT-1), and fatty-acid-binding protein 2 (Fabp2). Second, we characterized the structure of RT intestinal stem-cell (ISC) niche and determined whether the different proliferative is accompanied by a different organization and/or extension of the stem-cell population. We studied the expression and localization of well-characterized mammal ISC markers: LGR5, HOPX, SOX9, NOTCH1, DLL1, and WNT3A. Our results indicate that morphological similarity is associated with similar function only between the first portion of the mid-intestine and the apical part of the complex folds in the second portion. Mammal ISC markers are all expressed in RT, but their localization is completely different, suggesting also substantial functional differences. Lastly, higher renewal rates are supported by a more abundant ISC population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Verdile
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (N.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Rolando Pasquariello
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (N.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Tiziana A. L. Brevini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Fulvio Gandolfi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (N.V.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-7990
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Fujiwara H, Takahara N, Tateishi K, Tanaka M, Kanai S, Kato H, Nakatsuka T, Yamamoto K, Kogure H, Arita J, Nakai Y, Kasuga M, Ushiku T, Hasegawa K, Koike K. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic activity in patient-derived cholangiocarcinoma organoids. Surg Oncol 2020; 35:484-490. [PMID: 33126085 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis of the disease extension of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is often difficult in clinical practice. The diagnostic yield of conventional pre-operative imaging or endoscopic procedures is sometimes insufficient for the evaluation of longitudinal spreading of CCA. Here we investigated the usefulness of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for the pre- or intra-operative diagnosis of CCA, using patient-derived organoids. METHODS Four CCA- and two adjacent tissue-derived organoids were established. After 5-ALA treatment, we assessed their photodynamic activity using fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS CCA organoids established from different patients showed diverse morphology in contrast to monolayer structures of non-tumor organoids, and had the ability to form subcutaneous tumors in immunodeficient mice. CCA organoids demonstrated remarkably high photodynamic activity based on higher accumulation of protoporphyrin IX as a metabolite of 5-ALA compared to non-tumor organoids (40-71% vs. < 4%, respectively). Importantly, cancer cell-specific high photodynamic activity distinguished the organoids originated from biliary stenotic lesions from those of non-stenotic lesions in a CCA patient. The high photodynamic activity did not depend on the expression profile of heme biosynthesis genes. CONCLUSIONS Distinct 5-ALA-based photodynamic activity could have diagnostic potential for the discrimination of CCA from non-tumor tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Fujiwara
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6 Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0002, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Naminatsu Takahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kanai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takuma Nakatsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kogure
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Junichi Arita
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yousuke Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masato Kasuga
- Division of Research, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6 Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0002, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Brügger MD, Valenta T, Fazilaty H, Hausmann G, Basler K. Distinct populations of crypt-associated fibroblasts act as signaling hubs to control colon homeostasis. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3001032. [PMID: 33306673 PMCID: PMC7758045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in recognizing the importance of mesenchymal cells for the homeostasis of the intestinal system, the current picture of how these cells communicate with the associated epithelial layer remains unclear. To describe the relevant cell populations in an unbiased manner, we carried out a single-cell transcriptome analysis of the adult murine colon, producing a high-quality atlas of matched colonic epithelium and mesenchyme. We identify two crypt-associated colonic fibroblast populations that are demarcated by different strengths of platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (Pdgfra) expression. Crypt-bottom fibroblasts (CBFs), close to the intestinal stem cells, express low levels of Pdgfra and secrete canonical Wnt ligands, Wnt potentiators, and bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) inhibitors. Crypt-top fibroblasts (CTFs) exhibit high Pdgfra levels and secrete noncanonical Wnts and Bmp ligands. While the Pdgfralow cells maintain intestinal stem cell proliferation, the Pdgfrahigh cells induce differentiation of the epithelial cells. Our findings enhance our understanding of the crosstalk between various colonic epithelial cells and their associated mesenchymal signaling hubs along the crypt axis-placing differential Pdgfra expression levels in the spotlight of intestinal fibroblast identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Valenta
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hassan Fazilaty
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George Hausmann
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Nikolenko VN, Oganesyan MV, Sankova MV, Bulygin KV, Vovkogon AD, Rizaeva NA, Sinelnikov MY. Paneth cells: Maintaining dynamic microbiome-host homeostasis, protecting against inflammation and cancer. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000180. [PMID: 33244814 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human intestines are constantly under the influence of numerous pathological factors: enteropathogenic microorganisms, food antigens, physico-chemical stress associated with digestion and bacterial metabolism, therefore it must be provided with a system of protection against adverse impact. Recent studies have shown that Paneth cells play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of the small intestines. Paneth cells perform many vital functions aimed at maintaining a homeostatic balance between normal microbiota, infectious pathogens and the human body, regulate the qualitative composition and number of intestinal microorganisms, prevent the introduction of potentially pathogenic species, and protect stem cells from damage. Paneth cells take part in adaptive and protective-inflammatory reactions. Paneth cells maintain dynamic balance between microbial populations, and the macroorganism, preventing the development of intestinal infections and cancer. They play a crucial role in gastrointestinal homeostasis and may be key factors in the etiopathological progression of intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Nikolenko
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marine V Oganesyan
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Sankova
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Bulygin
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andzhela D Vovkogon
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Negoriya A Rizaeva
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Abstract
The cardinal properties of adult tissue stem cells are self-renewal and the ability to generate diverse resident cell types. The daily losses of terminally differentiated intestinal, skin, and blood cells require "professional" stem cells to produce replacements. This occurs by continuous expansion of stem cells and their immediate progeny, followed by coordinated activation of divergent transcriptional programs to generate stable cells with diverse functions. Other tissues turn over slowly, if at all, and vary widely in strategies for facultative stem cell activity or interconversion among mature resident cell types (transdifferentiation). Cell fate potential is programmed in tissue-specific configurations of chromatin, which restrict the complement of available genes and cis-regulatory elements, hence allowing specific cell types to arise. Using as a model the transcriptional and chromatin basis of cell differentiation and dedifferentiation in intestinal crypts, we discuss here how self-renewing and other tissues execute homeostatic and injury-responsive stem cell activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Saxena
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Current affiliation: Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA;
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Matsumura S, Kurashima Y, Murasaki S, Morimoto M, Arai F, Saito Y, Katayama N, Kim D, Inagaki Y, Kudo T, Ernst PB, Shimizu T, Kiyono H. Stratified layer analysis reveals intrinsic leptin stimulates cryptal mesenchymal cells for controlling mucosal inflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18351. [PMID: 33110098 PMCID: PMC7591933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells in the crypt play indispensable roles in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis through their contribution to the preservation of stem cells. However, the acquisition properties of the production of stem cell niche factors by the mesenchymal cells have not been well elucidated, due to technical limitations regarding the isolation and subsequent molecular and cellular analyses of cryptal mesenchymal cells. To evaluate the function of mesenchymal cells located at the large intestinal crypt, we established a novel method through which cells are harvested according to the histologic layers of mouse colon, and we compared cellular properties between microenvironmental niches, the luminal mucosa and crypts. The gene expression pattern in the cryptal mesenchymal cells showed that receptors of the hormone/cytokine leptin were highly expressed, and we found a decrease in Wnt2b expression under conditions of leptin receptor deficiency, which also induced a delay in cryptal epithelial proliferation. Our novel stratified layer isolation strategies thus revealed new microenvironmental characteristics of colonic mesenchymal cells, including the intrinsic involvement of leptin in the control of mucosal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Matsumura
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurashima
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. .,Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan. .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA. .,Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.
| | - Sayuri Murasaki
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masako Morimoto
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Fujimi Arai
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yukari Saito
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Nana Katayama
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Dayoung Kim
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kudo
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Peter B Ernst
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Exogenous L-arginine increases intestinal stem cell function through CD90+ stromal cells producing mTORC1-induced Wnt2b. Commun Biol 2020; 3:611. [PMID: 33097830 PMCID: PMC7584578 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The renewal and repair of intestinal epithelium depend on the self-renewal of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) under physiological and pathological conditions. Although previous work has established that exogenous nutrients regulate adult stem cell activity, little is known about the regulatory effect of L-arginine on ISCs. In this study we utilize mice and small intestinal (SI) organoid models to clarify the role of L-arginine on epithelial differentiation of ISCs. We show that L-arginine increases expansion of ISCs in mice. Furthermore, CD90+ intestinal stromal cells augment stem-cell function in response to L-arginine in co-culture experiments. Mechanistically, we find that L-arginine stimulates Wnt2b secretion by CD90+ stromal cells through the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and that blocking Wnt2b production prevents L-arginine-induced ISC expansion. Finally, we show that L-arginine treatment protects the gut in response to injury. Our findings highlight an important role for CD90+ stromal cells in L-arginine-stimulated ISC expansion.
Collapse
|
178
|
In JG, Yin J, Atanga R, Doucet M, Cole RN, DeVine L, Donowitz M, Zachos NC, Blutt SE, Estes MK, Kovbasnjuk O. Epithelial WNT2B and Desert Hedgehog Are Necessary for Human Colonoid Regeneration after Bacterial Cytotoxin Injury. iScience 2020; 23:101618. [PMID: 33089106 PMCID: PMC7559866 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal regeneration and crypt hyperplasia after radiation or pathogen injury relies on Wnt signaling to stimulate stem cell proliferation. Mesenchymal Wnts are essential for homeostasis and regeneration in mice, but the role of epithelial Wnts remains largely uncharacterized. Using the enterohemorrhagic E. coli-secreted cytotoxin EspP to induce injury to human colonoids, we evaluated a simplified, epithelial regeneration model that lacks mesenchymal Wnts. Here, we demonstrate that epithelial-produced WNT2B is upregulated following injury and essential for regeneration. Hedgehog signaling, specifically activation via the ligand Desert Hedgehog (DHH), but not Indian or Sonic Hedgehog, is another driver of regeneration and modulates WNT2B expression. These findings highlight the importance of epithelial WNT2B and DHH in regulating human colonic regeneration after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie G. In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Roger Atanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michele Doucet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lauren DeVine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Mosa MH, Michels BE, Menche C, Nicolas AM, Darvishi T, Greten FR, Farin HF. A Wnt-Induced Phenotypic Switch in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Inhibits EMT in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5569-5582. [PMID: 33055221 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor progression is recognized as a result of an evolving cross-talk between tumor cells and their surrounding nontransformed stroma. Although Wnt signaling has been intensively studied in colorectal cancer, it remains unclear whether activity in the tumor-associated stroma contributes to malignancy. To specifically interfere with stromal signals, we generated Wnt-independent tumor organoids that secrete the Wnt antagonist Sfrp1. Subcutaneous transplantation into immunocompetent as well as immunodeficient mice resulted in a strong reduction of tumor growth. Histologic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that Sfrp1 induced an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in tumor cells without affecting tumor-intrinsic Wnt signaling, suggesting involvement of nonimmune stromal cells. Blockage of canonical signaling using Sfrp1, Dkk1, or fibroblast-specific genetic ablation of β-catenin strongly decreased the number of cancer-associated myofibroblasts (myCAF). Wnt activity in CAFs was linked with distinct subtypes, where low and high levels induced an inflammatory-like CAF (iCAF) subtype or contractile myCAFs, respectively. Coculture of tumor organoids with iCAFs resulted in significant upregulation of EMT markers, while myCAFs reverted this phenotype. In summary, we show that tumor growth and malignancy are differentially regulated via distinct fibroblast subtypes under the influence of juxtacrine Wnt signals. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides evidence for Wnt-induced functional diversity of colorectal cancer-associated fibroblasts, representing a non-cell autonomous mechanism for colon cancer progression. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/24/5569/F1.large.jpg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Mosa
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birgitta E Michels
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Constantin Menche
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adele M Nicolas
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tahmineh Darvishi
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian R Greten
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Henner F Farin
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Roy SK, Shrivastava A, Srivastav S, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. SATB2 is a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11064-11069. [PMID: 32885593 PMCID: PMC7576221 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have confirmed the involvement of cancer stem cells (CSC) in tumour progression, metastasis, drug resistance and cancer relapse. SATB2 (special AT-rich binding protein-2) acts as a transcriptional co-factor and modulates chromatin architecture to regulate gene expression. The purpose of this review was to discuss the pathophysiological roles of SATB2 and assess whether it could be used as a therapeutic target for cancer. SATB2 modulated the expression of those genes which regulated pluripotency and self-renewal. Overexpression of SATB2 gene in normal epithelial cells was shown to induce transformation, as a result transformed cells gained CSC's characteristics by expressing stem cell markers and pluripotency maintaining factors, suggesting its role as an oncogene. In addition, SATB2 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. Interestingly, the expression of SATB2 was positively correlated with the activation of β-catenin/TCF-LEF pathway. Furthermore, SATB2 silencing inhibited EMT and their positive regulators, and tumour growth, and suppressed the expression of stem cell markers, pluripotency maintaining factors, cell cycle and cell survival genes, and TCF/LEF targets. Based on the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) expression data and published papers, SATB2 alone or in combination with other proteins could be used a diagnostic biomarker for cancer. Although there is no pharmacological inhibitor of SATB2, studies using genetic approaches suggest that SATB2 could be a potential target for cancer treatment and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit K. Roy
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer CenterLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | | | - Sudesh Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics and Data ScienceSchool of Public Health and Tropical MedicineTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer CenterLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
- Department of GeneticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
- John W. Deming Department of MedicineTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care SystemNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Rakesh K. Srivastava
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer CenterLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
- Department of GeneticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
The role of stem cell niche in intestinal aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
182
|
Dunbar K, Valanciute A, Lima ACS, Vinuela PF, Jamieson T, Rajasekaran V, Blackmur J, Ochocka-Fox AM, Guazzelli A, Cammareri P, Arends MJ, Sansom OJ, Myant KB, Farrington SM, Dunlop MG, Din FVN. Aspirin Rescues Wnt-Driven Stem-like Phenotype in Human Intestinal Organoids and Increases the Wnt Antagonist Dickkopf-1. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:465-489. [PMID: 32971322 PMCID: PMC7797380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aspirin reduces colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. Understanding the biology responsible for this protective effect is key to developing biomarker-led approaches for rational clinical use. Wnt signaling drives CRC development from initiation to progression through regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell populations. Here, we investigated whether aspirin can rescue these proinvasive phenotypes associated with CRC progression in Wnt-driven human and mouse intestinal organoids. METHODS We evaluated aspirin-mediated effects on phenotype and stem cell markers in intestinal organoids derived from mouse (ApcMin/+ and Apcflox/flox) and human familial adenomatous polyposis patients. CRC cell lines (HCT116 and Colo205) were used to study effects on motility, invasion, Wnt signaling, and EMT. RESULTS Aspirin rescues the Wnt-driven cystic organoid phenotype by promoting budding in mouse and human Apc deficient organoids, which is paralleled by decreased stem cell marker expression. Aspirin-mediated Wnt inhibition in ApcMin/+ mice is associated with EMT inhibition and decreased cell migration, invasion, and motility in CRC cell lines. Chemical Wnt activation induces EMT and stem-like alterations in CRC cells, which are rescued by aspirin. Aspirin increases expression of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 in CRC cells and organoids derived from familial adenomatous polyposis patients, which contributes to EMT and cancer stem cell inhibition. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence of phenotypic biomarkers of response to aspirin with an increased epithelial and reduced stem-like state mediated by an increase in Dickkopf-1. This highlights a novel mechanism of aspirin-mediated Wnt inhibition and potential phenotypic and molecular biomarkers for trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dunbar
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Asta Valanciute
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cristina Silva Lima
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paz Freile Vinuela
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Jamieson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vidya Rajasekaran
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Blackmur
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Maria Ochocka-Fox
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Guazzelli
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Cammareri
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Arends
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin B Myant
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Farrington
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm G Dunlop
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Farhat V N Din
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Cell fate specification and differentiation in the adult mammalian intestine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 22:39-53. [PMID: 32958874 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells at the bottom of crypts fuel the rapid renewal of the different cell types that constitute a multitasking tissue. The intestinal epithelium facilitates selective uptake of nutrients while acting as a barrier for hostile luminal contents. Recent discoveries have revealed that the lineage plasticity of committed cells - combined with redundant sources of niche signals - enables the epithelium to efficiently repair tissue damage. New approaches such as single-cell transcriptomics and the use of organoid models have led to the identification of the signals that guide fate specification of stem cell progeny into the six intestinal cell lineages. These cell types display context-dependent functionality and can adapt to different requirements over their lifetime, as dictated by their microenvironment. These new insights into stem cell regulation and fate specification could aid the development of therapies that exploit the regenerative capacity and functionality of the gut.
Collapse
|
184
|
McCarthy N, Kraiczy J, Shivdasani RA. Cellular and molecular architecture of the intestinal stem cell niche. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1033-1041. [PMID: 32884148 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem and progenitor cells replicate and differentiate in distinct compartments, influenced by Wnt, BMP, and other subepithelial cues. The cellular sources of these signals were long obscure because intestinal mesenchyme was insufficiently characterised. In this Review, we discuss how recent mRNA profiles of mouse and human intestinal submucosa, coupled with fine-resolution microscopy and gene and cell disruptions, reveal a coherent picture of an organised tissue carrying cells with distinct molecular properties and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil McCarthy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith Kraiczy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Zwiggelaar RT, Lindholm HT, Fosslie M, Terndrup Pedersen M, Ohta Y, Díez-Sánchez A, Martín-Alonso M, Ostrop J, Matano M, Parmar N, Kvaløy E, Spanjers RR, Nazmi K, Rye M, Drabløs F, Arrowsmith C, Arne Dahl J, Jensen KB, Sato T, Oudhoff MJ. LSD1 represses a neonatal/reparative gene program in adult intestinal epithelium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/37/eabc0367. [PMID: 32917713 PMCID: PMC7486101 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial homeostasis is maintained by adult intestinal stem cells, which, alongside Paneth cells, appear after birth in the neonatal period. We aimed to identify regulators of neonatal intestinal epithelial development by testing a small library of epigenetic modifier inhibitors in Paneth cell-skewed organoid cultures. We found that lysine-specific demethylase 1A (Kdm1a/Lsd1) is absolutely required for Paneth cell differentiation. Lsd1-deficient crypts, devoid of Paneth cells, are still able to form organoids without a requirement of exogenous or endogenous Wnt. Mechanistically, we find that LSD1 enzymatically represses genes that are normally expressed only in fetal and neonatal epithelium. This gene profile is similar to what is seen in repairing epithelium, and we find that Lsd1-deficient epithelium has superior regenerative capacities after irradiation injury. In summary, we found an important regulator of neonatal intestinal development and identified a druggable target to reprogram intestinal epithelium toward a reparative state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie T Zwiggelaar
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard T Lindholm
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Madeleine Fosslie
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Terndrup Pedersen
- BRIC-Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Alberto Díez-Sánchez
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mara Martín-Alonso
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenny Ostrop
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mami Matano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naveen Parmar
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emilie Kvaløy
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roos R Spanjers
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), 1081LA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Morten Rye
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7030 Trondheim, Norway
- BioCore-Bioinformatics Core Facility, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn Drabløs
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cheryl Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John Arne Dahl
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kim B Jensen
- BRIC-Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Mei X, Gu M, Li M. Plasticity of Paneth cells and their ability to regulate intestinal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020. [PMID: 32787930 DOI: 10.1186/s13287‐020‐01857‐7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the bottom of small intestinal crypts and play an important role in maintaining the stability of the intestinal tract. Previous studies reported on how PCs shape the intestinal microbiota or the response to the immune system. Recent studies have determined that PCs play an important role in the regulation of the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells. PCs can regulate the function and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells through several mechanisms. On the one hand, under pathological conditions, PCs can be dedifferentiated into stem cells to promote the repair of intestinal tissues. On the other hand, PCs can regulate stem cell proliferation by secreting a variety of hormones (such as wnt3a) or metabolic intermediates. In addition, we summarise key signalling pathways that affect PC differentiation and mutual effect with intestinal stem cells. In this review, we introduce the diverse functions of PCs in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Ming Gu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Mei X, Gu M, Li M. Plasticity of Paneth cells and their ability to regulate intestinal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:349. [PMID: 32787930 PMCID: PMC7425583 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the bottom of small intestinal crypts and play an important role in maintaining the stability of the intestinal tract. Previous studies reported on how PCs shape the intestinal microbiota or the response to the immune system. Recent studies have determined that PCs play an important role in the regulation of the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells. PCs can regulate the function and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells through several mechanisms. On the one hand, under pathological conditions, PCs can be dedifferentiated into stem cells to promote the repair of intestinal tissues. On the other hand, PCs can regulate stem cell proliferation by secreting a variety of hormones (such as wnt3a) or metabolic intermediates. In addition, we summarise key signalling pathways that affect PC differentiation and mutual effect with intestinal stem cells. In this review, we introduce the diverse functions of PCs in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Ming Gu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Baulies A, Angelis N, Li VSW. Hallmarks of intestinal stem cells. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev182675. [PMID: 32747330 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are highly proliferative cells that fuel the continuous renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Understanding their regulatory mechanisms during tissue homeostasis is key to delineating their roles in development and regeneration, as well as diseases such as bowel cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Previous studies of ISCs focused mainly on the position of these cells along the intestinal crypt and their capacity for multipotency. However, evidence increasingly suggests that ISCs also exist in distinct cellular states, which can be an acquired rather than a hardwired intrinsic property. In this Review, we summarise the recent findings into how ISC identity can be defined by proliferation state, signalling crosstalk, epigenetics and metabolism, and propose an update on the hallmarks of ISCs. We further discuss how these properties contribute to intestinal development and the dynamics of injury-induced regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baulies
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nikolaos Angelis
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
LIF is essential for ISC function and protects against radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:588. [PMID: 32719388 PMCID: PMC7385639 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine essential for maintaining pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. However, its role in adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs) is unclear. The adult intestinal epithelium has a high self-renewal rate driven by ISCs in crypts. Here, we find that LIF is present in the ISC niche in crypts and critical for the function of ISCs in maintaining the intestinal epithelial homeostasis and regeneration. Mechanistically, LIF maintains β-catenin activity through the AKT/GSK3β signaling to regulate ISC functions. LIF deficiency in mice impairs the renewal of the intestinal epithelium under the physiological condition. Further, LIF deficiency in mice impairs the regeneration of intestinal epithelium in response to radiation and shortens the lifespan of mice after high doses of radiation due to gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome, which can be rescued by administering recombinant LIF (rLIF). Importantly, LIF exhibits a radioprotective role in wild-type (WT) mice by protecting mice from lethal radiation-induced GI syndrome; administering rLIF promotes intestinal epithelial regeneration and prolongs survival in WT mice after radiation. These results reveal a previously unidentified and a crucial role of LIF in ensuring ISC function, promoting regeneration of the intestinal epithelium in response to radiation and protecting against radiation-induced GI syndrome.
Collapse
|
190
|
Abstract
Stem cell aging underlies aging-associated disorders, such as steeply increased incidences of tumors and impaired regeneration capacity upon stress. However, whether and how the intestinal stem cells age remains largely unknown. Here we show that intestinal stem cells derived from 24-month-old mice hardly form typical organoids with crypt-villus structures, but rather mainly form big, rounded cysts devoid of differentiated cell types, which mimics the culturing of heterozygous APC-deficient cells from the APCmin mouse line. Further analysis showed that cultured crypts derived from aged mice exhibited reduced expression levels of differentiation genes and higher expression of Wnt target genes. Lowering the concentration of R-spondin-1 in the culture system significantly reduced formation of rounded cysts, accompanied by an increased formation of organoids from crypts derived from old mice. We are the first to uncover that intestinal stem cells derived from old mice harbor significant deficiency in differentiation that can be partially rescued through a reduction in R-spondin-1 exposure. This could be highly relevant to intestinal tumor development and the reduced regeneration potential observed in the aged population. Our study provides the first experimental evidence that an over-responsiveness to Wnt/beta-catenin signaling of aged intestinal stem cells mediates the aging-induced deficiency in differentiation, and could serve as a potential target to ameliorate aging-associated intestinal pathologies.
Collapse
|
191
|
Jardé T, Chan WH, Rossello FJ, Kaur Kahlon T, Theocharous M, Kurian Arackal T, Flores T, Giraud M, Richards E, Chan E, Kerr G, Engel RM, Prasko M, Donoghue JF, Abe SI, Phesse TJ, Nefzger CM, McMurrick PJ, Powell DR, Daly RJ, Polo JM, Abud HE. Mesenchymal Niche-Derived Neuregulin-1 Drives Intestinal Stem Cell Proliferation and Regeneration of Damaged Epithelium. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:646-662.e7. [PMID: 32693086 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) maintains intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and is a key component of organoid growth media yet is dispensable for intestinal homeostasis, suggesting roles for multiple EGF family ligands in ISC function. Here, we identified neuregulin 1 (NRG1) as a key EGF family ligand that drives tissue repair following injury. NRG1, but not EGF, is upregulated upon damage and is expressed in mesenchymal stromal cells, macrophages, and Paneth cells. NRG1 deletion reduces proliferation in intestinal crypts and compromises regeneration capacity. NRG1 robustly stimulates proliferation in crypts and induces budding in organoids, in part through elevated and sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT. Consistently, NRG1 treatment induces a proliferative gene signature and promotes organoid formation from progenitor cells and enhances regeneration following injury. These data suggest mesenchymal-derived NRG1 is a potent mediator of tissue regeneration and may inform the development of therapies for enhancing intestinal repair after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Jardé
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Wing Hei Chan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Fernando J Rossello
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Tanvir Kaur Kahlon
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mandy Theocharous
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Teni Kurian Arackal
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tracey Flores
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mégane Giraud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Richards
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Eva Chan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Genevieve Kerr
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rebekah M Engel
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Hospital, Malvern, VIC 3144, Australia
| | - Mirsada Prasko
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jacqueline F Donoghue
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Shin-Ichi Abe
- Center for Education, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan
| | - Toby J Phesse
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Christian M Nefzger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul J McMurrick
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Hospital, Malvern, VIC 3144, Australia
| | - David R Powell
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Bohin N, Keeley TM, Carulli AJ, Walker EM, Carlson EA, Gao J, Aifantis I, Siebel CW, Rajala MW, Myers MG, Jones JC, Brindley CD, Dempsey PJ, Samuelson LC. Rapid Crypt Cell Remodeling Regenerates the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche after Notch Inhibition. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:156-170. [PMID: 32531190 PMCID: PMC7363878 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal crypts have great capacity for repair and regeneration after intestinal stem cell (ISC) injury. Here, we define the cellular remodeling process resulting from ISC niche interruption by transient Notch pathway inhibition in adult mice. Although ISCs were retained, lineage tracing demonstrated a marked reduction in ISC function after Notch disruption. Surprisingly, Notch ligand-expressing Paneth cells were rapidly lost by apoptotic cell death. The ISC-Paneth cell changes were followed by a regenerative response, characterized by expansion of cells expressing Notch ligands Dll1 and Dll4, enhanced Notch signaling, and a proliferative surge. Lineage tracing and organoid studies showed that Dll1-expressing cells were activated to function as multipotential progenitors, generating both absorptive and secretory cells and replenishing the vacant Paneth cell pool. Our analysis uncovered a dynamic, multicellular remodeling response to acute Notch inhibition to repair the niche and restore homeostasis. Notably, this crypt regenerative response did not require ISC loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bohin
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Theresa M Keeley
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexis J Carulli
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily M Walker
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Carlson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michael W Rajala
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Constance D Brindley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Wu H, Xie S, Miao J, Li Y, Wang Z, Wang M, Yu Q. Lactobacillus reuteri maintains intestinal epithelial regeneration and repairs damaged intestinal mucosa. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:997-1014. [PMID: 32138622 PMCID: PMC7524370 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1734423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the regulatory effect of microbiota on the proliferation and regeneration of ISCs. Here, we found that L. reuteri stimulated the proliferation of intestinal epithelia by increasing the expression of R-spondins and thus activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The proliferation-stimulating effect of Lactobacillus on repair is further enhanced under TNF -induced intestinal mucosal damage, and the number of Lgr5+ cells is maintained. Moreover, compared to the effects of C. rodentium on the induction of intestinal inflammation and crypt hyperplasia in mice, L. reuteri protected the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity by moderately modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to avoid overactivation. L. reuteri had the ability to maintain the number of Lgr5+ cells and stimulate intestinal epithelial proliferation to repair epithelial damage and reduce proinflammatory cytokine secretion in the intestine and the LPS concentration in serum. Moreover, activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway also induced differentiation toward Paneth cells and increased antimicrobial peptide expression to inhibit C. rodentium colonization. The protective effect of Lactobacillus against C. rodentium infection disappeared upon application of the Wnt antagonist Wnt-C59 in both mice and intestinal organoids. This study demonstrates that Lactobacillus is effective at maintaining intestinal epithelial regeneration and homeostasis as well as at repairing intestinal damage after pathological injury and is thus a promising alternative therapeutic method for intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shuang Xie
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Minjuan Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China,CONTACT Qinghua Yu MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Serrano Martinez P, Cinat D, van Luijk P, Baanstra M, de Haan G, Pringle S, Coppes RP. Mouse parotid salivary gland organoids for the in vitro study of stem cell radiation response. Oral Dis 2020; 27:52-63. [PMID: 32531849 PMCID: PMC7818507 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyposalivation-related xerostomia is an irreversible, untreatable, and frequent condition after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Stem cell therapy is an attractive option of treatment, but demands knowledge of stem cell functioning. Therefore, we aimed to develop a murine parotid gland organoid model to explore radiation response of stem cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single cells derived from murine parotid gland organoids were passaged in Matrigel with defined medium to assess self-renewal and differentiation potential. Single cells were irradiated and plated in a 3D clonogenic stem cell survival assay to assess submandibular and parotid gland radiation response. RESULTS Single cells derived from parotid gland organoids were able to extensively self-renew and differentiate into all major tissue cell types, indicating the presence of potential stem cells. FACS selection for known salivary gland stem cell markers CD24/CD29 did not further enrich for stem cells. The parotid gland organoid-derived stem cells displayed radiation dose-response curves similar to the submandibular gland. CONCLUSIONS Murine parotid gland organoids harbor stem cells with long-term expansion and differentiation potential. This model is useful for mechanistic studies of stem cell radiation response and suggests similar radiosensitivity for the parotid and submandibular gland organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Serrano Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Cinat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Baanstra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald de Haan
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Pringle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Karpus ON, Westendorp BF, Vermeulen JLM, Meisner S, Koster J, Muncan V, Wildenberg ME, van den Brink GR. Colonic CD90+ Crypt Fibroblasts Secrete Semaphorins to Support Epithelial Growth. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3698-3708.e5. [PMID: 30917322 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells have a defined hierarchy with stem cells located at the bottom of the crypt and differentiated cells more at the top. Epithelial cell renewal and differentiation are strictly controlled by various regulatory signals provided by epithelial as well as surrounding cells. Although there is evidence that stromal cells contribute to the intestinal stem cell niche, their markers and the soluble signals they produce have been incompletely defined. Using a number of established stromal cell markers, we phenotypically and functionally examined fibroblast populations in the colon. CD90+ fibroblasts located in close proximity to stem cells in vivo support organoid growth in vitro and express crucial stem cell growth factors, such as Grem1, Wnt2b, and R-spondin3. Moreover, we found that CD90+ fibroblasts express a family of proteins-class 3 semaphorins (Sema3)-that are required for the supportive effect of CD90+ fibroblasts on organoid growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Karpus
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - B Florien Westendorp
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline L M Vermeulen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Meisner
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Oncogenomics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Michels BE, Mosa MH, Streibl BI, Zhan T, Menche C, Abou-El-Ardat K, Darvishi T, Członka E, Wagner S, Winter J, Medyouf H, Boutros M, Farin HF. Pooled In Vitro and In Vivo CRISPR-Cas9 Screening Identifies Tumor Suppressors in Human Colon Organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:782-792.e7. [PMID: 32348727 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterized by prominent genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity between patients. To facilitate high-throughput genetic testing and functional identification of tumor drivers, we developed a platform for pooled CRISPR-Cas9 screening in human colon organoids. Using transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) resistance as a paradigm to establish sensitivity and scalability in vitro, we identified optimal conditions and strict guide RNA (gRNA) requirements for screening in 3D organoids. We then screened a pan-cancer tumor suppressor gene (TSG) library in pre-malignant organoids with APC-/-;KRASG12D mutations, which were xenografted to study clonal advantages in context of a complex tumor microenvironment. We identified TGFBR2 as the most prevalent TSG, followed by known and previously uncharacterized mediators of CRC growth. gRNAs were validated in a secondary screen using unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) to adjust for clonal drift and to distinguish clone size and abundance. Together, these findings highlight a powerful organoid-based platform for pooled CRISPR-Cas9 screening for patient-specific functional genomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta E Michels
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mohammed H Mosa
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Barbara I Streibl
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tianzuo Zhan
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Constantin Menche
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Khalil Abou-El-Ardat
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tahmineh Darvishi
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ewelina Członka
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wagner
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Winter
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hind Medyouf
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henner F Farin
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Bai P, Li W, Wan Z, Xiao Y, Xiao W, Wang X, Wu Z, Zhang K, Wang Y, Chen B, Xing J, Wang T. miR-489-3p Inhibits Prostate Cancer Progression by Targeting DLX1. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:2719-2729. [PMID: 32368149 PMCID: PMC7185642 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s239796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prostate cancer (PCa) is the third most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. DLX1 belongs to the DLX homeobox family and exhibits antitumor activity in many kinds of tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the progression of cancer. However, whether miRNAs affect the development of PCa by targeting DLX1 has not been determined. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-489-3p in the regulation of DLX1 expression and PCa progression and to provide a potential therapeutic target for PCa treatment. Methods and Materials The Cancer Genome Atlas database was used to analyze the divergent expression of DLX1 in carcinomas and adjacent normal tissues. The expression level of DLX1 in malignant and normal prostate cells was also measured using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to determine whether miR-489-3p directly targets DLX1. We transfected 22Rv1 and DU145 cells with miR-489-3p mimics to overexpress miR-489-3p and then evaluated its effect on cellular function. MTT, EdU, colony formation and cell cycle assays were used to evaluate cell growth. JC-1 and ROS assays with flow cytometry were performed to indirectly analyze apoptosis. Transwell assays were conducted to investigate metastasis. Results The expression level of DLX1 was upregulated in both PCa tissues and cell lines. MiR-489-3p directly targeted DLX1 and downregulated its expression. Overexpression of miR-489-3p significantly suppressed cell growth. MiR-489-3p induced apoptosis through mitochondrial function impairment. Overexpression of miR-489-3p also inhibited cell migration and invasion. DLX1 overexpression reversed the above effects induced by miR-489-3p. Conclusion We identified the involvement of the miR-489-3p/DLX1 pathway in PCa for the first time. In this pathway, miR-489-3p acts as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating the expression of DLX1. MiR-489-3p may be a potential therapeutic target for PCa treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peide Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Wan
- Xiang'an Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuegang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhun Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchun Xing
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Bogucka K, Pompaiah M, Marini F, Binder H, Harms G, Kaulich M, Klein M, Michel C, Radsak MP, Rosigkeit S, Grimminger P, Schild H, Rajalingam K. ERK3/MAPK6 controls IL-8 production and chemotaxis. eLife 2020; 9:52511. [PMID: 32314963 PMCID: PMC7192585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK3 is a ubiquitously expressed member of the atypical mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the physiological significance of its short half-life remains unclear. By employing gastrointestinal 3D organoids, we detect that ERK3 protein levels steadily decrease during epithelial differentiation. ERK3 is not required for 3D growth of human gastric epithelium. However, ERK3 is stabilized and activated in tumorigenic cells, but deteriorates over time in primary cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ERK3 is necessary for production of several cellular factors including interleukin-8 (IL-8), in both, normal and tumorigenic cells. Particularly, ERK3 is critical for AP-1 signaling through its interaction and regulation of c-Jun protein. The secretome of ERK3-deficient cells is defective in chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Further, knockdown of ERK3 reduces metastatic potential of invasive breast cancer cells. We unveil an ERK3-mediated regulation of IL-8 and epithelial secretome for chemotaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bogucka
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malvika Pompaiah
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gregory Harms
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Departments of Biology and Physics, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, United States
| | - Manuel Kaulich
- Gene Editing Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Michel
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, & Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P Radsak
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, & Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rosigkeit
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Grimminger
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Larrick JW, Mendelsohn AR. Roads to the Fountain of Youth? Rejuvenating Intestinal Stem Cells. Rejuvenation Res 2020; 22:342-347. [PMID: 31364468 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2019.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal stem cells (ISCs) of old mice and humans exhibit a reduced capacity for regeneration and repair. Compromised intestinal function may play a key role in systemic aging-related changes: not only in the affected gut, but also in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. For example, progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's has been linked to increased inflammation from gut microbiota in old mammals, which, in turn, may be linked bidirectionally with reduced ISC function. Intestinal organoid formation has been used to dissect the mechanisms of decline of ISC function. Alterations of the Wnt pathway, including downregulation of Wnt ligands in ISCs and upregulation of Wnt ligand inhibitor Notum in Paneth cells, and dysregulation of mTORC1 contribute to the observed age-related decline. Short-term fasting, caloric restriction, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists have been reported to increase ISC function in adult mice. Moreover, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside, and ABC99, a small molecule Notum inhibitor, have all been reported to rejuvenate ISC function in old mice and thus may have promise in humans. However, there is some controversy over the key mechanisms involved in loss of function of ISCs, which likely results, in part, from differences in how the in vitro organoid assays are performed. Moreover, how the microbiome modulates the function of ISCs and vice versa remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Larrick
- 1Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California.,2Regenerative Sciences Institute, Sunnyvale, California
| | - Andrew R Mendelsohn
- 1Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California.,2Regenerative Sciences Institute, Sunnyvale, California
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Takahashi T, Shiraishi A. Stem Cell Signaling Pathways in the Small Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062032. [PMID: 32188141 PMCID: PMC7139586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to divide and differentiate is necessary for tissue repair and homeostasis. Appropriate spatial and temporal mechanisms are needed. Local intercellular signaling increases expression of specific genes that mediate and maintain differentiation. Diffusible signaling molecules provide concentration-dependent induction of specific patterns of cell types or regions. Differentiation of adjacent cells, on the other hand, requires cell–cell contact and subsequent signaling. These two types of signals work together to allow stem cells to provide what organisms require. The ability to grow organoids has increased our understanding of the cellular and molecular features of small “niches” that modulate stem cell function in various organs, including the small intestine.
Collapse
|