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Xu Y, Liu J, Liang L, Yang X, Zhang Z, Gao Z, Sui C, Wei J. Molecular cloning and characterization of three cDNAs encoding 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase in Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 82:133-41. [PMID: 24950429 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is an expensive resinous heartwood derived from Aquilaria plants that is widely used in traditional medicines, incense and perfume. The major constituents of agarwood oils are sesquiterpenes, which are obtained from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate precursors through the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and/or the cytosolic mevalonate pathway. 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is the first rate-limiting enzyme for sesquiterpene synthesis in the MEP pathway. In this study, 3 cDNAs of DXS genes were cloned and characterized from the Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. These genes represent 3 phylogenetically distinct clades conserved among plants. Functional complementation in a DXS-deficient Escherichia coli strain EcAB4-2 demonstrated that they are active DXS, which rescued the E. coli mutant. Their expression profiles in different tissues and in response to different treatments were analyzed by real-time PCR. All 3 genes are highly expressed in stem, followed by leaf and root. AsDXS1 was significantly stimulated by mechanical, chemical, and H2O2 treatment, whereas AsDXS2 and AsDXS3 only responded to chemical treatment and mechanical treatment, respectively. All three genes were oscillation in respond to MJ treatment, with expression peaks occurring at different time points. Our results suggest the conservation of DXS in evolution and imply their distinct functions in primary and defensive sesquiterpene metabolism in A. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Wanning 571533, China
| | - Zhihui Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun Sui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Wanning 571533, China.
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152
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Muhlemann JK, Klempien A, Dudareva N. Floral volatiles: from biosynthesis to function. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1936-49. [PMID: 24588567 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Floral volatiles have attracted humans' attention since antiquity and have since then permeated many aspects of our lives. Indeed, they are heavily used in perfumes, cosmetics, flavourings and medicinal applications. However, their primary function is to mediate ecological interactions between flowers and a diverse array of visitors, including pollinators, florivores and pathogens. As such, they ultimately ensure the plants' reproductive and evolutionary success. To date, over 1700 floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been identified. Interestingly, they are derived from only a few biochemical networks, which include the terpenoid, phenylpropanoid/benzenoid and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. These pathways are intricately regulated by endogenous and external factors to enable spatially and temporally controlled emission of floral volatiles, thereby fine-tuning the ecological interactions facilitated by floral volatiles. In this review, we will focus on describing the biosynthetic pathways leading to floral VOCs, the regulation of floral volatile emission, as well as biological functions of emitted volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle K Muhlemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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153
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Vickers CE, Bongers M, Liu Q, Delatte T, Bouwmeester H. Metabolic engineering of volatile isoprenoids in plants and microbes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1753-75. [PMID: 24588680 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical properties and diversity of volatile isoprenoids lends them to a broad variety of biological roles. It also lends them to a host of biotechnological applications, both by taking advantage of their natural functions and by using them as industrial chemicals/chemical feedstocks. Natural functions include roles as insect attractants and repellents, abiotic stress protectants in pathogen defense, etc. Industrial applications include use as pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, fuels, fuel additives, etc. Here we will examine the ways in which researchers have so far found to exploit volatile isoprenoids using biotechnology. Production and/or modification of volatiles using metabolic engineering in both plants and microorganisms are reviewed, including engineering through both mevalonate and methylerythritol diphosphate pathways. Recent advances are illustrated using several case studies (herbivores and bodyguards, isoprene, and monoterpene production in microbes). Systems and synthetic biology tools with particular utility for metabolic engineering are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the practical realities of various applications in modern biotechnology, explore possible future applications, and examine the challenges of moving these technologies forward so that they can deliver tangible benefits. While this review focuses on volatile isoprenoids, many of the engineering approaches described here are also applicable to non-isoprenoid volatiles and to non-volatile isoprenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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154
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Wright LP, Rohwer JM, Ghirardo A, Hammerbacher A, Ortiz-Alcaide M, Raguschke B, Schnitzler JP, Gershenzon J, Phillips MA. Deoxyxylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase Controls Flux through the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1488-1504. [PMID: 24987018 PMCID: PMC4119033 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway supplies precursors for plastidial isoprenoid biosynthesis including carotenoids, redox cofactor side chains, and biogenic volatile organic compounds. We examined the first enzyme of this pathway, 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), using metabolic control analysis. Multiple Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) lines presenting a range of DXS activities were dynamically labeled with 13CO2 in an illuminated, climate-controlled, gas exchange cuvette. Carbon was rapidly assimilated into MEP pathway intermediates, but not into the mevalonate pathway. A flux control coefficient of 0.82 was calculated for DXS by correlating absolute flux to enzyme activity under photosynthetic steady-state conditions, indicating that DXS is the major controlling enzyme of the MEP pathway. DXS manipulation also revealed a second pool of a downstream metabolite, 2-C-methylerythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP), metabolically isolated from the MEP pathway. DXS overexpression led to a 3- to 4-fold increase in MEcDP pool size but to a 2-fold drop in maximal labeling. The existence of this pool was supported by residual MEcDP levels detected in dark-adapted transgenic plants. Both pools of MEcDP are closely modulated by DXS activity, as shown by the fact that the concentration control coefficient of DXS was twice as high for MEcDP (0.74) as for 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (0.35) or dimethylallyl diphosphate (0.34). Despite the high flux control coefficient for DXS, its overexpression led to only modest increases in isoprenoid end products and in the photosynthetic rate. Diversion of flux via MEcDP may partly explain these findings and suggests new opportunities to engineer the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louwrance P Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., A.H., B.R., J.G.);Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.M.R.);Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., J.-P.S.); andPlant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (M.O., M.A.P.)
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., A.H., B.R., J.G.);Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.M.R.);Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., J.-P.S.); andPlant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (M.O., M.A.P.)
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., A.H., B.R., J.G.);Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.M.R.);Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., J.-P.S.); andPlant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (M.O., M.A.P.)
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., A.H., B.R., J.G.);Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.M.R.);Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., J.-P.S.); andPlant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (M.O., M.A.P.)
| | - Miriam Ortiz-Alcaide
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., A.H., B.R., J.G.);Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.M.R.);Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., J.-P.S.); andPlant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (M.O., M.A.P.)
| | - Bettina Raguschke
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., A.H., B.R., J.G.);Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.M.R.);Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., J.-P.S.); andPlant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (M.O., M.A.P.)
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., A.H., B.R., J.G.);Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.M.R.);Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., J.-P.S.); andPlant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (M.O., M.A.P.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., A.H., B.R., J.G.);Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.M.R.);Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., J.-P.S.); andPlant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (M.O., M.A.P.)
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., A.H., B.R., J.G.);Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa (J.M.R.);Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., J.-P.S.); andPlant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (M.O., M.A.P.)
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155
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Metabolic engineering of monoterpene biosynthesis in tomato fruits via introduction of the non-canonical substrate neryl diphosphate. Metab Eng 2014; 24:107-16. [PMID: 24831707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently it was shown that monoterpenes in tomato trichomes (Solanum lycopersicum) are synthesized by phellandrene synthase 1 (PHS1) from the non-canonical substrate neryl diphosphate (NPP), the cis-isomer of geranyl diphosphate (GPP). As PHS1 accepts both NPP and GPP substrates forming different monoterpenes, it was overexpressed in tomato fruits to test if NPP is also available in a tissue highly active in carotenoid production. However, transgenic fruits overexpressing PHS1 produced only small amounts of GPP-derived PHS1 monoterpene products, indicating the absence of endogenous NPP. Therefore, NPP formation was achieved by diverting the metabolic flux from carotenoids via expression of tomato neryl diphosphate synthase 1 (NDPS1). NDPS1 transgenic fruits produced NPP-derived monoterpenes, including nerol, neral and geranial, while displaying reduced lycopene content. NDPS1 co-expression with PHS1 resulted in a monoterpene blend, including β-phellandrene, similar to that produced from NPP by PHS1 in vitro and in trichomes. Unexpectedly, PHS1×NDPS1 fruits showed recovery of lycopene levels compared to NDPS1 fruits, suggesting that redirection of metabolic flux is only partially responsible for the reduction in carotenoids. In vitro assays demonstrated that NPP serves as an inhibitor of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, thus its consumption by PHS1 leads to recovery of lycopene levels. Monoterpenes produced in PHS1×NDPS1 fruits contributed to direct plant defense negatively affecting feeding behavior of the herbivore Helicoverpa zea and displaying antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. These results show that NPP-derived terpenoids can be produced in plant tissues; however, NPP has to be consumed to avoid negative impacts on plant metabolism.
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156
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Ghirardo A, Wright LP, Bi Z, Rosenkranz M, Pulido P, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Niinemets Ü, Brüggemann N, Gershenzon J, Schnitzler JP. Metabolic flux analysis of plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis in poplar leaves emitting and nonemitting isoprene. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:37-51. [PMID: 24590857 PMCID: PMC4012595 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.236018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is one of the most important pathways in plants and produces a large variety of essential isoprenoids. Its regulation, however, is still not well understood. Using the stable isotope 13C-labeling technique, we analyzed the carbon fluxes through the MEP pathway and into the major plastidic isoprenoid products in isoprene-emitting and transgenic isoprene-nonemitting (NE) gray poplar (Populus×canescens). We assessed the dependence on temperature, light intensity, and atmospheric [CO2]. Isoprene biosynthesis was by far (99%) the main carbon sink of MEP pathway intermediates in mature gray poplar leaves, and its production required severalfold higher carbon fluxes compared with NE leaves with almost zero isoprene emission. To compensate for the much lower demand for carbon, NE leaves drastically reduced the overall carbon flux within the MEP pathway. Feedback inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity by accumulated plastidic dimethylallyl diphosphate almost completely explained this reduction in carbon flux. Our data demonstrate that short-term biochemical feedback regulation of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity by plastidic dimethylallyl diphosphate is an important regulatory mechanism of the MEP pathway. Despite being relieved from the large carbon demand of isoprene biosynthesis, NE plants redirected only approximately 0.5% of this saved carbon toward essential nonvolatile isoprenoids, i.e. β-carotene and lutein, most probably to compensate for the absence of isoprene and its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Louwrance Peter Wright
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Zhen Bi
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Pablo Pulido
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
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157
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Ritala A, Dong L, Imseng N, Seppänen-Laakso T, Vasilev N, van der Krol S, Rischer H, Maaheimo H, Virkki A, Brändli J, Schillberg S, Eibl R, Bouwmeester H, Oksman-Caldentey KM. Evaluation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Petit Havana SR1) hairy roots for the production of geraniol, the first committed step in terpenoid indole alkaloid pathway. J Biotechnol 2014; 176:20-8. [PMID: 24530945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The terpenoid indole alkaloids are one of the major classes of plant-derived natural products and are well known for their many applications in the pharmaceutical, fragrance and cosmetics industries. Hairy root cultures are useful for the production of plant secondary metabolites because of their genetic and biochemical stability and their rapid growth in hormone-free media. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Petit Havana SR1) hairy roots, which do not produce geraniol naturally, were engineered to express a plastid-targeted geraniol synthase gene originally isolated from Valeriana officinalis L. (VoGES). A SPME-GC-MS screening tool was developed for the rapid evaluation of production clones. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the free geraniol content in 20 hairy root clones expressing VoGES was an average of 13.7 μg/g dry weight (DW) and a maximum of 31.3 μg/g DW. More detailed metabolic analysis revealed that geraniol derivatives were present in six major glycoside forms, namely the hexose and/or pentose conjugates of geraniol and hydroxygeraniol, resulting in total geraniol levels of up to 204.3 μg/g DW following deglycosylation. A benchtop-scale process was developed in a 20-L wave-mixed bioreactor eventually yielding hundreds of grams of biomass and milligram quantities of geraniol per cultivation bag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Ritala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, Tietotie 2, 02044-VTT Espoo, Finland.
| | - Lemeng Dong
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 658, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Imseng
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Technique, Campus Grüental, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Nikolay Vasilev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sander van der Krol
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 658, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko Rischer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, Tietotie 2, 02044-VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Hannu Maaheimo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, Tietotie 2, 02044-VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Arho Virkki
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, Tietotie 2, 02044-VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Johanna Brändli
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Technique, Campus Grüental, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Regine Eibl
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Technique, Campus Grüental, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 658, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
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158
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Mendoza-Poudereux I, Muñoz-Bertomeu J, Navarro A, Arrillaga I, Segura J. Enhanced levels of S-linalool by metabolic engineering of the terpenoid pathway in spike lavender leaves. Metab Eng 2014; 23:136-44. [PMID: 24685653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic Lavandula latifolia plants overexpressing the linalool synthase (LIS) gene from Clarkia breweri, encoding the LIS enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of linalool were generated. Most of these plants increased significantly their linalool content as compared to controls, especially in the youngest leaves, where a linalool increase up to a 1000% was observed. The phenotype of increased linalool content observed in young leaves was maintained in those T1 progenies that inherit the LIS transgene, although this phenotype was less evident in the flower essential oil. Cross-pollination of transgenic spike lavender plants allowed the generation of double transgenic plants containing the DXS (1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-P synthase), coding for the first enzyme of the methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway, and LIS genes. Both essential oil yield and linalool content in double DXS-LIS transgenic plants were lower than that of their parentals, which could be due to co-suppression effects linked to the structures of the constructs used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mendoza-Poudereux
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Muñoz-Bertomeu
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Departamento Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Arrillaga
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Segura
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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159
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Wölwer-Rieck U, May B, Lankes C, Wüst M. Methylerythritol and mevalonate pathway contributions to biosynthesis of mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes in glandular trichomes and leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2428-35. [PMID: 24579920 DOI: 10.1021/jf500270s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the diterpenoid steviol glycosides rebaudioside A and stevioside in nonrooted cuttings of Stevia rebaudiana was investigated by feeding experiments using the labeled key precursors [5,5-(2)H2]-mevalonic acid lactone (d2-MVL) and [5,5-(2)H2]-1-deoxy-d-xylulose (d2-DOX). Labeled glycosides were extracted from the leaves and stems and were directly analyzed by LC-(-ESI)-MS/MS and by GC-MS after hydrolysis and derivatization of the resulting isosteviol to the corresponding TMS-ester. Additionally, the incorporation of the proffered d2-MVL and d2-DOX into volatile monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes in glandular trichomes on leaves and stems was investigated by headspace-solid phase microextraction-GC-MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Incorporation of the labeled precursors indicated that diterpenes in leaves and monoterpenes and diterpenes in glandular trichomes are predominately biosynthesized via the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, whereas both the MEP and mevalonate (MVA) pathways contribute to the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes at equal rates in glandular trichomes. These findings give evidence for a transport of MEP pathway derived farnesyl diphosphate precursors from plastids to the cytosol. Contrarily, the transport of MVA pathway derived geranyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate precursors from the cytosol to the plastid is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Wölwer-Rieck
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Chair of Bioanalytics/Food Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Endenicher Allee 11-13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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160
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Opitz S, Nes WD, Gershenzon J. Both methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonate pathways contribute to biosynthesis of each of the major isoprenoid classes in young cotton seedlings. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 98:110-9. [PMID: 24359633 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, both the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathways contribute to the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. However, despite a significant amount of research on the activity of these pathways under different conditions, the relative contribution of each to the biosynthesis of diverse isoprenoids remains unclear. In this work, we examined the formation of several classes of isoprenoids in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). After feeding [5,5-(2)H2]-1-deoxy-D-xylulose ([5,5-(2)H2]DOX) and [2-(13)C]MVA to intact cotton seedlings hydroponically, incorporation into isoprenoids was analyzed by MS and NMR. The predominant pattern of incorporation followed the classical scheme in which C5 units from the MEP pathway were used to form monoterpenes (C10), phytol side chains (C20) and carotenoids (C40) while C5 units from the MVA pathway were used to form sesquiterpenes (C15), terpenoid aldehydes (C15 and C25) and steroids/triterpenoids (C30). However, both pathways contributed to all classes of terpenoids, sometimes substantially. For example, the MEP pathway provided up to 20% of the substrate for sterols and the MVA pathway provided as much as 50% of the substrate for phytol side chains and carotenoids. Incorporation of C5 units from the MEP pathway was highest in cotyledons, compared to true leaves, and not observed at all in the roots. Incorporation of C5 units from the MVA pathway was highest in the roots (into sterols) and more prominent in the first true leaves than in other above-ground organs. The relative accumulation of label in intermediates vs. end products of phytosterol metabolism confirmed previous identification of slow steps in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Opitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - W David Nes
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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161
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Secondary Metabolites of Traditional Medical Plants: A Case Study of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41787-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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162
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Kim S, Schlicke H, Van Ree K, Karvonen K, Subramaniam A, Richter A, Grimm B, Braam J. Arabidopsis chlorophyll biosynthesis: an essential balance between the methylerythritol phosphate and tetrapyrrole pathways. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4984-93. [PMID: 24363312 PMCID: PMC3904000 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.119172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis, is composed of a chlorin ring and a geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP)-derived isoprenoid, which are generated by the tetrapyrrole and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) biosynthesis pathways, respectively. Although a functional MEP pathway is essential for plant viability, the underlying basis of the requirement has been unclear. We hypothesized that MEP pathway inhibition is lethal because a reduction in GGPP availability results in a stoichiometric imbalance in tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll precursors, which can cause deadly photooxidative stress. Consistent with this hypothesis, lethality of MEP pathway inhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana by fosmidomycin (FSM) is light dependent, and toxicity of MEP pathway inhibition is reduced by genetic and chemical impairment of the tetrapyrrole pathway. In addition, FSM treatment causes a transient accumulation of chlorophyllide and transcripts associated with singlet oxygen-induced stress. Furthermore, exogenous provision of the phytol molecule reduces FSM toxicity when the phytol can be modified for chlorophyll incorporation. These data provide an explanation for FSM toxicity and thereby provide enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of FSM resistance. This insight into MEP pathway inhibition consequences underlines the risk plants undertake to synthesize chlorophyll and suggests the existence of regulation, possibly involving chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling, that may monitor and maintain balance of chlorophyll precursor synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Kim
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892
| | - Hagen Schlicke
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kalie Van Ree
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892
| | - Kristine Karvonen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892
| | - Anant Subramaniam
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janet Braam
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892
- Address correspondence to
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163
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Azam M, Song M, Fan F, Zhang B, Xu Y, Xu C, Chen K. Comparative analysis of flower volatiles from nine citrus at three blooming stages. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22346-67. [PMID: 24232454 PMCID: PMC3856067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatiles from flowers at three blooming stages of nine citrus cultivars were analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS. Up to 110 volatiles were detected, with 42 tentatively identified from citrus flowers for the first time. Highest amounts of volatiles were present in fully opened flowers of most citrus, except for pomelos. All cultivars were characterized by a high percentage of either oxygenated monoterpenes or monoterpene hydrocarbons, and the presence of a high percentage of nitrogen containing compounds was also observed. Flower volatiles varied qualitatively and quantitatively among citrus types during blooming. Limonene was the most abundant flower volatile only in citrons; α-citral and β-citral ranked 2nd and 3rd only for Bergamot, and unopened flowers of Ponkan had a higher amount of linalool and β-pinene while much lower amount of γ-terpinene and p-cymene than Satsuma. Taking the average of all cultivars, linalool and limonene were the top two volatiles for all blooming stages; β-pinene ranked 3rd in unopened flowers, while indole ranked 3rd for half opened and fully opened flower volatiles. As flowers bloomed, methyl anthranilate increased while 2-hexenal and p-cymene decreased. In some cases, a volatile could be high in both unopened and fully opened flowers but low in half opened ones. Through multivariate analysis, the nine citrus cultivars were clustered into three groups, consistent with the three true citrus types. Furthermore, an influence of blooming stages on clustering was observed, especially with hybrids Satsuma and Huyou. Altogether, it was suggested that flower volatiles can be suitable markers for revealing the genetic relationships between citrus cultivars but the same blooming stage needs to be strictly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azam
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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164
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Dong L, Miettinen K, Goedbloed M, Verstappen FWA, Voster A, Jongsma MA, Memelink J, van der Krol S, Bouwmeester HJ. Characterization of two geraniol synthases from Valeriana officinalis and Lippia dulcis: similar activity but difference in subcellular localization. Metab Eng 2013; 20:198-211. [PMID: 24060453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Two geraniol synthases (GES), from Valeriana officinalis (VoGES) and Lippia dulcis (LdGES), were isolated and were shown to have geraniol biosynthetic activity with Km values of 32 µM and 51 µM for GPP, respectively, upon expression in Escherichia coli. The in planta enzymatic activity and sub-cellular localization of VoGES and LdGES were characterized in stable transformed tobacco and using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transgenic tobacco expressing VoGES or LdGES accumulate geraniol, oxidized geraniol compounds like geranial, geranic acid and hexose conjugates of these compounds to similar levels. Geraniol emission of leaves was lower than that of flowers, which could be related to higher levels of competing geraniol-conjugating activities in leaves. GFP-fusions of the two GES proteins show that VoGES resides (as expected) predominantly in the plastids, while LdGES import into to the plastid is clearly impaired compared to that of VoGES, resulting in both cytosolic and plastidic localization. Geraniol production by VoGES and LdGES in N. benthamiana was nonetheless very similar. Expression of a truncated version of VoGES or LdGES (cytosolic targeting) resulted in the accumulation of 30% less geraniol glycosides than with the plastid targeted VoGES and LdGES, suggesting that the substrate geranyl diphosphate is readily available, both in the plastids as well as in the cytosol. The potential role of GES in the engineering of the TIA pathway in heterologous hosts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Dong
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 658, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
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165
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Andrew RL, Keszei A, Foley WJ. Intensive sampling identifies previously unknown chemotypes, population divergence and biosynthetic connections among terpenoids in Eucalyptus tricarpa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 94:148-158. [PMID: 23769022 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Australian members of the Myrtaceae produce large quantities of ecologically and economically important terpenes and display abundant diversity in both yield and composition of their oils. In a survey of the concentrations of leaf terpenes in Eucalyptus tricarpa (L.A.S. Johnson) L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill, which were previously known from few samples, exceptional variability was found in composition. The aim was to characterize the patterns of variation and covariation among terpene components in this species and to use this information to enhance our understanding of their biosynthesis. There were marked discontinuities in the distributions of numerous compounds, including the overall proportions of mono- and sesquiterpenes, leading us to delineate three distinct chemotypes. Overall, positive covariation predominated, but negative covariation suggested competitive interactions involved in monoterpene synthesis. Two groups of covarying monoterpenes were found, each of which was positively correlated with a group of sesquiterpenes and negatively correlated with the alternate sesquiterpene group. These results imply substantial cross-talk between mono- and sesquiterpene biosynthesis pathways. However, only those compounds hypothesized to share final carbocation intermediates or post-processing steps were strongly positively correlated within chemotypes. This suggests that the broader patterns of covariation among groups of compounds may result from co-regulation of multiple biosynthetic genes, controlling the complex terpene profiles of the chemotypes of Eucalyptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose L Andrew
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
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166
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Ramak P, Kazempour Osaloo S, Ebrahimzadeh H, Sharifi M, Behmanesh M. Inhibition of the mevalonate pathway enhances carvacrol biosynthesis and DXR gene expression in shoot cultures of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1187-93. [PMID: 23611428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol is a major component of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (≤90%) that has significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Considering the specific capabilities of S. khuzistanica to produce highly pure carvacrol, this plant is an important potential source of carvacrol that could address the abundant consumption and increasing demand for this monoterpene in current world markets. This research was performed to better understand the process of biosynthesis and accumulation of carvacrol in S. khuzistanica. Tests were performed on shoot cultures of S. khuzistanica in Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) medium treated with different concentrations of fosmidomycin (an inhibitor of the non-mevalonate pathway) and mevinolin (an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway) for 21 days at the following concentrations: 0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM. The present study demonstrated that the MEP pathway is the major pathway that provides IPP for the biosynthesis of carvacrol, and the expression and activity levels of the DXR enzyme have a critical effect on carvacrol biosynthesis. Surprisingly, Mevinolin at concentrations of 75 and 100 μM increased the carvacrol content and the DXR activity and gene expression in S. khuzistanica plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Ramak
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
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167
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Farhi M, Kozin M, Duchin S, Vainstein A. Metabolic engineering of plants for artemisinin synthesis. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2013; 29:135-48. [PMID: 24568277 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2013.821283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a natural compound from Artemisia annua, is highly effective in treating drug-resistant malaria. Because chemical synthesis of this natural terpenoid is not economically feasible, its only source remains as the native plant which produces only small quantities of it, resulting in a supply that is far short of demand. Extensive efforts have been invested in metabolic engineering for the biosynthesis of artemisinin precursors in microbes. However, the production of artemisinin itself has only been achieved in plants. Since, A. annua possesses only poorly developed genetic resources for traditional breeders, molecular breeding is the best alternative. In this review, we describe the efforts taken to enhance artemisinin production in A. annua via transgenesis and advocate metabolic engineering of the complete functional artemisinin metabolic pathway in heterologous plants. In both cases, we emphasize the need to apply state-of-the-art synthetic biology approaches to ensure successful biosynthesis of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Farhi
- a The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot , 76100 , Israel
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168
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Gutensohn M, Orlova I, Nguyen TTH, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Ferruzzi MG, Sitrit Y, Lewinsohn E, Pichersky E, Dudareva N. Cytosolic monoterpene biosynthesis is supported by plastid-generated geranyl diphosphate substrate in transgenic tomato fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:351-63. [PMID: 23607888 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate (GPP), the precursor of most monoterpenes, is synthesized in plastids from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate by GPP synthases (GPPSs). In heterodimeric GPPSs, a non-catalytic small subunit (GPPS-SSU) interacts with a catalytic large subunit, such as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, and determines its product specificity. Here, snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) GPPS-SSU was over-expressed in tomato fruits under the control of the fruit ripening-specific polygalacturonase promoter to divert the metabolic flux from carotenoid formation towards GPP and monoterpene biosynthesis. Transgenic tomato fruits produced monoterpenes, including geraniol, geranial, neral, citronellol and citronellal, while exhibiting reduced carotenoid content. Co-expression of the Ocimum basilicum geraniol synthase (GES) gene with snapdragon GPPS-SSU led to a more than threefold increase in monoterpene formation in tomato fruits relative to the parental GES line, indicating that the produced GPP can be used by plastidic monoterpene synthases. Co-expression of snapdragon GPPS-SSU with the O. basilicum α-zingiberene synthase (ZIS) gene encoding a cytosolic terpene synthase that has been shown to possess both sesqui- and monoterpene synthase activities resulted in increased levels of ZIS-derived monoterpene products compared to fruits expressing ZIS alone. These results suggest that re-direction of the metabolic flux towards GPP in plastids also increases the cytosolic pool of GPP available for monoterpene synthesis in this compartment via GPP export from plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gutensohn
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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169
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Domonkos I, Kis M, Gombos Z, Ughy B. Carotenoids, versatile components of oxygenic photosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:539-61. [PMID: 23896007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids (CARs) are a group of pigments that perform several important physiological functions in all kingdoms of living organisms. CARs serve as protective agents, which are essential structural components of photosynthetic complexes and membranes, and they play an important role in the light harvesting mechanism of photosynthesizing plants and cyanobacteria. The protection against reactive oxygen species, realized by quenching of singlet oxygen and the excited states of photosensitizing molecules, as well as by the scavenging of free radicals, is one of the main biological functions of CARs. X-ray crystallographic localization of CARs revealed that they are present at functionally and structurally important sites of both the PSI and PSII reaction centers. Characterization of a CAR-less cyanobacterial mutant revealed that while the absence of CARs prevents the formation of PSII complexes, it does not abolish the assembly and function of PSI. CAR molecules assist in the formation of protein subunits of the photosynthetic complexes by gluing together their protein components. In addition to their aforementioned indispensable functions, CARs have a substantial role in the formation and maintenance of proper cellular architecture, and potentially also in the protection of the translational machinery under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Domonkos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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170
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Niinemets Ü, Kännaste A, Copolovici L. Quantitative patterns between plant volatile emissions induced by biotic stresses and the degree of damage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:262. [PMID: 23888161 PMCID: PMC3719043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to cope with a plethora of biotic stresses such as herbivory and pathogen attacks throughout their life cycle. The biotic stresses typically trigger rapid emissions of volatile products of lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway (LOX products: various C6 aldehydes, alcohols, and derivatives, also called green leaf volatiles) associated with oxidative burst. Further a variety of defense pathways is activated, leading to induction of synthesis and emission of a complex blend of volatiles, often including methyl salicylate, indole, mono-, homo-, and sesquiterpenes. The airborne volatiles are involved in systemic responses leading to elicitation of emissions from non-damaged plant parts. For several abiotic stresses, it has been demonstrated that volatile emissions are quantitatively related to the stress dose. The biotic impacts under natural conditions vary in severity from mild to severe, but it is unclear whether volatile emissions also scale with the severity of biotic stresses in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, biotic impacts are typically recurrent, but it is poorly understood how direct stress-triggered and systemic emission responses are silenced during periods intervening sequential stress events. Here we review the information on induced emissions elicited in response to biotic attacks, and argue that biotic stress severity vs. emission rate relationships should follow principally the same dose-response relationships as previously demonstrated for different abiotic stresses. Analysis of several case studies investigating the elicitation of emissions in response to chewing herbivores, aphids, rust fungi, powdery mildew, and Botrytis, suggests that induced emissions do respond to stress severity in dose-dependent manner. Bi-phasic emission kinetics of several induced volatiles have been demonstrated in these experiments, suggesting that next to immediate stress-triggered emissions, biotic stress elicited emissions typically have a secondary induction response, possibly reflecting a systemic response. The dose-response relationships can also vary in dependence on plant genotype, herbivore feeding behavior, and plant pre-stress physiological status. Overall, the evidence suggests that there are quantitative relationships between the biotic stress severity and induced volatile emissions. These relationships constitute an encouraging platform to develop quantitative plant stress response models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucian Copolovici
- Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
- Institute of Technical and Natural Sciences Research-Development, Aurel Vlaicu UniversityArad, Romania
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171
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El Hadi MAM, Zhang FJ, Wu FF, Zhou CH, Tao J. Advances in fruit aroma volatile research. Molecules 2013; 18:8200-29. [PMID: 23852166 PMCID: PMC6270112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18078200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruits produce a range of volatile compounds that make up their characteristic aromas and contribute to their flavor. Fruit volatile compounds are mainly comprised of esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, terpenoids and apocarotenoids. Many factors affect volatile composition, including the genetic makeup, degree of maturity, environmental conditions, postharvest handling and storage. There are several pathways involved in volatile biosynthesis starting from lipids, amino acids, terpenoids and carotenoids. Once the basic skeletons are produced via these pathways, the diversity of volatiles is achieved via additional modification reactions such as acylation, methylation, oxidation/reduction and cyclic ring closure. In this paper, we review the composition of fruit aroma, the characteristic aroma compounds of several representative fruits, the factors affecting aroma volatile, and the biosynthetic pathways of volatile aroma compounds. We anticipate that this review would provide some critical information for profound research on fruit aroma components and their manipulation during development and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Ahmed Mohamed El Hadi
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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172
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Ceunen S, Geuns JMC. Steviol glycosides: chemical diversity, metabolism, and function. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1201-28. [PMID: 23713723 DOI: 10.1021/np400203b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides are a group of highly sweet diterpene glycosides discovered in only a few plant species, most notably the Paraguayan shrub Stevia rebaudiana. During the past few decades, the nutritional and pharmacological benefits of these secondary metabolites have become increasingly apparent. While these properties are now widely recognized, many aspects related to their in vivo biochemistry and metabolism and their relationship to the overall plant physiology of S. rebaudiana are not yet understood. Furthermore, the large size of the steviol glycoside pool commonly found within S. rebaudiana leaves implies a significant metabolic investment and poses questions regarding the benefits S. rebaudiana might gain from their accumulation. The current review intends to thoroughly discuss the available knowledge on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Ceunen
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, BP 2436, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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173
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Costa P, Gonçalves S, Valentão P, Andrade PB, Almeida C, Nogueira JMF, Romano A. Metabolic profile and biological activities of Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica (Chaytor) Franco: studies on the essential oil and polar extracts. Food Chem 2013; 141:2501-6. [PMID: 23870987 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the metabolic profile and biological activities of the essential oil and polar extracts of Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica (Chaytor) Franco collected in south Portugal. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that oxygen-containing monoterpenes was the principal group of compounds identified in the essential oil. Camphor (40.6%) and fenchone (38.0%) were found as the major constituents. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis allowed the identification of hydroxycinnamic acids (3-O-caffeoylquinic, 4-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic and rosmarinic acids) and flavones (luteolin and apigenin) in the polar extracts, with rosmarinic acid being the main compound in most of them. The bioactive compounds from L. pedunculata polar extracts were the most efficient free-radical scavengers, Fe(2+) chelators and inhibitors of malondialdehyde production, while the essential oil was the most active against acetylcholinesterase. Our results reveal that the subspecies of L. pedunculata studied is a potential source of active metabolites with a positive effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Costa
- IBB-CGB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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174
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Dudareva N, Klempien A, Muhlemann JK, Kaplan I. Biosynthesis, function and metabolic engineering of plant volatile organic compounds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:16-32. [PMID: 23383981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize an amazing diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that facilitate interactions with their environment, from attracting pollinators and seed dispersers to protecting themselves from pathogens, parasites and herbivores. Recent progress in -omics technologies resulted in the isolation of genes encoding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of many volatiles and contributed to our understanding of regulatory mechanisms involved in VOC formation. In this review, we largely focus on the biosynthesis and regulation of plant volatiles, the involvement of floral volatiles in plant reproduction as well as their contribution to plant biodiversity and applications in agriculture via crop-pollinator interactions. In addition, metabolic engineering approaches for both the improvement of plant defense and pollinator attraction are discussed in light of methodological constraints and ecological complications that limit the transition of crops with modified volatile profiles from research laboratories to real-world implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Antje Klempien
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Joëlle K Muhlemann
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ian Kaplan
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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175
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Webb H, Lanfear R, Hamill J, Foley WJ, Külheim C. The yield of essential oils in Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) is regulated through transcript abundance of genes in the MEP pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60631. [PMID: 23544156 PMCID: PMC3609730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) leaves contain large amounts of an essential oil, dominated by monoterpenes. Several enzymes of the chloroplastic methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway are hypothesised to act as bottlenecks to the production of monoterpenes. We investigated, whether transcript abundance of genes encoding for enzymes of the MEP pathway were correlated with foliar terpenes in M. alternifolia using a population of 48 individuals that ranged in their oil concentration from 39 -122 mg.g DM−1. Our study shows that most genes in the MEP pathway are co-regulated and that the expression of multiple genes within the MEP pathway is correlated with oil yield. Using multiple regression analysis, variation in expression of MEP pathway genes explained 87% of variation in foliar monoterpene concentrations. The data also suggest that sesquiterpenes in M. alternifolia are synthesised, at least in part, from isopentenyl pyrophosphate originating from the plastid via the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Webb
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Lanfear
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John Hamill
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William J. Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
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176
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Padovan A, Keszei A, Foley WJ, Külheim C. Differences in gene expression within a striking phenotypic mosaic Eucalyptus tree that varies in susceptibility to herbivory. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:29. [PMID: 23421644 PMCID: PMC3599227 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-lived trees can accumulate mutations throughout their lifetimes that may influence biotic and abiotic interactions. For example, some Eucalyptus trees display marked variation in herbivore defence within a single canopy. These "mosaic" trees support foliage with distinct chemotypes which are differentially favoured by insect and vertebrate herbivores, resulting in susceptible and resistant branches within a single canopy. These mosaic trees provide a unique opportunity to explore the biosynthesis and genetic regulation of chemical defences in the foliage. The biosynthesis of the principal defence compounds, terpenoid-dominated essential oils, is well understood. However, the regulation of the genes involved and thus the control of phenotypic variation within a single tree canopy remains a mystery. RESULTS We sequenced the transcriptomes of the leaves of the two different chemotypes of a chemically mosaic Eucalyptus melliodora tree using 454 pyrosequencing technology. We used gene set enrichment analysis to identify differentially expressed transcripts and found the proportion of differentially expressed genes in the resistant and susceptible foliage similar to the transcript difference between functionally distinct tissues of the same organism, for example roots and leaves. We also investigated sequence differences in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms and found 10 nucleotides that were different between the two branches. These are likely true SNPs and several occur in regulatory genes. CONCLUSION We found three lines of evidence that suggest changes to a 'master switch' can result in large scale phenotypic changes: 1. We found differential expression of terpene biosynthetic genes between the two chemotypes that could contribute to chemical variation within this plant. 2. We identified many genes that are differentially expressed between the two chemotypes, including some unique genes in each branch. These genes are involved in a variety of processes within the plant and many could contribute to the regulation of secondary metabolism, thus contributing to the chemical variation. 3. We identified 10 SNPs, some of which occur in regulatory genes that could influence secondary metabolism and thus contribute to chemical variation. Whilst this research is inherently limited by sample size, the patterns we describe could be indicative of other plant genetic mosaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Padovan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Gould Wing, Building No. 116, ACT 0200, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andras Keszei
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Gould Wing, Building No. 116, ACT 0200, Canberra, Australia
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Gould Wing, Building No. 116, ACT 0200, Canberra, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Gould Wing, Building No. 116, ACT 0200, Canberra, Australia
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177
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Koo HJ, McDowell ET, Ma X, Greer KA, Kapteyn J, Xie Z, Descour A, Kim H, Yu Y, Kudrna D, Wing RA, Soderlund CA, Gang DR. Ginger and turmeric expressed sequence tags identify signature genes for rhizome identity and development and the biosynthesis of curcuminoids, gingerols and terpenoids. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:27. [PMID: 23410187 PMCID: PMC3608961 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) accumulate important pharmacologically active metabolites at high levels in their rhizomes. Despite their importance, relatively little is known regarding gene expression in the rhizomes of ginger and turmeric. RESULTS In order to identify rhizome-enriched genes and genes encoding specialized metabolism enzymes and pathway regulators, we evaluated an assembled collection of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from eight different ginger and turmeric tissues. Comparisons to publicly available sorghum rhizome ESTs revealed a total of 777 gene transcripts expressed in ginger/turmeric and sorghum rhizomes but apparently absent from other tissues. The list of rhizome-specific transcripts was enriched for genes associated with regulation of tissue growth, development, and transcription. In particular, transcripts for ethylene response factors and AUX/IAA proteins appeared to accumulate in patterns mirroring results from previous studies regarding rhizome growth responses to exogenous applications of auxin and ethylene. Thus, these genes may play important roles in defining rhizome growth and development. Additional associations were made for ginger and turmeric rhizome-enriched MADS box transcription factors, their putative rhizome-enriched homologs in sorghum, and rhizomatous QTLs in rice. Additionally, analysis of both primary and specialized metabolism genes indicates that ginger and turmeric rhizomes are primarily devoted to the utilization of leaf supplied sucrose for the production and/or storage of specialized metabolites associated with the phenylpropanoid pathway and putative type III polyketide synthase gene products. This finding reinforces earlier hypotheses predicting roles of this enzyme class in the production of curcuminoids and gingerols. CONCLUSION A significant set of genes were found to be exclusively or preferentially expressed in the rhizome of ginger and turmeric. Specific transcription factors and other regulatory genes were found that were common to the two species and that are excellent candidates for involvement in rhizome growth, differentiation and development. Large classes of enzymes involved in specialized metabolism were also found to have apparent tissue-specific expression, suggesting that gene expression itself may play an important role in regulating metabolite production in these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jo Koo
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Present address: Salk Institute for Biological Studies, PO Box 85800, San Diego, CA, 92186, USA
| | - Eric T McDowell
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Ma
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Present address: XenoBiotic Laboratories, Inc., Morgan Ln 107, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Kevin A Greer
- Arizona Genomics Computational Laboratory and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Present address: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Jeremy Kapteyn
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Zhengzhi Xie
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Present address: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Anne Descour
- Arizona Genomics Computational Laboratory and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - HyeRan Kim
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Arizona Genomics Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Present address: Plant Genome Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-803, South Korea
| | - Yeisoo Yu
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Arizona Genomics Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - David Kudrna
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Arizona Genomics Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Rod A Wing
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Arizona Genomics Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Carol A Soderlund
- Arizona Genomics Computational Laboratory and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - David R Gang
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
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178
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Ballhorn DJ, Kautz S, Schädler M. Induced plant defense via volatile production is dependent on rhizobial symbiosis. Oecologia 2012; 172:833-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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179
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Pandit S, Shitiz K, Sood H, Naik PK, Chauhan RS. Expression pattern of fifteen genes of non-mevalonate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathways in different tissues of endangered medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa with respect to picrosides content. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1053-63. [PMID: 23065284 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Picrorhiza kurroa, has become an endangered medicinal herb due to excessive utilization, therefore it necessitates the understanding of biology and molecular basis of major chemical constituents i.e. Picroside-I (P-I) and Picroside-II (P-II). Estimation of P-I and P-II in different tissues of P. kurroa showed that shoots contain only P-I whereas P-II is present only in roots. Differential conditions with varying concentrations of P-I (0-27 μg/mg) and P-II (0-4 μg/mg) were selected. Four genes of MEP pathway; DXPS, ISPD, ISPE, MECPS and one gene of MVA pathway PMK showed elevated levels of transcripts in shoots (57-166 folds) and stolons (5-15 folds) with P-I contents 0-27 μg/mg and 2.9-19.7 μg/mg, respectively. Further HDS and DXPR genes of MEP pathway showed higher expression ~9-12 folds in roots having P-II (0-4 μg/mg). The expression of ISPH and ISPE was also high ~5 folds in roots accumulating P-II. GDPS was the only gene with high transcript level in roots (9 folds) and shoots (20 folds). Differential biosynthesis and accumulation of picrosides would assist in regulating quality of plant material for herbal drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pandit
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, HP, India.
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180
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Chaurasiya ND, Sangwan NS, Sabir F, Misra L, Sangwan RS. Withanolide biosynthesis recruits both mevalonate and DOXP pathways of isoprenogenesis in Ashwagandha Withania somnifera L. (Dunal). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1889-97. [PMID: 22733207 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Withanolides are pharmaceutically important C(28)-phytochemicals produced in most prodigal amounts and diversified forms by Withania somnifera. Metabolic origin of withanolides from triterpenoid pathway intermediates implies that isoprenogenesis could significantly govern withanolide production. In plants, isoprenogenesis occurs via two routes: mevalonate (MVA) pathway in cytosol and non-mevalonate or DOXP/MEP pathway in plastids. We have investigated relative carbon contribution of MVA and DOXP pathways to withanolide biosynthesis in W. somnifera. The quantitative NMR-based biosynthetic study involved tracing of (13)C label from (13)C(1)-D-glucose to withaferin A in withanolide producing in vitro microshoot cultures of the plant. Enrichment of (13)C abundance at each carbon of withaferin A from (13)C(1)-glucose-fed cultures was monitored by normalization and integration of NMR signal intensities. The pattern of carbon position-specific (13)C enrichment of withaferin A was analyzed by a retro-biosynthetic approach using a squalene-intermediated metabolic model of withanolide (withaferin A) biosynthesis. The pattern suggested that both DOXP and MVA pathways of isoprenogenesis were significantly involved in withanolide biosynthesis with their relative contribution on the ratio of 25:75, respectively. The results have been discussed in a new conceptual line of biosynthetic load-driven model of relative recruitment of DOXP and MVA pathways for biosynthesis of isoprenoids. Key message The study elucidates significant contribution of DOXP pathway to withanolide biosynthesis. A new connotation of biosynthetic load-based role of DOXP/MVA recruitment in isoprenoid biosynthesis has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan D Chaurasiya
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
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181
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Gonçalves S, Romano A. In vitro culture of lavenders (Lavandula spp.) and the production of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:166-74. [PMID: 23022737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lavenders (Lavandula spp., Lamiaceae) are aromatic ornamental plants that are used widely in the food, perfume and pharmaceutical industries. The large-scale production of lavenders requires efficient in vitro propagation techniques to avoid the overexploitation of natural populations and to allow the application of biotechnology-based approaches for plant improvement and the production of valuable secondary metabolites. In this review we discuss micropropagation methods that have been developed in several lavender species, mainly based on meristem proliferation and organogenesis. Specific requirements during stages of micropropagation (establishment, shoot multiplication, root induction and acclimatization) and requisites for plant regeneration trough organogenesis, as an important step for the implementation of plant improvement programs, were revised. We also discuss different methods for the in vitro production of valuable secondary metabolites, focusing on the prospects for highly scalable cultures to meet the market demand for lavender-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gonçalves
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology (IBB/CGB), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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182
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Alagna F, Mariotti R, Panara F, Caporali S, Urbani S, Veneziani G, Esposto S, Taticchi A, Rosati A, Rao R, Perrotta G, Servili M, Baldoni L. Olive phenolic compounds: metabolic and transcriptional profiling during fruit development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:162. [PMID: 22963618 PMCID: PMC3480905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive (Olea europaea L.) fruits contain numerous secondary metabolites, primarily phenolics, terpenes and sterols, some of which are particularly interesting for their nutraceutical properties. This study will attempt to provide further insight into the profile of olive phenolic compounds during fruit development and to identify the major genetic determinants of phenolic metabolism. RESULTS The concentration of the major phenolic compounds, such as oleuropein, demethyloleuropein, 3-4 DHPEA-EDA, ligstroside, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside and lignans, were measured in the developing fruits of 12 olive cultivars. The content of these compounds varied significantly among the cultivars and decreased during fruit development and maturation, with some compounds showing specificity for certain cultivars. Thirty-five olive transcripts homologous to genes involved in the pathways of the main secondary metabolites were identified from the massive sequencing data of the olive fruit transcriptome or from cDNA-AFLP analysis. Their mRNA levels were determined using RT-qPCR analysis on fruits of high- and low-phenolic varieties (Coratina and Dolce d'Andria, respectively) during three different fruit developmental stages. A strong correlation was observed between phenolic compound concentrations and transcripts putatively involved in their biosynthesis, suggesting a transcriptional regulation of the corresponding pathways. OeDXS, OeGES, OeGE10H and OeADH, encoding putative 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-P synthase, geraniol synthase, geraniol 10-hydroxylase and arogenate dehydrogenase, respectively, were almost exclusively present at 45 days after flowering (DAF), suggesting that these compounds might play a key role in regulating secoiridoid accumulation during fruit development. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic and transcriptional profiling led to the identification of some major players putatively involved in biosynthesis of secondary compounds in the olive tree. Our data represent the first step towards the functional characterisation of important genes for the determination of olive fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Caporali
- Dept. of Economical and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Urbani
- Dept. of Economical and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Veneziani
- Dept. of Economical and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sonia Esposto
- Dept. of Economical and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Agnese Taticchi
- Dept. of Economical and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Rao
- Dept. of Soil, Plant, Environment and Animal Production Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Servili
- Dept. of Economical and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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184
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Developmental changes in the metabolic network of snapdragon flowers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40381. [PMID: 22808147 PMCID: PMC3394800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary and reproductive success of angiosperms, the most diverse group of land plants, relies on visual and olfactory cues for pollinator attraction. Previous work has focused on elucidating the developmental regulation of pathways leading to the formation of pollinator-attracting secondary metabolites such as scent compounds and flower pigments. However, to date little is known about how flowers control their entire metabolic network to achieve the highly regulated production of metabolites attracting pollinators. Integrative analysis of transcripts and metabolites in snapdragon sepals and petals over flower development performed in this study revealed a profound developmental remodeling of gene expression and metabolite profiles in petals, but not in sepals. Genes up-regulated during petal development were enriched in functions related to secondary metabolism, fatty acid catabolism, and amino acid transport, whereas down-regulated genes were enriched in processes involved in cell growth, cell wall formation, and fatty acid biosynthesis. The levels of transcripts and metabolites in pathways leading to scent formation were coordinately up-regulated during petal development, implying transcriptional induction of metabolic pathways preceding scent formation. Developmental gene expression patterns in the pathways involved in scent production were different from those of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, highlighting distinct developmental regulation of secondary metabolism and primary metabolic pathways feeding into it.
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185
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Demissie ZA, Cella MA, Sarker LS, Thompson TJ, Rheault MR, Mahmoud SS. Cloning, functional characterization and genomic organization of 1,8-cineole synthases from Lavandula. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:393-411. [PMID: 22592779 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the genus Lavandula produce valuable essential oils (EOs) that are primarily constituted of the low molecular weight isoprenoids, particularly monoterpenes. We isolated over 8,000 ESTs from the glandular trichomes of L. x intermedia flowers (where bulk of the EO is synthesized) to facilitate the discovery of genes that control the biosynthesis of EO constituents. The expression profile of these ESTs in L. x intermedia and its parents L. angustifolia and L. latifolia was established using microarrays. The resulting data highlighted a differentially expressed, previously uncharacterized cDNA with strong homology to known 1,8-cineole synthase (CINS) genes. The ORF, excluding the transit peptide, of this cDNA was expressed in E. coli, purified by Ni-NTA agarose affinity chromatography and functionally characterized in vitro. The ca. 63 kDa bacterially produced recombinant protein, designated L. x intermedia CINS (LiCINS), converted geranyl diphosphate (the linear monoterpene precursor) primarily to 1,8-cineole with K ( m ) and k ( cat ) values of 5.75 μM and 8.8 × 10(-3) s(-1), respectively. The genomic DNA of CINS in the studied Lavandula species had identical exon-intron architecture and coding sequences, except for a single polymorphic nucleotide in the L. angustifolia ortholog which did not alter protein function. Additional nucleotide variations restricted to L. angustifolia introns were also observed, suggesting that LiCINS was most likely inherited from L. latifolia. The LiCINS mRNA levels paralleled the 1,8-cineole content in mature flowers of the three lavender species, and in developmental stages of L. x intermedia inflorescence indicating that the production of 1,8 cineole in Lavandula is most likely controlled through transcriptional regulation of LiCINS.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Carbon-Carbon Lyases/chemistry
- Carbon-Carbon Lyases/genetics
- Carbon-Carbon Lyases/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cyclohexanols/metabolism
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Eucalyptol
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Library
- Genome, Plant
- Lavandula/enzymology
- Lavandula/genetics
- Lavandula/growth & development
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monoterpenes/metabolism
- Oils, Volatile/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A Demissie
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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186
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Tissier A. Glandular trichomes: what comes after expressed sequence tags? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:51-68. [PMID: 22449043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes cover the surface of many plant species. They exhibit tremendous diversity, be it in their shape or the compounds they secrete. This diversity is expressed between species but also within species or even individual plants. The industrial uses of some trichome secretions and their potential as a defense barrier, for example against arthropod pests, has spurred research into the biosynthesis pathways that lead to these specialized metabolites. Because complete biosynthesis pathways take place in the secretory cells, the establishment of trichome-specific expressed sequence tag libraries has greatly accelerated their elucidation. Glandular trichomes also have an important metabolic capacity and may be considered as true cell factories. To fully exploit the potential of glandular trichomes as breeding or engineering objects, several research areas will have to be further investigated, such as development, patterning, metabolic fluxes and transcription regulation. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the methods and technologies which have been used to investigate glandular trichomes and to propose new avenues of research to deepen our understanding of these specialized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Tissier
- Department of Metabolic and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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187
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Gahlan P, Singh HR, Shankar R, Sharma N, Kumari A, Chawla V, Ahuja PS, Kumar S. De novo sequencing and characterization of Picrorhiza kurrooa transcriptome at two temperatures showed major transcriptome adjustments. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:126. [PMID: 22462805 PMCID: PMC3378455 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. is an endangered plant species of medicinal importance. The medicinal property is attributed to monoterpenoids picroside I and II, which are modulated by temperature. The transcriptome information of this species is limited with the availability of few hundreds of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in the public databases. In order to gain insight into temperature mediated molecular changes, high throughput de novo transcriptome sequencing and analyses were carried out at 15 °C and 25 °C, the temperatures known to modulate picrosides content. RESULTS Using paired-end (PE) Illumina sequencing technology, a total of 20,593,412 and 44,229,272 PE reads were obtained after quality filtering for 15 °C and 25 °C, respectively. Available (e.g., De-Bruijn/Eulerian graph) and in-house developed bioinformatics tools were used for assembly and annotation of transcriptome. A total of 74,336 assembled transcript sequences were obtained, with an average coverage of 76.6 and average length of 439.5. Guanine-cytosine (GC) content was observed to be 44.6%, while the transcriptome exhibited abundance of trinucleotide simple sequence repeat (SSR; 45.63%) markers.Large scale expression profiling through "read per exon kilobase per million (RPKM)", showed changes in several biological processes and metabolic pathways including cytochrome P450s (CYPs), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and those associated with picrosides biosynthesis. RPKM data were validated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using a set of 19 genes, wherein 11 genes behaved in accordance with the two expression methods. CONCLUSIONS Study generated transcriptome of P. kurrooa at two different temperatures. Large scale expression profiling through RPKM showed major transcriptome changes in response to temperature reflecting alterations in major biological processes and metabolic pathways, and provided insight of GC content and SSR markers. Analysis also identified putative CYPs and UGTs that could help in discovering the hitherto unknown genes associated with picrosides biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gahlan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Heikham Russiachand Singh
- Studio of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Studio of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Niharika Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vandna Chawla
- Studio of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Paramvir Singh Ahuja
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
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188
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Green SA, Chen X, Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Matich AJ, Wang MY, Bunn BJ, Yauk YK, Atkinson RG. Identification, functional characterization, and regulation of the enzyme responsible for floral (E)-nerolidol biosynthesis in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1951-67. [PMID: 22162874 PMCID: PMC3295389 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flowers of the kiwifruit species Actinidia chinensis produce a mixture of sesquiterpenes derived from farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) and monoterpenes derived from geranyl diphosphate (GDP). The tertiary sesquiterpene alcohol (E)-nerolidol was the major emitted volatile detected by headspace analysis. Contrastingly, in solvent extracts of the flowers, unusually high amounts of (E,E)-farnesol were observed, as well as lesser amounts of (E)-nerolidol, various farnesol and farnesal isomers, and linalool. Using a genomics-based approach, a single gene (AcNES1) was identified in an A. chinensis expressed sequence tag library that had significant homology to known floral terpene synthase enzymes. In vitro characterization of recombinant AcNES1 revealed it was an enzyme that could catalyse the conversion of FDP and GDP to the respective (E)-nerolidol and linalool terpene alcohols. Enantiomeric analysis of both AcNES1 products in vitro and floral terpenes in planta showed that (S)-(E)-nerolidol was the predominant enantiomer. Real-time PCR analysis indicated peak expression of AcNES1 correlated with peak (E)-nerolidol, but not linalool accumulation in flowers. This result, together with subcellular protein localization to the cytoplasm, indicated that AcNES1 was acting as a (S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase in A. chinensis flowers. The synthesis of high (E,E)-farnesol levels appears to compete for the available pool of FDP utilized by AcNES1 for sesquiterpene biosynthesis and hence strongly influences the accumulation and emission of (E)-nerolidol in A. chinensis flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol A Green
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
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189
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Chow KS, Mat-Isa MN, Bahari A, Ghazali AK, Alias H, Mohd.-Zainuddin Z, Hoh CC, Wan KL. Metabolic routes affecting rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis latex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1863-71. [PMID: 22162870 PMCID: PMC3295384 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway in Hevea brasiliensis latex is the conventionally accepted pathway which provides isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) for cis-polyisoprene (rubber) biosynthesis. However, the plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway may be an alternative source of IPP since its more recent discovery in plants. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) expression profiles of genes from both pathways in latex showed that subcellular compartmentalization of IPP for cis-polyisoprene synthesis is related to the degree of plastidic carotenoid synthesis. From this, the occurrence of two schemes of IPP partitioning and utilization within one species is proposed whereby the supply of IPP for cis-polyisoprene from the MEP pathway is related to carotenoid production in latex. Subsequently, a set of latex unique gene transcripts was sequenced and assembled and they were then mapped to IPP-requiring pathways. Up to eight such pathways, including cis-polyisoprene biosynthesis, were identified. Our findings on pre- and post-IPP metabolic routes form an important aspect of a pathway knowledge-driven approach to enhancing cis-polyisoprene biosynthesis in transgenic rubber trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-See Chow
- Biotechnology Unit, Malaysian Rubber Board, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Experiment Station, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd.-Noor Mat-Isa
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Bahari
- Biotechnology Unit, Malaysian Rubber Board, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Experiment Station, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad-Kamal Ghazali
- Science Vision SB, Setia Avenue, 33A-4 Jalan Setia Prima S, U13/S, Setia Alam, Seksyen U13, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Halimah Alias
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zainorlina Mohd.-Zainuddin
- Biotechnology Unit, Malaysian Rubber Board, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Experiment Station, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Choong Hoh
- Science Vision SB, Setia Avenue, 33A-4 Jalan Setia Prima S, U13/S, Setia Alam, Seksyen U13, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kiew-Lian Wan
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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190
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Vranová E, Coman D, Gruissem W. Structure and dynamics of the isoprenoid pathway network. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:318-33. [PMID: 22442388 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are functionally and structurally the most diverse group of plant metabolites reported to date. They can function as primary metabolites, participating in essential plant cellular processes, and as secondary metabolites, of which many have substantial commercial, pharmacological, and agricultural value. Isoprenoid end products participate in plants in a wide range of physiological processes acting in them both synergistically, such as chlorophyll and carotenoids during photosynthesis, or antagonistically, such as gibberellic acid and abscisic acid during seed germination. It is therefore expected that fluxes via isoprenoid metabolic network are tightly controlled both temporally and spatially, and that this control occurs at different levels of regulation and in an orchestrated manner over the entire isoprenoid metabolic network. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the topology of the plant isoprenoid pathway network and its regulation at the gene expression level following diverse stimuli. We conclude by discussing agronomical and biotechnological applications emerging from the plant isoprenoid metabolism and provide an outlook on future directions in the systems analysis of the plant isoprenoid pathway network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vranová
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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191
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Ruiz-Sola MÁ, Rodríguez-Concepción M. Carotenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis: a colorful pathway. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2012; 10:e0158. [PMID: 22582030 PMCID: PMC3350171 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are a family of pigments that participate in light harvesting and are essential for photoprotection against excess light. Furthermore, they act as precursors for the production of apocarotenoid hormones such as abscisic acid and strigolactones. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the genes and enzymes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway (which is now almost completely elucidated) and on the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. We also discuss the relevance of Arabidopsis as a model system for the study of carotenogenesis and how metabolic engineering approaches in this plant have taught important lessons for carotenoid biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Águila Ruiz-Sola
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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192
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Angaman DM, Petrizzo R, Hernández-Gras F, Romero-Segura C, Pateraki I, Busquets M, Boronat A. Precursor uptake assays and metabolic analyses in isolated tomato fruit chromoplasts. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:1. [PMID: 22243738 PMCID: PMC3269359 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids are the most widespread group of pigments found in nature. In addition to their role in the physiology of the plant, carotenoids also have nutritional relevance as their incorporation in the human diet provides health benefits. In non-photosynthetic tissues, carotenoids are synthesized and stored in specialized plastids called chromoplasts. At present very little is known about the origin of the metabolic precursors and cofactors required to sustain the high rate of carotenoid biosynthesis in these plastids. Recent proteomic data have revealed a number of biochemical and metabolic processes potentially operating in fruit chromoplasts. However, considering that chloroplast to chromoplast differentiation is a very rapid process during fruit ripening, there is the possibility that some of the proteins identified in the proteomic analysis could represent remnants no longer having a functional role in chromoplasts. Therefore, experimental validation is necessary to prove whether these predicted processes are actually operative in chromoplasts. RESULTS A method has been established for high-yield purification of tomato fruit chromoplasts suitable for metabolic studies. Radiolabeled precursors were efficiently incorporated and further metabolized in isolated chromoplast. Analysis of labeled lipophilic compounds has revealed that lipid biosynthesis is a very efficient process in chromoplasts, while the relatively low incorporation levels found in carotenoids suggest that lipid production may represent a competing pathway for carotenoid biosynthesis. Malate and pyruvate are efficiently converted into acetyl-CoA, in agreement with the active operation of the malic enzyme and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the chromoplast. Our results have also shown that isolated chromoplasts can actively sustain anabolic processes without the exogenous supply of ATP, thus suggesting that these organelles may generate this energetic cofactor in an autonomous way. CONCLUSIONS We have set up a method for high yield purification of intact tomato fruit chromoplasts suitable for precursor uptake assays and metabolic analyses. Using targeted radiolabeled precursors we have been able to unravel novel biochemical and metabolic aspects related with carotenoid and lipid biosynthesis in tomato fruit chromoplasts. The reported chromoplast system could represent a valuable platform to address the validation and characterization of functional processes predicted from recent transcriptomic and proteomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djédoux Maxime Angaman
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Unité Pédagogique et de Recherche (UPR) en Biochimie et Microbiologie, Unité Régionale de l'Enseignement Supérieur (URES) de Daloa, Université d'Abobo-Adjamé, 02 BP 150 Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Rocco Petrizzo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Hernández-Gras
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Auntònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Romero-Segura
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Auntònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Pateraki
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Auntònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Busquets
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Auntònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
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193
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Kumar S, Hahn FM, Baidoo E, Kahlon TS, Wood DF, McMahan CM, Cornish K, Keasling JD, Daniell H, Whalen MC. Remodeling the isoprenoid pathway in tobacco by expressing the cytoplasmic mevalonate pathway in chloroplasts. Metab Eng 2012; 14:19-28. [PMID: 22123257 PMCID: PMC5767336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering to enhance production of isoprenoid metabolites for industrial and medical purposes is an important goal. The substrate for isoprenoid synthesis in plants is produced by the mevalonate pathway (MEV) in the cytosol and by the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids. A multi-gene approach was employed to insert the entire cytosolic MEV pathway into the tobacco chloroplast genome. Molecular analysis confirmed the site-specific insertion of seven transgenes and homoplasmy. Functionality was demonstrated by unimpeded growth on fosmidomycin, which specifically inhibits the MEP pathway. Transplastomic plants containing the MEV pathway genes accumulated higher levels of mevalonate, carotenoids, squalene, sterols, and triacyglycerols than control plants. This is the first time an entire eukaryotic pathway with six enzymes has been transplastomically expressed in plants. Thus, we have developed an important tool to redirect metabolic fluxes in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway and a viable multigene strategy for engineering metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kumar
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
- Yulex Corporation, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Frederick M. Hahn
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Edward Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Talwinder S. Kahlon
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Delilah F. Wood
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Colleen M. McMahan
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | | | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Maureen C. Whalen
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
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194
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Kumar H, Kaul K, Bajpai-Gupta S, Kaul VK, Kumar S. A comprehensive analysis of fifteen genes of steviol glycosides biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Gene 2012; 492:276-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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195
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Saeidnia S, Gohari AR. Trypanocidal Monoterpenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59514-0.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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196
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Hemmerlin A, Harwood JL, Bach TJ. A raison d'être for two distinct pathways in the early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:95-148. [PMID: 22197147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build up isoprene units. The co-existence of these pathways in the cytosol and in plastids might permit the synthesis of many vital compounds, being essential for a sessile organism. While substrate exchange across membranes has been shown for a variety of plant species, lack of complementation of strong phenotypes, resulting from inactivation of either the cytosolic pathway (growth and development defects) or the plastidial pathway (pigment bleaching), seems to be surprising at first sight. Hundreds of isoprenoids have been analyzed to determine their biosynthetic origins. It can be concluded that in angiosperms, under standard growth conditions, C₂₀-phytyl moieties, C₃₀-triterpenes and C₄₀-carotenoids are made nearly exclusively within compartmentalized pathways, while mixed origins are widespread for other types of isoprenoid-derived molecules. It seems likely that this coexistence is essential for the interaction of plants with their environment. A major purpose of this review is to summarize such observations, especially within an ecological and functional context and with some emphasis on regulation. This latter aspect still requires more work and present conclusions are preliminary, although some general features seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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197
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Junker RR, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB. Floral odor bouquet loses its ant repellent properties after inhibition of terpene biosynthesis. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:1323-31. [PMID: 22160332 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In their natural environment, plants are synchronously confronted with mutualists and antagonists, and thus benefit from signals that contain messages for both functional groups of interaction partners. Floral scents are complex blends of volatiles of different chemical classes, including benzenoids and terpenoids. It has been hypothesized that benzenoids have evolved as pollinator attracting signals, while monoterpenoids serve as defensive compounds against antagonists. In order to test this hypothesis, we reduced terpene emission in flowers of Phlox paniculata with specific biosynthetic inhibitors and compared the responses of Lasius niger ants to natural and inhibited floral scent bouquets. While the natural odors were strongly repellent to ants, the bouquets with a reduced emission rate of terpenoids were not. The loss of the flowers' ability to repel ants could be attributed predominantly to reduced amounts of linalool, a monoterpene alcohol. Flying flower visitors, mainly hoverflies, did not discriminate between the two types of flowers in an outdoor experiment. Since individual compounds appear to be capable of either attracting pollinators or defending the flower from enemies, the complexity of floral scent bouquets may have evolved to allow flowers to respond to both mutualists and antagonists simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Junker
- Department Biology, Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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198
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Bleeker PM, Spyropoulou EA, Diergaarde PJ, Volpin H, De Both MTJ, Zerbe P, Bohlmann J, Falara V, Matsuba Y, Pichersky E, Haring MA, Schuurink RC. RNA-seq discovery, functional characterization, and comparison of sesquiterpene synthases from Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum habrochaites trichomes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:323-36. [PMID: 21818683 PMCID: PMC3193516 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum habrochaites (f. typicum) accession PI127826 emit a variety of sesquiterpenes. To identify terpene synthases involved in the production of these volatile sesquiterpenes, we used massive parallel pyrosequencing (RNA-seq) to obtain the transcriptome of the stem trichomes from these plants. This approach resulted initially in the discovery of six sesquiterpene synthase cDNAs from S. lycopersicum and five from S. habrochaites. Searches of other databases and the S. lycopersicum genome resulted in the discovery of two additional sesquiterpene synthases expressed in trichomes. The sesquiterpene synthases from S. lycopersicum and S. habrochaites have high levels of protein identity. Several of them appeared to encode for non-functional proteins. Functional recombinant proteins produced germacrenes, β-caryophyllene/α-humulene, viridiflorene and valencene from (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate. However, the activities of these enzymes do not completely explain the differences in sesquiterpene production between the two tomato plants. RT-qPCR confirmed high levels of expression of most of the S. lycopersicum sesquiterpene synthases in stem trichomes. In addition, one sesquiterpene synthase was induced by jasmonic acid, while another appeared to be slightly repressed by the treatment. Our data provide a foundation to study the evolution of terpene synthases in cultivated and wild tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M. Bleeker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- KeyGene NV, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleni A. Spyropoulou
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Philipp Zerbe
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 321, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 321, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Vasiliki Falara
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA
| | - Yuki Matsuba
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA
| | - Michel A. Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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199
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Yamunadevi M, Wesely EG, Johnson M. Phytochemical studies on the terpenoids of medicinally important plant Aerva lanata L. using HPTLC. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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200
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Fitzpatrick AH, Shrestha N, Bhandari J, Crowell DN. Roles for farnesol and ABA in Arabidopsis flower development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1189-91. [PMID: 21758018 PMCID: PMC3260718 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.8.15772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis FOLK (At5g58560) gene encodes farnesol kinase, which phosphorylates farnesol to farnesyl phosphate. Loss-of-function mutations in the FOLK gene are associated with enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA), suggesting that FOLK negatively regulates ABA signaling. Moreover, folk flowers develop supernumerary carpels under water stress, providing evidence for a molecular link between farnesol metabolism, abiotic stress signaling and flower development. Here, we show that farnesol increases ABA sensitivity and that ABA affects flower development in Arabidopsis.
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