151
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Sharoar MG, Palko S, Ge Y, Saido TC, Yan R. Accumulation of saposin in dystrophic neurites is linked to impaired lysosomal functions in Alzheimer's disease brains. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:45. [PMID: 34215298 PMCID: PMC8254260 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains refer to β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques surrounded by dystrophic neurites (DNs), activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Most recently, we showed that DNs form sequentially in three layers during plaque growth. Although lysosomal proteins such as LAMP1 are found in DNs, it is not clear how many and how early lysosomal proteins are involved in forming neuritic plaques. To answer this unmet question, we examined APP knock-in (APPNL-G-F), 5xFAD and APP/PS1ΔE9 mouse brains and found that the lysosomal activator proteins saposins (SAPs) and LAMP1 were accumulated to surround Aβ plaques at the earliest stage, namely the 1st layer of DNs. Noticeably, lysosomal hydrolases were not detectable in these early DNs, suggesting that DNs at this early stage likely enrich dysfunctional lysosomes. In old AD mouse brains and in the later stage of human AD brains, SAP-C+-DNs and LAMP1+-DNs were gradually reduced in concomitant with the growth of amyloid plaques. Remarkably, the observed LAMP1 immunoreactivity near plaques in aged AD mouse and human brains were actually associated with disease-associated microglia rather than neuronal sources, likely reflecting more severely impaired lysosomal functions in neurons. Western blot analyses showed increased levels of SAP-C in AD mouse brains, and Aβ oligomers induced elevated levels of SAP-C in cellular assays. The elevated protein levels of SAP-C in AD mouse brains during plaque growth potentially contributed lysosomal membrane leakage and loss of hydrolases. Together, our study indicates that lysosomal functions are impaired by being entrapped in DNs early during plaque growth, and this may viciously facilitate growth of amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golam Sharoar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Sarah Palko
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Yingying Ge
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
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152
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Root J, Merino P, Nuckols A, Johnson M, Kukar T. Lysosome dysfunction as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105360. [PMID: 33812000 PMCID: PMC8113138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are thought to exist on a clinical and pathological spectrum. FTD and ALS are linked by shared genetic causes (e.g. C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions) and neuropathology, such as inclusions of ubiquitinated, misfolded proteins (e.g. TAR DNA-binding protein 43; TDP-43) in the CNS. Furthermore, some genes that cause FTD or ALS when mutated encode proteins that localize to the lysosome or modulate endosome-lysosome function, including lysosomal fusion, cargo trafficking, lysosomal acidification, autophagy, or TFEB activity. In this review, we summarize evidence that lysosomal dysfunction, caused by genetic mutations (e.g. C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, TMEM106B) or toxic-gain of function (e.g. aggregation of TDP-43 or tau), is an important pathogenic disease mechanism in FTD and ALS. Further studies into the normal function of many of these proteins are required and will help uncover the mechanisms that cause lysosomal dysfunction in FTD and ALS. Mutations or polymorphisms in genes that encode proteins important for endosome-lysosome function also occur in other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (e.g. APOE, PSEN1, APP) and Parkinson's (e.g. GBA, LRRK2, ATP13A2) disease. A more complete understanding of the common and unique features of lysosome dysfunction across the spectrum of neurodegeneration will help guide the development of therapies for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Root
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Paola Merino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Austin Nuckols
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia.
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153
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Early onset effects of single substrate accumulation recapitulate major features of LSD in patient-derived lysosomes. iScience 2021; 24:102707. [PMID: 34258549 PMCID: PMC8253970 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome functions mainly rely on their ability to either degrade substrates or release them into the extracellular space. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are commonly characterized by a chronic lysosomal accumulation of different substrates, thereby causing lysosomal dysfunctions and secretion defects. However, the early effects of substrate accumulation on lysosomal homeostasis have not been analyzed so far. Here, we describe how the acute accumulation of a single substrate determines a rapid centripetal redistribution of the lysosomes, triggering their expansion and reducing their secretion, by limiting the motility of these organelles toward the plasma membrane. Moreover, we provide evidence that such defects could be explained by a trapping mechanism exerted by the extensive contacts between the enlarged lysosomes and the highly intertwined membrane structures of the endoplasmic reticulum which might represent a crucial biological cue ultimately leading to the clinically relevant secondary defects observed in the LSD experimental models and patients. LEU-ME triggers a rapid expansion of the lysosomal compartment Expanded lysosomes display motility and secretion defects Enlarged lysosomes display extended endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites
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154
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Hilverling A, Szegö EM, Dinter E, Cozma D, Saridaki T, Falkenburger BH. Maturing Autophagosomes are Transported Towards the Cell Periphery. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:155-171. [PMID: 34106361 PMCID: PMC8732932 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagosome maturation comprises fusion with lysosomes and acidification. It is a critical step in the degradation of cytosolic protein aggregates that characterize many neurodegenerative diseases. In order to better understand this process, we studied intracellular trafficking of autophagosomes and aggregates of α-synuclein, which characterize Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. The autophagosomal marker LC3 and the aggregation prone A53T mutant of α-synuclein were tagged by fluorescent proteins and expressed in HEK293T cells and primary astrocytes. The subcellular distribution and movement of these vesicle populations were analyzed by (time-lapse) microscopy. Fusion with lysosomes was assayed using the lysosomal marker LAMP1; vesicles with neutral and acidic luminal pH were discriminated using the RFP-GFP "tandem-fluorescence" tag. With respect to vesicle pH, we observed that neutral autophagosomes, marked by LC3 or synuclein, were located more frequently in the cell center, and acidic autophagosomes were observed more frequently in the cell periphery. Acidic autophagosomes were transported towards the cell periphery more often, indicating that acidification occurs in the cell center before transport to the periphery. With respect to autolysosomal fusion, we found that lysosomes preferentially moved towards the cell center, whereas autolysosomes moved towards the cell periphery, suggesting a cycle where lysosomes are generated in the periphery and fuse to autophagosomes in the cell center. Unexpectedly, many acidic autophagosomes were negative for LAMP1, indicating that acidification does not require fusion to lysosomes. Moreover, we found both neutral and acidic vesicles positive for LAMP1, consistent with delayed acidification of the autolysosome lumen. Individual steps of aggregate clearance thus occur in dedicated cellular regions. During aggregate clearance, autophagosomes and autolysosomes form in the center and are transported towards the periphery during maturation. In this process, luminal pH could regulate the direction of vesicle transport. (1) Transport and location of autophagosomes depend on luminal pH: Acidic autophagosomes are preferentially transported to the cell periphery, causing more acidic autophagosomes in the cell periphery and more neutral autophagosomes at the microtubule organizing center (MTOC). (2) Autolysosomes are transported to the cell periphery and lysosomes to the MTOC, suggesting spatial segregation of lysosome reformation and autolysosome fusion. (3) Synuclein aggregates are preferentially located at the MTOC and synuclein-containing vesicles in the cell periphery, consistent with transport of aggregates to the MTOC for autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hilverling
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Szegö
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Dinter
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Diana Cozma
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Björn H Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Dresden, Germany.
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155
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Escrevente C, Bento-Lopes L, Ramalho JS, Barral DC. Rab11 is required for lysosome exocytosis through the interaction with Rab3a, Sec15 and GRAB. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs246694. [PMID: 34100549 PMCID: PMC8214760 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are dynamic organelles, capable of undergoing exocytosis. This process is crucial for several cellular functions, namely plasma membrane repair. Nevertheless, the molecular machinery involved in this process is poorly understood. Here, we identify Rab11a and Rab11b as regulators of Ca2+-induced lysosome exocytosis. Interestingly, Rab11-positive vesicles transiently interact with lysosomes at the cell periphery, indicating that this interaction is required for the last steps of lysosome exocytosis. Additionally, we found that the silencing of the exocyst subunit Sec15, a Rab11 effector, impairs lysosome exocytosis, suggesting that Sec15 acts together with Rab11 in the regulation of lysosome exocytosis. Furthermore, we show that Rab11 binds the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab3a (GRAB) as well as Rab3a, which we have previously described to be a regulator of the positioning and exocytosis of lysosomes. Thus, our study identifies new players required for lysosome exocytosis and suggest the existence of a Rab11-Rab3a cascade involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Duarte C. Barral
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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156
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Ponsford AH, Ryan TA, Raimondi A, Cocucci E, Wycislo SA, Fröhlich F, Swan LE, Stagi M. Live imaging of intra-lysosome pH in cell lines and primary neuronal culture using a novel genetically encoded biosensor. Autophagy 2021; 17:1500-1518. [PMID: 32515674 PMCID: PMC8205096 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1771858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of lysosomal physiology have increasingly been found to underlie the pathology of a rapidly growing cast of neurodevelopmental disorders and sporadic diseases of aging. One cardinal aspect of lysosomal (dys)function is lysosomal acidification in which defects trigger lysosomal stress signaling and defects in proteolytic capacity. We have developed a genetically encoded ratiometric probe to measure lysosomal pH coupled with a purification tag to efficiently purify lysosomes for both proteomic and in vitro evaluation of their function. Using our probe, we showed that lysosomal pH is remarkably stable over a period of days in a variety of cell types. Additionally, this probe can be used to determine that lysosomal stress signaling via TFEB is uncoupled from gross changes in lysosomal pH. Finally, we demonstrated that while overexpression of ARL8B GTPase causes striking alkalinization of peripheral lysosomes in HEK293 T cells, peripheral lysosomes per se are no less acidic than juxtanuclear lysosomes in our cell lines.Abbreviations: ARL8B: ADP ribosylation factor like GTPase 8B; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; ATP5F1B/ATPB: ATP synthase F1 subunit beta; ATP6V1A: ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit A; Baf: bafilomycin A1; BLOC-1: biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; Cos7: African green monkey kidney fibroblast-like cell line; CQ: chloroquine; CTSB: cathepsin B; CYCS: cytochrome c, somatic; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino -2- phenylindole; DIC: differential interference contrast; DIV: days in vitro; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; E8: embryonic day 8; EEA1: early endosome antigen 1; EGTA: ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FBS: fetal bovine serum; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; GABARAPL2: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GOLGA2/GM130: golgin A2; GTP: guanosine triphosphate; HEK293T: human embryonic kidney 293 cells, that expresses a mutant version of the SV40 large T antigen; HeLa: Henrietta Lacks-derived cell; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; IGF2R/ciM6PR: insulin like growth factor 2 receptor; LAMP1/2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1/2; LMAN2/VIP36: lectin, mannose binding 2; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PDL: poly-d-lysine; PGK1p: promotor from human phosphoglycerate kinase 1; PIKFYVE: phosphoinositide kinase, FYVE-type zinc finger containing; PPT1/CLN1: palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1; RPS6KB1/p70: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TGN: trans-Golgi network; TGOLN2/TGN46: trans-Golgi network protein 2; TIRF: total internal reflection fluorescence; TMEM106B: transmembrane protein 106B; TOR: target of rapamycin; TRPM2: transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type proton-translocating ATPase; VPS35: VPS35 retromer complex component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H. Ponsford
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thomas A. Ryan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Susanne A. Wycislo
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology Group, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology Group, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Centre of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Laura E. Swan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Massimiliano Stagi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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157
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Lakpa KL, Khan N, Afghah Z, Chen X, Geiger JD. Lysosomal Stress Response (LSR): Physiological Importance and Pathological Relevance. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:219-237. [PMID: 33751445 PMCID: PMC8099033 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-09990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extensive work has characterized endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial stress responses. In contrast, very little has been published about stress responses in lysosomes; subcellular acidic organelles that are physiologically important and are of pathological relevance. The greater lysosomal system is dynamic and is comprised of endosomes, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, autophagosomes, and autophagolysosomes. They are important regulators of cellular physiology, they represent about 5% of the total cellular volume, they are heterogeneous in their sizes and distribution patterns, they are electron dense, and their subcellular positioning within cells varies in response to stimuli, insults and pH. These organelles are also integral to the pathogenesis of lysosomal storage diseases and it is increasingly recognized that lysosomes play important roles in the pathogenesis of such diverse conditions as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. The purpose of this review is to focus attention on lysosomal stress responses (LSR), compare LSR with better characterized stress responses in ER and mitochondria, and form a framework for future characterizations of LSR. We synthesized data into the concept of LSR and present it here such that the definition of LSR can be modified as new knowledge is added and specific therapeutics are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koffi L Lakpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Zahra Afghah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA.
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158
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Liu P, Wang L, Chen L, Su X, Shi X. Cyclotriphosphazene-Based "Butterfly" Fluorescence Probe for Lysosome Targeting. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1117-1122. [PMID: 34030446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cyclotriphosphazene-based "butterfly" fluorescence probe HCCP-MNI bearing two naphthalimide and morpholine units were developed for lysosome targeting. The synthesized HCCP-MNI exhibited stable fluorescence signals and was cytocompatible in the given concentration range. Co-localization experimental results showed that cells treated with the HCCP-MNI and a commercial dye (Lyso-Tracker Red DND-99) had overlapped fluorescence signals, demonstrating its targeting specificity to lysosomes. The developed HCCP-MNI may be used for cell tracking applications associated with the functionalities of lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Le Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiqi Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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159
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Pesaola F, Quassollo G, Venier AC, De Paul AL, Noher I, Bisbal M. The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-related protein CLN8 regulates endo-lysosomal dynamics and dendritic morphology. Biol Cell 2021; 113:419-437. [PMID: 34021618 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The endo-lysosomal system (ELS) comprises a set of membranous organelles responsible for transporting intracellular and extracellular components within cells. Defects in lysosomal proteins usually affect a large variety of processes and underlie many diseases, most of them with a strong neuronal impact. Mutations in the endoplasmic reticulum-resident CLN8 protein cause CLN8 disease. This condition is one of the 14 known neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a group of inherited diseases characterised by accumulation of lipofuscin-like pigments within lysosomes. Besides mediating the transport of soluble lysosomal proteins, recent research suggested a role for CLN8 in the transport of vesicles and lipids, and autophagy. However, the consequences of CLN8 deficiency on ELS structure and activity, as well as the potential impact on neuronal development, remain poorly characterised. Therefore, we performed CLN8 knockdown in neuronal and non-neuronal cell models to analyse structural, dynamic and functional changes in the ELS and to assess the impact of CLN8 deficiency on axodendritic development. RESULTS CLN8 knockdown increased the size of the Golgi apparatus, the number of mobile vesicles and the speed of endo-lysosomes. Using the fluorescent fusion protein mApple-LAMP1-pHluorin, we detected significant lysosomal alkalisation in CLN8-deficient cells. In turn, experiments in primary rat hippocampal neurons showed that CLN8 deficiency decreased the complexity and size of the somatodendritic compartment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the participation of CLN8 in vesicular distribution, lysosomal pH and normal development of the dendritic tree. We speculate that the defects triggered by CLN8 deficiency on ELS structure and dynamics underlie morphological alterations in neurons, which ultimately lead to the characteristic neurodegeneration observed in this NCL. SIGNIFICANCE This is, to our knowledge, the first characterisation of the effects of CLN8 dysfunction on the structure and dynamics of the ELS. Moreover, our findings suggest a novel role for CLN8 in somatodendritic development, which may account at least in part for the neuropathological manifestations associated with CLN8 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Favio Pesaola
- Programa de Investigación Translacional de Lipofuscinosis Ceroidea Neuronal, Hospital de Niños de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5014, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas "Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra"- IMMF-UNC-CONICET, Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Av. Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Quassollo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas "Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra"- IMMF-UNC-CONICET, Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Av. Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Ana Clara Venier
- Programa de Investigación Translacional de Lipofuscinosis Ceroidea Neuronal, Hospital de Niños de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5014, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Bv. de la Reforma y Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5016, Argentina
| | - Ana Lucía De Paul
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Bv. de la Reforma y Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5016, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Bv. de la Reforma y Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5016, Argentina
| | - Ines Noher
- Programa de Investigación Translacional de Lipofuscinosis Ceroidea Neuronal, Hospital de Niños de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5014, Argentina
| | - Mariano Bisbal
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas "Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra"- IMMF-UNC-CONICET, Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Av. Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.,Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba, Córdoba, 5016, Argentina
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160
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Ordway B, Gillies RJ, Damaghi M. Extracellular Acidification Induces Lysosomal Dysregulation. Cells 2021; 10:1188. [PMID: 34067971 PMCID: PMC8152284 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many invasive cancers emerge through a years-long process of somatic evolution, characterized by an accumulation of heritable genetic and epigenetic changes and the emergence of increasingly aggressive clonal populations. In solid tumors, such as breast ductal carcinoma, the extracellular environment for cells within the nascent tumor is harsh and imposes different types of stress on cells, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and cytokine inflammation. Acidosis is a constant stressor of most cancer cells due to its production through fermentation of glucose to lactic acid in hypoxic or normoxic regions (Warburg effect). Over a short period of time, acid stress can have a profound effect on the function of lysosomes within the cells exposed to this environment, and after long term exposure, lysosomal function of the cancer cells can become completely dysregulated. Whether this dysregulation is due to an epigenetic change or evolutionary selection has yet to be determined, but understanding the mechanisms behind this dysregulation could identify therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Ordway
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.O.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.O.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.O.); (R.J.G.)
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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161
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Walpole GFW, Plumb JD, Chung D, Tang B, Boulay B, Osborne DG, Piotrowski JT, Catz SD, Billadeau DD, Grinstein S, Jaumouillé V. Inactivation of Rho GTPases by Burkholderia cenocepacia Induces a WASH-Mediated Actin Polymerization that Delays Phagosome Maturation. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107721. [PMID: 32492429 PMCID: PMC7315377 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes severe pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease patients. B. cenocepacia can survive inside infected macrophages within the B. cenocepacia-containing vacuole (BcCV) and to elicit a severe inflammatory response. By inactivating the host macrophage Rho GTPases, the bacterial effector TecA causes depolymerization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton. In this study, we find that B. cenocepacia induces the formation of large cytosolic F-actin clusters in infected macrophages. Cluster formation requires the nucleation-promoting factor WASH, the Arp2/3 complex, and TecA. Inactivation of Rho GTPases by bacterial toxins is necessary and sufficient to induce the formation of the cytosolic actin clusters. By hijacking WASH and Arp2/3 activity, B. cenocepacia disrupts interactions with the endolysosomal system, thereby delaying the maturation of the BcCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F W Walpole
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Plumb
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Daniel Chung
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Brandon Tang
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Benoit Boulay
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Douglas G Osborne
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Joshua T Piotrowski
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sergio D Catz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-215, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Valentin Jaumouillé
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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162
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Kazemi M, Jajarmi V, Nazarian H, Ghaffari Novin M, Salehpour S, Piryaei A, Heidari Khoei H, Choobineh H, Abdollahifar MA, Haji Molla Hoseini M, Heidari MH. Culture strategy as a modulator of target assessments: Functionality of suspension versus hanging drop-derived choriocarcinoma spheroids as in vitro model of embryo implantation. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1192-1206. [PMID: 33900644 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The choriocarcinoma spheroid model has been amply applied to study the underlying molecular mechanism of implantation. Reproducibility and functionality of spheroid tumor models were addressed precisely. To mimic embryo-endometrium crosstalk, no functional characteristics of spheroids have been provided based on culture strategies. In this study, choriocarcinoma spheroids were provided as suspension culture (SC) or hanging drop culture (HDC). Primary assessments were performed based on morphology, cellular density, and hormonal secretion. Spheroid-endometrial cross talk was assessed as coculture procedures. Further, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression of genes involved in attachment, invasion, and inducing migration were quantified. We found HDC spheroids provided a homogenous-shaped aggregate with a high grade of viability, cellular integration, hormonal secretion, and the dominant role of WNTs expression in their microarchitecture. SC spheroids showed a higher level of ALP activity and the expression of integrated genes in modulating attachment, invasion, and migration abilities. Spheroid confrontation assays clearly clarified the superiority of SC spheroids to crosstalk with epithelial and stromal cells of endometrium in addition to motivating an ideal endometrial response. Conclusively, culture strategies by affecting various molecular signaling pathways should be chosen precisely according to specific target assessments. Specifically, SC assumed as an ideal model in spheroid-endometrial cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Kazemi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Jajarmi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Nazarian
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marefat Ghaffari Novin
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saghar Salehpour
- Department of Obstetrics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Piryaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Heidar Heidari Khoei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Choobineh
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Heidari
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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163
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Juhl AD, Heegaard CW, Werner S, Schneider G, Krishnan K, Covey DF, Wüstner D. Quantitative imaging of membrane contact sites for sterol transfer between endo-lysosomes and mitochondria in living cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8927. [PMID: 33903617 PMCID: PMC8076251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria receive cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LYSs) or from the plasma membrane for production of oxysterols and steroid hormones. This process depends on the endo-lysosomal sterol transfer protein Niemann Pick C2 (NPC2). Using the intrinsically fluorescent cholesterol analog, cholestatrienol, we directly observe sterol transport to mitochondria in fibroblasts upon treating NPC2 deficient human fibroblasts with NPC2 protein. Soft X-ray tomography reveals the ultrastructure of mitochondria and discloses close contact to endosome-like organelles. Using fluorescence microscopy, we localize endo-lysosomes containing NPC2 relative to mitochondria based on the Euclidian distance transform and use statistical inference to show that about 30% of such LE/LYSs are in contact to mitochondria in human fibroblasts. Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo image simulations, we show that interaction between both organelle types, a defining feature of membrane contact sites (MCSs) can give rise to the observed spatial organelle distribution. We devise a protocol to determine the surface fraction of endo-lysosomes in contact with mitochondria and show that this fraction does not depend on functional NPC1 or NPC2 proteins. Finally, we localize MCSs between LE/LYSs containing NPC2 and mitochondria in time-lapse image sequences and show that they either form transiently or remain stable for tens of seconds. Lasting MCSs between endo-lysosomes containing NPC2 and mitochondria move by slow anomalous sub-diffusion, providing location and time for sterol transport between both organelles. Our quantitative imaging strategy will be of high value for characterizing the dynamics and function of MCSs between various organelles in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dupont Juhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christian W Heegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stephan Werner
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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164
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Muralidharan C, Conteh AM, Marasco MR, Crowder JJ, Kuipers J, de Boer P, Linnemann AK. Pancreatic beta cell autophagy is impaired in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:865-877. [PMID: 33515072 PMCID: PMC7940272 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Pancreatic beta cells are subjected to exogenous damaging factors such as proinflammatory cytokines or excess glucose that can cause accumulation of damage-inducing reactive oxygen species during the pathogenesis of diabetes. We and others have shown that beta cell autophagy can reduce reactive oxygen species to protect against apoptosis. While impaired islet autophagy has been demonstrated in human type 2 diabetes, it is unknown if islet autophagy is perturbed in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. We hypothesised that beta cell autophagy is dysfunctional in type 1 diabetes, and that there is a progressive loss during early diabetes development. METHODS Pancreases were collected from chloroquine-injected and non-injected non-obese diabetes-resistant (NOR) and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Age- and BMI-matched pancreas tissue sections from human organ donors (N = 34) were obtained from the Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD). Tissue sections were stained with antibodies against proinsulin or insulin (beta cell markers), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 A/B (LC3A/B; autophagosome marker), lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1; lysosome marker) and p62 (autophagy adaptor). Images collected on a scanning laser confocal microscope were analysed with CellProfiler and ImageJ. Secondary lysosomes and telolysosomes were assessed in electron micrographs of human pancreatic tissue sections (n = 12), and energy dispersive x-ray analysis was performed to assess distribution of elements (n = 5). RESULTS We observed increased autophagosome numbers in islets of diabetic NOD mice (p = 0.008) and increased p62 in islets of both non-diabetic and diabetic NOD mice (p < 0.001) vs NOR mice. There was also a reduction in LC3-LAMP1 colocalisation in islets of diabetic NOD mice compared with both non-diabetic NOD (p < 0.001) and NOR mice (p < 0.001). Chloroquine elicited accumulation of autophagosomes in the islets of NOR (p = 0.003) and non-diabetic NOD mice (p < 0.001), but not in islets of diabetic NOD mice; and stimulated accumulation of p62 in NOR (p < 0.001), but not in NOD mice. We observed reduced LC3-LAMP1 colocalisation (p < 0.001) in residual beta cells of human donors with type 1 diabetes vs non-diabetic participants. We also observed reduced colocalisation of proinsulin with LAMP1 in donors with type 1 diabetes (p < 0.001). Electron microscopy also revealed accumulation of telolysosomes with nitrogen-dense rings in beta cells of autoantibody-positive donors (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We provide evidence of islet macroautophagy/crinophagy impairment in human type 1 diabetes. We also document accumulation of telolysosomes with peripheral nitrogen in beta cells of autoantibody-positive donors, demonstrating altered lysosome content that may be associated with lysosome dysfunction before clinical hyperglycaemia. Similar macroautophagy impairments are present in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanya Muralidharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abass M Conteh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michelle R Marasco
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Justin J Crowder
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal de Boer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amelia K Linnemann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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165
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Lie PPY, Yang DS, Stavrides P, Goulbourne CN, Zheng P, Mohan PS, Cataldo AM, Nixon RA. Post-Golgi carriers, not lysosomes, confer lysosomal properties to pre-degradative organelles in normal and dystrophic axons. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109034. [PMID: 33910020 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal trafficking and maturation in neurons remain poorly understood and are unstudied in vivo despite high disease relevance. We generated neuron-specific transgenic mice to track vesicular CTSD acquisition, acidification, and traffic within the autophagic-lysosomal pathway in vivo, revealing that mature lysosomes are restricted from axons. Moreover, TGN-derived transport carriers (TCs), not lysosomes, supply lysosomal components to axonal organelles. Ultrastructurally distinctive TCs containing TGN and lysosomal markers enter axons, engaging autophagic vacuoles and late endosomes. This process is markedly upregulated in dystrophic axons of Alzheimer models. In cultured neurons, most axonal LAMP1 vesicles are weakly acidic TCs that shuttle lysosomal components bidirectionally, conferring limited degradative capability to retrograde organelles before they mature fully to lysosomes within perikarya. The minor LAMP1 subpopulation attaining robust acidification are retrograde Rab7+ endosomes/amphisomes, not lysosomes. Restricted lysosome entry into axons explains the unique lysosome distribution in neurons and their vulnerability toward neuritic dystrophy in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl P Y Lie
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dun-Sheng Yang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Philip Stavrides
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Ping Zheng
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Panaiyur S Mohan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anne M Cataldo
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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166
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Fragment-linking peptide design yields a high-affinity ligand for microtubule-based transport. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1347-1355.e5. [PMID: 33838110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic peptides are attractive candidates to manipulate protein-protein interactions inside the cell as they mimic natural interactions to compete for binding. However, protein-peptide interactions are often dynamic and weak. A challenge is to design peptides that make improved interactions with the target. Here, we devise a fragment-linking strategy-"mash-up" design-to deliver a high-affinity ligand, KinTag, for the kinesin-1 motor. Using structural insights from natural micromolar-affinity cargo-adaptor ligands, we have identified and combined key binding features in a single, high-affinity ligand. An X-ray crystal structure demonstrates interactions as designed and reveals only a modest increase in interface area. Moreover, when genetically encoded, KinTag promotes transport of lysosomes with higher efficiency than natural sequences, revealing a direct link between motor-adaptor binding affinity and organelle transport. Together, these data demonstrate a fragment-linking strategy for peptide design and its application in a synthetic motor ligand to direct cellular cargo transport.
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167
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Matamala E, Castillo C, Vivar JP, Rojas PA, Brauchi SE. Imaging the electrical activity of organelles in living cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:389. [PMID: 33758369 PMCID: PMC7988155 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are complex systems compartmentalized in membrane-bound organelles. Visualization of organellar electrical activity in living cells requires both a suitable reporter and non-invasive imaging at high spatiotemporal resolution. Here we present hVoSorg, an optical method to monitor changes in the membrane potential of subcellular membranes. This method takes advantage of a FRET pair consisting of a membrane-bound voltage-insensitive fluorescent donor and a non-fluorescent voltage-dependent acceptor that rapidly moves across the membrane in response to changes in polarity. Compared to the currently available techniques, hVoSorg has advantages including simple and precise subcellular targeting, the ability to record from individual organelles, and the potential for optical multiplexing of organellar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Matamala
- Physiology Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Cristian Castillo
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan P Vivar
- Physiology Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricio A Rojas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian E Brauchi
- Physiology Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Valdivia, Chile.
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, US.
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168
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Nash B, Irollo E, Brandimarti R, Meucci O. Opioid Modulation of Neuronal Iron and Potential Contributions to NeuroHIV. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2201:139-162. [PMID: 32975796 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0884-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use has substantially increased over recent years and remains a major driver of new HIV infections worldwide. Clinical studies indicate that opioids may exacerbate the symptoms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), but the mechanisms underlying opioid-induced cognitive decline remain obscure. We recently reported that the μ-opioid agonist morphine increased neuronal iron levels and levels of ferritin proteins that store iron, suggesting that opioids modulate neuronal iron homeostasis. Additionally, increased iron and ferritin heavy chain protein were necessary for morphine's ability to reduce the density of thin and mushroom dendritic spines in cortical neurons, which are considered critical mediators of learning and memory, respectively. As altered iron homeostasis has been reported in HAND and related neurocognitive disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease, understanding how opioids regulate neuronal iron metabolism may help identify novel drug targets in HAND with potential relevance to these other neurocognitive disorders. Here, we review the known mechanisms of opioid-mediated regulation of neuronal iron and corresponding cellular responses and discuss the implications of these findings for patients with HAND. Furthermore, we discuss a new molecular approach that can be used to understand if opioid modulation of iron affects the expression and processing of amyloid precursor protein and the contributions of this pathway to HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Nash
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena Irollo
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renato Brandimarti
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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169
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Breitinger U, Farag NS, Ali NKM, Ahmed M, El-Azizi MA, Breitinger HG. Cell viability assay as a tool to study activity and inhibition of hepatitis C p7 channels. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33709903 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p7 viroporin of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) forms an intracellular proton-conducting transmembrane channel in virus-infected cells, shunting the pH of intracellular compartments and thus helping virus assembly and release. This activity is essential for virus infectivity, making viroporins an attractive target for drug development. The protein sequence and drug sensitivity of p7 vary between the seven major genotypes of the hepatitis C virus, but the essential channel activity is preserved. Here, we investigated the effect of several inhibitors on recombinant HCV p7 channels corresponding to genotypes 1a-b, 2a-b, 3a and 4a using patch-clamp electrophysiology and cell-based assays. We established a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-based cell viability assay for recombinant p7 expressed in HEK293 cells to assess channel activity and its sensitivity to inhibitors. The results from the cell viability assay were consistent with control measurements using established assays of haemadsorption and intracellular pH, and agreed with data from patch-clamp electrophysiology. Hexamethylene amiloride (HMA) was the most potent inhibitor of p7 activity, but possessed cytotoxic activity at higher concentrations. Rimantadine was active against p7 of all genotypes, while amantadine activity was genotype-dependent. The alkyl-chain iminosugars NB-DNJ, NN-DNJ and NN-DGJ were tested and their activity was found to be genotype-specific. In the current study, we introduce cell viability assays as a rapid and cost-efficient technique to assess viroporin activity and identify channel inhibitors as potential novel antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha S Farag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nourhan K M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ahmed
- Present address: Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, D-07745, Jena, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Azizi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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170
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Wu K, Seylani A, Wu J, Wu X, Bleck CK, Sack MN. BLOC1S1/GCN5L1/BORCS1 is a critical mediator for the initiation of autolysosomal tubulation. Autophagy 2021; 17:3707-3724. [DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1894759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Allen Seylani
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jing Wu
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Light Microscopy Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Christopher K.E Bleck
- Electron Microcopy Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Michael N Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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171
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Chadwick SR, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. From the inside out: Ion fluxes at the centre of endocytic traffic. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 71:77-86. [PMID: 33706237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endocytic traffic is a complex and elegant operation involving cargo sorting, membrane budding and tubulation, generation of force, and the formation of organellar contacts. The role of specific proteins and lipids in these processes has been studied extensively. By comparison, precious little is understood about the contribution of the endocytic fluid to these events, despite much evidence that alteration of the contents can severely affect membrane traffic along the endocytic pathway. In particular, it has long been appreciated that dissipation of ionic gradients arrests endosome-to-lysosome maturation. How cells sense inorganic ions and transmit this information have remained largely enigmatic. Herein, we review the experimental findings that reveal an intimate association between luminal ions, their transport, and endocytic traffic. We then discuss the ionic sensors and the mechanisms proposed to convert ion concentrations into protein-based trafficking events, highlighting the current paucity of convincing explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Chadwick
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
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172
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Zhao Z, Qin P, Huang YW. Lysosomal ion channels involved in cellular entry and uncoating of enveloped viruses: Implications for therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102360. [PMID: 33516131 PMCID: PMC7825922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are necessary for correct lysosomal function including degradation of cargoes originating from endocytosis. Almost all enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses (CoVs), enter host cells via endocytosis, and do not escape endosomal compartments into the cytoplasm (via fusion with the endolysosomal membrane) unless the virus-encoded envelope proteins are cleaved by lysosomal proteases. With the ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, endolysosomal two-pore channels represent an exciting and emerging target for antiviral therapies. This review focuses on the latest knowledge of the effects of lysosomal ion channels on the cellular entry and uncoating of enveloped viruses, which may aid in development of novel therapies against emerging infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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173
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Machado ER, Annunziata I, van de Vlekkert D, Grosveld GC, d’Azzo A. Lysosomes and Cancer Progression: A Malignant Liaison. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642494. [PMID: 33718382 PMCID: PMC7952443 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During primary tumorigenesis isolated cancer cells may undergo genetic or epigenetic changes that render them responsive to additional intrinsic or extrinsic cues, so that they enter a transitional state and eventually acquire an aggressive, metastatic phenotype. Among these changes is the alteration of the cell metabolic/catabolic machinery that creates the most permissive conditions for invasion, dissemination, and survival. The lysosomal system has emerged as a crucial player in this malignant transformation, making this system a potential therapeutic target in cancer. By virtue of their ubiquitous distribution in mammalian cells, their multifaced activities that control catabolic and anabolic processes, and their interplay with other organelles and the plasma membrane (PM), lysosomes function as platforms for inter- and intracellular communication. This is due to their capacity to adapt and sense nutrient availability, to spatially segregate specific functions depending on their position, to fuse with other compartments and with the PM, and to engage in membrane contact sites (MCS) with other organelles. Here we review the latest advances in our understanding of the role of the lysosomal system in cancer progression. We focus on how changes in lysosomal nutrient sensing, as well as lysosomal positioning, exocytosis, and fusion perturb the communication between tumor cells themselves and between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Finally, we describe the potential impact of MCS between lysosomes and other organelles in propelling cancer growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda R. Machado
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ida Annunziata
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | - Gerard C. Grosveld
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Alessandra d’Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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174
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Laopanupong T, Prombutara P, Kanjanasirirat P, Benjaskulluecha S, Boonmee A, Palaga T, Méresse S, Paha J, Siregar TAP, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Chaiprasert A, Utaisincharoen P, Ponpuak M. Lysosome repositioning as an autophagy escape mechanism by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4342. [PMID: 33619301 PMCID: PMC7900199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of host cell autophagy by starvation was shown to enhance lysosomal delivery to mycobacterial phagosomes, resulting in the restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reference strain H37Rv. Our previous study showed that strains belonging to M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype resisted starvation-induced autophagic elimination but the factors involved remained unclear. Here, we conducted RNA-Seq of macrophages infected with the autophagy-resistant Beijing strain (BJN) compared to macrophages infected with H37Rv upon autophagy induction by starvation. Results identified several genes uniquely upregulated in BJN-infected macrophages but not in H37Rv-infected cells, including those encoding Kxd1 and Plekhm2, which function in lysosome positioning towards the cell periphery. Unlike H37Rv, BJN suppressed enhanced lysosome positioning towards the perinuclear region and lysosomal delivery to its phagosome upon autophagy induction by starvation, while depletion of Kxd1 and Plekhm2 reverted such effects, resulting in restriction of BJN intracellular survival upon autophagy induction by starvation. Taken together, these data indicated that Kxd1 and Plekhm2 are important for the BJN strain to suppress lysosome positioning towards the perinuclear region and lysosomal delivery into its phagosome during autophagy induction by starvation to evade starvation-induced autophagic restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanida Laopanupong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Salisa Benjaskulluecha
- Inter-Disciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atsadang Boonmee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Inter-Disciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jiraporn Paha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Utaisincharoen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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175
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Turman JM, Cheplowitz AM, Tiwari C, Thomas T, Joshi D, Bhat M, Wu Q, Pong E, Chu SY, Szymkowski DE, Sharma A, Seveau S, Robinson JM, Kwiek JJ, Burton D, Rajaram MVS, Kim J, Hangartner L, Ganesan LP. Accelerated Clearance and Degradation of Cell-Free HIV by Neutralizing Antibodies Occurs via FcγRIIb on Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells by Endocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1284-1296. [PMID: 33568400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing Abs suppress HIV infection by accelerating viral clearance from blood circulation in addition to neutralization. The elimination mechanism is largely unknown. We determined that human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) express FcγRIIb as the lone Fcγ receptor, and using humanized FcγRIIb mouse, we found that Ab-opsonized HIV pseudoviruses were cleared considerably faster from circulation than HIV by LSEC FcγRIIb. Compared with humanized FcγRIIb-expressing mice, HIV clearance was significantly slower in FcγRIIb knockout mice. Interestingly, a pentamix of neutralizing Abs cleared HIV faster compared with hyperimmune anti-HIV Ig (HIVIG), although the HIV Ab/Ag ratio was higher in immune complexes made of HIVIG and HIV than pentamix and HIV. The effector mechanism of LSEC FcγRIIb was identified to be endocytosis. Once endocytosed, both Ab-opsonized HIV pseudoviruses and HIV localized to lysosomes. This suggests that clearance of HIV, endocytosis, and lysosomal trafficking within LSEC occur sequentially and that the clearance rate may influence downstream events. Most importantly, we have identified LSEC FcγRIIb-mediated endocytosis to be the Fc effector mechanism to eliminate cell-free HIV by Abs, which could inform development of HIV vaccine and Ab therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Turman
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Alana M Cheplowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Charu Tiwari
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Thushara Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Dhruvi Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Menakshi Bhat
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | | | | | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Stephanie Seveau
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - John M Robinson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jesse J Kwiek
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Dennis Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Latha P Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
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176
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Halcrow PW, Geiger JD, Chen X. Overcoming Chemoresistance: Altering pH of Cellular Compartments by Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:627639. [PMID: 33634129 PMCID: PMC7900406 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.627639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the anti-cancer effects of chemotherapeutic agents (chemoresistance) is a major issue for people living with cancer and their providers. A diverse set of cellular and inter-organellar signaling changes have been implicated in chemoresistance, but it is still unclear what processes lead to chemoresistance and effective strategies to overcome chemoresistance are lacking. The anti-malaria drugs, chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are being used for the treatment of various cancers and CQ and HCQ are used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to enhance their anti-cancer effects. The widely accepted anti-cancer effect of CQ and HCQ is their ability to inhibit autophagic flux. As diprotic weak bases, CQ and HCQ preferentially accumulate in acidic organelles and neutralize their luminal pH. In addition, CQ and HCQ acidify the cytosolic and extracellular environments; processes implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer. Thus, the anti-cancer effects of CQ and HCQ extend beyond autophagy inhibition. The present review summarizes effects of CQ, HCQ and proton pump inhibitors on pH of various cellular compartments and discuss potential mechanisms underlying their pH-dependent anti-cancer effects. The mechanisms considered here include their ability to de-acidify lysosomes and inhibit autophagosome lysosome fusion, to de-acidify Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles thus affecting secretion, and to acidify cytoplasm thus disturbing aerobic metabolism. Further, we review the ability of these agents to prevent chemotherapeutic drugs from accumulating in acidic organelles and altering their cytosolic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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177
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Yagi M, Toshima T, Amamoto R, Do Y, Hirai H, Setoyama D, Kang D, Uchiumi T. Mitochondrial translation deficiency impairs NAD + -mediated lysosomal acidification. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105268. [PMID: 33528041 PMCID: PMC8047443 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial translation dysfunction is associated with neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Cells eliminate defective mitochondria by the lysosomal machinery via autophagy. The relationship between mitochondrial translation and lysosomal function is unknown. In this study, mitochondrial translation‐deficient hearts from p32‐knockout mice were found to exhibit enlarged lysosomes containing lipofuscin, suggesting impaired lysosome and autolysosome function. These mice also displayed autophagic abnormalities, such as p62 accumulation and LC3 localization around broken mitochondria. The expression of genes encoding for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthetic enzymes—Nmnat3 and Nampt—and NAD+ levels were decreased, suggesting that NAD+ is essential for maintaining lysosomal acidification. Conversely, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) administration or Nmnat3 overexpression rescued lysosomal acidification. Nmnat3 gene expression is suppressed by HIF1α, a transcription factor that is stabilized by mitochondrial translation dysfunction, suggesting that HIF1α‐Nmnat3‐mediated NAD+ production is important for lysosomal function. The glycolytic enzymes GAPDH and PGK1 were found associated with lysosomal vesicles, and NAD+ was required for ATP production around lysosomal vesicles. Thus, we conclude that NAD+ content affected by mitochondrial dysfunction is essential for lysosomal maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Yagi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toshima
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rie Amamoto
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yura Do
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruka Hirai
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Setoyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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178
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Exosomes induce endolysosomal permeabilization as a gateway by which exosomal tau seeds escape into the cytosol. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:235-256. [PMID: 33417012 PMCID: PMC7847444 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau has a critical role in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. A proposed pathomechanism in the progression of tauopathies is the trans-synaptic spreading of tau seeds, with a role for exosomes which are secretory nanovesicles generated by late endosomes. Our previous work demonstrated that brain-derived exosomes isolated from tau transgenic rTg4510 mice encapsulate tau seeds with the ability to induce tau aggregation in recipient cells. We had also shown that exosomes can hijack the endosomal pathway to spread through interconnected neurons. Here, we reveal how tau seeds contained within internalized exosomes exploit mechanisms of lysosomal degradation to escape the endosome and induce tau aggregation in the cytosol of HEK293T-derived 'tau biosensor cells'. We found that the majority of the exosome-containing endosomes fused with lysosomes to form endolysosomes. Exosomes induced their permeabilization, irrespective of the presence of tau seeds, or whether the exosomal preparations originated from mouse brains or HEK293T cells. We also found that permeabilization is a conserved mechanism, operating in both non-neuronal tau biosensor cells and primary neurons. However, permeabilization of endolysosomes only occurred in a small fraction of cells, which supports the notion that permeabilization occurs by a thresholded mechanism. Interestingly, tau aggregation was only induced in cells that exhibited permeabilization, presenting this as an escape route of exosomal tau seeds into the cytosol. Overexpression of RAB7, which is required for the formation of endolysosomes, strongly increased tau aggregation. Conversely, inhibition of lysosomal function with alkalinizing agents, or by knocking-down RAB7, decreased tau aggregation. Together, we conclude that the enzymatic activities of lysosomes permeabilize exosomal and endosomal membranes, thereby facilitating access of exosomal tau seeds to cytosolic tau to induce its aggregation. Our data underscore the importance of endosomal membrane integrity in mechanisms of cellular invasion by misfolded proteins that are resistant to lysosomal degradation.
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179
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Chambraud B, Daguinot C, Guillemeau K, Genet M, Dounane O, Meduri G, Poüs C, Baulieu EE, Giustiniani J. Decrease of neuronal FKBP4/FKBP52 modulates perinuclear lysosomal positioning and MAPT/Tau behavior during MAPT/Tau-induced proteotoxic stress. Autophagy 2021; 17:3491-3510. [PMID: 33459145 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1875611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects of autophagy-lysosomal protein degradation are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, and the accumulation of aggregation prone proteins such as MAPT/Tau in Alzheimer disease (AD). We previously showed the localization of the immunophilin FKBP4/FKBP52 in the lysosomal system of healthy human neurons suggesting its possible role in lysosome function. We also showed that decreased FKBP4 levels in AD brain neurons correlate with abnormal MAPT accumulation and aggregation. In this study, we demonstrate that FKBP4 decrease in a human neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y) and in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from human MAPTP301S transgenic mice affected the function of the autophagy-lysosomal system under MAPT induced proteotoxic stress conditions. We show that acute MAPT accumulation in SH-SY5Y cells induced perinuclear clustering of lysosomes, triggered FKBP4 localization around the clusters and its colocalization with MAPT and MAP1LC3/LC3-positive autophagic vesicles; a similar FKBP4 localization was detected in some AD brain neurons. We demonstrate that FKBP4 decrease altered lysosomal clustering along with MAPT and MAP1LC3 secretion increase. Although ectopic FKBP4 expression could not induce autophagy under our experimental conditions, it prevented MAPT secretion after MAPT accumulation in SH-SY5Y cells implying a regulatory role of FKBP4 on MAPT secretion. Finally, we observe that FKBP4 deficiency decreased MAP1LC3-II expression and provoked MAPT accumulation during long-term stress in mouse DRG neurons. We hypothesize that the abnormal FKBP4 decrease observed in AD brain neurons might hinder autophagy efficiency and contribute to the progression of the tauopathy by modulating MAPT secretion and accumulation during MAPT pathogenesis.Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer disease; AKT/protein kinase B: AKT serine/threonine kinase; ALP: Autophagy-lysosomal pathway; ATG: autophagy-related; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CQ: chloroquine; CTSD: cathepsin D; DIV: days in vitro; DRG: dorsal root ganglion neurons; Dox: doxycycline; DNAJC5: DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C5; EL: empty lentiviral vectors; ENO2/NSE: enolase 2, gamma neuronal; FKBP4/FKBP52: FKBP prolyl isomerase 4; FTLD-Tau: frontotemporal lobar degeneration with Tau pathology; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPT/Tau: microtubule associated protein tau; MTT: tetrazolium salt; NFTs: neurofibrillary tangles; RPE-1: retinal pigment epithelial cells; shRNA: small-hairpin ribonucleic acid; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error of the mean; SH-SY5Y: human neuroblastoma cells; Sh1 or Sh2: Lentiviral shRNA vectors inducing FKBP4 decrease; SH-52GFP: MAPT/Tau-inducible SH-SY5Y cell line constitutively expressing FKBP4-GFP; TUBB3/βIII tubulin: tubulin beta 3 class III; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Melanie Genet
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Omar Dounane
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Geri Meduri
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christian Poüs
- INSERM UMR-S-1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Biochimie-Hormonologie , AP-HP Université Paris-Saclay, Site Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
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180
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Johmura Y, Yamanaka T, Omori S, Wang TW, Sugiura Y, Matsumoto M, Suzuki N, Kumamoto S, Yamaguchi K, Hatakeyama S, Takami T, Yamaguchi R, Shimizu E, Ikeda K, Okahashi N, Mikawa R, Suematsu M, Arita M, Sugimoto M, Nakayama KI, Furukawa Y, Imoto S, Nakanishi M. Senolysis by glutaminolysis inhibition ameliorates various age-associated disorders. Science 2021; 371:265-270. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Johmura
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamanaka
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satotaka Omori
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Teh-Wei Wang
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Narumi Suzuki
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kumamoto
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamaguchi
- Clinical Genome Research, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Seira Hatakeyama
- Clinical Genome Research, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Takami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Rui Yamaguchi
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Eigo Shimizu
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okahashi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryuta Mikawa
- Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011, Japan
| | - Masataka Sugimoto
- Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Clinical Genome Research, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Health Intelligence Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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181
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Wong S, Weisman LS. Roles and regulation of myosin V interaction with cargo. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 79:100787. [PMID: 33541831 PMCID: PMC7920922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A major question in cell biology is, how are organelles and large macromolecular complexes transported within a cell? Myosin V molecular motors play critical roles in the distribution of organelles, vesicles, and mRNA. Mis-localization of organelles that depend on myosin V motors underlie diseases in the skin, gut, and brain. Thus, the delivery of organelles to their proper destination is important for animal physiology and cellular function. Cargoes attach to myosin V motors via cargo specific adaptor proteins, which transiently bridge motors to their cargoes. Regulation of these adaptor proteins play key roles in the regulation of cargo transport. Emerging studies reveal that cargo adaptors play additional essential roles in the activation of myosin V, and the regulation of actin filaments. Here, we review how motor-adaptor interactions are controlled to regulate the proper loading and unloading of cargoes, as well as roles of adaptor proteins in the regulation of myosin V activity and the dynamics of actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wong
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lois S Weisman
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
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182
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Wang K, Liu Y, Liu C, Zhu H, Li X, Zhang F, Gao N, Pang X, Sheng W, Zhu B. A simple pyridine-based highly specific fluorescent probe for tracing hypochlorous acid in lysosomes of living cells. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02256c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple pyridine-based highly specific fluorescent probe was constructed to trace hypochlorous acid in lysosomes of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Yilin Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Hanchuang Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Xiwei Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Fenfen Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Xiangming Pang
- Biology Institute
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
- Jinan 250103
- China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
- Jinan 250103
- China
| | - Baocun Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
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183
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Rafiq S, McKenna SL, Muller S, Tschan MP, Humbert M. Lysosomes in acute myeloid leukemia: potential therapeutic targets? Leukemia 2021; 35:2759-2770. [PMID: 34462526 PMCID: PMC8478647 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes, since their discovery, have been primarily known for degrading cellular macromolecules. However, in recent studies, they have begun to emerge as crucial regulators of cell homeostasis. They are at the crossroads of catabolic and anabolic pathways and are intricately involved in cellular trafficking, nutrient signaling, energy metabolism, and immune regulation. Their involvement in such essential cellular functions has renewed clinical interest in targeting the lysosome as a novel way to treat disease, particularly cancer. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive blood cancer with a low survival probability, particularly in older patients. The genomic landscape of AML has been extensively characterized but few targeted therapies (with the exception of differentiation therapy) can achieve a long-term cure. Therefore, there is an unmet need for less intensive and more tolerable therapeutic interventions. In this review, we will give an overview on the myriad of functions performed by lysosomes and their importance in malignant disease. Furthermore, we will discuss their relevance in hematopoietic cells and different ways to potentially target them in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreoshee Rafiq
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Bern, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sharon L. McKenna
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773Cancer Research, UCC, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylviane Muller
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418692.00000 0004 0610 0264CNRS and Strasbourg University Unit Biotechnology and Cell signaling / Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS); Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France ,grid.11843.3f0000 0001 2157 9291University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mario P. Tschan
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Bern, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ,TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magali Humbert
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Bern, Switzerland ,TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, Barcelona, Spain
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184
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Tannert A, Garcia Lopez J, Petkov N, Ivanova A, Peneva K, Neugebauer U. Lysosome-targeting pH indicator based on peri-fused naphthalene monoimide with superior stability for long term live cell imaging. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:112-124. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02208j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal pH is altered in many pathophysiological conditions. We describe synthesis and spectral properties of a new lysosomal fluorescent marker dye suitable for microscopic evaluation of lysosomal distribution and pH changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Tannert
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
| | - Javier Garcia Lopez
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Nikolay Petkov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”
- Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Anela Ivanova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”
- Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Kalina Peneva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
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185
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186
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The ER-embedded UBE2J1/RNF26 ubiquitylation complex exerts spatiotemporal control over the endolysosomal pathway. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108659. [PMID: 33472082 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The endolysosomal system fulfills a wide variety of cellular functions, many of which are modulated through interactions with other organelles. In particular, the ER exerts spatiotemporal constraints on the organization and motility of endosomes and lysosomes. We have recently described the ER transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF26 as a regulator of endolysosomal perinuclear positioning and transport dynamics. Here, we report that the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBE2J1, also anchored in the ER membrane, partners with RNF26 in this context, and that the cellular activity of the resulting E2/E3 pair is localized in a perinuclear ER subdomain and supported by transmembrane interactions. Through modification of SQSTM1/p62 on lysine 435, the ER-embedded UBE2J1/RNF26 ubiquitylation complex recruits endosomal adaptors to immobilize their cognate vesicles in the perinuclear region of the cell. The resulting spatiotemporal compartmentalization promotes the trafficking of activated EGFR to lysosomes and facilitates the termination of EGF-induced AKT signaling.
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187
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Cremer T, Neefjes J, Berlin I. The journey of Ca 2+ through the cell - pulsing through the network of ER membrane contact sites. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/24/jcs249136. [PMID: 33376155 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is the third most abundant metal on earth, and the fundaments of its homeostasis date back to pre-eukaryotic life forms. In higher organisms, Ca2+ serves as a cofactor for a wide array of (enzymatic) interactions in diverse cellular contexts and constitutes the most important signaling entity in excitable cells. To enable responsive behavior, cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations are kept low through sequestration into organellar stores, particularly the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but also mitochondria and lysosomes. Specific triggers are then used to instigate a local release of Ca2+ on demand. Here, communication between organelles comes into play, which is accomplished through intimate yet dynamic contacts, termed membrane contact sites (MCSs). The field of MCS biology in relation to cellular Ca2+ homeostasis has exploded in recent years. Taking advantage of this new wealth of knowledge, in this Review, we invite the reader on a journey of Ca2+ flux through the ER and its associated MCSs. New mechanistic insights and technological advances inform the narrative on Ca2+ acquisition and mobilization at these sites of communication between organelles, and guide the discussion of their consequences for cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cremer
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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188
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Solorio-Rodríguez A, Escamilla-Rivera V, Uribe-Ramírez M, González-Pozos S, Hernández-Soto J, Rafael-Vázquez L, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A. In vitro cytotoxicity study of superparamagnetic iron oxide and silica nanoparticles on pneumocyte organelles. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 72:105071. [PMID: 33352256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation is the main route of nanoparticles (NP) exposure during manufacturing. Although many mechanisms of toxicity have been described, the interaction of NP with relevant pneumocytes organelles is not widely understood. Considering that the physicochemical properties of NP influence their toxicological responses, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether exposure to different NP, crystalline Fe3O4 NP and amorphous SiO2 NP could alter pneumocytes organelles in alveolar epithelial cells. To achieve this goal, cell viability, ultrastructural changes, lysosomal damage, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), lipid droplets (LD) formation and cytokines production were evaluated by MTT, electron microscopy, lysotracker red staining, JC-1, Oil Red staining and Milliplex® assay respectively. Both NP were observed within lamellar bodies (LB), lysosomes, and cytoplasm causing morphological changes. Exposure to SiO2 NP at 6 h induced lysosomal activation, but not Fe3O4 NP. MMP decreased and LD increased at the highest concentrations after both NP exposure. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were released only after SiO2 NP exposure at 48 h. These results indicate that SiO2 NP have a greater impact than Fe3O4 NP on organelles responsible for energy, secretion, degradation and metabolism in pneumocytes leading to the development of respiratory disorders or the exacerbation of preexisting conditions. Therefore, the established biocompatibility for amorphous NP has to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solorio-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - V Escamilla-Rivera
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - M Uribe-Ramírez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S González-Pozos
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica (LanSE), CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J Hernández-Soto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - L Rafael-Vázquez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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189
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Villari G, Enrico Bena C, Del Giudice M, Gioelli N, Sandri C, Camillo C, Fiorio Pla A, Bosia C, Serini G. Distinct retrograde microtubule motor sets drive early and late endosome transport. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103661. [PMID: 33215754 PMCID: PMC7737607 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103661|] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although subcellular positioning of endosomes significantly impacts on their functions, the molecular mechanisms governing the different steady-state distribution of early endosomes (EEs) and late endosomes (LEs)/lysosomes (LYs) in peripheral and perinuclear eukaryotic cell areas, respectively, are still unsolved. We unveil that such differences arise because, while LE retrograde transport depends on the dynein microtubule (MT) motor only, the one of EEs requires the cooperative antagonism of dynein and kinesin-14 KIFC1, a MT minus end-directed motor involved in cancer progression. Mechanistically, the Ser-x-Ile-Pro (SxIP) motif-mediated interaction of the endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) with the MT plus end-binding protein 1 (EB1) promotes its association with the p150Glued subunit of the dynein activator complex dynactin and the distinct location of EEs and LEs/LYs. The peripheral distribution of EEs requires their p150Glued-mediated simultaneous engagement with dynein and SxIP motif-containing KIFC1, via HOOK1 and HOOK3 adaptors, respectively. In sum, we provide evidence that distinct minus end-directed MT motor systems drive the differential transport and subcellular distribution of EEs and LEs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Villari
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino School of MedicineCandioloItaly,Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly
| | - Chiara Enrico Bena
- Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly,IIGM ‐ Italian Institute for Genomic MedicineCandioloItaly,Present address:
Sorbonne UniversitéCNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris‐SeineLaboratoire Jean Perrin (LJP)ParisFrance
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly,IIGM ‐ Italian Institute for Genomic MedicineCandioloItaly
| | - Noemi Gioelli
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino School of MedicineCandioloItaly,Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly
| | - Chiara Sandri
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino School of MedicineCandioloItaly,Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly
| | - Chiara Camillo
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino School of MedicineCandioloItaly,Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly
| | | | - Carla Bosia
- IIGM ‐ Italian Institute for Genomic MedicineCandioloItaly,Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolytechnic of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Guido Serini
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino School of MedicineCandioloItaly,Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly
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190
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Hu M, Carraway KL. Repurposing Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs and Derivatives to Engage Lysosomal Cell Death in Cancer Treatment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:605361. [PMID: 33425762 PMCID: PMC7793984 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.605361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A major confounding issue in the successful treatment of cancer is the existence of tumor cell populations that resist therapeutic agents and regimens. While tremendous effort has gone into understanding the biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance to each traditional and targeted therapeutic, a broader approach to the problem may emerge from the recognition that existing anti-cancer agents elicit their cytotoxic effects almost exclusively through apoptosis. Considering the myriad mechanisms cancer cells employ to subvert apoptotic death, an attractive alternative approach would leverage programmed necrotic mechanisms to side-step therapeutic resistance to apoptosis-inducing agents. Lysosomal cell death (LCD) is a programmed necrotic cell death mechanism that is engaged upon the compromise of the limiting membrane of the lysosome, a process called lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). The release of lysosomal components into the cytosol upon LMP triggers biochemical cascades that lead to plasma membrane rupture and necrotic cell death. Interestingly, the process of cellular transformation appears to render the limiting lysosomal membranes of tumor cells more fragile than non-transformed cells, offering a potential therapeutic window for drug development. Here we outline the concepts of LMP and LCD, and discuss strategies for the development of agents to engage these processes. Importantly, the potential exists for existing cationic amphiphilic drugs such as antidepressants, antibiotics, antiarrhythmics, and diuretics to be repurposed to engage LCD within therapy-resistant tumor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Kermit L. Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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191
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Tancini B, Buratta S, Delo F, Sagini K, Chiaradia E, Pellegrino RM, Emiliani C, Urbanelli L. Lysosomal Exocytosis: The Extracellular Role of an Intracellular Organelle. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E406. [PMID: 33316913 PMCID: PMC7764620 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic cell compartments containing a large set of hydrolytic enzymes. These lysosomal hydrolases degrade proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids into their constituents. Materials to be degraded can reach lysosomes either from inside the cell, by autophagy, or from outside the cell, by different forms of endocytosis. In addition to their degradative functions, lysosomes are also able to extracellularly release their contents by lysosomal exocytosis. These organelles move from the perinuclear region along microtubules towards the proximity of the plasma membrane, then the lysosomal and plasma membrane fuse together via a Ca2+-dependent process. The fusion of the lysosomal membrane with plasma membrane plays an important role in plasma membrane repair, while the secretion of lysosomal content is relevant for the remodelling of extracellular matrix and release of functional substrates. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, share as a pathological feature the accumulation of undigested material within organelles of the endolysosomal system. Recent studies suggest that lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of these unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination. However, many details of the molecular machinery required for lysosomal exocytosis are only beginning to be unravelled. Here, we are going to review the current literature on molecular mechanisms and biological functions underlying lysosomal exocytosis, to shed light on the potential of lysosomal exocytosis stimulation as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Tancini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Sandra Buratta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Federica Delo
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Chiaradia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Roberto Maria Pellegrino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
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192
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Gowrishankar S, Cologna SM, Givogri MI, Bongarzone ER. Deregulation of signalling in genetic conditions affecting the lysosomal metabolism of cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105142. [PMID: 33080336 PMCID: PMC8862610 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of lipids in neuroglial function is gaining momentum in part due to a better understanding of how many lipid species contribute to key cellular signalling pathways at the membrane level. The description of lipid rafts as membrane domains composed by defined classes of lipids such as cholesterol and sphingolipids has greatly helped in our understanding of how cellular signalling can be regulated and compartmentalized in neurons and glial cells. Genetic conditions affecting the metabolism of these lipids greatly impact on how some of these signalling pathways work, providing a context to understand the biological function of the lipid. Expectedly, abnormal metabolism of several lipids such as cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids observed in several metabolic conditions involving lysosomal dysfunction are often accompanied by neuronal and myelin dysfunction. This review will discuss the role of lysosomal biology in the context of deficiencies in the metabolism of cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids and their impact on neural function in three genetic disorders: Niemann-Pick type C, Metachromatic leukodystrophy and Krabbe's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gowrishankar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - S M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - M I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - E R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
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193
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Morris G, Athan E, Walder K, Bortolasci CC, O'Neil A, Marx W, Berk M, Carvalho AF, Maes M, Puri BK. Can endolysosomal deacidification and inhibition of autophagy prevent severe COVID-19? Life Sci 2020; 262:118541. [PMID: 33035581 PMCID: PMC7537668 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The possibility is examined that immunomodulatory pharmacotherapy may be clinically useful in managing the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), known to result from infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. The dominant route of cell entry of the coronavirus is via phagocytosis, with ensconcement in endosomes thereafter proceeding via the endosomal pathway, involving transfer from early (EEs) to late endosomes (LEs) and ultimately into lysosomes via endolysosomal fusion. EE to LE transportation is a rate-limiting step for coronaviruses. Hence inhibition or dysregulation of endosomal trafficking could potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. Furthermore, the acidic luminal pH of the endolysosomal system is critical for the activity of numerous pH-sensitive hydrolytic enzymes. Golgi sub-compartments and Golgi-derived secretory vesicles also depend on being mildly acidic for optimal function and structure. Activation of endosomal toll-like receptors by viral RNA can upregulate inflammatory mediators and contribute to a systemic inflammatory cytokine storm, associated with a worsened clinical outcome in COVID-19. Such endosomal toll-like receptors could be inhibited by the use of pharmacological agents which increase endosomal pH, thereby reducing the activity of acid-dependent endosomal proteases required for their activity and/or assembly, leading to suppression of antigen-presenting cell activity, decreased autoantibody secretion, decreased nuclear factor-kappa B activity and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. It is also noteworthy that SARS-CoV-2 inhibits autophagy, predisposing infected cells to apoptosis. It is therefore also suggested that further pharmacological inhibition of autophagy might encourage the apoptotic clearance of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eugene Athan
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Disease, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wolf Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry, the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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194
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Krishnan Y, Zou J, Jani MS. Quantitative Imaging of Biochemistry in Situ and at the Nanoscale. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1938-1954. [PMID: 33274271 PMCID: PMC7706076 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical reactions in eukaryotic cells occur in subcellular, membrane-bound compartments called organelles. Each kind of organelle is characterized by a unique lumenal chemical composition whose stringent regulation is vital to proper organelle function. Disruption of the lumenal ionic content of organelles is inextricably linked to disease. Despite their vital roles in cellular homeostasis, there are large gaps in our knowledge of organellar chemical composition largely from a lack of suitable probes. In this Outlook, we describe how, using organelle-targeted ratiometric probes, one can quantitatively image the lumenal chemical composition and biochemical activity inside organelles. We discuss how excellent fluorescent detection chemistries applied largely to the cytosol may be expanded to study organelles by chemical imaging at subcellular resolution in live cells. DNA-based reporters are a new and versatile platform to enable such approaches because the resultant probes have precise ratiometry and accurate subcellular targeting and are able to map multiple chemicals simultaneously. Quantitatively mapping lumenal ions and biochemical activity can drive the discovery of new biology and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junyi Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Grossman Institute of Neuroscience,
Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Maulik S. Jani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Grossman Institute of Neuroscience,
Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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195
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Webb BA, Aloisio FM, Charafeddine RA, Cook J, Wittmann T, Barber DL. pHLARE: a new biosensor reveals decreased lysosome pH in cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 32:131-142. [PMID: 33237838 PMCID: PMC8120692 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many lysosome functions are determined by a lumenal pH of ∼5.0, including the activity of resident acid-activated hydrolases. Lysosome pH (pHlys) is often increased in neurodegenerative disorders and predicted to be decreased in cancers, making it a potential target for therapeutics to limit the progression of these diseases. Accurately measuring pHlys, however, is limited by currently used dyes that accumulate in multiple intracellular compartments and cannot be propagated in clonal cells for longitudinal studies or used for in vivo determinations. To resolve this limitation, we developed a genetically encoded ratiometric pHlys biosensor, pHLARE (pHLysosomal Activity REporter), which localizes predominantly in lysosomes, has a dynamic range of pH 4.0 to 6.5, and can be stably expressed in cells. Using pHLARE we show decreased pHlys with inhibiting activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Also, cancer cells from different tissue origins have a lower pHlys than untransformed cells, and stably expressing oncogenic RasV12 in untransformed cells is sufficient to decrease pHlys. pHLARE is a new tool to accurately measure pHlys for improved understanding of lysosome dynamics, which is increasingly considered a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Webb
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
| | - Francesca M Aloisio
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
| | - Rabab A Charafeddine
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
| | - Jessica Cook
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
| | - Torsten Wittmann
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
| | - Diane L Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
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196
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Villari G, Enrico Bena C, Del Giudice M, Gioelli N, Sandri C, Camillo C, Fiorio Pla A, Bosia C, Serini G. Distinct retrograde microtubule motor sets drive early and late endosome transport. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103661. [PMID: 33215754 PMCID: PMC7737607 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although subcellular positioning of endosomes significantly impacts on their functions, the molecular mechanisms governing the different steady‐state distribution of early endosomes (EEs) and late endosomes (LEs)/lysosomes (LYs) in peripheral and perinuclear eukaryotic cell areas, respectively, are still unsolved. We unveil that such differences arise because, while LE retrograde transport depends on the dynein microtubule (MT) motor only, the one of EEs requires the cooperative antagonism of dynein and kinesin‐14 KIFC1, a MT minus end‐directed motor involved in cancer progression. Mechanistically, the Ser‐x‐Ile‐Pro (SxIP) motif‐mediated interaction of the endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) with the MT plus end‐binding protein 1 (EB1) promotes its association with the p150Glued subunit of the dynein activator complex dynactin and the distinct location of EEs and LEs/LYs. The peripheral distribution of EEs requires their p150Glued‐mediated simultaneous engagement with dynein and SxIP motif‐containing KIFC1, via HOOK1 and HOOK3 adaptors, respectively. In sum, we provide evidence that distinct minus end‐directed MT motor systems drive the differential transport and subcellular distribution of EEs and LEs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Villari
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Enrico Bena
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy.,IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy.,IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Noemi Gioelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Sandri
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Camillo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Bosia
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
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197
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Zhang I, Lépine P, Han C, Lacalle-Aurioles M, Chen CXQ, Haag R, Durcan TM, Maysinger D. Nanotherapeutic Modulation of Human Neural Cells and Glioblastoma in Organoids and Monocultures. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112434. [PMID: 33171886 PMCID: PMC7695149 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes in the brain are orchestrated by microglia and astrocytes in response to activators such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, danger-associated molecular patterns and some nanostructures. Microglia are the primary immune responders in the brain and initiate responses amplified by astrocytes through intercellular signaling. Intercellular communication between neural cells can be studied in cerebral organoids, co-cultures or in vivo. We used human cerebral organoids and glioblastoma co-cultures to study glia modulation by dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS). dPGS is an extensively studied nanostructure with inherent anti-inflammatory properties. Under inflammatory conditions, lipocalin-2 levels in astrocytes are markedly increased and indirectly enhanced by soluble factors released from hyperactive microglia. dPGS is an effective anti-inflammatory modulator of these markers. Our results show that dPGS can enter neural cells in cerebral organoids and glial cells in monocultures in a time-dependent manner. dPGS markedly reduces lipocalin-2 abundance in the neural cells. Glioblastoma tumoroids of astrocytic origin respond to activated microglia with enhanced invasiveness, whereas conditioned media from dPGS-treated microglia reduce tumoroid invasiveness. Considering that many nanostructures have only been tested in cancer cells and rodent models, experiments in human 3D cerebral organoids and co-cultures are complementary in vitro models to evaluate nanotherapeutics in the pre-clinical setting. Thoroughly characterized organoids and standardized procedures for their preparation are prerequisites to gain information of translational value in nanomedicine. This study provides data for a well-characterized dendrimer (dPGS) that modulates the activation state of human microglia implicated in brain tumor invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada;
| | - Paula Lépine
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (P.L.); (C.H.); (M.L.-A.); (C.X.-Q.C.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Chanshuai Han
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (P.L.); (C.H.); (M.L.-A.); (C.X.-Q.C.); (T.M.D.)
| | - María Lacalle-Aurioles
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (P.L.); (C.H.); (M.L.-A.); (C.X.-Q.C.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Carol X.-Q. Chen
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (P.L.); (C.H.); (M.L.-A.); (C.X.-Q.C.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Thomas M. Durcan
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (P.L.); (C.H.); (M.L.-A.); (C.X.-Q.C.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-398-1264
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198
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Chatterjee D, Priyadarshini P, Das DK, Mushtaq K, Singh B, Agrewala JN. Deciphering the Structural Enigma of HLA Class-II Binding Peptides for Enhanced Immunoinformatics-based Prediction of Vaccine Epitopes. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4655-4669. [PMID: 33103906 PMCID: PMC7640962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines remain the most efficacious means to avoid and eliminate morbid diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Clinical trials indicate the gaining impetus of peptide vaccines against diseases for which an effective treatment still remains obscure. CD4 T-cell-based peptide vaccines involve immunization with antigenic determinants from pathogens or neoplastic cells that possess the ability to elicit a robust T helper cell response, which subsequently activates other arms of the immune system. The available in silico predictors of human leukocyte antigen II (HLA-II) binding peptides are sequence-based techniques, which ostensibly have balanced sensitivity and specificity. Structural analysis and understanding of the cognate peptide and HLA-II interactions are essential to empirically derive a successful peptide vaccine. However, the availability of structure-based epitope prediction algorithms is inadequate compared with sequence-based prediction methods. The present study is an attempt to understand the structural aspects of HLA-II binders by analyzing the Protein Data Bank (PDB) complexes of pHLA-II. Furthermore, we mimic the peptide exchange mechanism and demonstrate the structural implication of an acidic environment on HLA-II binders. Finally, we discuss a structure-guided approach to decipher potential HLA-II binders within an antigenic protein. This strategy may accurately predict the peptide epitopes and thus aid in designing successful peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepyan Chatterjee
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Pragya Priyadarshini
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Deepjyoti K. Das
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Khurram Mushtaq
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Balvinder Singh
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Javed N. Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, India
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199
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LRRC8 family proteins within lysosomes regulate cellular osmoregulation and enhance cell survival to multiple physiological stresses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29155-29165. [PMID: 33139539 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016539117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
LRRC8 family proteins on the plasma membrane play a critical role in cellular osmoregulation by forming volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) necessary to prevent necrotic cell death. We demonstrate that intracellular LRRC8 proteins acting within lysosomes also play an essential role in cellular osmoregulation. LRRC8 proteins on lysosome membranes generate large lysosomal volume-regulated anion channel (Lyso-VRAC) currents in response to low cytoplasmic ionic strength conditions. When a double-leucine L706L707 motif at the C terminus of LRRC8A was mutated to alanines, normal plasma membrane VRAC currents were still observed, but Lyso-VRAC currents were absent. We used this targeting mutant, as well as pharmacological tools, to demonstrate that Lyso-VRAC currents are necessary for the formation of large lysosome-derived vacuoles, which store and then expel excess water to maintain cytosolic water homeostasis. Thus, Lyso-VRACs allow lysosomes of mammalian cells to act as the cell`s "bladder." When Lyso-VRAC current was selectively eliminated, the extent of necrotic cell death to sustained stress was greatly increased, not only in response to hypoosmotic stress, but also to hypoxic and hypothermic stresses. Thus Lyso-VRACs play an essential role in enabling cells to mount successful homeostatic responses to multiple stressors.
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200
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Long M, McWilliams TG. Monitoring autophagy in cancer: From bench to bedside. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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