151
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Morin A, Shepperd CJ, Eldridge AC, Poirier N, Voisine R. Estimation and correlation of cigarette smoke exposure in Canadian smokers as determined by filter analysis and biomarkers of exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:S3-12. [PMID: 20937342 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A clinical study conducted in Canada compared two methods of estimating exposure to cigarette smoke in 192 volunteer subjects: 43 smokers of 4-6 mg, 49 of 8-12 mg and 50 of 14-15 mg ISO tar yield cigarettes and 50 non-smokers. Estimates of mouth level exposure (MLE) to nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), pyrene and acrolein were obtained by chemical analysis of spent cigarette filters. Estimates of smoke constituent uptake were achieved by analysis of urinary biomarkers for total nicotine equivalents (nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine plus their glucuronide conjugates), NNK (total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) plus glucuronide), pyrene (1-hydroxy pyrene plus glucuronide) and acrolein (3-hydroxylpropyl-mercapturic acid) plus the nicotine metabolite cotinine in plasma and saliva. The objective of our study was to confirm the correlations between measures of human exposure obtained by filter analysis and biomarkers. Significant correlations (p<0.001) were found between MLE and the relevant biomarker for each smoke constituent. The adjusted values of the Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were 0.80 (nicotine), 0.77 (acrolein) and 0.44 (pyrene). NNK correlations could not be obtained because of the low NNK yield of Canadian cigarettes. Unexpectedly high levels of acrolein biomarker found in non-smokers urine on one of the two days sampled emphasised the need for more than one sampling occasion per period and an awareness of non-tobacco sources of smoke constituents under investigation. No consistent dose response, in line with ISO tar yield smoked, of MLE estimates was found for nicotine, pyrene and acrolein and respective biomarkers. The influence of demographics on our results has also been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Morin
- Imperial Tobacco Canada Limited, Montreal, Canada.
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152
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Izumi K, Zheng Y, Hsu JW, Chang C, Miyamoto H. Androgen receptor signals regulate UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in the urinary bladder: A potential mechanism of androgen-induced bladder carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2011; 52:94-102. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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153
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Li Z, Sjödin A, Romanoff LC, Horton K, Fitzgerald CL, Eppler A, Aguilar-Villalobos M, Naeher LP. Evaluation of exposure reduction to indoor air pollution in stove intervention projects in Peru by urinary biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:1157-63. [PMID: 21524795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Burning biomass fuels such as wood on indoor open-pit stoves is common in developing regions. In such settings, exposure to harmful combustion products such as fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), carbon monoxide (CO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is of concern. We aimed to investigate if the replacement of open pit stoves by improved stoves equipped with a chimney would significantly reduce exposure to PAHs, PM(2.5) and CO. Two stove projects were evaluated in Peru. Program A was part of the Juntos National Program in which households built their own stoves using materials provided. In Program B, Barrick Gold Corporation hired a company to produce and install the stoves locally. A total of 30 and 27 homes participated in Program A and B, respectively. We collected personal and kitchen air samples, as well as morning urine samples from women tasked with cooking in the households before and after the installation of the improved stoves. Median levels of PM(2.5) and CO were significantly reduced in kitchen and personal air samples by 47-74% after the installation of the new stoves, while the median reduction of 10 urinary hydroxylate PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs) was 19%-52%. The observed OH-PAH concentration in this study was comparable or higher than the 95th percentile of the general U.S. population, even after the stove intervention, indicating a high overall exposure in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mail Stop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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154
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Riojas-Rodriguez H, Schilmann A, Marron-Mares AT, Masera O, Li Z, Romanoff L, Sjödin A, Rojas-Bracho L, Needham LL, Romieu I. Impact of the improved patsari biomass stove on urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers and carbon monoxide exposures in rural Mexican women. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1301-7. [PMID: 21622083 PMCID: PMC3230393 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cooking with biomass fuels on open fires results in exposure to health-damaging pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and particulate matter. OBJECTIVE We compared CO exposures and urinary PAH biomarkers pre- and postintervention with an improved biomass stove, the Patsari stove. METHODS In a subsample of 63 women participating in a randomized controlled trial in central Mexico, we measured personal CO exposure for 8 hr during the day using continuous monitors and passive samplers. In addition, first-morning urine samples obtained the next day were analyzed for monohydroxylated PAH metabolites by gas chromatography/isotope dilution/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Exposure data were collected during the use of an open fire (preintervention) and after installation of the improved stove (postintervention) for 47 women, enabling paired comparisons. RESULTS Median pre- and postintervention values were 4 and 1 ppm for continuous personal CO and 3 and 1 ppm for passive sampler CO, respectively. Postintervention measurements indicated an average reduction of 42% for hydroxylated metabolites of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene on a whole-weight concentration basis (micrograms per liter of urine), and a 34% reduction on a creatinine-adjusted basis (micrograms per gram of creatinine). Pre- and postintervention geometric mean values for 1-hydroxypyrene were 3.2 and 2.0 μg/g creatinine, respectively. CONCLUSION Use of the Patsari stove significantly reduced CO and PAH exposures in women. However, levels of many PAH biomarkers remained higher than those reported among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Riojas-Rodriguez
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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155
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Turesky RJ, Le Marchand L. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1169-214. [PMID: 21688801 PMCID: PMC3156293 DOI: 10.1021/tx200135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites reported a positive association between cancer risk and well-done meat consumption, although some studies have shown no associations between well-done meat and cancer risk. A major limiting factor in most epidemiological studies is the uncertainty in quantitative estimates of chronic exposure to HAAs, and thus, the association of HAAs formed in cooked meat and cancer risk has been difficult to establish. There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemioIogy studies. In this review, we highlight and contrast the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed. The biochemical properties and the impact of polymorphisms of the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on the biological effects of these chemicals are examined. Lastly, the analytical approaches that have been successfully employed to biomonitor aromatic amines and HAAs, and emerging biomarkers of HAAs that may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
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156
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McAdam KG, Gregg EO, Liu C, Dittrich DJ, Duke MG, Proctor CJ. The use of a novel tobacco-substitute sheet and smoke dilution to reduce toxicant yields in cigarette smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1684-96. [PMID: 21501648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Institute of Medicine encouraged the pursuit and development of potential reduced-exposure products, tobacco products that substantially reduce exposure to one or more tobacco toxicants and can reasonably be expected to reduce the risk of one or more specific diseases or other adverse health effects. One approach to reducing smoke toxicant yields is to dilute the smoke with glycerol. We report chemical, biological and human exposure data related to experimental cigarettes containing up to 60% of a novel glycerol containing "tobacco-substitute" sheet. Analysis of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes showed reductions in yields of most measured constituents, other than some volatile species. In vitro toxicological tests showed reductions in the activity of smoke particulates in proportion to their glycerol content. Human exposure to nicotine was reduced by a mean of 18% as determined by filter studies and by 14% using 24h urinary biomarker analysis. Smoke particulate exposures were reduced by a mean of 29% in filter studies and NNK exposure by similar amounts based on urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol concentrations. These results show that reducing exposure to some smoke toxicants is possible using a tobacco-substitute sheet, although some smoke toxicants, and the sensory attributes of the smoke, remain as technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G McAdam
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
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157
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Nilsson R. The molecular basis for induction of human cancers by tobacco specific nitrosamines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:268-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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158
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Chang X, Ravi R, Pham V, Bedi A, Chatterjee A, Sidransky D. Adenylate kinase 3 sensitizes cells to cigarette smoke condensate vapor induced cisplatin resistance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20806. [PMID: 21698293 PMCID: PMC3115955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major established etiologic risk factor for bladder cancer is cigarette smoking and one of the major antineoplastic agents used for the treatment of advanced bladder cancer is cisplatin. A number of reports have suggested that cancer patients who smoke while receiving treatment have lower rates of response and decreased efficacy of cancer therapies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we investigated the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) vapor on cisplatin toxicity in urothelial cell lines SV-HUC-1 and SCaBER cells. We showed that chronic exposure to CSC vapor induced cisplatin resistance in both cell lines. In addition, we found that the expression of mitochondrial-resident protein adenylate kinase-3 (AK3) is decreased by CSC vapor. We further observed that chronic CSC vapor-exposed cells displayed decreased cellular sensitivity to cisplatin, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased basal cellular ROS levels compared to unexposed cells. Re-expression of AK3 in CSC vapor-exposed cells restored cellular sensitivity to cisplatin. Finally, CSC vapor increased the growth of the tumors and also curtail the response of tumor cells to cisplatin chemotherapy in vivo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The current study provides evidence that chronic CSC vapor exposure affects AK3 expression and renders the cells resistant to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rajani Ravi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vui Pham
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Atul Bedi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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159
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Wang H, Koshizaki N, Li L, Jia L, Kawaguchi K, Li X, Pyatenko A, Swiatkowska-Warkocka Z, Bando Y, Golberg D. Size-tailored ZnO submicrometer spheres: bottom-up construction, size-related optical extinction, and selective aniline trapping. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1865-1870. [PMID: 21413086 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Wang
- Nanosystem Research Institute (NRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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160
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Thomas JL, Guo H, Carmella SG, Balbo S, Han S, Davis A, Yoder A, Murphy SE, An LC, Ahluwalia JS, Hecht SS. Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in children exposed to secondhand or thirdhand tobacco smoke in their homes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1213-21. [PMID: 21467230 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) inhale the lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) which is metabolized to NNAL and its glucuroniders. These urinary metabolites, termed total NNAL, can be quantified. A related compound, iso-NNAL, has been proposed as a biomarker for exposure to smoke constituent residues on surfaces (thirdhand tobacco smoke). There is limited information in the literature on levels of total NNAL in children exposed to SHS. METHODS We recruited 79 parent--child dyads from homes where the enrolled parent was a cigarette smoker and visited their homes. Parents were asked questions, home ambient air quality was evaluated, and children provided urine samples. Urine was analyzed for total NNAL, total cotinine, total nicotine, and iso-NNAL. RESULTS Ninety percent of the children had detectable total NNAL in urine; total nicotine and total cotinine were also detected in most samples. There were significant positive relationships between biomarker levels and exposure of children in the home. Levels were highest in homes with no smoking restrictions. African American children had significantly higher levels than other children. iso-NNAL was not detected in any urine sample. CONCLUSIONS There was nearly universal exposure of children to the lung carcinogen NNK, due mainly to exposure to SHS from adult smokers in their homes. IMPACT Homes with adult smokers should adopt restrictions to protect their children from exposure to a potent lung carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Thomas
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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161
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162
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Rangiah K, Hwang WT, Mesaros C, Vachani A, Blair IA. Nicotine exposure and metabolizer phenotypes from analysis of urinary nicotine and its 15 metabolites by LC-MS. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:745-61. [PMID: 21452992 PMCID: PMC3134267 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Smokers who inhale less deeply are exposed to lower amounts of the toxic substances present in tobacco smoke. In order to more rigorously assess tobacco smoke exposure, it is necessary to have an accurate method for quantifying nicotine and all of its known metabolites. METHODS A stable-isotope dilution LC-MRM/MS assay has been developed for quantification of urinary nicotine and the 15 possible metabolites that could arise from known metabolic pathways. Nicotine, cotinine, trans-3´-hydroxy-cotinine, nicotine-N-oxide, cotinine-N-oxide, nornicotine, norcotinine and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid were quantified by direct analysis. The corresponding glucuronide metabolites were quantified after urine hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. RESULTS Nicotine and all 15 nicotine metabolites were quantified by LC-MRM/MS in most urine samples from 61 tobacco smokers. Urinary nicotine and metabolite concentrations ranged from 7.9 to 337.8 µM (mean 75.5 ± 67.8 µM). Three nicotine metabolizer phenotypes were established as reduced metabolizers (ratio < 8), normal metabolizers (ratio 8-30), and extensive metabolizers (ratio > 30). 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid, which has not been quantified previously, was an abundant metabolite in all three phenotypes. CONCLUSION Using this assay it will now be possible to determine whether there are relationships between nicotine exposure and/or metabolizer phenotype with exposure to toxic substances that are present in tobacco smoke and/or to biological response biomarkers to tobacco smoking. This will help in identifying individuals at high risk for developing smoking-related diseases as well as those amenable to smoking cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Rangiah
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Anil Vachani
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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163
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Epigenetic effects and molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by cigarette smoke: an overview. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:654931. [PMID: 21559255 PMCID: PMC3087891 DOI: 10.1155/2011/654931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the major causes of carcinogenesis. Direct genotoxicity induced by cigarette smoke leads to initiation of carcinogenesis. Nongenotoxic (epigenetic) effects of cigarette smoke also act as modulators altering cellular functions. These two effects underlie the mechanisms of tumor promotion and progression. While there is no lack of general reviews on the genotoxic and carcinogenic potentials of cigarette smoke in lung carcinogenesis, updated review on the epigenetic effects and molecular mechanisms of cigarette smoke and carcinogenesis, not limited to lung, is lacking. We are presenting a comprehensive review of recent investigations on cigarette smoke, with special attentions to nicotine, NNK, and PAHs. The current understanding on their molecular mechanisms include (1) receptors, (2) cell cycle regulators, (3) signaling pathways, (4) apoptosis mediators, (5) angiogenic factors, and (6) invasive and metastasis mediators. This review highlighted the complexity biological responses to cigarette smoke components and their involvements in tumorigenesis.
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164
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Xia Y, Bernert JT, Jain RB, Ashley DL, Pirkle JL. Tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in smokers in the United States: NHANES 2007-2008. Biomarkers 2011; 16:112-9. [PMID: 21114376 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.533288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), has been measured in urine samples from all participants aged 6 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Participants with a serum cotinine concentration of ≥ 10 ng/mL were identified as tobacco users, primarily cigarette smokers. Regression models were developed to calculate geometric mean NNAL concentrations adjusted for serum cotinine, urinary creatinine, cigarettes per day, and Federal Trade Commission tar values of the cigarettes smoked. Significant differences were found by gender (p=0.003) and race/ethnicity (p=0.022 for non-Hispanic white versus non-Hispanic black smokers), but not by menthol type of the cigarettes. Females and non-Hispanic white smokers had the highest adjusted means for urinary NNAL (353 and 336 pg/mL, respectively). The results from this study demonstrated significant relationships between NNAL concentrations and serum cotinine (p<0.001) and urine creatinine (p<0.001). The joint effect of linear and quadratic terms for number of cigarettes smoked per day was also statistically significant (p=0.001). In addition to addressing current NNK exposure levels, these results will form a baseline for future estimates of tobacco users' exposure to this carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Division of Laboratory Science, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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165
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Wang J, Liang Q, Mendes P, Sarkar M. Is 24h nicotine equivalents a surrogate for smoke exposure based on its relationship with other biomarkers of exposure? Biomarkers 2011; 16:144-54. [PMID: 21323604 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.536257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nicotine and its 5 major metabolites (Nicotine equivalents, NE) may serve as a surrogate biomarker for smoke exposure. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between nicotine equivalents (NE) and biomarkers of exposure (BOE) to cigarette smoke. METHODS Data from nine controlled studies in 916 adult smokers were used. BOEs to nicotine, NNK, pyrene, acrolein, benzene, 1,3-butadiene and CO were used. RESULTS Among all the factors investigated (NE, cigarette type, age, gender, BMI and study), NE was the most statistically significant factor for all biomarker relationships. Weak to moderate relationships (0.32 ≤ R(2) ≤ 0.65) were found between NE and the BOEs. CONCLUSIONS Based on the relationships with BOEs, NE may be considered as a surrogate biomarker of total cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Wang
- Altria Client Services, Center for Research and Technology, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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166
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Naufal ZS, Marano KM, Kathman SJ, Wilson CL. Differential exposure biomarker levels among cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco consumers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008. Biomarkers 2011; 16:222-35. [PMID: 21348778 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.546013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of biomarkers is an appropriate way to estimate exposure to cigarette mainstream smoke and smokeless tobacco (SLT) constituents in tobacco consumers. Using the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2008), biomarkers of volatile organic compounds, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), acrylamide, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and metals were evaluated. In general, biomarker levels in SLT consumers were significantly lower than in smokers (excluding NNK and some HAHs) and were not significantly different compared with nonconsumers (excluding NNK and some PAHs). These results provide useful information for science-based risk assessment and regulation of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad S Naufal
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 950 Reynolds Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27105, USA.
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167
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Zhong Y, Carmella SG, Upadhyaya P, Hochalter JB, Rauch D, Oliver A, Jensen J, Hatsukami D, Wang J, Zimmerman C, Hecht SS. Immediate consequences of cigarette smoking: rapid formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diol epoxides. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:246-52. [PMID: 21184614 PMCID: PMC3042042 DOI: 10.1021/tx100345x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are among the likely major causative agents for lung cancer in smokers. PAH require metabolic activation to exert their carcinogenic effects, and one important pathway proceeds through a three-step sequence resulting in the formation of diol epoxides, which react with DNA to produce adducts that can cause mutations and initiate the carcinogenic process. However, no previous published studies have examined this critical pathway in humans specifically exposed to PAH by inhalation of cigarette smoke. This study used a unique approach employing a stable isotope derivative of phenanthrene, the simplest PAH with a bay region, a feature closely associated with PAH carcinogenicity. Twelve subjects each smoked a cigarette to which [D(10)]phenanthrene had been added. Plasma was analyzed for [D(10)]r-1,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene ([D(10)]PheT), the major end product of the diol epoxide metabolism pathway of phenanthrene. The analysis was performed by gas chromatography--negative ion chemical ionization--tandem mass spectrometry, using [(13)C(6)]PheT as internal standard. The results demonstrated that the three-step pathway resulting in the formation of diol epoxides, as monitored by [D(10)]PheT, occurred with remarkable rapidity. Levels of [D(10)]PheT in plasma of all subjects were maximal at the earliest time points examined, 15-30 min after smoking the cigarette containing [D(10)]phenanthrene, and decreased thereafter. These results demonstrate that the formation of a PAH diol epoxide occurs rapidly in smokers. Because PAH diol epoxides are mutagenic and carcinogenic, the results clearly demonstrate immediate negative health consequences of smoking, which should serve as a major warning to anyone contemplating initiating tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhong
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Steven G. Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - J. Bradley Hochalter
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Diane Rauch
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Andrew Oliver
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Joni Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jing Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Cheryl Zimmerman
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE - MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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168
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Jacob P, Yu L, Duan M, Ramos L, Yturralde O, Benowitz NL. Determination of the nicotine metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine in biologic fluids of smokers and non-smokers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: biomarkers for tobacco smoke exposure and for phenotyping cytochrome P450 2A6 activity. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:267-76. [PMID: 21208832 PMCID: PMC3050598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nicotine metabolite cotinine is widely used to assess the extent of tobacco use in smokers, and secondhand smoke exposure in non-smokers. The ratio of another nicotine metabolite, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, to cotinine in biofluids is highly correlated with the rate of nicotine metabolism, which is catalyzed mainly by cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). Consequently, this nicotine metabolite ratio is being used to phenotype individuals for CYP2A6 activity and to individualize pharmacotherapies for tobacco addiction. In this paper we describe a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of the nicotine metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine in human plasma, urine, and saliva. Lower limits of quantitation range from 0.02 to 0.1ng/mL. The extraction procedure is straightforward and suitable for large-scale studies. The method has been applied to several thousand biofluid samples for pharmacogenetic studies and for studies of exposure to low levels of secondhand smoke. Concentrations of both metabolites in urine of non-smokers with different levels of secondhand smoke exposure are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Jacob
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, 1001 Potrero Avenue, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Box 1220, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA.
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169
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Zhong Y, Carmella SG, Hochalter JB, Balbo S, Hecht SS. Analysis of r-7,t-8,9,c-10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in human urine: a biomarker for directly assessing carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure plus metabolic activation. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:73-80. [PMID: 21049951 PMCID: PMC3064259 DOI: 10.1021/tx100287n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are believed to be causative agents for various types of cancers in humans. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a prototypic carcinogenic PAH, which requires metabolic activation to elicit its detrimental effects. The major end product of its diol epoxide metabolic activation pathway is r-7,t-8,9,c-10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (trans, anti-BaPT). Individual differences in exposure to, and metabolic activation of, carcinogenic PAH may influence cancer risk. Measurement of PAH metabolites in human urine could provide a direct way to assess individual differences in susceptibility to PAH-related cancer. In this article, we describe a sensitive and reliable method for the quantitation of trans, anti-BaPT in human urine using gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS/MS). [(13)C(6)] trans, anti-BaPT was used as the internal standard. The urine was treated with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase, and then trans, anti-BaPT was enriched by solid-phase extraction with polymeric reversed phase and phenylboronic acid cartridges. The sample was silylated and analyzed by GC-NICI-MS/MS with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) for the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of trans, anti-BaPT (m/z 446 → m/z 255) and [(13)C(6)]trans, anti-BaPT (m/z 452 → m/z 261). The mean assay recovery was 44%. The instrumental on-column detection limit was about 20 amol of trans, anti-BaPT (as BaPT-TMS). trans, anti-BaPT was readily detected in all urine samples analyzed including those of 30 smokers (0.71 ± 0.64 fmol/mg creatinine) and 30 nonsmokers (0.34 ± 0.2 fmol/mg creatinine) (P = 0.0036). The results of this study demonstrate a highly sensitive and selective method for the quantitation of trans, anti-BaPT in human urine. This is to our knowledge the first study to show that smokers have significantly higher levels of trans, anti-BaPT in their urine than do nonsmokers. This method may be useful as a direct phenotyping approach to assess individual differences in uptake and metabolic activation of carcinogenic PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhong
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Steven G. Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J. Bradley Hochalter
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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170
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Urine from current smokers induces centrosome aberrations and spindle defects in vitro in nonmalignant human cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 203:253-62. [PMID: 21156241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke containing numerous derived chemical carcinogens is the main risk factor for urothelial carcinoma. These carcinogens can induce DNA damage leading to chromosomal instability, which plays a fundamental role in urothelial carcinogenesis. Possible mechanisms could be centrosomal aberrations, which cause defective spindles and may be responsible for genetic instability. We evaluated the effect of urine from never smokers (NS) and current smokers (CS) in concentrations of 0 to 50% on cell proliferation, chromosomes, centrosomes, and the spindle status of normal human dermal fibroblasts and normal human urothelial cells (UROtsa). After 2 weeks of urine treatment, cell cultures were analyzed by centrosome and spindle immunostaining and conventional cytogenetics. Effects were compared to results of untreated controls. Analysis of normal human dermal fibroblasts and UROtsa cells revealed that urine from CS induced higher values of centrosome aberrations in a dose-dependent and cell line-independent manner when compared to cultures treated with urine from NS and untreated controls. Centrosomal alterations correlated with spindle defects and an increase of sporadic chromosomal aberrations. The observations suggest a causative role of chemical carcinogens in urine from CS in the origin of centrosome and spindle defects in vitro leading to chromosomal instability and may be involved in urothelial carcinogenesis.
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171
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Ino T, Ohtani T, Yoshimi I. Urinary biomarkers for secondhand smoke. J Clin Lab Anal 2011; 25:354-8. [PMID: 21919071 PMCID: PMC6647727 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a biomarker is mandatory for quantitative analysis of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). This article summarizes urinary biomarkers of smoke exposure which can be now quantified. The most reliable urinary biomarkers to assess the exposure to SHS are NNAL 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and NNAL-Glucuronides, which is metabolites of tobacco-specific nitrosamine. These substances were detected even in 50% of children who had undetectable level of cotinine (<0.5 ng/ml). Urinary cotinine, which is determined by a highly sensitive competing enzyme immunoassay, is also a useful biomarker. However, individual variability of CYP2A6 allele,in which nicotine is catalyzed to cotinine, affects the level of urinary cotinine. Approximately 20% of Japanese subjects have homozygotes or heterozygotes of the CYP2A6*4 allele, which has impaired nicotine metabolism and subsequently may underestimate the actual exposure to SHS. In assessing the exposure to SHS, therefore, individual variability of CYP2A6 gene polymorphism should be taken into consideration. The combination of urinary cotinine measurement and self-report of parents' smoking seems to be accurate to assess the exposure to SHS in mass screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ino
- Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz College, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan.
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172
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Gu D, Raymundo MM, Kadlubar FF, Turesky RJ. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for biomonitoring cooked meat carcinogens and their metabolites in human urine. Anal Chem 2010; 83:1093-101. [PMID: 21194225 DOI: 10.1021/ac102918b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cooked meat carcinogens 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and their principal metabolites produced by cytochrome P450 and/or uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferases were simultaneously measured at the parts per trillion level in urine of omnivores, by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with a Michrom Advance CaptiveSpray source and a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer. Quantitation was performed in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The UPLC method is much more rapid and sensitive than our earlier capillary HPLC method: the duty cycle of the UPLC method is 19 min compared to 57 min for capillary HPLC. The performance of the UPLC assay was evaluated with urine samples from three subjects over 4 different days. The intraday and interday precisions of the estimates of PhIP, MeIQx, and their metabolites, reported as the coefficients of variation, were ≤10%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) values for PhIP and MeIQx were about 5 pg/mL, whereas the LOQ values of their metabolites ranged from 10 to 40 pg/mL. Furthermore, the identities of the analytes were corroborated by acquisition of full scan product ion spectra, employing between 0.5 and 5 pg of analyte for assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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173
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Bonassi S, El-Zein R, Bolognesi C, Fenech M. Micronuclei frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and cancer risk: evidence from human studies. Mutagenesis 2010; 26:93-100. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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174
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Tao L, Xiang YB, Wang R, Nelson HH, Gao YT, Chan K, Yu MC, Yuan JM. Environmental tobacco smoke in relation to bladder cancer risk--the Shanghai bladder cancer study [corrected]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:3087-95. [PMID: 21056942 PMCID: PMC3003610 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) contains tobacco carcinogens. Hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) are important isoenzymes in activation and detoxification, respectively, of tobacco carcinogens. Data on ETS and bladder cancer risk are sparse. METHODS We examined the effects of ETS alone and combined with NAT2/CYP1A2 on bladder cancer risk among lifelong-nonsmokers in a case-control study involving 195 patients and 261 controls in Shanghai, China. A comprehensive history of ETS exposure was determined through in-person interviews while CYP1A2 and NAT2 phenotypes by a caffeine-based urinary assay. RESULTS ETS exposure was related to an overall statistically nonsignificant 38% increased bladder cancer risk. The risk increased with increasing number of cigarettes smoked by household members or number of hours per day at workplace where coworkers smoked. Compared with no ETS exposure, subjects living with smoking parents during childhood had an OR of 2.43 (95% CI = 0.99-5.96) for bladder cancer. When all ETS sources were combined, the risk increased with increasing total ETS score (P(trend) = 0.03). The OR for high versus nil ETS exposure was 3.00 (95% CI = 1.24-7.26). The increased risk with ETS was mainly seen among individuals possessing a CYP1A2 high efficiency and/or a NAT2 slow acetylation phenotype (P(trend) = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS ETS was associated with an increased bladder cancer risk for lifelong-nonsmokers. The association was stronger for people possessing the at-risk phenotypes of CYP1A2 and/or NAT2. IMPACT Reducing exposure to ETS for children and genetically more susceptible individuals could be more effective for bladder cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute and Cancer Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renwei Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Heather H. Nelson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute and Cancer Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenneth Chan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mimi C. Yu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA
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175
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Bessette EE, Spivack SD, Goodenough AK, Wang T, Pinto S, Kadlubar FF, Turesky RJ. Identification of carcinogen DNA adducts in human saliva by linear quadrupole ion trap/multistage tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1234-44. [PMID: 20443584 DOI: 10.1021/tx100098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA adducts of carcinogens derived from tobacco smoke and cooked meat were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multistage tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS(n)) in saliva samples from 37 human volunteers on unrestricted diets. The N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) (dG-C8) adducts of the heterocyclic aromatic amines 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AalphaC), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylmidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and the aromatic amine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), were characterized and quantified by LC-ESI/MS/MS(n), employing consecutive reaction monitoring at the MS(3) scan stage mode with a linear quadrupole ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometer (MS). DNA adducts of PhIP were found most frequently: dG-C8-PhIP was detected in saliva samples from 13 of 29 ever-smokers and in saliva samples from 2 of 8 never-smokers. dG-C8-AalphaC and dG-C8-MeIQx were identified solely in saliva samples of three current smokers, and dG-C8-4-ABP was detected in saliva from two current smokers. The levels of these different adducts ranged from 1 to 9 adducts per 10(8) DNA bases. These findings demonstrate that PhIP is a significant DNA-damaging agent in humans. Saliva appears to be a promising biological fluid in which to assay DNA adducts of tobacco and dietary carcinogens by selective LIT MS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bessette
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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176
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A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of phenolic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAH) in urine of non-smokers and smokers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:877-89. [PMID: 21046075 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are products of the incomplete combustion of organic materials and, therefore, occur ubiquitously in the environment and also in tobacco smoke. Since some PAH have been classified as carcinogens, it is important to have access to suitable analytical methods for biomarkers of exposure to this class of compounds. Past experience has shown that measuring a profile of PAH metabolites is more informative than metabolites of a single PAH. Assessment of environmental and smoking-related exposure levels requires analytical methods with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, these methods should be fast enough to allow high throughput. With these pre-conditions in mind, we developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of phenolic metabolites of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene in urine of smokers and non-smokers. Sample work-up comprised enzymatic hydrolysis of urinary conjugates and solid-phase extraction on C18 cartridges. The method showed good specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy for the intended purpose and was also sufficiently rapid with a sample throughput of about 350 per week. Application to urine samples of 100 smokers and 50 non-smokers showed significant differences between both groups for all measured PAH metabolites, and strong correlations with markers of daily smoke exposure in smoker urine. Urinary levels were in good agreement with previously reported data using different methodologies. In conclusion, the developed LC-MS/MS method is suitable for the quantification of phenolic PAH metabolites of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene in smoker and non-smoker urine.
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177
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Gan Q, Lu W, Xu J, Li X, Goniewicz M, Benowitz NL, Glantz SA. Chinese 'low-tar' cigarettes do not deliver lower levels of nicotine and carcinogens. Tob Control 2010; 19:374-9. [PMID: 20507920 PMCID: PMC2978929 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2009.033092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-tar cigarette smoking is gaining popularity in China. The China National Tobacco Corporation (CNTC) promotes low-tar cigarettes as safer than regular cigarettes. METHODS A total of 543 male smokers smoking cigarettes with different tar yields (15 mg, regular cigarettes, 10-13 mg low-tar cigarettes and < 10 mg low-tar cigarettes) were recruited in Shanghai, China, who then completed a questionnaire on smoking behaviour and provided a urine sample for analysis of the nicotine metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine. A total of 177 urine samples were selected at random for the analysis of the carcinogens polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (PAHs) (1-hydroxypyrene, naphthols, hydroxyfluorenes and hydroxyphenanthrenes) and the tobacco specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK) metabolites, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanol (NNAL) and NNAL-glucuronide. Values were normalised by creatinine to correct for possible distortions introduced by dilution or concentration of the urine. RESULTS Smokers of low-tar cigarettes smoked fewer cigarettes per day (p=0.001) compared to smokers of regular cigarettes. Despite this lower reported consumption, levels of cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and PAHs in urine of people smoking low-tar cigarettes were not correlated with nominal tar delivery of the cigarettes they smoked. Urine concentrations of NNAL were higher in smokers of lower tar than higher tar cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Chinese low-tar cigarettes do not deliver lower doses of nicotine and carcinogens than regular cigarettes, therefore it is unlikely that there would be any reduction in harm. CNTC's promotion of low-tar cigarettes as 'less harmful' is a violation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which China ratified in 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gan
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiying Xu
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Maciej Goniewicz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stanton A Glantz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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178
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Bernert JT, Pirkle JL, Xia Y, Jain RB, Ashley DL, Sampson EJ. Urine concentrations of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen in the U.S. population from secondhand smoke exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2969-77. [PMID: 20833972 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its reduction product in the body, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), are potent pulmonary carcinogens. We have measured total NNAL in the U.S. population of tobacco users and nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke. METHODS We measured total urinary NNAL (free NNAL plus its glucuronides following hydrolysis) by using a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. We calculated the percentage above the limit of detection, the 50th through 95th percentiles, and in some cases, geometric means for groups classified by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Total urinary NNAL was measureable at or above its limit of detection (0.6 pg/mL) in 55% of the study participants, including 41% of nonsmokers. The population distribution of urinary NNAL included smoker and nonsmoker regions similar to the bimodal distribution of serum cotinine, and serum cotinine and total urinary NNAL were strongly correlated (r = 0.92; P < 0.001). Among nonsmokers, children had significantly higher concentrations of NNAL than did adults with the age of ≥20 years (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants, total NNAL was found at measurable levels in the urine of 41% of nonsmokers and in 87.5% of those with substantial secondhand-smoke exposure (with serum cotinine concentrations of 0.1-10 ng/mL). Children with the age of 6 to 11 years had the highest NNAL concentrations among all nonsmokers. IMPACT We describe for the first time the distribution of total urinary NNAL in the entire U.S. population, including smokers and nonsmokers. NNAL was detected in 41% of all nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Bernert
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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179
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Gabriel U, Steidler A, Trojan L, Michel MS, Seifarth W, Fabarius A. Smoking increases transcription of human endogenous retroviruses in a newly established in vitro cell model and in normal urothelium. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:883-8. [PMID: 20666582 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) accounting for 9% of the human genome are considered as surrogate markers for genetic instability and as a driving force of genetic variation. Moreover, they modulate regular gene activities and give rise to expression of disease-associated peptides that may serve as diagnostic markers or even targets for T cell-based immune responses. To date, no data are available on the potential link between urothelial carcinogenesis, HERV activity, and tobacco smoking, the main risk for bladder cancer. Here, we report on potential alterations in HERV transcription induced by smoking in a newly established in vitro model and in human urothelium. Normal human dermal fibroblasts were cultivated with urine from never (n = 6) and current smokers (n = 6) and transcription levels for the HERV subfamilies HERV-E 4-1, HERV-T S71-TK1, and HERV-K HML-6 were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Tendencies toward increased mean transcript levels were detected for cells treated with urine from current smokers. Equally, activity measured in human urothelium supported an increase of HERV transcription in current smokers (n = 9) compared to never smokers (n = 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Gabriel
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Annette Steidler
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lutz Trojan
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Seifarth
- Medical Clinic III, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alice Fabarius
- Medical Clinic III, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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180
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Gu D, McNaughton L, Lemaster D, Lake BG, Gooderham NJ, Kadlubar FF, Turesky RJ. A comprehensive approach to the profiling of the cooked meat carcinogens 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, and their metabolites in human urine. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:788-801. [PMID: 20192249 DOI: 10.1021/tx900436m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A targeted liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics type approach, employing a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer in the product ion scan and selected reaction monitoring modes, was established to profile 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), and their principal metabolites in the urine of omnivores. A mixed-mode reverse phase cation exchange resin enrichment procedure was employed to isolate MeIQx and its oxidized metabolites, 2-amino-8-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (8-CH(2)OH-IQx) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline-8-carboxylic acid (IQx-8-COOH), which are produced by cytochrome P450 1A2 (P450 1A2). The phase II conjugates N(2)-(beta-1-glucosiduronyl)-2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline and N(2)-(3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin-2-yl)-sulfamic acid were measured indirectly, following acid hydrolysis to form MeIQx. The enrichment procedure permitted the simultaneous analysis of PhIP, N(2)-(beta-1-glucosidurony1)-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, N3-(beta-1-glucosidurony1)-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-(4'-hydroxy)-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (4'-HO-PhIP), and the isomeric N(2)- and N3-glucuronide conjugates of the carcinogenic metabolite, 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HONH-PhIP), which is formed by P450 1A2. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for MeIQx, PhIP, and 4'-HO-PhIP was approximately 5 pg/mL; the LOQ values for 8-CH(2)OH-IQx and IQx-8-COOH were, respectively, <15 and <25 pg/mL, and the LOQ values for the glucuronide conjugates of PhIP and HONH-PhIP were 50 pg/mL. The metabolism was extensive; less than 9% of the dose was eliminated in urine as unaltered MeIQx, and <1% was eliminated as unaltered PhIP. Phase II conjugates of the parent amines accounted for up to 12% of the dose of MeIQx and up to 2% of the dose of PhIP. 8-CH(2)OH-IQx and IQx-8-COOH accounted for up to 76% of the dose of MeIQx, and the isomeric glucuronide conjugates of HONH-PhIP accounted for up to 33% of the dose of PhIP that were eliminated in urine within 10 h of meat consumption. P450 1A2 significantly contributes to the metabolism of both HAAs but with marked differences in substrate specificity. P450 1A2 primarily catalyzes the detoxification of MeIQx by oxidation of the 8-methyl group, whereas it catalyzes the bioactivation of PhIP by oxidation of the exocyclic amine group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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181
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Church TR, Anderson KE, Le C, Zhang Y, Kampa DM, Benoit AR, Yoder AR, Carmella SG, Hecht SS. Temporal stability of urinary and plasma biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure among cigarette smokers. Biomarkers 2010; 15:345-52. [PMID: 20374068 PMCID: PMC2871960 DOI: 10.3109/13547501003753881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Intraindividual variability of measurements of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), nicotine, cotinine, and r-1,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (PheT) over time is uncertain. From 70 habitual smokers' plasma and urine sampled bimonthly for a year we analysed plasma for NNAL, cotinine and PheT, and urine for NNAL, cotinine and nicotine. We estimated the intraclass correlation coefficients (rho(I)) for each measurement. Plasma and creatinine-corrected urinary NNAL were stable (rho(I) > or =70%); plasma PheT and plasma and urinary total cotinine were fairly stable (rho(I) > or =50%), but urinary nicotine rho(I) approximately 40% was not. Except for nicotine, single measurements from plasma or urine adequately represent individual mean exposure over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Church
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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182
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Ashley DL, O'Connor RJ, Bernert JT, Watson CH, Polzin GM, Jain RB, Hammond D, Hatsukami DK, Giovino GA, Cummings KM, McNeill A, Shahab L, King B, Fong GT, Zhang L, Xia Y, Yan X, McCraw JM. Effect of differing levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette smoke on the levels of biomarkers in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1389-98. [PMID: 20501750 PMCID: PMC4565598 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokers are exposed to significant doses of carcinogens, including tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA). Previous studies have shown significant global differences in the levels of TSNAs in cigarette smoke because of the variation in tobacco blending and curing practices around the world. METHODS Mouth-level exposure to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) measured in cigarette butts and urinary concentrations of its major metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) were examined among 126 daily smokers in four countries over a 24-hour study period. RESULTS As mouth-level exposure of NNK increased, the urinary NNAL increased even after adjustment for other covariates (beta = 0.46, P = 0.004). The relationship between mouth-level exposure to nicotine and its salivary metabolite, cotinine, was not statistically significant (beta = 0.29, P = 0.057), likely because of the very limited range of differences in mouth-level nicotine exposure in this population. CONCLUSIONS We have shown a direct association between the 24-hour mouth-level exposure of NNK resulting from cigarette smoking and the concentration of its primary metabolite, NNAL, in the urine of smokers. Internal dose concentrations of urinary NNAL are significantly lower in smokers in countries that have lower TSNA levels in cigarettes such as Canada and Australia in contrast to countries that have high levels of these carcinogens in cigarettes, such as the United States. IMPACT Lowering the levels of NNK in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes through the use of specific tobacco types and known curing practices can significantly affect the exposure of smokers to this known carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Ashley
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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183
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Lin YS, Caffrey JL, Chang MH, Dowling N, Lin JW. Cigarette smoking, cadmium exposure, and zinc intake on obstructive lung disorder. Respir Res 2010; 11:53. [PMID: 20459696 PMCID: PMC2881897 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This study examined whether zinc intake was associated with lower risk of smoking-induced obstructive lung disorder through interplay with cadmium, one of major toxicants in cigarette smoke. METHODS Data were obtained from a sample of 6,726 subjects aged 40+ from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured using spirometry. Gender-, ethnicity-, and age-specific equations were used to calculate the lower limit of normal (LLN) to define obstructive lung disorder as: observed FEV1/FVC ratio and FEV1 below respective LLN. Zinc intake was assessed by questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was applied to investigate the associations of interest. RESULTS The analyses showed that an increased prevalence of obstructive lung disorder was observed among individuals with low zinc intake regardless of smoking status. The adjusted odds of lung disorder are approximately 1.9 times greater for subjects in the lowest zinc-intake tertile than those in the highest tertile (odds ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.22-2.93). The effect of smoking on lung function decreased considerably after adjusting for urinary cadmium. Protective association between the zinc-to-cadmium ratio (log-transformed) and respiratory risk suggests that zinc may play a role in smoking-associated lung disorder by modifying the influence of cadmium. CONCLUSIONS While zinc intake is associated with lower risk of obstructive lung disorder, the role of smoking cession and/or prevention are likely to be more important given their far greater effect on respiratory risk. Future research is warranted to explore the mechanisms by which zinc could modify smoking-associated lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - James L Caffrey
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Man-Huei Chang
- National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE MS: E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Nicole Dowling
- National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE MS: E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jou-Wei Lin
- Cardiovascular Center and Health Management Center, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Dou-Liou City, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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184
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Shah KA, Karnes HT. A review of the analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in biological matrices. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:305-27. [PMID: 20210694 DOI: 10.3109/10408440903394435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use constitutes a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are an important class of biomarkers for tobacco carcinogen uptake. The current review focuses on the issues and developments in analysis of these compounds in human biological matrices. The two most widely used techniques for TSNA bioanalysis are gas chromatography coupled with thermal energy analysis and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, employing various sample preparation techniques. The review provides an overview of the tools and techniques currently available for TSNA bioanalysis that will help towards the ultimate goal of understanding the mechanisms of cancer caused by the use of tobacco products. A contrast and comparison of the important aspects of bioanalysis such as sample preparation, compound detection, and throughput is discussed for the thermal energy analysis- and mass spectrometry-based techniques. Complex sample extraction procedures, throughput, and the ability to validate are important issues of concern for the gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis-based methods. On the other hand, addressing ion suppression matrix effects remains an important challenge for hyphenated mass spectrometry-based methods. The review also provides an extensive summary of analytical procedures for various studies measuring tobacco-specific nitrosamines in different biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar A Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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185
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Gan Q, Yang J, Yang G, Goniewicz M, Benowitz NL, Glantz SA. Chinese "herbal" cigarettes are as carcinogenic and addictive as regular cigarettes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 18:3497-501. [PMID: 19959701 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the Chinese tobacco industry's claim that herbal cigarettes are less harmful than regular cigarettes. METHODS The study design was a cross-sectional survey. One hundred thirty-five herbal cigarette smokers and 143 regular smokers from one city in China completed a questionnaire on smoking behavior and provided a urine sample. The main outcome measures were cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine in all samples, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (PAH; 1-hydroxypyrene, naphthols, hydroxyfluorenes, and hydroxyphnanthrenes) and the tobacco specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanol (NNAL) and NNAL-glucuronide in randomly selected 98 samples (47 from the herbal smokers' group and 51 from the regular smokers' group). Values were normalized by creatinine to correct for possible variability introduced by dilution or concentration of the urine. RESULTS Health concern was among the main reasons that smokers switched to herbal cigarettes from regular cigarettes. Smokers reported increased consumption after switching to herbal cigarettes from regular cigarettes. For all the four markers analyzed (cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, total NNAL, and total PAHs), we observed no significant difference in the levels (P = 0.169, P = 0.146, P = 0.171, and P = 0.554, respectively) between smokers of herbal cigarettes and smokers of regular cigarettes. Both total NNAL and total PAHs were significantly correlated with cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (P < 0.001 for all four correlations). CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that herbal cigarettes did not deliver less carcinogens than regular cigarettes. The public needs to be aware of this fact, and the Chinese tobacco industry should avoid misleading the public when promoting herbal cigarettes as safer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gan
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-1390, USA
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186
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Goniewicz ML, Havel CM, Peng MW, Jacob P, Dempsey D, Yu L, Zielinska-Danch W, Koszowski B, Czogala J, Sobczak A, Benowitz NL. Elimination kinetics of the tobacco-specific biomarker and lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 18:3421-5. [PMID: 19959691 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is tobacco specific and has a longer half-life than other tobacco biomarkers studied thus far. An accurate measurement of the NNAL half-life is important for optimal use to assess exposure to tobacco smoke. We determined the half-life of NNAL in urine in eight daily smokers on a clinical research ward and in five occasional smokers in a real-life environment. Total NNAL in urine was monitored for 14 days in daily smokers after stopping smoking and for up to 60 days in occasional smokers. The average half-life for the terminal phase in the daily smoker group using a two-compartmental body model was 10.3 days (beta phase), and using a noncompartmental model, it was 9.1 days. In the occasional group, these values were 17.6 and 16.0 days, respectively. The alpha-phase half-lives were 14.3 and 27.8 hours for the two groups, respectively. The inter-subject coefficient of variation of the NNAL terminal half-life ranged from 14% to 30%, and the intra-subject coefficient of variation ranged from 3% to 18%. There was very good agreement between the plasma and urinary half-lives in two subjects with plasma analyses: 7.4 versus 7.9 days and 9.2 versus 10.7 days. Mean renal clearance of NNAL was 13 +/- 2.3 mL/min. The terminal half-life of NNAL of 10 to 18 days indicates that this biomarker can be used to detect tobacco smoke exposure for 6 to 12 weeks after cessation of exposure and requires a similar time to assess the steady levels of NNAL after switching from one tobacco product to another.
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187
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Blair IA. Analysis of endogenous glutathione-adducts and their metabolites. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:29-38. [PMID: 20017120 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability to conduct validated analyses of glutathione (GSH)-adducts and their metabolites is critically important in order to establish whether they play a role in cellular biochemical or pathophysiological processes. The use of stable isotope dilution (SID) methodology in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) provides the highest bioanalytical specificity possible for such analyses. Quantitative studies normally require the high sensitivity that can be obtained by the use of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)/MS rather than the much less sensitive but more specific full scanning methodology. The method employs a parent ion corresponding to the intact molecule together with a prominent product ion that obtained by collision induced dissociation. Using SID LC-MRM/MS, analytes must have the same relative LC retention time to the heavy isotope internal standard established during the validation procedure, the correct parent ion and the correct product ion. This level of specificity cannot be attained with any other bioanalytical technique employed for biomarker analysis. This review will describe the application of SID LC-MR/MS methodology for the analysis of GSH-adducts and their metabolites. It will also discuss potential future directions for the use of this methodology for rigorous determination of their utility as disease and exposure biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Blair
- Centers of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA.
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188
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Abstract
The ability to conduct validated analyses of biomarkers is critically important in order to establish the sensitivity and selectivity of the biomarker in identifying a particular disease. The use of stable-isotope dilution (SID) methodology in combination with LC–MS/MS provides the highest possible analytical specificity for quantitative determinations. This methodology is now widely used in the discovery and validation of putative exposure and disease biomarkers. This review will describe the application of SID LC–MS methodology for the analysis of small-molecule and protein biomarkers. It will also discuss potential future directions for the use of this methodology for rigorous biomarker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Ciccimaro
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 265 Davidson Avenue, Somerset, NJ 08873–4120, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Centers of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104–6160, USA
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189
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Kensler TW, Groopman JD. Is it time to advance the chemoprevention of environmental carcinogenesis with microdosing trials? Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:1003-7. [PMID: 19952364 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This perspective on Jubert et al. (beginning on page [1015] in this issue of the journal) discusses the use of microdosing with environmental carcinogens to accelerate the evaluation and optimization of chemopreventive interventions. The need for chemoprevention of environmental carcinogenesis is considered, as are the structure of microdosing, or phase 0, trials, technologies required to conduct microdose studies in this context, and ethical concerns. We also reflect on what microdosing studies have taught us to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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190
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Kavvadias D, Scherer G, Cheung F, Errington G, Shepperd J, McEwan M. Determination of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in urine of smokers and non-smokers. Biomarkers 2009; 14:547-53. [PMID: 19747086 DOI: 10.3109/13547500903242883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) include 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and are found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. TSNA are of interest for biomonitoring of tobacco-smoke exposure as they are associated with carcinogenesis. Both NNK and NNN are classified by IARC as Group 1 carcinogens. Samples of 24 h urine collections (n = 108) were analysed from smokers and non-smokers, using a newly developed and validated LC-MS/MS method for determining total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, the major metabolite of NNK), and total NNN, NAB and NAT. TSNA levels in smokers' urine were significantly higher than in non-smokers. In smokers, urinary excretion of total TSNA correlated significantly (r > 0.5) with markers of smoking dose, such as daily cigarette consumption, salivary cotinine and urinary nicotine equivalents and increased with the ISO tar yield of cigarettes smoked. The correlation between urinary total NNN and the smoking dose was weaker (r = 0.4-0.5). In conclusion, this new method is suitable for assessing tobacco use-related exposure to NNK, NNN, NAB and NAT.
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191
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Roethig HJ, Munjal S, Feng S, Liang Q, Sarkar M, Walk RA, Mendes PE. Population estimates for biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke in adult U.S. cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:1216-25. [PMID: 19700523 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are about 4,800 different chemical constituents in cigarette smoke. Therefore, the total systemic exposure evaluation of the population of smokers to cigarette smoke is challenging. Measurement of biomarkers as surrogates of cigarette smoke constituents is a realistic approach to assess exposure. OBJECTIVE To estimate cigarette smoke exposure of the U.S. smoker population. METHODS Stratified, cross-sectional, multicenter design (39 sites in 31 states); 3,585 adult cigarette smokers and 1,077 nonsmokers. Biomarkers were determined from 24-hr urine collections or blood samples. Population estimates were generated by weighting sample data with weights from a large U.S. probability sample (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). RESULTS The adult smoker population estimates for tobacco-specific biomarkers were nicotine equivalents 13.3 mg/24 hr (SE 0.14), serum cotinine 184 ng/ml (1.8), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol 439 ng/24 hr (5.5). The population estimates for smokers and nonsmokers for nontobacco-specific biomarkers were 1-hydroxypyrene 317 (6.8) and 110 (7.1) ng/24 hr, 4-aminobiphenyl Hb adducts 43.1 (1.04) and 11.4 (1.5) pg/g Hb, carboxyhemoglobin 5.26(0.04) in percent of hemoglobin saturation and 1.45(0.02), 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid 2,030 (24) and 458 (17) microg/24 hr, monohydroxy-butenyl-mercapturic acid 3.61 (0.1) and 0.30 (0.02) microg/24 hr, and dihydroxy-butyl-mercapturic acid 556 (4.9) and 391 (5.5) microg/24 hr. On average, young adult smokers had lower exposure than older smokers; female smokers had lower exposure than males, and Black smokers had lower exposure than Whites. DISCUSSION This study estimated the population exposure to cigarette smoke constituents in adult U.S. smokers and identified significant differences between subpopulations. The data may serve as a reference for monitoring the impact of changes in cigarette consumption and the introduction of potentially reduced exposure cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J Roethig
- Altria Client Services Inc., Health Sciences, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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192
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Fede JM, Thakur AP, Gooderham NJ, Turesky RJ. Biomonitoring of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and its carcinogenic metabolites in urine. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1096-105. [PMID: 19441775 DOI: 10.1021/tx900052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine that is produced in cooked meats. The simultaneous analysis of PhIP and its metabolites in human urine is a challenge, because these biomarkers only occur in urine at parts per billion or lower concentrations and must be selectively purifed from thousands of other urinary constituents. We have developed a facile solid-phase extraction method, employing a mixed-mode reverse-phase cation exchange resin, to simultaneously isolate PhIP, its glucuronide conjugates, and the glucuronide conjugates of the genotoxic metabolite 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine from the urine of meat eaters. PhIP and its metabolites were quantified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS), using a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer in the selected reaction monitoring scan mode. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) of PhIP is 5 parts per trillion (ppt), and the LOQ values for the glucuronide conjugates are 50 ppt, when 25 microL of urine is employed for assay. The extraction scheme is versatile and has been employed to isolate other ring-hydroxylated and glucuronidated metabolites of PhIP, for characterization by LC-ESI/MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Fede
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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193
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Determination of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human hair by gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6012-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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194
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Baker TB, Cummings KM, Hatsukami DK, Johnson CA, Lerman C, Niaura R, O'Malley SS. Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Centers: research achievements and future implications. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:1231-44. [PMID: 19633277 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Baker
- Center for Tobacco and Intervention, Department of Medicine, 1930 Monroe Street, Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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195
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Shahab L, West R, McNeill A. A comparison of exposure to carcinogens among roll-your-own and factory-made cigarette smokers. Addict Biol 2009; 14:315-20. [PMID: 19523045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco is rising, but little is known about its in vivo delivery of toxins relative to factory-made (FM) cigarettes. To start to address this issue, this study compared the concentrations of metabolites of recognized human carcinogens in smokers of RYO tobacco and FM cigarettes. We opportunistically recruited 127 FM and 28 RYO cigarette smokers in central London and collected saliva and urine samples. Saliva samples were assayed for cotinine while urinary samples were assayed for 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP) and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), metabolic markers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines, respectively. Data on socio-demographic, anthropometric and puffing characteristics were also obtained. Both unadjusted and adjusted analyses (controlling for age, sex, body mass index, puff flow, puff duration and cotinine) showed no difference in metabolic markers between RYO and FM cigarette smokers. However, significant main effects for cotinine levels and sex were observed in adjusted analyses. Greater levels of cotinine were associated with a greater concentration of both 1-HOP (B = 0.002, P = 0.037) and NNAL (B = 0.002, P < 0.001). In addition, women had significantly greater concentrations of urinary 1-HOP (B = 0.679, P = 0.004) and total NNAL metabolites (B = 0.117, P = 0.024) than men, irrespective of the type of cigarettes smoked. More research is now needed to confirm these findings and gender-specific effects in a larger, representative sample. However, results do not support the common belief that RYO cigarettes are less harmful than manufactured cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lion Shahab
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 2-16 Torrington Place, London, UK.
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196
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Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA damage by industry: a nationwide study in Germany. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:947-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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197
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Carmella SG, Chen M, Han S, Briggs A, Jensen J, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS. Effects of smoking cessation on eight urinary tobacco carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:734-41. [PMID: 19317515 PMCID: PMC2704054 DOI: 10.1021/tx800479s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We determined the persistence at various times (3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56 days) of eight tobacco smoke carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers in the urine of 17 smokers who stopped smoking. The biomarkers were 1-hydroxy-2-(N-acetylcysteinyl)-3-butene (1) and 1-(N-acetylcysteinyl)-2-hydroxy-3-butene (2) [collectively called MHBMA for monohydroxybutyl mercapturic acid] and 1,2-dihydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl)butane (3) [DHBMA for dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid], metabolites of 1,3-butadiene; 1-(N-acetylcysteinyl)-propan-3-ol (4, HPMA for 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid), a metabolite of acrolein; 2-(N-acetylcysteinyl)butan-4-ol (5, HBMA for 4-hydroxybut-2-yl mercapturic acid), a metabolite of crotonaldehyde; (N-acetylcysteinyl)benzene (6, SPMA for S-phenyl mercapturic acid), a metabolite of benzene; (N-acetylcysteinyl)ethanol (7, HEMA for 2-hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid), a metabolite of ethylene oxide; 1-hydroxypyrene (8) and its glucuronides (1-HOP), metabolites of pyrene; and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (9) and its glucuronides (total NNAL), a biomarker of exposure to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). These biomarkers represent some of the major carcinogens and toxicants in cigarette smoke: 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, benzene, ethylene oxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and NNK. With the exception of DHBMA, levels of which did not change after cessation of smoking, all other biomarkers decreased significantly after 3 days of cessation (P < 0.001). The decreases in MHBMA, HPMA, HBMA, SPMA, and HEMA were rapid, nearly reaching their ultimate levels (81-91% reduction) after 3 days. The decrease in total NNAL was gradual, reaching 92% after 42 days, while reduction in 1-HOP was variable among subjects to about 50% of baseline. Since DHBMA did not change upon smoking cessation, there appear to be sources of this metabolite other than 1,3-butadiene. The results of this study demonstrate that the tobacco smoke carcinogen/toxicant biomarkers MHBMA, HPMA, HBMA, SPMA, HEMA, 1-HOP, and NNAL are related to smoking and are good indicators of the impact of smoking on human exposure to 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, benzene, ethylene oxide, PAH, and NNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center and Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Menglan Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center and Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Shaomei Han
- Masonic Cancer Center and Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Anna Briggs
- Masonic Cancer Center and Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Joni Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center and Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Dorothy K. Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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198
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Yuan JM, Koh WP, Murphy SE, Fan Y, Wang R, Carmella SG, Han S, Wickham K, Gao YT, Yu MC, Hecht SS. Urinary levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolites in relation to lung cancer development in two prospective cohorts of cigarette smokers. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2990-5. [PMID: 19318550 PMCID: PMC2664854 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (sum of which is denoted as total NNAL) are metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). NNK and NNAL can induce lung cancer in laboratory animals but human data are limited. The association between prediagnostic levels of urinary total NNAL and risk of lung cancer development was evaluated in two prospective cohorts of Chinese cigarette smokers. We conducted a nested case-control study involving 246 cases of incident lung cancer and 245 cohort controls who were individually matched to the index cases by age, gender, neighborhood of residence at cohort enrollment, and date of urine collection. Urinary levels of total NNAL were significantly associated with risk of lung cancer in a dose-dependent manner. Relative to the lowest tertile, risks associated with the second and third tertiles of total NNAL were 1.43 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.86-2.37] and 2.11 (95% CI, 1.25-3.54), respectively (P for trend=0.005) after adjustment for self-reported smoking history and urinary total cotinine. Smokers in the highest tertiles of urinary total NNAL and total cotinine exhibited a 8.5-fold (95% CI, 3.7-19.5) increased risk for lung cancer relative to smokers with comparable smoking history but possessing the lowest tertiles of urinary total NNAL and total cotinine. Findings of the present study directly link NNK exposure to lung cancer development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Yuan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455., USA.
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199
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Ji Q, Yoon SB, Hill JP, Vinu A, Yu JS, Ariga K. Layer-by-Layer Films of Dual-Pore Carbon Capsules with Designable Selectivity of Gas Adsorption. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4220-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Ji
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, BK21 Research Team, Korea University, 208 Seochang, Jochiwon, ChungNam 339-700, Korea
| | - Suk Bon Yoon
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, BK21 Research Team, Korea University, 208 Seochang, Jochiwon, ChungNam 339-700, Korea
| | - Jonathan P. Hill
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, BK21 Research Team, Korea University, 208 Seochang, Jochiwon, ChungNam 339-700, Korea
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, BK21 Research Team, Korea University, 208 Seochang, Jochiwon, ChungNam 339-700, Korea
| | - Jong-Sung Yu
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, BK21 Research Team, Korea University, 208 Seochang, Jochiwon, ChungNam 339-700, Korea
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan, and Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, BK21 Research Team, Korea University, 208 Seochang, Jochiwon, ChungNam 339-700, Korea
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200
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Il'yasova D, McCarthy BJ, Erdal S, Shimek J, Goldstein J, Doerge DR, Myers SR, Vineis P, Wishnok JS, Swenberg JA, Bigner DD, Davis FG. Human exposure to selected animal neurocarcinogens: a biomarker-based assessment and implications for brain tumor epidemiology. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2009; 12:175-87. [PMID: 19466671 PMCID: PMC3633093 DOI: 10.1080/10937400902894152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This review is based on the proceedings from the Second Lebow Conference, held in Chicago in 2007. The conference concentrated on developing a framework for innovative studies in the epidemiology of environmental exposures, focusing specifically on the potential relationship with brain tumors. Researchers with different perspectives, including toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and epidemiological exposure assessment, exchanged information and ideas on the use of biomarkers of exposure in molecular epidemiology studies and summarized the current knowledge on methods and approaches for biomarker-based exposure assessment. This report presents the state of science regarding biomarker-based exposure assessment of the four most common neurocarcinogens: acrylamide, 1,3-butadiene, N-nitroso compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Importantly, these chemicals are also carcinogenic in other organs; therefore, this discussion is useful for environmental epidemiologists studying all cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Il'yasova
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke and Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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