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Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional in a nationally representative sample. Early Hum Dev 2020; 149:105157. [PMID: 32829239 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional (ASQ-SE) is a developmental screening test used around the world. However, research assessing the psychometric properties of the Spanish version or in nationally representative samples is scarce. The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of ASQ-SE in Spanish, and to characterize the socio-emotional scores by sex and socioeconomic status. We administered the ASQ-SE, the Child Behavior Checklist 1 ½ - 5 and the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (3rd version) to a nationally representative sample of children in Uruguay aged 0-3 years old. A floor effect was observed in most of the age ranges for ASQ-SE, specifically in the questionnaires for younger infants. Internal consistency was acceptable. The sensitivity and specificity of the instrument was good when using cut-off scores based on the sample of this study rather than on the original United States sample. Boys and children of lower socioeconomic status had more socio-emotional problems. ASQ-SE in Spanish presents a uni-factorial structure with adequate internal consistency, sensitivity, specificity, and criterion validity. ASQ-SE has adequate psychometric properties to detect children whose social and emotional development requires further evaluation or continuous monitoring.
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152
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Cammack AL, Gazmararian JA, Suglia SF. History of child maltreatment and excessive dietary and screen time behaviors in young adults: Results from a nationally representative study. Prev Med 2020; 139:106176. [PMID: 32592792 PMCID: PMC7494614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is common and has been associated with substance use addictions, yet few studies have examined associations with potentially addictive dietary and screen time behaviors. The goal of this study was to assess associations between retrospectively self-reported child maltreatment (sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect) and excessive self-reported dietary (sugar sweetened beverage and fast food consumption) and screen time behaviors (television/video watching and leisure time computer use) in early adulthood, overall and by sex and race/ethnicity. Associations were examined using data from 10,813 participants 24-32 years old from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We used predicted marginal proportions accounting for the complex sample design to obtain prevalence ratios (PRs) and adjusted for demographic characteristics and physical activity. In females, exposure to poly-maltreatment (2+ types of child maltreatment) was associated with excessive sugar sweetened beverage consumption, television/video watching, and leisure time computer use; in males, exposure to poly-maltreatment was associated with excessive sugar sweetened beverage consumption, television/video watching, and fast food consumption. Some associations were particularly strong in racial/ethnic minorities, especially Latina females (poly-maltreatment-sugar sweetened beverage association: aPR = 6.14, 95% CI:2.12, 17.75; poly-maltreatment-computer use association: aPR = 3.08, 95% CI:1.44, 6.58). These findings show that child maltreatment is associated with excessive dietary and screen time behaviors into adulthood, and these associations are present in racial/ethnic groups at high risk of cardiometabolic disease. Extension of an addiction paradigm to include dietary and screen time behaviors may inform health risks and disease prevention efforts in child maltreatment survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Cammack
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, United States of America.
| | - Julie A Gazmararian
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, United States of America
| | - Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, United States of America
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153
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Huang Y, Heflin CM, Validova A. Material hardship, perceived stress, and health in early adulthood. Ann Epidemiol 2020; 53:69-75.e3. [PMID: 32949721 PMCID: PMC7494502 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We examined the associations between material hardship and health outcomes in early adulthood and the extent to which these associations are mediated by perceived stress. Methods We used wave I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative survey of young adults aged 18–34 years old (n = 13,313). Multivariate logistic regression and decomposition methods were used to evaluate the associations between types and depth of material hardship (food, bill-paying, and health resource hardship), health outcomes (self-rated health, depression, sleep problems, and suicidal thoughts) in early adulthood, and the extent to which these associations were mediated by perceived stress. Results The adjusted odds of fair or poor health status, depression, sleep problems, and suicidal thoughts were higher among individuals with material hardship than counterparts without. A considerable proportion of the association between material hardship and health outcomes was attributable to perceived stress. Conclusions Material hardship is associated with adverse health outcomes in early adulthood, and these relationships are robust after accounting for various sociodemographic characteristics and family background. Perceived stress accounted for a sizable portion of the effects of material hardship on health. Public Health Implications Efforts to promote health equity in young adults should focus on material hardship and associated stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Demography, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio.
| | - Colleen M Heflin
- Maxwell School of Public Affairs and Citizenship, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Asiya Validova
- Department of Demography, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio
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154
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Bocknek EL, Richardson PA, McGoron L, Raveau H, Iruka IU. Adaptive Parenting Among Low-Income Black Mothers and Toddlers' Regulation of Distress. Child Dev 2020; 91:2178-2191. [PMID: 32880916 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parenting differs in purpose and strategy according to cultural background (Brooks-Gunn & Markman, 2005; Iruka, LaForett, & Odom, 2012). The current study tests a unique latent factor score, Adaptive Parenting, that represents culturally-relevant, positive parenting behaviors: maternal coping with stress through reframing, maternal scaffolding of toddlers' learning during a low-stress task, and maternal commands during a high-stress task. Participants were Black mothers (N = 119; Mage = 27.78) and their 24- to 30-month-old toddlers. Families were part of a broader study examining family resilience among urban, low-income young children and their families. Results demonstrate that the proposed variables align on a single factor and positively predict toddlers' emotion regulation. Findings are discussed in the context of Black culturally-specific parenting processes.
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155
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Sutter C, Kim JH, Bost KK. Connections between Friendship Quality, Peer Competence, and Obesity in Early Childhood through Adolescence. Child Obes 2020; 16:393-402. [PMID: 32678984 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2019.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Research indicates that youths with overweight and obesity often face difficulties in peer relationships. The current research examined longitudinal associations between youths' peer competence (i.e., successful interactions with peers), friendship quality (i.e., disclosure, conflict resolution, and companionship with a best friend), and body mass index (BMI) z-score when they were 3 to 15 years of age. Methods: A subsample of 1292 majority White families from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) were included in the analyses. Measured height and weight were used to compute BMI z-scores. Youths reported on their friendship quality starting when they were 8-9 years. Peer competence was assessed with an observation of dyadic peer play when participants were 3 years old, and with maternal reports after that. Associations were examined using autoregressive cross-lagged path models. Results: Bidirectional associations between peer competence and friendship quality were noted when participants were 8-9 and 15 years old. Greater BMI z-scores when youths were 3 and 10-11 years old predicted lower peer competence when they were 15 and 11-12 years old, respectively. Peer competence when youths were 11-12 years old was negatively associated with BMI z-score at 15 years old. Multigroup Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicated that significant paths differed between boys and girls. Conclusions: Findings extend previous literature considering peer outcomes and weight by examining associations as early as 3 years old, and indicate the need for early outreach to buffer against detrimental effects on developing peer competencies, especially for girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Sutter
- Outlier Research and Evaluation, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joo Hyun Kim
- Center for Happiness Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kelly K Bost
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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156
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Dufford AJ, Evans GW, Dmitrieva J, Swain JE, Liberzon I, Kim P. Prospective associations, longitudinal patterns of childhood socioeconomic status, and white matter organization in adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3580-3593. [PMID: 32529772 PMCID: PMC7416042 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and brain development is an emerging area of research. The primary focus to date has been on SES and variations in gray matter structure with much less known about the relation between childhood SES and white matter structure. Using a longitudinal study of SES, with measures of income-to-needs ratio (INR) at age 9, 13, 17, and 24, we examined the prospective relationship between childhood SES (age 9 INR) and white matter organization in adulthood using diffusion tensor imaging. We also examined how changes in INR from childhood through young adulthood are associated with white matter organization in adult using a latent growth mixture model. Using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) we found that there is a significant prospective positive association between childhood INR and white matter organization in the bilateral uncinate fasciculus, bilateral cingulum bundle, bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus, and corpus callosum (p < .05, FWE corrected). The probability that an individual was in the high-increasing INR profile across development compared with the low-increasing INR profile was positively associated with white matter organization in the bilateral uncinate fasciculus, left cingulum, and bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus. The results of the current study have potential implications for interventions given that early childhood poverty may have long-lasting associations with white matter structure. Furthermore, trajectories of socioeconomic status during childhood are important-with individuals that belong to the latent profile that had high increases in INR having greater regional white matter organization in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary W. Evans
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis and Department of Human DevelopmentCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Julia Dmitrieva
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | - James E. Swain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Psychology, and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive HealthRenaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of PsychiatryTexas A&M University Health Science CenterCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
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157
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Davies PT, Thompson MJ, Martin MJ, Cummings EM. The Vestiges of Childhood Interparental Conflict: Adolescent Sensitization to Recent Interparental Conflict. Child Dev 2020; 92:1154-1172. [PMID: 32852052 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether childhood interparental conflict moderated the mediational pathway involving adolescent exposure to interparental conflict, their negative emotional reactivity to family conflict, and their psychological problems in a sample of 235 children (Mage = 6 years). Significant moderated-mediation findings indicated that the mediational path among Wave 4 interparental conflict during adolescence, change in youth negative reactivity (Waves 4-5), and their psychological problems (Waves 4-6) was significant for teens who experienced low, rather than high, levels of childhood interparental conflict (Waves 1-3). Supporting the stress sensitization model, analyses showed that adolescents exposed to high interparental conflict during childhood evidenced greater increases in negative reactivity than their peers when recent parental conflicts were mild.
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158
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Han S, Palermo F, Ispa JM, Carlo G. Parenting and children’s negative emotionality, self‐regulation, and academic skills: The moderating role of fathers’ residency. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Han
- Department of Psychology Hollins University Roanoke VA USA
| | - Francisco Palermo
- Department of Human Development and Family Science University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Jean M. Ispa
- Department of Human Development and Family Science University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Gustavo Carlo
- School of Education University of California Irvine Irvine CA USA
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159
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Nyarko F, Peltonen K, Kangaslampi S, Punamäki-Gitai RL. How stressful life events and violence are related to mental health: the protective role of social relations in African context. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04629. [PMID: 32802978 PMCID: PMC7419586 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents are universally expected to be at risk for heightened stress and violence, and subsequently to mental health problems. Good social relationships may protect their mental health, but research has mainly focused on singular relations, such as peer popularity or general social support. The current study analyses the buffering role of multiple relationships in an African context. First, how stressful life-events and violent experiences are associated to mental health, and, second, whether good social relationships with parents, siblings and peers can buffer mental health from stress and violence. The participants were 415 Ghanaian students (aged 14-17 years, M = 16.51; 71% girls). They indicated mental health by depressive symptoms and psychological distress and reported the quality of parental (support and control), sibling (warmth and rivalry) and peer relationships, and exposure to stressful life-events and violence. Hierarchical linear regression models with main and interaction effects were used to analyze the data. Only stressful life-events, but not violence, were associated with higher levels of depressive and psychological distress symptoms. Positive sibling relationships played a buffering mental health role, as stressful life-events were not related with increased depressive symptoms among adolescents enjoying warm and intimate siblingships. No protective function was found for parental or peer relationships, although good maternal and peer relationships were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Nyarko
- Faculty of Social Science, Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Peltonen
- Faculty of Social Science, Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Samuli Kangaslampi
- Faculty of Social Science, Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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160
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Hutchison M, Russell BS, Wink MN. Social‐emotional competence trajectories from a school‐based child trauma symptom intervention in a disadvantaged community. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morica Hutchison
- Department of Human Development and Family SciencesUniversity of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
| | - Beth S. Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family SciencesUniversity of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
| | - Mackenzie N. Wink
- Department of Human Development and Family SciencesUniversity of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
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161
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Justice LM, Purtell KM, Bleses D, Cho S. Parents' Growth Mindsets and Home-Learning Activities: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Danish and US Parents. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1365. [PMID: 32733316 PMCID: PMC7360835 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindset is a term commonly used to represent an individual’s beliefs about the role of ability and effort in learning. In this study, we assessed parental mindset—ability mindset and effort mindset—for 497 parents in two countries (United States and Denmark), all of whom had at least one child between 3 and 5 years of age. Of primary interest was assessing the relations between parental mindset and home-learning activities of four types: family learning activities, learning extensions, parental time investment, and parental school involvement. Findings showed that parents in the United States and Denmark held similar ability and effort mindsets, but differed significantly in home-learning activities, with US parents providing significantly more family learning activities, learning extensions, and parental time investment than Danish parents, although the latter had significantly higher levels of school investment. Furthermore, findings showed that parents’ effort mindset was a significant predictor of family learning activities and parental time investment and that country moderated the relations between effort mindset and parental time investment. For US parents, higher levels of effort mindset were associated with higher levels of parental time investment, but this was not the case for Danish parents. We call for experimental work to determine the causal relations between parental mindset and home-learning activities, and rigorous cross-cultural research to explore the universality of parental mindset in distinctive cultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Justice
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kelly M Purtell
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dorthe Bleses
- Trygfonden Centre for Child Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sugene Cho
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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162
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Hosokawa R, Katsura T. The Relationship between Neighborhood Environment and Child Mental Health in Japanese Elementary School Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155491. [PMID: 32751397 PMCID: PMC7432741 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Limited research has examined the relationship between neighborhood environment and mental health outcomes in elementary school students (middle childhood). In countries with high relative poverty, little is known about how neighborhood conditions are related to children's health after controlling for family socioeconomic status; thus, it is necessary to distinguish the particular neighborhood characteristics relevant to behavioral risk in children, independent of socioeconomic position. Using a self-report survey completed by parents, we assessed neighborhood environment characteristics, children's behavioral outcomes, and family socioeconomic status in fourth grade students from Nagoya, in Aichi prefecture, Japan (n = 695). A multiple linear regression was conducted to evaluate to what extent neighborhood characteristics predict child behaviors, after adjusting for socioeconomic variables. Greater aesthetic quality, walkability, accessibility of healthy foods, safety, and social cohesion were inversely linked to children's behavioral problems and positively linked to social competence, suggesting that quality of living environment may affect behavioral outcomes in children, even after controlling for socioeconomic factors. Developing a quality environment that matches these characteristics may minimize the negative impact of a family's socioeconomic distress and is likely to aid socioeconomically disadvantaged parents and their children. Thus, policies and programs that enhance the neighborhood environment for socioeconomically disadvantaged families should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikuya Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-751-4154
| | - Toshiki Katsura
- Faculty of Health Care, Tenri Health Care University, Tenri 632-0018, Japan;
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163
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Early Childhood Development Risks and Protective Factors in Vulnerable Preschool Children from Low-Income Communities in South Africa. J Community Health 2020; 46:304-312. [PMID: 32683531 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-appropriate early childhood development is greatly influenced by exposure to various mediating and moderating factors. Developmental outcomes cannot be viewed in isolation, but by considering the interaction of the various risks and protective factors that influence early child development. A non-experimental, cross-sectional research design was employed. Data was collected in a low-income community in Gauteng, South Africa. Caregivers with children (n = 276) between the ages of 3 years and 6 years 11 months (mean 51.57 months; SD ± 12.4) whose children were in a preschool were invited to participate in the research study. Participants were divided into two groups, children with developmental delays and children without a developmental delay. The study sample included high risk, vulnerable preschool children, with a developmental delay prevalence of 80.1% (221/276). Families included were exposed to an average of five (SD ± 1.86) environmental and/or biological risks. According to a logistic regression model, three factors were significantly associated with increasing resilience amongst children with no developmental delay: living with both parents (p < 0.031, OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.2-17.2), caregivers having at least completed Grade 8 to 12 (p < 0.027, OR 11.9, 95% CI 1.4-10.5) and parents being married (p < 0.023, OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.3-20.9). Important protective factors in low-income communities like caregiver education, living with both parents and parental marriage can inform public health messaging and other population-based interventions to support early childhood development.
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164
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Schenck-Fontaine A, Panico L. Many Kinds of Poverty: Three Dimensions of Economic Hardship, Their Combinations, and Children's Behavior Problems. Demography 2020; 56:2279-2305. [PMID: 31808103 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-019-00833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Income poverty, material deprivation, and subjective financial stress are three distinct dimensions of economic hardship. The majority of the theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of economic hardship on children has treated material deprivation and subjective financial stress as only mediators of the effects of income poverty, not considering the independent effects of each dimension or the effects of their combinations. Using nationally representative, longitudinal data from the Millennium Cohort Study on more than 18,000 families in the United Kingdom, we propose seven distinct experiences of economic hardship, based on the possible combinations of income poverty, material deprivation, and subjective financial stress. We use mixed- and fixed-effects linear regression models to identify whether these different economic hardship combinations are differentially associated with children's behavior problems between ages 3 and 7. We find that all economic hardship combinations, including those without income poverty, are associated with higher levels of children's behavior problems. The combination of material deprivation and subjective financial stress and the combination of all three dimensions of economic hardship are associated with the highest levels of behavior problems. Based on these findings, we argue that income poverty is an important but insufficient measure of economic hardship for children and that theory and research on the effects of economic hardship on children should consider the multidimensional nature of economic stressors for families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Schenck-Fontaine
- Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Wilhelmsplatz 3, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Lidia Panico
- Institut National d'Études Démographiques, 133 Boulevard Davout, 75020, Paris, France
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165
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Picci G, Rose EJ, VanMeter JW, Fishbein DH. The moderating role of socioeconomic status on level of responsibility, executive functioning, and cortical thinning during adolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:291-304. [PMID: 32621532 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain development is exquisitely sensitive to psychosocial experiences, with implications for neurodevelopmental trajectories, for better or worse. The premise of this investigation was that the level of responsibility in adolescence may relate to brain structure and higher-order cognitive functions. In a sample of 108 adolescents, we focused on cortical thickness (using FreeSurfer) as an indicator of neurodevelopment in regions previously implicated in executive functioning (EF) and examined performance on an EF task outside of the scanner, in the context of level of responsibility. We further investigated whether socioeconomic status (SES) and family stress moderated the relationship between responsibility and brain structure or EF. Findings revealed that greater responsibility was related to thinner left precuneus and right middle frontal cortex. In lower SES adolescents, greater responsibility predicted thinner left precuneus and right middle frontal cortex, which have been consistently implicated in EF. Higher SES adolescents did not show structural differences related to responsibility, however, they did exhibit better EF performance. It may be that circumstances surrounding the need for greater responsibility in lower SES households are detrimental to neurodevelopment compared to higher SES households. Alternatively, responsibility may act as a protective factor that bolsters cortical thinning in regions related to EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Picci
- Program for Translational Research on Adversity and Neurodevelopment (P-TRAN), The Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Emma J Rose
- Program for Translational Research on Adversity and Neurodevelopment (P-TRAN), The Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John W VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Diana H Fishbein
- Program for Translational Research on Adversity and Neurodevelopment (P-TRAN), The Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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166
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Post-migration risks, developmental processes, and learning among Syrian refugee children in Lebanon. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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167
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Diamond-Welch B, Kosloski AE. Adverse childhood experiences and propensity to participate in the commercialized sex market. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 104:104468. [PMID: 32247917 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has tied adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to a variety of deleterious mental health, physical, and behavioral outcomes. There has been some examination of the relationship between ACEs and selling sexual services, but not on the relation of ACEs to purchasing. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize a cumulative impact of ACEs on the propensity to purchase and buy and sell sex. We further hypothesize that childhood sexual abuse will have unique impacts on buying and selling. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING We recruited participants who had ever/never exchanged money or things of values for sex through Amazon MTurk (n = 930). METHODS Using logistic regression, we examined how cumulative ACEs and each separate ACE increased propensity to buy or sell sex. We controlled for sex, age, race, employment status, and sexuality. RESULTS Utilizing the analysis from cumulative ACEs found that the propensity to buy (odds ratio 1.11***) and sell sex (odds ratio 1.094**) increased as cumulative ACE score increased. Bisexuals had high propensity of both buying (odds ratio 2.12) and selling sex (odds ratio 2.74). Women (odds ratio 0.53) and people of color (odds ratio 0.65) where more likely to sell than others. For odds of buying sex, childhood sexual abuse (odds ratio 1.57) had the most impact. For selling sex, childhood sexual abuse (odds ratio 1.96) and household physical violence (odds ratio 2.73) increased propensity while household mental abuse (odds ratio 0.57) decreased propensity. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the impact of ACEs is important to understand participation as a buyer and seller in the commercialized sex market.
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168
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Mudra Rakshasa A, Tong MT. Making "Good" Choices: Social Isolation in Mice Exacerbates the Effects of Chronic Stress on Decision Making. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:81. [PMID: 32523519 PMCID: PMC7261864 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress can impact decision-making and lead to a preference for immediate rewards rather than long-term payoffs. Factors that may influence these effects of chronic stress on decision-making are under-explored. Here we used a mouse model to investigate the changes in decision-making caused by the experience of chronic stress and the role of social isolation in exaggerating these changes. To test decision-making, mice were trained to perform a Cost-Benefit Conflict (CBC) task on a T-maze, in which they could choose between a high-reward, high-risk alternative and a low-reward, low-risk alternative. Mice were either housed in groups or alone throughout the experiment. Both groups of mice underwent a seven-day period of repeated immobilization to induce chronic stress. Stress levels were confirmed using behavioral (open field test) and physiological (urine corticosterone ELISA) measures. We found a significant increase in frequency of high-risk decisions after exposure to chronic stress among both socially- and individually-housed mice. Crucially, socially-housed mice showed a significantly smaller increase in high-risk decision-making compared to singly-housed mice. These findings suggest that chronic stress leads to an increase in high-risk decision-making in mice, and that lack of social interaction may exacerbate this stress effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arish Mudra Rakshasa
- Neuroscience Program, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, United States.,Biochemistry Program, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, United States
| | - Michelle T Tong
- Neuroscience Program, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, United States.,Department of Psychology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, United States.,Neuroscience Program and Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN, United States
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169
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Socioeconomic disadvantage, brain morphometry, and attentional bias to threat in middle childhood. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:309-326. [PMID: 30460484 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with higher rates of psychopathology as well as hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex structure. However, little is known about how variations in brain morphometry are associated with socio-emotional risks for mood disorders in children growing up in families experiencing low income. In the current study, using structural magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage and gray matter volume in the hippocampus, amygdala, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in a sample of children (n = 34) in middle childhood. Using an affective dot probe paradigm, we examined the association between gray matter volume in these regions and attentional bias to threat, a risk marker for mood disorders including anxiety disorders. We found that lower income-to-needs ratio was associated with lower bilateral hippocampal and right amygdala volume, but not prefrontal cortex volumes. Moreover, lower attentional bias to threat was associated with greater left hippocampal volume. We provide evidence of a relationship between income-related variations in brain structure and attentional bias to threat, a risk for mood disorders. Therefore, these findings support an environment-morphometry-behavior relationship that contributes to the understanding of income-related mental health disparities in childhood.
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170
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Welsh JA, Bierman KL, Nix RL, Heinrichs BN. Sustained effects of a school readiness intervention: 5th grade outcomes of the Head Start REDI program. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2020; 53:151-160. [PMID: 33994660 PMCID: PMC8115299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the sustained effects of the Head Start Research-based Developmentally Informed (REDI) program, which enriched preschools with evidence-based programming targeting social-emotional and language/emergent literacy skills. 44 Head Start classrooms were randomly assigned to intervention or a usual practice control group, and 356 4-year-olds (25% African American, 17% Latino, 54% female) were followed through the end of 5th grade. Growth curve analyses revealed that significant intervention effects on teacher-rated social adjustment, academic engagement, and parent involvement identified at the end of the Head Start year were sustained throughout elementary school. These findings demonstrate that evidence-based curricula combined with professional development support can enhance preschool programming and promote the elementary school adjustment of children living in poverty.
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171
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Song X, Wang S, Wang R, Xu H, Jiang Z, Li S, Zhang S, Wan Y. Mediating Effects of Specific Types of Coping Styles on the Relationship between Childhood Maltreatment and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Undergraduates: The Role of Sex. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093120. [PMID: 32365812 PMCID: PMC7246430 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although childhood maltreatment is known to be associated with depressive symptoms, few studies have investigated the mediating effect of different types of coping styles on this association. It is unknown whether the impacts vary by sex. We investigated the mediating effects of different coping styles on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms among Chinese undergraduates, as well as the role of sex in the mediated pathways. A total of 7643 college freshmen and sophomores (5665 females, 1978 males; 4215 freshmen, 3428 sophomores; mean age, 19.67 years) from two colleges in China completed a standard questionnaire on the details of childhood maltreatment, depressive symptoms, and coping styles. Childhood maltreatment was significantly correlated with all coping styles and depressive symptoms studied (p < 0.001). Problem solving, self-blame, help seeking, problem avoidance, and rationalization mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms. The estimated ratio of the effect of childhood maltreatment on the occurrence of depressive symptoms can be explained by the mediation of problem solving, self-blame, help seeking, problem avoidance, and rationalization, which accounted for 15.1%, 25.6%, 7.4%, 1.6% and 1.6% of the total effect, respectively. Sex differences were found to have mediating effects on coping styles in terms of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms. The findings illustrate the need to focus on coping styles and to employ sex-specific methods to effectively help college students reduce depressive symptoms associated with childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbing Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei 230032, China;
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.W.); (H.X.); (Z.J.); (S.L.); (S.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Information Technology Office, Anqing Medical College, Anqing 246052, China;
| | - Huiqiong Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.W.); (H.X.); (Z.J.); (S.L.); (S.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhicheng Jiang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.W.); (H.X.); (Z.J.); (S.L.); (S.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shuqin Li
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.W.); (H.X.); (Z.J.); (S.L.); (S.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.W.); (H.X.); (Z.J.); (S.L.); (S.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuhui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.W.); (H.X.); (Z.J.); (S.L.); (S.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Correspondence:
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172
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Wesarg C, Van Den Akker AL, Oei NYL, Hoeve M, Wiers RW. Identifying pathways from early adversity to psychopathology: A review on dysregulated HPA axis functioning and impaired self-regulation in early childhood. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2020.1748594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wesarg
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area (RPA) Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Developmental Psychology (Addiction Development and Psychopathology ADAPT-lab), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alithe L. Van Den Akker
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area (RPA) Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Y. L. Oei
- Research Priority Area (RPA) Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Developmental Psychology (Addiction Development and Psychopathology ADAPT-lab), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld Hoeve
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area (RPA) Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Research Priority Area (RPA) Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Developmental Psychology (Addiction Development and Psychopathology ADAPT-lab), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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173
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Hetherington E, Racine N, Madigan S, McDonald S, Tough S. Relative contribution of maternal adverse childhood experiences to understanding children's externalizing and internalizing behaviours at age 5: findings from the All Our Families cohort. CMAJ Open 2020; 8:E352-E359. [PMID: 32381686 PMCID: PMC7207036 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20190149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on physical and mental health has led to calls for routine screening for ACEs in primary care settings. We aimed to examine the association between maternal ACEs and children's behaviour problems (externalizing and internalizing) at age 5 in the context of other known predictors. METHODS We analyzed data from mother-and-child dyads participating in the All Our Families cohort in Calgary, Canada, between 2011 and 2017. Data were collected for factors related to the individual child (sex, age, temperament and behaviour), the mother (adverse childhood experiences, mental health, personality and parenting) and sociodemographic characteristics (family income, ethnicity and family structure) when the children were 3 and 5 years of age. We used logistic regression models to estimate crude and adjusted associations between maternal ACEs and children's externalizing (hyperactivity and aggression) and internalizing (anxiety, depression and somatization) behaviours. RESULTS Data were available for 1688 mother-and-child dyads. In the crude models, the presence of 4 or more maternal ACEs was associated with children's externalizing and internalizing behaviours at age 5. However, these associations were attenuated with adjustment. Persistent maternal mental health symptoms were associated with both externalizing and internalizing behaviours at age 5 (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.50-7.05, and adjusted OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.66-3.81, respectively). High levels of ineffective parenting behaviours were also associated with both externalizing and internalizing behaviours at age 5 (adjusted OR 6.27, 95% CI 4.30-9.14, and adjusted OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.03-1.99, respectively). INTERPRETATION The association between maternal ACEs and children's behaviour at age 5 was weakened in the presence of other maternal and family-level factors. Assessments of maternal mental health and parenting behaviours may be better targets for identifying children at risk of behavioural problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hetherington
- Departments of Community Health Sciences (Hetherington, McDonald, Tough) and of Pediatrics (McDonald, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine, and Department of Psychology (Racine, Madigan), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Nicole Racine
- Departments of Community Health Sciences (Hetherington, McDonald, Tough) and of Pediatrics (McDonald, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine, and Department of Psychology (Racine, Madigan), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Departments of Community Health Sciences (Hetherington, McDonald, Tough) and of Pediatrics (McDonald, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine, and Department of Psychology (Racine, Madigan), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sheila McDonald
- Departments of Community Health Sciences (Hetherington, McDonald, Tough) and of Pediatrics (McDonald, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine, and Department of Psychology (Racine, Madigan), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Suzanne Tough
- Departments of Community Health Sciences (Hetherington, McDonald, Tough) and of Pediatrics (McDonald, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine, and Department of Psychology (Racine, Madigan), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
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174
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Hubel GS, Davies F, Goodrum NM, Schmarder KM, Schnake K, Moreland AD. Adverse childhood experiences among early care and education teachers: Prevalence and associations with observed quality of classroom social and emotional climate. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2020; 111:104877. [PMID: 32921858 PMCID: PMC7480931 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the prevalence of self-reported adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among a sample of 349 early care and education teachers. Seventy-three percent of the sample reported experiencing at least one ACE and 22% reported experiencing 4 or more ACEs. Live observational assessments of the quality of the social and emotional climate in teacher's classrooms were conducted for a subsample of 58 teachers. Within this subsample, reporting a higher number of ACEs was associated with facilitating a lower quality social and emotional classroom climate. Individual ACEs were also examined. Teachers who reported experiencing incarceration of a family member, physical abuse, or emotional abuse were observed to facilitate a lower quality social and emotional classroom climate. This study provides preliminary insight into the prevalence of ACEs among members of the early care and education workforce. Further, it extends previous work examining the multi-generational impacts of ACEs within families by showing that ACEs may influence the care that is provided to children in childcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Hubel
- Department of Psychology, The College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, United States
| | - F Davies
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street - 2 South, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - N M Goodrum
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street - 2 South, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - K M Schmarder
- Department of Psychology, The College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, United States
| | - K Schnake
- SC Program for Infant/Toddler Care, Medical University of South Carolina, 1 Carriage Lane, Unit J, Charleston, SC 29407, United States
| | - A D Moreland
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street - 2 South, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
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175
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Wang X, Maguire-Jack K, Barnhart S, Yoon S, Li Q. Racial Differences in the Relationship between Neighborhood Disorder, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Child Behavioral Health. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:315-329. [PMID: 31811546 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The neighborhood and family context in which children grow profoundly influences their development. Informed by ecological systems theory and social disorganization theory, we hypothesized that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) mediate the relationship between neighborhood disorder and child externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and that these pathways vary by race/ethnicity. We conducted secondary data analysis using Fragile Families and Child Well-being study data. To test hypothesized pathways, we performed a mediation path analysis on a sample of 3001 mothers of children (ages 3 and 5) living in 20 U.S. cities. A moderated mediation path analysis was used to test racial/ethnic differences in hypothesized pathways. We found that living in disordered neighborhoods increased children's likelihood of exhibiting externalizing and internalizing behaviors through childhood ACEs. Compared to Black and Hispanic children, White children's ACEs were more susceptible to negative neighborhood environment effects, suggesting that White children's behavioral health may be more indirectly affected by neighborhood disorder. The finding that ACEs mediated the pathway from neighborhood disorder to child behavior problems provides opportunity for child psychiatrists and pediatricians to interrupt negative pathways by providing interventions for children and families. Our findings on racial/ethnic differences highlight the need for culturally sensitive programming to address children's behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiafei Wang
- David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, School of Social Work, 150 Crouse Dr, White Hall 220, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
| | | | - Sheila Barnhart
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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176
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VanMeter F, Handley ED, Cicchetti D. The role of coping strategies in the pathway between child maltreatment and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 101:104323. [PMID: 31935532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment has been repeatedly linked to internalizing and externalizing disorders, though few studies have examined the mechanisms of this pathway. Furthermore, children cope with difficult demands from their environments in a variety of ways, using emotion-focused (e.g., crying and verbal aggression), avoidant (e.g., disengaging), or problem-focused (e.g., seeking help from an adult) strategies. OBJECTIVE The current investigation examined if the coping strategies children employ when faced with everyday environmental stresses are a potential mechanism in the pathway between child maltreatment and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants included 198 maltreated and 222 non-maltreated children ages 4-12 who attended a day summer camp for 2 consecutive years. METHODS The study utilized a longitudinal design by following the children at two time points to determine if coping at Time 1 mediated the pathway between maltreatment and internalizing and externalizing symptoms at Time 2 (measured one year later). RESULTS Results from path analyses showed that maltreatment was associated with increased emotion-focused (b = .20, SE = .05, p < .001) and decreased problem-focused coping (b = -.25, SE = .05, p < .001). Results also indicated that emotion-focused coping represents a mechanism by which maltreated children are at increased risk for externalizing behaviors (with an indirect effect estimate of 0.023, SE = 0.053; CI: 0.004, 0.23). CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the impact maltreatment can have on coping strategies and that these strategies can play an important role in the development of psychopathology. This has important implications for clinicians, who could integrate reducing emotion-focused coping into intervention efforts for maltreated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith VanMeter
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, United States.
| | | | - Dante Cicchetti
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, United States; Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, United States
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177
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Cohen JR, Thomsen KN, Tu KM, Thakur H, McNeil S, Menon SV. Cardiac autonomic functioning and post-traumatic stress: A preliminary study in youth at-risk for PTSD. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112684. [PMID: 31740215 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The identification of robust, psychophysiological markers of trauma-related distress is critical for developing comprehensive, trauma-informed, mental health assessments for youth. Thus, the present study examined the clinical utility of cardiac autonomic balance (CAB) and cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR), two composite indices of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. We hypothesized that CAB/CAR would more reliably index post-traumatic stress (PTS) responses compared to measuring the parasympathetic (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) and sympathetic (i.e., pre-ejection period; PEP) nervous systems in isolation. Our sample was comprised of 88 diverse, low-income youth (40.9% African-American and 36.4% White; 60.5% girls; Mage = 12.05 years; SDage = 1.57) who are at increased risk for adversity-exposure. RSA and PEP were measured during a 5-minute baseline period and 5-minute parent-child conflict discussion task. Adolescent-caregiver dyads completed a clinician-administered measure of the youth's lifetime trauma-exposure and current PTS. CAB represented the difference between RSA and PEP, while CAR was the summation of RSA and PEP. Analyses revealed that sympathetically-oriented CAB reactivity uniquely (a) indexed PTS, especially in the context of elevated trauma, and (b) distinguished between those with and without PTSD. Findings highlight the translational promise of using physiological markers that account for the balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States.
| | - Kari N Thomsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States
| | - Kelly M Tu
- Department of Human Development and Family Services, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Hena Thakur
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States
| | - Shiesha McNeil
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States
| | - Suvarna V Menon
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States
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178
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Blank A, Frush Holt R, Pisoni DB, Kronenberger WG. Associations Between Parenting Stress, Language Comprehension, and Inhibitory Control in Children With Hearing Loss. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:321-333. [PMID: 31940261 PMCID: PMC7213483 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Parenting stress has been studied as a potential predictor of developmental outcomes in children with normal hearing and children who are deaf and hard of hearing. However, it is unclear how parenting stress might underlie at-risk spoken language and neurocognitive outcomes in this clinical pediatric population. We investigated parenting stress levels and the shared relations between parenting stress, language comprehension, and inhibitory control skills in children with and without hearing loss (HL) using a cross-sectional design. Method Families of children with HL (n = 39) and with normal hearing (n = 41) were tested. Children completed an age-appropriate version of the Concepts & Following Directions subtest of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals and the NIH Toolbox Flanker Test of Attention and Inhibitory control. Caregivers completed the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form 4. Results Parenting stress levels were not significantly different between parents of children with and without HL. A significant negative association was observed between parenting stress and our measure of language comprehension in children with HL. A negative association between parenting stress and inhibitory control skills was also found in families of children with HL, but not hearing children. The parenting stress-inhibitory control relationship was indirectly accounted for by delayed language comprehension skills in children with HL. Conclusion Even at moderate levels of parenting stress similar to parents of children with normal hearing, increases in parenting stress were associated with lower scores on our measures of language comprehension and inhibitory control in children with HL. Thus, parenting stress may underlie some of the variability in at-risk pediatric HL outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Blank
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Rachael Frush Holt
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - David B. Pisoni
- Department of Psychological and Brian Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington
- DeVault Otologic Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - William G. Kronenberger
- DeVault Otologic Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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179
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Wang MT, Henry DA, Degol JL. A development-in-sociocultural-context perspective on the multiple pathways to youth's engagement in learning. ADVANCES IN MOTIVATION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adms.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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180
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Pérez-Marfil MN, Fernández-Alcántara M, Fasfous AF, Burneo-Garcés C, Pérez-García M, Cruz-Quintana F. Influence of Socio-Economic Status on Psychopathology in Ecuadorian Children. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:43. [PMID: 32116858 PMCID: PMC7034357 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The socioeconomic status (SES) of parents has been reported to have a crucial impact on emotional competence in childhood. However, studies have largely been carried out in developed countries and in children in a specific age range, and it is not clear whether the effect of the SES of parents varies by age. The objective of this study was to investigate the psychopathological profile (including externalizing and internalizing problems) of children aged 7, 9, and 11 years old with low SES in a developing country (Ecuador). The study included 274 children (139 boys and 135 girls), who were divided between medium-SES (n = 133) and low-SES (n = 141) groups. Data were gathered on socioeconomic and anthropometric variables of the children, and the parents completed the Child Behavior Check-List (CBCL). In comparison to the medium-SES group, children in the low-SES group obtained higher scores for internalizing and externalizing symptoms and for total problems, and they obtained lower scores for social competence skills. The housing risk index and school competence were the two main predictors of internalizing and externalizing problems in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Fernández-Alcántara
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC-UGR), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Health Psychology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ahmed F Fasfous
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC-UGR), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Social Sciences, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Carlos Burneo-Garcés
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC-UGR), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Carrera de Derecho, Universidad de Otavalo, Otavalo, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Pérez-García
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC-UGR), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Cruz-Quintana
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC-UGR), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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181
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Strobel NA, Richardson A, Shepherd CCJ, McAuley KE, Marriott R, Edmond KM, McAullay DR. Modelling factors for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander child neurodevelopment outcomes: A latent class analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:48-59. [PMID: 31820463 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) provides a measure of early child development upon school entry. Understanding which combination of factors influences Aboriginal child neurodevelopment is important to inform policy and practice. OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to use latent class analysis (LCA) to model AEDC profiles and identify the highest need profiles. The secondary objective was to determine the associations of these high need profiles on the likelihood of a child becoming developmentally vulnerable. METHODS We designed a prospective population-based birth cohort study (n = 2715) using linked data sets with information on Aboriginal cohort children, and their mothers and siblings in Western Australia. Specific developmental indicators in the 2009 and 2012 AEDC were used to assess developmental vulnerability. LCA methods were used to determine need profiles and their association with developmental vulnerability. RESULTS 49.3% of Aboriginal children were vulnerable on at least one developmental domain, and 37.5% were vulnerable on two or more domains. LCA found six unique profiles. High needs family, High needs young mother, and Preterm infant comprised 42% of the cohort and were considered to have high need configurations. These groups were at least 1.7 times as likely to have children who had at least one or two developmental vulnerabilities compared with the Healthy family group. CONCLUSION Many Aboriginal children in Western Australia enter school with at least one developmental vulnerability. This study highlights a range of unique profiles that can be used to empower Aboriginal families for change and develop targeted programmes for improving the early development of young Aboriginal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Strobel
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Ngangk Yira Aboriginal Health and Social Equity Research Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alice Richardson
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Carrington C J Shepherd
- Telethon Kids Institute, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Ngangk Yira Aboriginal Health and Social Equity Research Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda Marriott
- Ngangk Yira Aboriginal Health and Social Equity Research Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karen M Edmond
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel R McAullay
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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182
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Merz EC, Desai PM, Maskus EA, Melvin SA, Rehman R, Torres SD, Meyer J, He X, Noble KG. Socioeconomic Disparities in Chronic Physiologic Stress Are Associated With Brain Structure in Children. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:921-929. [PMID: 31409452 PMCID: PMC6874729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic factors have been consistently linked with the structure of children's hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Chronic stress-as indexed by hair cortisol concentration-may represent an important mechanism underlying these associations. Here, we examined associations between hair cortisol and children's hippocampal and ACC structure, including across hippocampal subfields, and whether hair cortisol mediated associations between socioeconomic background (family income-to-needs ratio, parental education) and the structure of these brain regions. METHODS Participants were 5- to 9-year-old children (N = 94; 61% female) from socioeconomically diverse families. Parents and children provided hair samples that were assayed for cortisol. High-resolution, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired, and FreeSurfer 6.0 was used to compute hippocampal volume and rostral and caudal ACC thickness and surface area (n = 37 with both child hair cortisol and magnetic resonance imaging data; n = 41 with both parent hair cortisol and magnetic resonance imaging data). RESULTS Higher hair cortisol concentration was significantly associated with smaller CA3 and dentate gyrus hippocampal subfield volumes but not with CA1 or subiculum volume. Higher hair cortisol was also associated with greater caudal ACC thickness. Hair cortisol significantly mediated associations between parental education level and CA3 and dentate gyrus volumes; lower parental education level was associated with higher hair cortisol, which in turn was associated with smaller volume in these subfields. CONCLUSIONS These findings point to chronic physiologic stress as a potential mechanism through which lower parental education level leads to reduced hippocampal volume. Hair cortisol concentration may be an informative biomarker leading to more effective prevention and intervention strategies aimed at childhood socioeconomic disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Merz
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Pooja M Desai
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Rehan Rehman
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sarah D Torres
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Xiaofu He
- Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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183
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Choi JK, Wang D, Jackson AP. Adverse experiences in early childhood and their longitudinal impact on later behavioral problems of children living in poverty. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 98:104181. [PMID: 31521904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are an identified risk factor for the social and emotional development of children. What is less known is the long-term effects of ACEs when poverty and ACEs coincide. OBJECTIVE Using longitudinal cohort-panel data, we examined whether exposure to ACEs by the age of three among poor children would longitudinally result in behavioral problems at ages three, five, nine, and 15, after controlling for mothers' socioeconomic status and their children's characteristics. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We used a subsample of 2750 children and their parents living in urban poverty from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. METHODS Logistic regression modeling was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios of ACE categories predicting behavioral problems after accounting for family socioeconomic position. RESULTS Our findings indicate that experiencing ACEs in early childhood was significantly associated with later behavioral outcomes from childhood to adolescence. Exposure to multiple ACEs before the age of three was significantly associated with the top-risk behavior group at age five; the odd ratios were 2.0 (CI = 1.3-3.1) and 2.9 (CI = 1.8-4.6) for two ACEs and three or more ACEs, respectively. At both ages nine and 15, children experiencing two or more ACEs had 1.9 to 3.2 times higher odds to demonstrate more the top 10th percentile of behavioral problems. Among covariates, mothers' race and education, and children's gender and temperament were identified as significant factors to determine behavior problems. CONCLUSIONS The findings support policies and programs for families with children who have experienced economic disadvantages and early childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Kyun Choi
- Department of Child, Youth, & Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Child, Youth, & Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Aurora P Jackson
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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184
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Giano Z, Hubach RD. Adverse childhood experiences and mental health: Comparing the link in rural and urban men who have sex with men. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:362-369. [PMID: 31470179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research shows individuals experiencing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as well as identifying as a man who has sex with other men (MSM) are at an increased risk for mental health issues. Less has been studied, however, on ACEs in MSM; with even fewer studies investigating non-urban (e.g., rural/small town/suburban) MSM, as most research features urban samples. This is problematic due to studies showing that rurality can influence the behavior of MSM. The current study comparatively investigates the impact of ACEs on the mental health of rural/small town/suburban and urban MSM. METHODS Participants included 156 MSM residing in Oklahoma. Linear regression was used to test the association between ACEs' and mental health (anxiety, depressive symptoms, and loneliness). Split-sample regressions were conducted on rural/small town/suburban and urban MSM. RESULTS ACEs were associated with all three mental health outcomes in the full sample. However, ACEs were significantly linked to anxiety and depressive symptoms only in urban MSM. LIMITATIONS Limitations include a smaller sample size with limited racial/ethnic variations. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that living in an urban environment may amplify the risks of ACEs, rural/small town/suburban MSM may acquire outside, unique support networks which work to limit the effect of ACEs, or that rural/small town/suburban MSM may manifest the effects of ACEs differently (or a combination of the three). Trauma-informed programming has been shown to effectively reduce mental health issues, yet consideration is generally not given with regards to rurality. Future programming and research should consider rurality/urbanity as influential factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Giano
- Center for Rural Health, Oklahoma State University-Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Randolph D Hubach
- Center for Rural Health, Oklahoma State University-Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA.
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185
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Poulsen PH, Biering K, Winding TN, Nohr EA, Petersen LV, Ulijaszek SJ, Andersen JH. How does psychosocial stress affect the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage and overweight and obesity? Examining Hemmingsson's model with data from a Danish longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1475. [PMID: 31699059 PMCID: PMC6839153 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic stress in childhood may increase the risk of overweight and obesity in young people. Erik Hemmingsson has suggested a new obesity causation model which focuses on psychosocial stress. The aim was to examine the associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and overweight and obesity and examine if these associations attenuate, when the effect of the different domains from Eric Hemmingsson’s obesity causation model were taken into account. Methods A longitudinal study using data from The West Jutland Cohort Study (N = 2879). Outcome was overweight and obesity combined derived from self-reported weight and height at age 15, 18, 21 and 28 years. Exposure variables were equivalised household income, educational level and labour market participation of the mother derived from registers and psychosocial variables derived from questionnaires. A three-step adjustment model using logistic regression and stratified by gender was applied. Results Mother’s low educational level was associated with a 3-fold increased odds of obesity in 18 year-old-girls, which attenuated when adjusting for the domains adult distress, disharmonious family environment and offspring distress. In 28 year-old girls, a 2.5-fold increased odds of obesity was observed, which attenuated when mutual adjusted for other socioeconomic variables and attenuated even further when adjusting for all the domains. In 18-year-old boys, a 3-fold increased odds of obesity was observed which attenuated after adjustments for adult distress, disharmonious family environment and offspring distress. In 21-year old boys, a four-fold increased odds of obesity was observed that attenuated after adjustments. At age 28 years, a three-fold increased odds of obesity was observed, which vanished in the fully adjusted model. Conclusions Our study confirms to some extent that the associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and overweight and obesity can be explained by the domains included in Erik Hemmingsson’s model, although our results should be interpreted with caution. Adult distress, disharmonious family environment and offspring distress accounted for some of the association in girls, whereas in boys it was primarily offspring distress, which had the greatest impact. Young people’s educational attainment can act as a buffer in the relationship between mother’s lower educational level and obesity at age 28 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hoegh Poulsen
- Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, University Research Clinic, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Gl. Landevej 61, 7400, Herning, Denmark.
| | - Karin Biering
- Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, University Research Clinic, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Gl. Landevej 61, 7400, Herning, Denmark
| | - Trine Nøhr Winding
- Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, University Research Clinic, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Gl. Landevej 61, 7400, Herning, Denmark
| | - Ellen Aagaard Nohr
- Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Liselotte Vogdrup Petersen
- National Center for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 26, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Stanley J Ulijaszek
- Unit for Biocultural Variation and Obesity, Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Johan Hviid Andersen
- Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, University Research Clinic, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Gl. Landevej 61, 7400, Herning, Denmark
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186
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Konijnenberg C, Melinder A. Salivary cortisol levels relate to cognitive performance in children prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 62:409-418. [PMID: 31564069 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Opioid maintenance therapy (OMT) is generally recommended for pregnant opioid-dependent women. However, much is still unknown about the potential long-term effects of prenatal methadone and buprenorphine exposure. This study explored the long-term effects of prenatal methadone and buprenorphine exposure in a cohort (n = 41) of children, aged 9-11 years, using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) to measure cognitive development and salivary cortisol samples to measure HPA-axis activity. Prenatally exposed children scored significantly lower on all four subtests of WASI (vocabulary, similarities, block design, and matrix reasoning), compared to a comparison group (all p < .05). No group differences were found for salivary cortisol levels or cortisol reactivity levels (all p > .05). Cortisol levels significantly predicted matrix reasoning scores for the OMT group, β = -65.58, t(20) = 15.70, p = .02. Findings suggest that prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine does not have long-term effects on children's HPA-axis functioning. However, since children of women in OMT scored significantly lower on tasks of cognitive function, careful follow-up throughout the school years and across adolescence is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Konijnenberg
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway.,Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Melinder
- Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo University Hospital, Child- and Adolescents Mental Health, Oslo, Norway
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187
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Justice LM, Jiang H, Purtell KM, Schmeer K, Boone K, Bates R, Salsberry PJ. Conditions of Poverty, Parent-Child Interactions, and Toddlers' Early Language Skills in Low-Income Families. Matern Child Health J 2019; 23:971-978. [PMID: 30649661 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-02726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The study examined the relations between parent-child interaction in the first year of life to toddlers' language skills at age 2 years for a sample of children reared in poverty; of specific interest was testing the Family Stress Model, which proposes that the conditions of poverty influence children's language skills through caregiver well-being (e.g., distress, depression) and interaction dysregulation. Methods Participants were from the Kids in Columbus Study, a birth-cohort study of children born to urban families experiencing material hardship. Caregiver questionnaires were collected when the child was 4-7 months to document poverty conditions (maternal hardship, institutional resources), caregiver well-being (depression, distress), and dysregulation in parent-child interactions. The Bayley-III assessed receptive and expressive language skills when the children were 2 years. Results On average, receptive language skills were nearly 1 SD below the normative mean. Path models showed a significant effect of caregiver-child dysregulated interactions on toddlers' language skills, and an indirect effect of maternal distress on parent-child interactions and, in turn, toddlers' language skills. Conclusions for Practice This study confirmed the theoretical Family Stress Model as a viable representation of the effects of poverty on the language skills of toddlers reared in homes experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Justice
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.,Educational Psychology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
| | - Kelly M Purtell
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.,Human Development and Family Studies Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Kammi Schmeer
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.,Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Kelly Boone
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Randi Bates
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Pamela J Salsberry
- Health Behavior and Health Promotion Center for Health Outcomes, Policy, and Evaluation Studies, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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188
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Bengtsson J, Dich N, Rieckmann A, Hulvej Rod N. Cohort profile: the DANish LIFE course (DANLIFE) cohort, a prospective register-based cohort of all children born in Denmark since 1980. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027217. [PMID: 31542736 PMCID: PMC6756429 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The DANish LIFE course (DANLIFE) cohort is a prospective register-based study set up to investigate the complex life course mechanisms linking childhood adversities to health and well-being in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood including cumulative and synergistic actions and potentially sensitive periods in relation to health outcomes. PARTICIPANTS All children born in Denmark in 1980 or thereafter have successively been included in the cohort totalling more than 2.2 million children. To date, the study population has been followed annually in the nationwide Danish registers for an average of 16.8 years with full data coverage in the entire follow-up period. The information is currently updated until 2015. FINDINGS TO DATE DANLIFE provides information on a wide range of family-related childhood adversities (eg, parental separation, death of a parent or sibling, economic disadvantage) with important psychosocial implications for health and well-being in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. Measurement of covariates indicating demographic (eg, age, sex), social (eg, parental education) and health-related factors (eg, birth weight) has also been included from the nationwide registers. In this cohort profile, we provide an overview of the childhood adversities and covariates included in DANLIFE. We also demonstrate that there is a clear social gradient in the exposure to childhood adversities confirming clustering of adverse experiences within individuals. FUTURE PLANS DANLIFE provides a valuable platform for research into early life adversity and opens unique possibilities for testing new research ideas on how childhood adversities affect health across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bengtsson
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Nadya Dich
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Rieckmann
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naja Hulvej Rod
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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189
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Sharrad KJ, Sanwo O, Carson-Chahhoud KV, Pike KC. Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J Sharrad
- University of South Australia; School of Health Sciences; Adelaide Australia
| | - Olatokunbo Sanwo
- William Harvey Hospital; East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust; Ashford UK
| | | | - Katharine C Pike
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; Respiratory, Critical Care & Anaesthesia; London UK
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190
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Sheffler JL, Piazza JR, Quinn JM, Sachs-Ericsson NJ, Stanley IH. Adverse childhood experiences and coping strategies: identifying pathways to resiliency in adulthood. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2019; 32:594-609. [PMID: 31288568 PMCID: PMC6824267 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1638699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examined whether coping strategies mediate the link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adult psychiatric and physical health outcomes. METHODS Data were drawn from wave I (N = 7108), wave II (N = 4963), and wave III (N = 3294) of the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) Survey. An ACE count was created using seven aspects of early adversity based on prior literature. Coping variables were created using subscales of the COPE inventory. Psychiatric and health outcomes were assessed at baseline and at the 20-year follow-up. Bootstrapping mediation analyses were conducted using MPLUS to examine the link between ACEs and health outcomes and to determine if coping strategies mediate these relationships. RESULTS Results of path analyses in Mplus showed that ACEs, reported at Wave I, were associated with worse psychiatric and physical health outcomes at Wave III. ACEs at Wave I were associated with greater use of avoidant emotion-focused coping and lower use of problem-focused strategies at Wave II. Avoidant emotion-focused coping at Wave II partially mediated the relationship between ACEs, reported at Wave I, and psychiatric and physical health outcomes reported at Wave III. No significant mediation was detected for problem-focused coping. CONCLUSIONS Coping strategies may be an important point target for prevention or intervention for individuals who have experienced ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Sheffler
- a Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| | - Jennifer R Piazza
- b Department of Public Health, California State University , Fullerton , CA , USA
| | - Jamie M Quinn
- c Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| | | | - Ian H Stanley
- d Department of Psychology, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
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191
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Joos CM, McDonald A, Wadsworth ME. Extending the toxic stress model into adolescence: Profiles of cortisol reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 107:46-58. [PMID: 31078758 PMCID: PMC6635096 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxic stress model posits that extended activation of stress response systems in the absence of a supportive relationship with an adult may over time lead to physiological alterations to these same systems, and ultimately to poorer physical and mental health outcomes. However, empirical tests of model hypotheses in adolescence, a critical period of development, are lacking. This study expands the toxic stress model to include more developmentally-appropriate risk and protective factors for adolescents experiencing overwhelming and uncontrollable stressors. Data were collected for a study of early adolescents from urban low-income households (N = 101; 10-12 years old; 59% female). Participants and a caregiver completed questionnaires; youths completed the modified Trier Social Stress Task alone and provided six saliva samples. Using latent profile analysis, three profiles of cortisol reactivity were identified in early adolescents exposed to chronic environmental stress: Elevated and Reactive (11%), Moderate and Non-Reactive (26%), and Blunted and Non-Reactive (63%). In accordance with the toxic stress model, exposure to more community violence and less family support were associated with blunted cortisol reactivity, and Reactive profile membership was associated with fewer trauma symptoms. Overall, the findings provide empirical support for the extension of the toxic stress model in early adolescence through the application of developmentally-sensitive measures and provide implications for future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina M Joos
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Ashley McDonald
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Martha E Wadsworth
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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192
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Liming KW. Examining the Differing Effects of Economic Hardship and Poor Maternal Wellbeing on Cumulative Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2019; 12:307-321. [PMID: 32318201 PMCID: PMC7163802 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-018-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research supports a strong and cumulative relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and risky adult behaviors, mental health disorders, diseases, and health status. Additional factors, such as poor maternal wellbeing and economic hardship, compound the detrimental health and wellbeing implications associated with childhood exposure to ACEs. However, limited research has explored the differentiating effects of economic hardship and maternal wellbeing on a child's cumulative ACE exposure. This study examined the differing effects of poor maternal wellbeing and economic hardship on a child's exposure to ACEs. This study used a random sub-sample (n = 4000) from the 2011 to 2012 National Survey on Children's Health (NSCH), a nationally representative cross-sectional study of children (N = 95,677) between birth and 17 years old. Confirmatory factor analysis results revealed greater economic hardship had a significant direct effect on a child's ACE exposure and poorer maternal wellbeing. Poor maternal wellbeing had a significant mediation-like effect on the relationship between economic hardship and a child's cumulative ACE exposure. Practice and policy implications include early ACE assessments tailored to identify children and families experiencing adversity across multiple domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiley W. Liming
- School of Social Welfare, University of Kansas, 1545 Lilac Lane, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
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193
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Brokamp C, Strawn JR, Beck AF, Ryan P. Pediatric Psychiatric Emergency Department Utilization and Fine Particulate Matter: A Case-Crossover Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:97006. [PMID: 31553231 PMCID: PMC6792357 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exposure to ambient particulate matter < 2.5 μ m in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) has been associated with adult psychiatric exacerbations but has not been studied in children. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to estimate the association between acute exposures to ambient PM 2.5 and psychiatric emergency department (ED) utilization and to determine if it is modified by community deprivation. METHODS We used a time-stratified case-crossover design to analyze all pediatric, psychiatric ED encounters at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, from 2011 to 2015 (n = 13,176 ). Conditional logistic regression models adjusted for temperature, humidity, and holiday effects were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for a psychiatric ED visit 0-3 d after ambient PM 2.5 exposures, estimated at residential addresses using a spatiotemporal model. RESULTS A 10 - μ g / m 3 increase in PM 2.5 was associated with a significant increase in any psychiatric ED utilization 1 [OR = 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.12)] and 2 [OR = 1.05 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.10)] d later. When stratified by visit reason, associations were significant for ED visits related to adjustment disorder {e.g., 1-d lag [OR = 1.24 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.52)] and suicidality 1-d lag [OR = 1.44 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.02)]}. There were significant differences according to community deprivation, with some lags showing stronger associations among children in high versus low deprivation areas for ED visits for anxiety {1-d lag [OR = 1.39 (95% CI: 0.96, 2.01) vs. 0.85 (95% CI: 0.62, 1.17)] and suicidality same day [OR = 1.98 (95% CI: 1.22, 3.23) vs. 0.93 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.45)]}. In contrast, for some lags, associations with ED visits for adjustment disorder were weaker for children in high-deprivation areas {1-d lag [OR = 1.00 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.33) vs. 1.50 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.93)]}. DISCUSSION These findings warrant additional research to confirm the associations in other populations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4815.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Brokamp
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Strawn
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew F. Beck
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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194
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Taufik T, Ibrahim R. Making Sense of Disaster: Affinity to God as a Coping Strategy of Muslim Refugees in Central Sulawesi. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2019.1655256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taufik Taufik
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Rahimah Ibrahim
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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195
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Bailey R, Meland EA, Brion-Meisels G, Jones SM. Getting Developmental Science Back Into Schools: Can What We Know About Self-Regulation Help Change How We Think About "No Excuses"? Front Psychol 2019; 10:1885. [PMID: 31496971 PMCID: PMC6712083 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Research from education, psychology, and human development indicates that social and emotional skills are essential to success in school, work, and life, and that high-quality social and emotional learning (SEL) programs can benefit students’ mental health, academic achievement, and behavioral outcomes. While many schools are adopting an SEL approach, there remains a concerning gap between SEL research and policies and practices related to discipline and behavior management. Following the No Child Left Behind Act and education reform driven by a culture of high-stakes standardized testing and accountability benchmarks, there has been an increase in elementary schools adopting a “no excuses” model of education. This model is characterized by extended time in school, highly structured in-service teacher training, frequent assessments, and “zero tolerance” policies to strictly manage and control children’s behavior. These behavior policies are problematic as they run counter to what research tells us about children’s social and emotional development. Reactive and exclusionary discipline policies inhibit children’s abilities to build and practice self-regulation skills and jeopardize the relationships between students and teachers. The developmental science perspective on children’s regulatory skills suggests that the early years of school are a central context for developing and practicing self-regulation with the support of educators and peers. Research also indicates that warm, caring, reciprocal relationships based on trust are critical to learning and development. Yet, this research base is often overshadowed by pressures to improve standardized achievement scores or misinterpreted in the form of hyper-vigilance about children’s behavior in the classroom. Finally, the “no excuses” approach to behavior management is used disproportionally in schools serving low-income students of color and thus may contribute to unequal rates of suspensions and expulsions, both of which are linked to negative developmental outcomes later in life. This is particularly true for students who have experienced trauma, in part because the act of social exclusion is often re-traumatizing. This article summarizes research on self-regulation, trauma, and developmental relationships, highlights potential consequences of “no excuses” policies and practices in schools, and presents an alternative view of learning environments which promote effective self-regulation skills in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bailey
- Prevention Science and Practice, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Emily A Meland
- Prevention Science and Practice, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Gretchen Brion-Meisels
- Prevention Science and Practice, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Stephanie M Jones
- Prevention Science and Practice, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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196
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Ghafuri DL, Sanger M, Rodeghier M, DeBaun MR. Integrated psychology support and comprehensive cognitive evaluation improves access to special education services for children with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27755. [PMID: 31044487 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk for cognitive deficits. Limited data describe whether comprehensive cognitive evaluation improves education resources and whether caregivers perceive the assessment as beneficial. We tested our two hypotheses: (a) an integrated comprehensive cognitive evaluation program in children with SCD results in increased special education services allocation; and (b) caregivers will value comprehensive cognitive evaluation services provided. PROCEDURE In a tertiary care medical facility, as part of quality improvement project, in a before-and-after evaluation between March 2011 and July 2014, we examined the impact of targeted comprehensive cognitive evaluation on change in special education services. We also evaluated the caregiver's perception regarding the utility of the provided services. RESULTS A total of 21% (42 of 196) students (median age 11 years, range 3-18) with SCD were referred for cognitive assessment due to overt stroke (n = 11), silent stroke (n = 14), or concerns about cognitive or academic functioning without evidence of strokes (n = 17). At baseline, 45.2% received special education services and after the comprehensive cognitive evaluation 86.7% received special education services (P < 0.001). Among 33 caregivers who completed the survey, 97% reported that the assessment was helpful and 60% indicated that assessment led to beneficial changes for their children at school. CONCLUSION Education advocacy coupled with comprehensive cognitive assessment in students with SCD improved access to special education services, and caregivers uniformly endorse this service as having added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Labib Ghafuri
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen Sanger
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Michael Rutledge DeBaun
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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197
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Koning SM, Ehrenthal DB. Stressor landscapes, birth weight, and prematurity at the intersection of race and income: Elucidating birth contexts through patterned life events. SSM Popul Health 2019; 8:100460. [PMID: 31384659 PMCID: PMC6661410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Women of color and women in poverty experience disproportionately high rates of adverse birth outcomes in the United States (US). We use an intersectionality-based approach to examine how maternal life events (LE's) preceding childbirth are patterned and shape birth outcomes at the intersection of race and income. Using population data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System we uncover common maternal LE clusters preceding births in 2011-2015, offering a description and measurement of what we call "stressor landscapes" that go beyond standard measures by frequency or type alone. Three landscapes emerge: (1) Protected, characterized by very few LE's; (2) Illness/Isolated, with very few LE's and most commonly involving an illness or death of someone close; and (3) Toxic/Cumulative, comprising more frequent and acute LE's. Mothers in the toxic landscape experience on average 107-g lighter birth weights and a 27%, 49%, and 57% greater risk of PTB, LBW, and VLBW, respectively, compared to in the protected landscape. Low-income and non-Hispanic black (NHB), Hispanic, American Indian (AI), and Alaska Native (AN) mothers are among the groups disproportionately exposed to toxic stressor landscapes. The association between landscape and birth outcomes additionally varies by race and income. Among non-Hispanic white mothers, toxic landscapes are linked to poor birth outcomes at lower incomes. Among NHB mothers, illness-related stressors are additionally linked to worse outcomes and stressor landscapes disproportionately harm middle-income mothers. Toxic stressors may contribute to worse outcomes among middle- and high-income Hispanic and AI/AN mothers, but these patterns are less clear. Our study offers a new approach to measuring LE's that match common conceptions of exposure clustering and applies it to US population data to reveal LE patterns underlying persistent social disparities in maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Koning
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut Street, 707 WARF Building, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Present Address: Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Deborah B. Ehrenthal
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut Street, 707 WARF Building, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
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198
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Rosemond TN, Blake CE, Shapiro CJ, Burke MP, Bernal J, Adams EJ, Frongillo EA. Disrupted Relationships, Chaos, and Altered Family Meals in Food-Insecure Households: Experiences of Caregivers and Children. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019; 119:1644-1652. [PMID: 31302036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular family meals foster healthy physical and social development of children but often occur less frequently in households experiencing food insecurity. How food insecurity influences the quality of these interactions is not understood well. OBJECTIVE To better understand family meal experiences of caregivers and children living in food-insecure households. DESIGN A qualitative method with cross-sectional sample was used, collecting data using semistructured interview guides. PARTICIPANTS Twenty ethnically diverse caregiver-child (aged 9 to 15 years) dyads in South Carolina were interviewed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were analyzed using grounded theory in Nvivo 10. RESULTS Food-insecure households described family meals that varied in frequency, location, and quality of foods served, especially during times of food shortages. Interpersonal relationships drove the quality of mealtime interactions for these households. Household chaos not only influenced the frequency and location of meals, but also strained mealtime interactions in households with poor interpersonal relationships. In these homes, household chaos included conflicts with work and afterschool schedules, food shortages, coping with poverty and food insecurity (eg, working extra hours or seeking food assistance), and children visiting multiple homes, particularly when food was limited. All households experienced chaos, but strong interpersonal relationships were described as the primary reason for enjoyable mealtime experiences with few disruptions. CONCLUSIONS Exploring family meal experiences of children in food-insecure households highlights the importance of interpersonal relationships and regular, positive mealtime interactions that may strengthen emotional connections in families to improve child health outcomes.
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199
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Vásquez-Echeverría A, Tomás C, Cruz O. The development of episodic foresight in preschoolers: the role of socioeconomic status, parental future orientation, and family context. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2019; 32:12. [PMID: 32027009 PMCID: PMC6967318 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-019-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic foresight (EF) refers to the ability to anticipate future states of the self. Despite almost two decades of research, no studies explored how family context variables relate to the development of this ability. The objectives of this study were to explore the association of socioeconomic status (SES), parental consideration of future consequences (CFC), and family environment quality on the development of episodic foresight and to compare the magnitude of the effects of these same variables on delay of gratification and planning.Sixty-four dyads composed by 4-year-old Uruguayan children and their main caregiver participated in the study. Children were administered experiments on episodic foresight, delay of gratification, planning, and receptive language. Parents reported socioeconomic status, family environment, and their consideration of future consequences. Even though parents' limit setting was associated to higher EF in children and parental CFC-I was a predictor in multiple regression analysis, these effects ceased to be significant when controlled by child's receptive language and caregiver education, being these the main predictors of EF. Results also indicate that SES significantly distinguishes the performance in future-oriented skills and language, being the magnitude of the effect higher for EF in comparison with planning and delay of gratification. This study supports that EF is related to SES to a greater extent than other variables traditionally assessed in studies of poverty and child development. We discuss implications of low SES and language skills in the light of EF development and immediate-oriented behavior in contexts of deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Vásquez-Echeverría
- Instituto de Fundamentos y Métodos en Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Tristán Narvaja 1674, 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Clementina Tomás
- Instituto de Fundamentos y Métodos en Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Tristán Narvaja 1674, 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Orlanda Cruz
- Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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200
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Mance GA, Grant KE, Roberts D, Carter J, Turek C, Adam E, Thorpe RJ. Environmental stress and socioeconomic status: Does parent and adolescent stress influence executive functioning in urban youth? J Prev Interv Community 2019; 47:279-294. [PMID: 31169069 DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2019.1617386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether parental and adolescent stress act as mediators between socio-economic status (SES) and adolescent executive functioning (EF) in urban youth. Two hundred and sixty-seven 6th-11th grade students (ages 11-16, 55.4% female; 49.1% Black/African American) attending racially and socioeconomically diverse schools in Chicago, Illinois, completed self-report measures on urban stress and EF. Parents of adolescents completed measures on parental chronic stress and demographic information on the family's socioeconomic status. Results indicated that parent stress was directly related to adolescent stress, while adolescent stress was directly related to behavior components of EF (i.e., emotion control, set shifting, and inhibition). Although parental stress was related to adolescent's ability to shift from one task to another, no relationship was found with adolescent's ability to modulate mood or delay impulsive behaviors. Implications for socio-ecological mental health interventions for youth residing in urban environments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- GiShawn A Mance
- Department of Psychology, Howard University , Washington , District of Columbia , USA
| | - Kathryn E Grant
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Debra Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Howard University , Washington , District of Columbia , USA
| | - Jocelyn Carter
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Carolyn Turek
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Emma Adam
- Institute of Policy Research, Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois , USA
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
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