151
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Gokey JJ, Dasgupta A, Amack JD. The V-ATPase accessory protein Atp6ap1b mediates dorsal forerunner cell proliferation and left-right asymmetry in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2015; 407:115-30. [PMID: 26254189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric fluid flows generated by motile cilia in a transient 'organ of asymmetry' are involved in establishing the left-right (LR) body axis during embryonic development. The vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) proton pump has been identified as an early factor in the LR pathway that functions prior to cilia, but the role(s) for V-ATPase activity are not fully understood. In the zebrafish embryo, the V-ATPase accessory protein Atp6ap1b is maternally supplied and expressed in dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs) that give rise to the ciliated organ of asymmetry called Kupffer's vesicle (KV). V-ATPase accessory proteins modulate V-ATPase activity, but little is known about their functions in development. We investigated Atp6ap1b and V-ATPase in KV development using morpholinos, mutants and pharmacological inhibitors. Depletion of both maternal and zygotic atp6ap1b expression reduced KV organ size, altered cilia length and disrupted LR patterning of the embryo. Defects in other ciliated structures-neuromasts and olfactory placodes-suggested a broad role for Atp6ap1b during development of ciliated organs. V-ATPase inhibitor treatments reduced KV size and identified a window of development in which V-ATPase activity is required for proper LR asymmetry. Interfering with Atp6ap1b or V-ATPase function reduced the rate of DFC proliferation, which resulted in fewer ciliated cells incorporating into the KV organ. Analyses of pH and subcellular V-ATPase localizations suggested Atp6ap1b functions to localize the V-ATPase to the plasma membrane where it regulates proton flux and cytoplasmic pH. These results uncover a new role for the V-ATPase accessory protein Atp6ap1b in early development to maintain the proliferation rate of precursor cells needed to construct a ciliated KV organ capable of generating LR asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Gokey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Agnik Dasgupta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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152
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Abstract
It is 20 years since the identification of PKD1, the major gene mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), followed closely by the cloning of PKD2. These major breakthroughs have led in turn to a period of intense investigation into the function of the two proteins encoded, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, and how defects in either protein lead to cyst formation and nonrenal phenotypes. In this review, we summarize the major findings in this area and present a current model of how the polycystin proteins function in health and disease.
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153
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Casar Tena T, Burkhalter MD, Philipp M. Left-right asymmetry in the light of TOR: An update on what we know so far. Biol Cell 2015; 107:306-18. [PMID: 25943139 PMCID: PMC4744706 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The internal left‐right (LR) asymmetry is a characteristic that exists throughout the animal kingdom from roundworms over flies and fish to mammals. Cilia, which are antenna‐like structures protruding into the extracellular space, are involved in establishing LR asymmetry during early development. Humans who suffer from dysfunctional cilia often develop conditions such as heterotaxy, where internal organs appear to be placed randomly. As a consequence to this failure in asymmetry development, serious complications such as congenital heart defects (CHD) occur. The mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has recently emerged as an important regulator regarding symmetry breaking. The mTOR pathway governs fundamental processes such as protein translation or metabolism. Its activity can be transduced by two complexes, which are called TORC1 and TORC2, respectively. So far, only TORC1 has been implicated with asymmetry development and appears to require very precise regulation. A number of recent papers provided evidence that dysregulated TORC1 results in alterations of motile cilia and asymmetry defects. In here, we give an update on what we know so far of mTORC1 in LR asymmetry development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Casar Tena
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research Fritz Lippmann Institute, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
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154
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Mohieldin AM, Haymour HS, Lo ST, AbouAlaiwi WA, Atkinson KF, Ward CJ, Gao M, Wessely O, Nauli SM. Protein composition and movements of membrane swellings associated with primary cilia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2415-29. [PMID: 25650235 PMCID: PMC4503369 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of many ciliary proteins has been linked to a list of diseases, from cystic kidney to obesity and from hypertension to mental retardation. We previously proposed that primary cilia are unique communication organelles that function as microsensory compartments that house mechanosensory molecules. Here we report that primary cilia exhibit membrane swellings or ciliary bulbs, which based on their unique ultrastructure and motility, could be mechanically regulated by fluid-shear stress. Together with the ultrastructure analysis of the swelling, which contains monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3), our results show that ciliary bulb has a distinctive set of functional proteins, including GM3 synthase (GM3S), bicaudal-c1 (Bicc1), and polycystin-2 (PC2). In fact, results from our cilia isolation demonstrated for the first time that GM3S and Bicc1 are members of the primary cilia proteins. Although these proteins are not required for ciliary membrane swelling formation under static condition, fluid-shear stress induced swelling formation is partially modulated by GM3S. We therefore propose that the ciliary bulb exhibits a sensory function within the mechano-ciliary structure. Overall, our studies provided an important step towards understanding the ciliary bulb function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M. Mohieldin
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Hanan S. Haymour
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shao T. Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Wissam A. AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Kimberly F. Atkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
| | - Christopher J. Ward
- Department of Medicine, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS 66160, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, 1425 University Esplanade, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Surya M. Nauli
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
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155
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Christensen MG, Praetorius HA. Sorting out the paracrine kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1074-5. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00050.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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156
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Francks C. Exploring human brain lateralization with molecular genetics and genomics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1359:1-13. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; Nijmegen the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen the Netherlands
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157
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Smith DJ, Montenegro-Johnson TD, Lopes SS. Organized chaos in Kupffer's vesicle: how a heterogeneous structure achieves consistent left-right patterning. BIOARCHITECTURE 2015; 4:119-25. [PMID: 25454897 DOI: 10.4161/19490992.2014.956593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful establishment of left-right asymmetry is crucial to healthy vertebrate development. In many species this process is initiated in a ciliated, enclosed cavity, for example Kupffer's vesicle (KV) in zebrafish. The microarchitecture of KV is more complex than that present in the left-right organizer of many other species. While swirling flow in KV is recognized as essential for left-right patterning, its generation, nature and conversion to asymmetric gene expression are only beginning to be fully understood. We recently [Sampaio, P et al. Dev Cell 29:716-728] combined imaging, genetics and fluid dynamics simulation to characterize normal and perturbed ciliary activity, and their correlation to asymmetric charon expression and embryonic organ fate. Randomness in cilia number and length have major implications for robust flow generation; even a modest change in mean cilia length has a major effect on flow speed to due to nonlinear scaling arising from fluid mechanics. Wildtype, and mutant embryos with normal liver laterality, exhibit stronger flow on the left prior to asymmetric inhibition of charon. Our discovery of immotile cilia, taken with data on morphant embryos with very few cilia, further support the role of mechanosensing in initiating and/or enhancing flow conversion into gene expression.
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Key Words
- DA, dorsal roof-anterior
- DC, dorsal roof-central
- DP, dorsal roof-posterior
- EQ, equatorial region of Kupffer's vesicle separating dorsal roof and ventral floor
- KV, Kupffer's vesicle
- Kupffer's vesicle
- MO-control, embryo treated with mismatch control morpholino
- VA, ventral floor-anterior
- VC, ventral floor-central
- VP, ventral floor-posterior
- WT, wildtype
- cilia
- dld-/-, homozygous deltaD null mutant
- dnah7-MO, dnah7-morpholino knockdown embryo
- heterotaxia
- left-right asymmetry
- situs inversus
- zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- a School of Mathematics ; University of Birmingham ; Birmingham , UK
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158
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Narasimhan V, Hjeij R, Vij S, Loges NT, Wallmeier J, Koerner-Rettberg C, Werner C, Thamilselvam SK, Boey A, Choksi SP, Pennekamp P, Roy S, Omran H. Mutations in CCDC11
, which Encodes a Coiled-Coil Containing Ciliary Protein, Causes Situs Inversus
Due to Dysmotility of Monocilia in the Left-Right Organizer. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:307-18. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rim Hjeij
- Department of Pediatrics; University Hospital Muenster; Albert Schweitzer Campus 1 Muenster Germany
| | - Shubha Vij
- Genes; Development and Disease Laboratory; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; Proteos Singapore
| | - Niki Tomas Loges
- Department of Pediatrics; University Hospital Muenster; Albert Schweitzer Campus 1 Muenster Germany
| | - Julia Wallmeier
- Department of Pediatrics; University Hospital Muenster; Albert Schweitzer Campus 1 Muenster Germany
| | - Cordula Koerner-Rettberg
- Klinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin im St. Josef-Hospital; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Claudius Werner
- Department of Pediatrics; University Hospital Muenster; Albert Schweitzer Campus 1 Muenster Germany
| | - Surin Kumar Thamilselvam
- Genes; Development and Disease Laboratory; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; Proteos Singapore
| | - Adrian Boey
- Institute of Medical Biology - Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Joint Electron Microscopy Suite; Singapore
| | - Semil P. Choksi
- Genes; Development and Disease Laboratory; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; Proteos Singapore
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of Pediatrics; University Hospital Muenster; Albert Schweitzer Campus 1 Muenster Germany
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Genes; Development and Disease Laboratory; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; Proteos Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of Pediatrics; University Hospital Muenster; Albert Schweitzer Campus 1 Muenster Germany
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159
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Li BI, Matteson PG, Ababon MF, Nato AQ, Lin Y, Nanda V, Matise TC, Millonig JH. The orphan GPCR, Gpr161, regulates the retinoic acid and canonical Wnt pathways during neurulation. Dev Biol 2015; 402:17-31. [PMID: 25753732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The vacuolated lens (vl) mouse mutation arose on the C3H/HeSnJ background and results in lethality, neural tube defects (NTDs) and cataracts. The vl phenotypes are due to a deletion/frameshift mutation in the orphan GPCR, Gpr161. A recent study using a null allele demonstrated that Gpr161 functions in primary cilia and represses the Shh pathway. We show the hypomorphic Gpr161(vl) allele does not severely affect the Shh pathway. To identify additional pathways regulated by Gpr161 during neurulation, we took advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation in the mouse. Previously Gpr161(vl-C3H) was crossed to different inbred backgrounds including MOLF/EiJ and the Gpr161(vl) mutant phenotypes were rescued. Five modifiers were mapped (Modvl: Modifier of vl) including Modvl5(MOLF). In this study we demonstrate the Modvl5(MOLF) congenic rescues the Gpr161(vl)-associated lethality and NTDs but not cataracts. Bioinformatics determined the transcription factor, Cdx1, is the only annotated gene within the Modvl5 95% CI co-expressed with Gpr161 during neurulation and not expressed in the eye. Using Cdx1 as an entry point, we identified the retinoid acid (RA) and canonical Wnt pathways as downstream targets of Gpr161. QRT-PCR, ISH and IHC determined that expression of RA and Wnt genes are down-regulated in Gpr161(vl/vl) but rescued by the Modvl5(MOLF) congenic during neurulation. Intraperitoneal RA injection restores expression of canonical Wnt markers and rescues Gpr161(vl/vl) NTDs. These results establish the RA and canonical Wnt as pathways downstream of Gpr161 during neurulation, and suggest that Modvl5(MOLF) bypasses the Gpr161(vl) mutation by restoring the activity of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo I Li
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Paul G Matteson
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Myka F Ababon
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Alejandro Q Nato
- Department of Genetics; Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Yong Lin
- Division of Biometrics, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Vikas Nanda
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Tara C Matise
- Department of Genetics; Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - James H Millonig
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Department of Genetics; Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
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160
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Huang BK, Choma MA. Microscale imaging of cilia-driven fluid flow. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1095-113. [PMID: 25417211 PMCID: PMC4605231 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cilia-driven fluid flow is important for multiple processes in the body, including respiratory mucus clearance, gamete transport in the oviduct, right-left patterning in the embryonic node, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Multiple imaging techniques have been applied toward quantifying ciliary flow. Here, we review common velocimetry methods of quantifying fluid flow. We then discuss four important optical modalities, including light microscopy, epifluorescence, confocal microscopy, and optical coherence tomography, that have been used to investigate cilia-driven flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, USA,
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161
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Yuan S, Zhao L, Brueckner M, Sun Z. Intraciliary calcium oscillations initiate vertebrate left-right asymmetry. Curr Biol 2015; 25:556-67. [PMID: 25660539 PMCID: PMC4469357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Bilateral symmetry during vertebrate development is broken at the left-right organizer (LRO) by ciliary motility and the resultant directional flow of extracellular fluid. However, how ciliary motility is perceived and transduced into asymmetrical intracellular signaling at the LRO remains controversial. Previous work has indicated that sensory cilia and polycystin-2 (Pkd2), a cation channel, are required for sensing ciliary motility, yet their function and the molecular mechanism linking both to left-right signaling cascades is unknown. Results Here, we report novel intraciliary calcium oscillations (ICOs) at the LRO that connect ciliary sensation of ciliary motility to downstream left-right signaling. Utilizing cilia-targeted genetically-encoded calcium indicators in live zebrafish embryos, we show that ICOs depend on Pkd2 and are left-biased at the LRO in response to ciliary motility. Asymmetric ICOs occur with onset of LRO ciliary motility, thus representing the earliest known LR asymmetric molecular signal. Suppression of ICOs using a cilia-targeted calcium sink demonstrates that they are essential for LR development. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that intraciliary calcium initiates LR development and identify cilia as a functional ion signaling compartment connecting ciliary motility and flow to molecular LR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiaulou Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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162
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Yue Z, Xie J, Yu AS, Stock J, Du J, Yue L. Role of TRP channels in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H157-82. [PMID: 25416190 PMCID: PMC4312948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00457.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily consists of a large number of nonselective cation channels with variable degree of Ca(2+)-permeability. The 28 mammalian TRP channel proteins can be grouped into six subfamilies: canonical, vanilloid, melastatin, ankyrin, polycystic, and mucolipin TRPs. The majority of these TRP channels are expressed in different cell types including both excitable and nonexcitable cells of the cardiovascular system. Unlike voltage-gated ion channels, TRP channels do not have a typical voltage sensor, but instead can sense a variety of other stimuli including pressure, shear stress, mechanical stretch, oxidative stress, lipid environment alterations, hypertrophic signals, and inflammation products. By integrating multiple stimuli and transducing their activity to downstream cellular signal pathways via Ca(2+) entry and/or membrane depolarization, TRP channels play an essential role in regulating fundamental cell functions such as contraction, relaxation, proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. With the use of targeted deletion and transgenic mouse models, recent studies have revealed that TRP channels are involved in numerous cellular functions and play an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, several TRP channels are involved in inherited diseases of the cardiovascular system. This review presents an overview of current knowledge concerning the physiological functions of TRP channels in the cardiovascular system and their contributions to cardiovascular diseases. Ultimately, TRP channels may become potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Yue
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jia Xie
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Albert S Yu
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jonathan Stock
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jianyang Du
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Lixia Yue
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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163
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Czarnecki PG, Gabriel GC, Manning DK, Sergeev M, Lemke K, Klena NT, Liu X, Chen Y, Li Y, San Agustin JT, Garnaas MK, Francis RJ, Tobita K, Goessling W, Pazour GJ, Lo CW, Beier DR, Shah JV. ANKS6 is the critical activator of NEK8 kinase in embryonic situs determination and organ patterning. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6023. [PMID: 25599650 PMCID: PMC4361001 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ciliary kinase NEK8 plays a critical role in situs determination and cystic kidney disease, yet its exact function remains unknown. In this study, we identify ANKS6 as a target and activator of NEK8. ANKS6 requires NEK8 for localizing to the ciliary inversin compartment (IC) and activates NEK8 by binding to its kinase domain. Here we demonstrate the functional importance of this interaction through the analysis of two novel mouse mutations, Anks6(Streaker) and Nek8(Roc). Both display heterotaxy, cardiopulmonary malformations and cystic kidneys, a syndrome also characteristic of mutations in Invs and Nphp3, the other known components of the IC. The Anks6(Strkr) mutation decreases ANKS6 interaction with NEK8, precluding NEK8 activation. The Nek8(Roc) mutation inactivates NEK8 kinase function while preserving ANKS6 localization to the IC. Together, these data reveal the crucial role of NEK8 kinase activation within the IC, promoting proper left-right patterning, cardiopulmonary development and renal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Czarnecki
- 1] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM 568, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA [2] Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA [3] Renal Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, USA
| | - George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Danielle K Manning
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Mikhail Sergeev
- 1] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM 568, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA [2] Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Kristi Lemke
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Nikolai T Klena
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - You Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Jovenal T San Agustin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachussetts 01655, USA
| | - Maija K Garnaas
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Richard J Francis
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachussetts 01655, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - David R Beier
- 1] Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA [2] Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Jagesh V Shah
- 1] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM 568, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA [2] Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
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164
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Pennekamp P, Menchen T, Dworniczak B, Hamada H. Situs inversus and ciliary abnormalities: 20 years later, what is the connection? Cilia 2015; 4:1. [PMID: 25589952 PMCID: PMC4292827 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-014-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotaxy (also known as situs ambiguous) and situs inversus totalis describe disorders of laterality in which internal organs do not display their typical pattern of asymmetry. First described around 1600 by Girolamo Fabrizio, numerous case reports about laterality disorders in humans were published without any idea about the underlying cause. Then, in 1976, immotile cilia were described as the cause of a human syndrome that was previously clinically described, both in 1904 by AK Siewert and in 1933 by Manes Kartagener, as an association of situs inversus with chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis, now commonly known as Kartagener’s syndrome. Despite intense research, the underlying defect of laterality disorders remained unclear. Nearly 20 years later in 1995, Björn Afzelius discussed five hypotheses to explain the connection between ciliary defects and loss of laterality control in a paper published in the International Journal of Developmental Biology asking: ‘Situs inversus and ciliary abnormalities: What is the connection?’. Here, nearly 20 research years later, we revisit some of the key findings that led to the current knowledge about the connection between situs inversus and ciliary abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Tabea Menchen
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Bernd Dworniczak
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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165
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Hess R. Small tubules, surprising discoveries: from efferent ductules in the turkey to the discovery that estrogen receptor alpha is essential for fertility in the male. Anim Reprod 2015; 12:7-23. [PMID: 28191043 PMCID: PMC5302877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferent ductules are small, delicate tubules that connect rete testis with the head of the epididymis, first identified by de Graaf in 1668. Although difficult to find in routine dissection, the ductules are an essential component of the male reproductive tract and in larger mammals occupy up more than 50% of the caput epididymidis. My introduction to research began with the study of efferent ductules in the domestic turkey, and to my surprise these small structures with kidney-like function become the core for numerous discoveries throughout my scientific career. In this review, only two discoveries that I found interesting will be discussed: cilia that line the efferent ductule lumen and estrogen receptors that play an essential role in regulating fluid reabsorption. A potential link between these two discoveries was uncovered in the study of efferent ductule effects observed in the estrogen receptor knockout mouse and following toxic exposure to the fungicide benomyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Hess
- Professor Emeritus, Reproductive Biology & Toxicology, Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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166
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Asymmetry within and around the human planum temporale is sexually dimorphic and influenced by genes involved in steroid hormone receptor activity. Cortex 2015; 62:41-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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167
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A human laterality disorder associated with a homozygous WDR16 deletion. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:1262-5. [PMID: 25469542 PMCID: PMC4538206 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The laterality in the embryo is determined by left-right asymmetric gene expression driven by the flow of extraembryonic fluid, which is maintained by the rotary movement of monocilia on the nodal cells. Defects manifest by abnormal formation and arrangement of visceral organs. The genetic etiology of defects not associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the cause of situs anomalies, including heterotaxy syndrome and situs inversus totalis, in a consanguineous family. Whole-exome analysis revealed a homozygous deleterious deletion in the WDR16 gene, which segregated with the phenotype. WDR16 protein was previously proposed to play a role in cilia-related signal transduction processes; the rat Wdr16 protein was shown to be confined to cilia-possessing tissues and severe hydrocephalus was observed in the wdr16 gene knockdown zebrafish. The phenotype associated with the homozygous deletion in our patients suggests a role for WDR16 in human laterality patterning. Exome analysis is a valuable tool for molecular investigation even in cases of large deletions.
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168
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Hamada H, Tam PP. Mechanisms of left-right asymmetry and patterning: driver, mediator and responder. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:110. [PMID: 25580264 PMCID: PMC4275019 DOI: 10.12703/p6-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a left-right (LR) organizer in the form of the ventral node is an absolute prerequisite for patterning the tissues on contralateral sides of the body of the mouse embryo. The experimental findings to date are consistent with a mechanistic paradigm that the laterality information, which is generated in the ventral node, elicits asymmetric molecular activity and cellular behaviour in the perinodal tissues. This information is then relayed to the cells in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) when the left-specific signal is processed and translated into LR body asymmetry. Here, we reflect on our current knowledge and speculate on the following: (a) what are the requisite anatomical and functional attributes of an LR organizer, (b) what asymmetric information is emanated from this organizer, and (c) how this information is transferred across the paraxial tissue compartment and elicits a molecular response specifically in the LPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamada
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka UniversityJapan
| | - Patrick P.L. Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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169
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Abstract
In recent decades, cilia have moved from relative obscurity to a position of importance for understanding multiple complex human diseases. Now termed the ciliopathies, these diseases inflict devastating effects on millions of people worldwide. In this review, written primarily for teachers and students who may not yet be aware of the recent exciting developments in this field, we provide a general overview of our current understanding of cilia and human disease. We start with an introduction to cilia structure and assembly and indicate where they are found in the human body. We then discuss the clinical features of selected ciliopathies, with an emphasis on primary ciliary dyskinesia, polycystic kidney disease, and retinal degeneration. The history of ciliopathy research involves a fascinating interplay between basic and clinical sciences, highlighted in a timeline. Finally, we summarize the relative strengths of individual model organisms for ciliopathy research; many of these are suitable for classroom use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brown
- George B. Witman ( ) is a professor of cell and developmental biology and the George F. Booth Chair in Basic Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Jason M. Brown trained as a postdoctoral fellow with GBW and is an assistant professor of biology at Salem State University, in Salem, Massachusetts
| | - George B Witman
- George B. Witman ( ) is a professor of cell and developmental biology and the George F. Booth Chair in Basic Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Jason M. Brown trained as a postdoctoral fellow with GBW and is an assistant professor of biology at Salem State University, in Salem, Massachusetts
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170
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Praetorius HA. The primary cilium as sensor of fluid flow: new building blocks to the model. A review in the theme: cell signaling: proteins, pathways and mechanisms. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 308:C198-208. [PMID: 25428884 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00336.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an extraordinary organelle. For many years, it had the full attention of only a few dedicated scientists fascinated by its uniqueness. Unexpectedly, after decades of obscurity, it has moved very quickly into the limelight with the increasing evidence of its central role in the many genetic variations that lead to what are now known as ciliopathies. These studies implicated unique biological functions of the primary cilium, which are not completely straightforward. In parallel, and initially completely unrelated to the ciliopathies, the primary cilium was characterized functionally as an organelle that makes cells more susceptible to changes in fluid flow. Thus the primary cilium was suggested to function as a flow-sensing device. This characterization has been substantiated for many epithelial cell types over the years. Nevertheless, part of the central mechanism of signal transduction has not been explained, largely because of the substantial technical challenges of working with this delicate organelle. The current review considers the recent advances that allow us to fill some of the holes in the model of signal transduction in cilium-mediated responses to fluid flow and to pursue the physiological implications of this peculiar organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle A Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine-Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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171
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Abstract
Cilia are force-generating and -sensing organelles that serve as mechanical interfaces between the cell and the extracellular environment. Cilia are present in tissues that adaptively respond to mechanical loading and fluid flow, and defects in ciliary function can lead to diseases affecting these tissues. As might be expected for a mechanical interface, the formation of cilia is, itself, regulated by mechanical forces, and these links between mechanics and ciliary formation are providing new entry points for dissecting the regulatory pathways of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Hiroaki Ishikawa and Wallace F. Marshall are affiliated with the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California San Francisco
| | - Wallace F Marshall
- Hiroaki Ishikawa and Wallace F. Marshall are affiliated with the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California San Francisco
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172
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Cai Y, Fedeles SV, Dong K, Anyatonwu G, Onoe T, Mitobe M, Gao JD, Okuhara D, Tian X, Gallagher AR, Tang Z, Xie X, Lalioti MD, Lee AH, Ehrlich BE, Somlo S. Altered trafficking and stability of polycystins underlie polycystic kidney disease. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5129-44. [PMID: 25365220 DOI: 10.1172/jci67273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most severe form of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease occurs in patients with mutations in the gene (PKD1) encoding polycystin-1 (PC1). PC1 is a complex polytopic membrane protein expressed in cilia that undergoes autoproteolytic cleavage at a G protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site (GPS). A quarter of PKD1 mutations are missense variants, though it is not clear how these mutations promote disease. Here, we established a cell-based system to evaluate these mutations and determined that GPS cleavage is required for PC1 trafficking to cilia. A common feature among a subset of pathogenic missense mutations is a resulting failure of PC1 to traffic to cilia regardless of GPS cleavage. The application of our system also identified a missense mutation in the gene encoding polycystin-2 (PC2) that prevented this protein from properly trafficking to cilia. Using a Pkd1-BAC recombineering approach, we developed murine models to study the effects of these mutations and confirmed that only the cleaved form of PC1 exits the ER and can rescue the embryonically lethal Pkd1-null mutation. Additionally, steady-state expression levels of the intramembranous COOH-terminal fragment of cleaved PC1 required an intact interaction with PC2. The results of this study demonstrate that PC1 trafficking and expression require GPS cleavage and PC2 interaction, respectively, and provide a framework for functional assays to categorize the effects of missense mutations in polycystins.
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173
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Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by the abnormal structure and/or function of motile cilia. The PCD diagnosis is challenging and requires a well-described clinical phenotype combined with the identification of abnormalities in ciliary ultrastructure and/or beating pattern as well as the recognition of genetic cause of the disease. Regarding the pace of identification of PCD-related genes, a rapid acceleration during the last 2-3 years is notable. This is the result of new technologies, such as whole-exome sequencing, that have been recently applied in genetic research. To date, PCD-causative mutations in 29 genes are known and the number of causative genes is bound to rise. Even though the genetic causes of approximately one-third of PCD cases still remain to be found, the current knowledge can already be used to create new, accurate genetic tests for PCD that can accelerate the correct diagnosis and reduce the proportion of unexplained cases. This review aims to present the latest data on the relations between ciliary structure aberrations and their genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kurkowiak
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziętkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Witt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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174
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Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by the abnormal structure and/or function of motile cilia. The PCD diagnosis is challenging and requires a well-described clinical phenotype combined with the identification of abnormalities in ciliary ultrastructure and/or beating pattern as well as the recognition of genetic cause of the disease. Regarding the pace of identification of PCD-related genes, a rapid acceleration during the last 2–3 years is notable. This is the result of new technologies, such as whole-exome sequencing, that have been recently applied in genetic research. To date, PCD-causative mutations in 29 genes are known and the number of causative genes is bound to rise. Even though the genetic causes of approximately one-third of PCD cases still remain to be found, the current knowledge can already be used to create new, accurate genetic tests for PCD that can accelerate the correct diagnosis and reduce the proportion of unexplained cases. This review aims to present the latest data on the relations between ciliary structure aberrations and their genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kurkowiak
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziętkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Witt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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175
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Lauriol J, Jaffré F, Kontaridis MI. The role of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in cardiac development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 37:73-81. [PMID: 25256404 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the most common human developmental disorder, affecting ∼1:100 newborns, and is the primary cause of birth-defect related deaths worldwide. As a major regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), cytokine and G-protein coupled receptor signaling, the non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 plays a critical role in normal cardiac development and function. Indeed, SHP2 participates in a wide variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, and cell-cell communication. Moreover, human activating and inactivating mutations of SHP2 are responsible for two related developmental disorders called Noonan and LEOPARD Syndromes, respectively, which are both characterized, in part, by congenital heart defects. Structural, enzymologic, biochemical, and SHP2 mouse model studies have together greatly enriched our knowledge of SHP2 and, as such, have also uncovered the diverse roles for SHP2 in cardiac development, including its contribution to progenitor cell specification, cardiac morphogenesis, and maturation of cardiac valves and myocardial chambers. By delineating the precise mechanisms by which SHP2 is involved in regulating these processes, we can begin to better understand the pathogenesis of cardiac disease and find more strategic and effective therapies for treatment of patients with congenital heart disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lauriol
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fabrice Jaffré
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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176
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Abstract
Mutations in polycystin 1 and 2 (PC1 and PC2) cause the common genetic kidney disorder autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). It is unknown how these mutations result in renal cysts, but dysregulation of calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling is a known consequence of PC2 mutations. PC2 functions as a Ca(2+)-activated Ca(2+) channel of the endoplasmic reticulum. We hypothesize that Ca(2+) signaling through PC2, or other intracellular Ca(2+) channels such as the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R), is necessary to maintain renal epithelial cell function and that disruption of the Ca(2+) signaling leads to renal cyst development. The cell line LLC-PK1 has traditionally been used for studying PKD-causing mutations and Ca(2+) signaling in 2D culture systems. We demonstrate that this cell line can be used in long-term (8 wk) 3D tissue culture systems. In 2D systems, knockdown of InsP3R results in decreased Ca(2+) transient signals that are rescued by overexpression of PC2. In 3D systems, knockdown of either PC2 or InsP3R leads to cyst formation, but knockdown of InsP3R type 1 (InsP3R1) generated the largest cysts. InsP3R1 and InsP3R3 are differentially localized in both mouse and human kidney, suggesting that regional disruption of Ca(2+) signaling contributes to cystogenesis. All cysts had intact cilia 2 wk after starting 3D culture, but the cells with InsP3R1 knockdown lost cilia as the cysts grew. Studies combining 2D and 3D cell culture systems will assist in understanding how mutations in PC2 that confer altered Ca(2+) signaling lead to ADPKD cysts.
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177
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Kallakuri S, Yu JA, Li J, Li Y, Weinstein BM, Nicoli S, Sun Z. Endothelial cilia are essential for developmental vascular integrity in zebrafish. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:864-75. [PMID: 25214579 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium is a signaling platform of the vertebrate cell. It has a critical role in polycystic kidney disease and nephronophthisis. Cilia have been detected on endothelial cells, but the function of these organelles in the vasculature remains incompletely defined. In this study, using genetic and chemical genetic tools in the model organism zebrafish, we reveal an essential role of cilia in developmental vascular integrity. Embryos expressing mutant intraflagellar transport genes, which are essential and specific for cilia biogenesis, displayed increased risk of developmental intracranial hemorrhage, whereas the morphology of the vasculature remained normal. Moreover, cilia were present on endothelial cells in the developing zebrafish vasculature. We further show that the involvement of cilia in vascular integrity is endothelial autonomous, because endothelial-specific re-expression of intraflagellar transport genes in respective mutants rescued the intracranial hemorrhage phenotype. Finally, whereas inhibition of Hedgehog signaling increased the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in ciliary mutants, activation of the pathway rescued this phenotype. In contrast, embryos expressing an inactivating mutation in pkd2, one of two autosomal dominant cystic kidney disease genes, did not show increased risk of developmental intracranial hemorrhage. These results suggest that Hedgehog signaling is a major mechanism for this novel role of endothelial cilia in establishing vascular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianxin A Yu
- Program in the Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Brant M Weinstein
- Program in the Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stefania Nicoli
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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178
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Coutelis JB, González-Morales N, Géminard C, Noselli S. Diversity and convergence in the mechanisms establishing L/R asymmetry in metazoa. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:926-37. [PMID: 25150102 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201438972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating left and right hand sides during embryogenesis represents a major event in body patterning. Left-Right (L/R) asymmetry in bilateria is essential for handed positioning, morphogenesis and ultimately the function of organs (including the brain), with defective L/R asymmetry leading to severe pathologies in human. How and when symmetry is initially broken during embryogenesis remains debated and is a major focus in the field. Work done over the past 20 years, in both vertebrate and invertebrate models, has revealed a number of distinct pathways and mechanisms important for establishing L/R asymmetry and for spreading it to tissues and organs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge and discuss the diversity of L/R patterning from cells to organs during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Coutelis
- Institut de Biologie Valrose University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France CNRS Institut de Biologie Valrose UMR 7277, Nice, France INSERM Institut de Biologie Valrose U1091, Nice, France
| | - Nicanor González-Morales
- Institut de Biologie Valrose University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France CNRS Institut de Biologie Valrose UMR 7277, Nice, France INSERM Institut de Biologie Valrose U1091, Nice, France
| | - Charles Géminard
- Institut de Biologie Valrose University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France CNRS Institut de Biologie Valrose UMR 7277, Nice, France INSERM Institut de Biologie Valrose U1091, Nice, France
| | - Stéphane Noselli
- Institut de Biologie Valrose University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France CNRS Institut de Biologie Valrose UMR 7277, Nice, France INSERM Institut de Biologie Valrose U1091, Nice, France
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179
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Abstract
Lowe syndrome is a rare X-linked congenital disease that presents with congenital cataracts and glaucoma, as well as renal and cerebral dysfunction. OCRL, an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, is mutated in Lowe syndrome. We previously showed that OCRL is involved in vesicular trafficking to the primary cilium. Primary cilia are sensory organelles on the surface of eukaryotic cells that mediate mechanotransduction in the kidney, brain, and bone. However, their potential role in the trabecular meshwork (TM) in the eye, which regulates intraocular pressure, is unknown. Here, we show that TM cells, which are defective in glaucoma, have primary cilia that are critical for response to pressure changes. Primary cilia in TM cells shorten in response to fluid flow and elevated hydrostatic pressure, and promote increased transcription of TNF-α, TGF-β, and GLI1 genes. Furthermore, OCRL is found to be required for primary cilia to respond to pressure stimulation. The interaction of OCRL with transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a ciliary mechanosensory channel, suggests that OCRL may act through regulation of this channel. A novel disease-causing OCRL allele prevents TRPV4-mediated calcium signaling. In addition, TRPV4 agonist GSK 1016790A treatment reduced intraocular pressure in mice; TRPV4 knockout animals exhibited elevated intraocular pressure and shortened cilia. Thus, mechanotransduction by primary cilia in TM cells is implicated in how the eye senses pressure changes and highlights OCRL and TRPV4 as attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of glaucoma. Implications of OCRL and TRPV4 in primary cilia function may also shed light on mechanosensation in other organ systems.
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180
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TGFβ signaling in establishing left–right asymmetry. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:80-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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181
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Nilius B, Szallasi A. Transient Receptor Potential Channels as Drug Targets: From the Science of Basic Research to the Art of Medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:676-814. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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182
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Nie X, Arend LJ. Novel roles of Pkd2 in male reproductive system development. Differentiation 2014; 87:161-71. [PMID: 24951251 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common inherited genetic diseases, caused by mutations in PKD1 and/ or PKD2. Infertility and reproductive tract abnormalities in male ADPKD patients are very common and have higher incidence than in the general population. In this work, we reveal novel roles of Pkd2 for male reproductive system development. Disruption of Pkd2 caused dilation of mesonephric tubules/efferent ducts, failure of epididymal coiling, and defective testicular development. Deletion of Pkd2 in the epithelia alone was sufficient to cause reproductive tract defects seen in Pkd2(-/-) mice, suggesting that epithelial Pkd2 plays a pivotal role for development and maintenance of the male reproductive tract. In the testis, Pkd2 also plays a role in interstitial tissue and testicular cord development. In-depth analysis of epithelial-specific knockout mice revealed that Pkd2 is critical to maintain cellular phenotype and developmental signaling in the male reproductive system. Taken together, our data for the first time reveal novel roles for Pkd2 in male reproductive system development and provide new insights in male reproductive system abnormality and infertility in ADPKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Nie
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 632 E, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Lois J Arend
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 632 E, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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183
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Cyst growth, polycystins, and primary cilia in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2014; 33:73-8. [PMID: 26877954 PMCID: PMC4714135 DOI: 10.1016/j.krcp.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium of renal epithelia acts as a transducer of extracellular stimuli. Polycystin (PC)1 is the protein encoded by the PKD1 gene that is responsible for the most common and severe form of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). PC1 forms a complex with PC2 via their respective carboxy-terminal tails. Both proteins are expressed in the primary cilia. Mutations in either gene affect the normal architecture of renal tubules, giving rise to ADPKD. PC1 has been proposed as a receptor that modulates calcium signals via the PC2 channel protein. The effect of PC1 dosage has been described as the rate-limiting modulator of cystic disease. Reduced levels of PC1 or disruption of the balance in PC1/PC2 level can lead to the clinical features of ADPKD, without complete inactivation. Recent data show that ADPKD resulting from inactivation of polycystins can be markedly slowed if structurally intact cilia are also disrupted at the same time. Despite the fact that no single model or mechanism from these has been able to describe exclusively the pathogenesis of cystic kidney disease, these findings suggest the existence of a novel cilia-dependent, cyst-promoting pathway that is normally repressed by polycystin function. The results enable us to rethink our current understanding of genetics and cilia signaling pathways of ADPKD.
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184
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Sampaio P, Ferreira RR, Guerrero A, Pintado P, Tavares B, Amaro J, Smith AA, Montenegro-Johnson T, Smith DJ, Lopes SS. Left-right organizer flow dynamics: how much cilia activity reliably yields laterality? Dev Cell 2014; 29:716-28. [PMID: 24930722 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Internal organs are asymmetrically positioned inside the body. Embryonic motile cilia play an essential role in this process by generating a directional fluid flow inside the vertebrate left-right organizer. Detailed characterization of how fluid flow dynamics modulates laterality is lacking. We used zebrafish genetics to experimentally generate a range of flow dynamics. By following the development of each embryo, we show that fluid flow in the left-right organizer is asymmetric and provides a good predictor of organ laterality. This was tested in mosaic organizers composed of motile and immotile cilia generated by dnah7 knockdowns. In parallel, we used simulations of fluid dynamics to analyze our experimental data. These revealed that fluid flow generated by 30 or more cilia predicts 90% situs solitus, similar to experimental observations. We conclude that cilia number, dorsal anterior motile cilia clustering, and left flow are critical to situs solitus via robust asymmetric charon expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sampaio
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita R Ferreira
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adán Guerrero
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México
| | - Petra Pintado
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Tavares
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Amaro
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andrew A Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Human Reproductive Science, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Thomas Montenegro-Johnson
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Human Reproductive Science, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - David J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Human Reproductive Science, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Susana S Lopes
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
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185
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Pal K, Mukhopadhyay S. Primary cilium and sonic hedgehog signaling during neural tube patterning: Role of GPCRs and second messengers. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:337-48. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Pal
- Department of Cell Biology; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas Texas 75390
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas Texas 75390
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186
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Concepcion D, Papaioannou VE. Nature and extent of left/right axis defects in T(Wis) /T(Wis) mutant mouse embryos. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1046-53. [PMID: 24801048 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the T-box gene Brachyury have well known effects on invagination of the endomesodermal layer during gastrulation, but the gene also plays a role in the determination of left/right axis determination that is less well studied. Previous work has implicated node morphology in this effect. We use the T(Wis) allele of Brachyury to investigate the molecular and morphological effects of the T locus on axis determination in the mouse. RESULTS Similar to embryos mutant for the T allele, T(Wis) /T(Wis) embryos have a high incidence of ventral and/or reversed heart looping. In addition, heterotaxia between the direction of heart looping and the direction of embryo turning is common. Scanning electron microscopy reveals defects in node morphology including irregularity, smaller size, and a decreased number of cilia, although the cilia appear morphologically normal. Molecular analysis shows a loss of perinodal expression of genes involved in Nodal signaling, namely Cer2, Gdf1, and Nodal itself. There is also loss of Dll1 expression, a key component of the Notch signaling pathway, in the presomitic mesoderm. CONCLUSIONS Morphological abnormalities of the node as well as disruptions of the molecular cascade of left/right axis determination characterize T(Wis) /T(Wis) mutants. Decreased Notch signaling may account for both the morphological defects and the absence of expression of genes in the Nodal signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Concepcion
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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187
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Saijoh Y, Viotti M, Hadjantonakis AK. Follow your gut: relaying information from the site of left-right symmetry breaking in the mouse. Genesis 2014; 52:503-14. [PMID: 24753065 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A central unresolved question in the molecular cascade that drives establishment of left-right (LR) asymmetry in vertebrates are the mechanisms deployed to relay information between the midline site of symmetry-breaking and the tissues which will execute a program of asymmetric morphogenesis. The cells located between these two distant locations must provide the medium for signal relay. Of these, the gut endoderm is an attractive candidate tissue for signal transmission since it comprises the epithelium that lies between the node, where asymmetry originates, and the lateral plate, where asymmetry can first be detected. Here, focusing on the mouse as a model, we review our current understanding and entertain open questions concerning the relay of LR information from its origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Saijoh
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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188
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The primary cilium calcium channels and their role in flow sensing. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:157-65. [PMID: 24764075 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium has been the focus of intense research since it was discovered that mutations in ciliary/basal body localized proteins give rise to a multitude of disorders. While these studies have revealed the contribution of this sensory organelle to multiple signalling pathways, little is known about how it actually mediates downstream events and why its loss causes disease states. Ciliopathies are linked to defects in either structure or function of cilia and are often associated with kidney cysts. The ciliopathy, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), is caused by mutations to the PKD1 or PKD2 gene. The PKD gene products localize to the primary cilium, where they have been proposed to form a mechanosensory complex, sensitive to flow. Since mouse knockout models of Pkd1 or Pkd2 develop structurally normal cilia, it has been hypothesized that the loss of polycystins may lead to an impairment of flow sensing. Today, technically challenging patch clamp recordings of the primary cilium have become available, and the genetic relationship between polycystins (TRPPs) and the primary cilium has recently been dissected in detail.
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189
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Fuller K, O'Connell JT, Gordon J, Mauti O, Eggenschwiler J. Rab23 regulates Nodal signaling in vertebrate left-right patterning independently of the Hedgehog pathway. Dev Biol 2014; 391:182-95. [PMID: 24780629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric fluid flow in the node and Nodal signaling in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) drive left-right patterning of the mammalian body plan. However, the mechanisms linking fluid flow to asymmetric gene expression in the LPM remain unclear. Here we show that the small GTPase Rab23, known for its role in Hedgehog signaling, plays a separate role in Nodal signaling and left-right patterning in the mouse embryo. Rab23 is not required for initial symmetry breaking in the node, but it is required for expression of Nodal and Nodal target genes in the LPM. Microinjection of Nodal protein and transfection of Nodal cDNA in the embryo indicate that Rab23 is required for the production of functional Nodal signals, rather than the response to them. Using gain- and loss-of function approaches, we show that Rab23 plays a similar role in zebrafish, where it is required in the teleost equivalent of the mouse node, Kupffer׳s vesicle. Collectively, these data suggest that Rab23 is an essential component of the mechanism that transmits asymmetric patterning information from the node to the LPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Fuller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Joyce T O'Connell
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Julie Gordon
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Olivier Mauti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
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190
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Stephen LA, Johnson EJ, Davis GM, McTeir L, Pinkham J, Jaberi N, Davey MG. The chicken left right organizer has nonmotile cilia which are lost in a stage-dependent manner in the talpid(3) ciliopathy. Genesis 2014; 52:600-13. [PMID: 24700455 PMCID: PMC4314677 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia are an essential component of the mouse, zebrafish, and Xenopus laevis Left Right Organizers, generating nodal flow and allowing the reception and transduction of mechanosensory signals. Nonmotile primary cilia are also an important component of the Left Right Organizer's chemosensory mechanism. It has been proposed in the chicken that signaling in Hensen's node, the Left Right Organizer of the chicken, is independent of cilia, based on a lack of evidence of motile cilia or nodal flow. It is speculated that the talpid3 chicken mutant, which has normal left–right patterning despite lacking cilia at many stages of development, is proof of this hypothesis. Here, we examine the evidence for cilia in Hensen's node and find that although cilia are present; they are likely to be immotile and incapable of generating nodal flow. Furthermore, we find that early planar cell polarity patterning and ciliogenesis is normal in early talpid3 chicken embryos. We conclude that patterning and development of the early talpid3 chicken is normal, but not necessarily independent of cilia. Although it appears that Hensen's node does not require motile cilia or the generation of motile flow, there may remain a requirement for cilia in the transduction of SHH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Stephen
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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191
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Collins MM, Ryan AK. Are there conserved roles for the extracellular matrix, cilia, and junctional complexes in left-right patterning? Genesis 2014; 52:488-502. [PMID: 24668924 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many different types of molecules have essential roles in patterning the left-right axis and directing asymmetric morphogenesis. In particular, the relationship between signaling molecules and transcription factors has been explored extensively. Another group of proteins implicated in left-right patterning are components of the extracellular matrix, apical junctions, and cilia. These structural molecules have the potential to participate in the conversion of morphogenetic cues from the extracellular environment into morphogenetic patterning via their interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. Although it has been relatively easy to temporally position these proteins within the hierarchy of the left-right patterning pathway, it has been more difficult to define how they mechanistically fit into these pathways. Consequently, our understanding of how these factors impart patterning information to influence the establishment of the left-right axis remains limited. In this review, we will discuss those structural molecules that have been implicated in early phases of left-right axis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Collins
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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192
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Otto A, Pieper T, Viebahn C, Tsikolia N. Early left-right asymmetries during axial morphogenesis in the chick embryo. Genesis 2014; 52:614-25. [PMID: 24648137 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The primitive node is the "hub" of early left-right patterning in the chick embryo: (1) it undergoes asymmetrical morphogenesis immediately after its appearance at Stage 4; (2) it is closely linked to the emerging asymmetrical expression of nodal and shh at Stage 5; and (3) its asymmetry is spatiotemporally related to the emerging notochord, the midline barrier maintaining molecular left-right patterning from Stage 6 onward. Here, we study the correlation of node asymmetry to notochord marker expression using high-resolution histology, and we test pharmacological inhibition of shh signaling using cyclopamine at Stages 4 and 5. Just as noggin expression mirrors an intriguing structural continuity between the right node shoulder and the notochord, shh expression in the left node shoulder confirms a similar continuity with the future floor plate. Shh inhibition at Stage 4 or 5 suppressed nodal in both its paraxial or lateral plate mesoderm domains, respectively, and resulted in randomized heart looping. Thus, the "primordial" paraxial nodal asymmetry at Stage 4/5 (1) appears to be dependent on, but not instructed by, shh signaling and (2) may be fixed by asymmetrical roots of the notochord and the floor plate, thereby adding further twists to the node's pivotal role during left-right patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalena Otto
- Anatomy and Embryology, University of Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, Göttingen, Germany
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193
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Ruppersburg CC, Hartzell HC. The Ca2+-activated Cl- channel ANO1/TMEM16A regulates primary ciliogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1793-807. [PMID: 24694595 PMCID: PMC4038505 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-10-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-activated Cl− channel ANO1/TMEM16A is located in the primary cilium, and blocking it pharmacologically or knocking it down with shRNA interferes with ciliogenesis. Before ciliogenesis, the channel is organized into a torus-shaped structure (the “nimbus”) enriched in proteins required for ciliogenesis. Many cells possess a single, nonmotile, primary cilium highly enriched in receptors and sensory transduction machinery that plays crucial roles in cellular morphogenesis. Although sensory transduction requires ion channels, relatively little is known about ion channels in the primary cilium (with the exception of TRPP2). Here we show that the Ca2+-activated Cl− channel anoctamin-1 (ANO1/TMEM16A) is located in the primary cilium and that blocking its channel function pharmacologically or knocking it down with short hairpin RNA interferes with ciliogenesis. Before ciliogenesis, the channel becomes organized into a torus-shaped structure (“the nimbus”) enriched in proteins required for ciliogenesis, including the small GTPases Cdc42 and Arl13b and the exocyst complex component Sec6. The nimbus excludes F-actin and coincides with a ring of acetylated microtubules. The nimbus appears to form before, or independent of, apical docking of the mother centriole. Our data support a model in which the nimbus provides a scaffold for staging of ciliary components for assembly very early in ciliogenesis and chloride transport by ANO1/TMEM16A is required for the genesis or maintenance of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Criss Hartzell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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194
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Barratt KS, Glanville-Jones HC, Arkell RM. The Zic2
gene directs the formation and function of node cilia to control cardiac situs. Genesis 2014; 52:626-35. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S. Barratt
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory; Research School of Biology, Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Hannah C. Glanville-Jones
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory; Research School of Biology, Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Ruth M. Arkell
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory; Research School of Biology, Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
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195
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Tingler M, Ott T, Tözser J, Kurz S, Getwan M, Tisler M, Schweickert A, Blum M. Symmetry breakage in the frog Xenopus
: Role of Rab11 and the ventral-right blastomere. Genesis 2014; 52:588-99. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tingler
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart D-70593 Germany
| | - Tim Ott
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart D-70593 Germany
| | - Janos Tözser
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart D-70593 Germany
| | - Sabrina Kurz
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart D-70593 Germany
| | - Maike Getwan
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart D-70593 Germany
| | - Matthias Tisler
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart D-70593 Germany
| | - Axel Schweickert
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart D-70593 Germany
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart D-70593 Germany
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196
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Kuo IY, Keeler C, Corbin R, Ćelić A, Petri ET, Hodsdon ME, Ehrlich BE. The number and location of EF hand motifs dictates the calcium dependence of polycystin-2 function. FASEB J 2014; 28:2332-46. [PMID: 24558196 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin 2 (PC2) is a calcium-dependent calcium channel, and mutations to human PC2 (hPC2) are associated with polycystic kidney disease. The C-terminal tail of hPC2 contains 2 EF hand motifs, but only the second binds calcium. Here, we investigate whether these EF hand motifs serve as a calcium sensor responsible for the calcium dependence of PC2 function. Using NMR and bioinformatics, we show that the overall fold is highly conserved, but in evolutionarily earlier species, both EF hands bind calcium. To test whether the EF hand motif is truly a calcium sensor controlling PC2 channel function, we altered the number of calcium binding sites in hPC2. NMR studies confirmed that modified hPC2 binds an additional calcium ion. Single-channel recordings demonstrated a leftward shift in the calcium dependence, and imaging studies in cells showed that calcium transients were enhanced compared with wild-type hPC2. However, biophysics and functional studies showed that the first EF hand can only bind calcium and be functionally active if the second (native) calcium-binding EF hand is intact. These results suggest that the number and location of calcium-binding sites in the EF hand senses the concentration of calcium required for PC2 channel activity and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Y Kuo
- 2B.E.E., Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA.
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197
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Goetz JG, Steed E, Ferreira RR, Roth S, Ramspacher C, Boselli F, Charvin G, Liebling M, Wyart C, Schwab Y, Vermot J. Endothelial cilia mediate low flow sensing during zebrafish vascular development. Cell Rep 2014; 6:799-808. [PMID: 24561257 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
VIDEO ABSTRACT The pattern of blood flow has long been thought to play a significant role in vascular morphogenesis, yet the flow-sensing mechanism that is involved at early embryonic stages, when flow forces are low, remains unclear. It has been proposed that endothelial cells use primary cilia to sense flow, but this has never been tested in vivo. Here we show, by noninvasive, high-resolution imaging of live zebrafish embryos, that endothelial cilia progressively deflect at the onset of blood flow and that the deflection angle correlates with calcium levels in endothelial cells. We demonstrate that alterations in shear stress, ciliogenesis, or expression of the calcium channel PKD2 impair the endothelial calcium level and both increase and perturb vascular morphogenesis. Altogether, these results demonstrate that endothelial cilia constitute a highly sensitive structure that permits the detection of low shear forces during vascular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky G Goetz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Emily Steed
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Rita R Ferreira
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Stéphane Roth
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Caroline Ramspacher
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Francesco Boselli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Gilles Charvin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Michael Liebling
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 1127, 75013 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France; UPMC University of Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.
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198
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Abstract
Many internal organs develop distinct left and right sides that are essential for their functions. In several vertebrate embryos, motile cilia generate an asymmetric fluid flow that plays an important role in establishing left-right (LR) signaling cascades. These ‘LR cilia’ are found in the ventral node and posterior notochordal plate in mammals, the gastrocoel roof plate in amphibians and Kupffer’s vesicle in teleost fish. I consider these transient ciliated structures as the ‘organ of asymmetry’ that directs LR patterning of the developing embryo. Variations in size and morphology of the organ of asymmetry in different vertebrate species have raised questions regarding the fundamental features that are required for LR determination. Here, I review current models for how LR asymmetry is established in vertebrates, discuss the cellular architecture of the ciliated organ of asymmetry and then propose key features of this organ that are critical for orienting the LR body axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; State University of New York; Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY USA
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199
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Superina S, Borovina A, Ciruna B. Analysis of maternal-zygotic ugdh mutants reveals divergent roles for HSPGs in vertebrate embryogenesis and provides new insight into the initiation of left-right asymmetry. Dev Biol 2014; 387:154-66. [PMID: 24462977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors and morphogens regulate embryonic patterning, cell fate specification, cell migration, and morphogenesis. The activity and behavior of these signaling molecules are regulated in the extracellular space through interactions with proteoglycans (Bernfield et al., 1999; Perrimon and Bernfield 2000; Lander and Selleck 2000; Selleck 2000). Proteoglycans are high molecular-weight proteins consisting of a core protein with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, which are thought to mediate ligand interaction. Drosophila mutant embryos deficient for UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity (Ugdh, required for GAG synthesis) exhibit abnormal Fgf, Wnt and TGFß signaling and die during gastrulation, indicating a broad and critical role for proteoglycans during early embryonic development (Lin et al., 1999; Lin and Perrimon 2000) (Hacker et al., 1997). Mouse Ugdh mutants also die at gastrulation, however, only Fgf signaling appears disrupted (Garcia-Garcia and Anderson, 2003). These findings suggested a possible divergence in the requirement for proteoglycans during Drosophila and mouse embryogenesis, and that mammals may have evolved alternative means of regulating Wnt and TGFß activity. To further examine the function of proteoglycans in vertebrate development, we have characterized zebrafish mutants devoid of both maternal and zygotic Ugdh/Jekyll activity (MZjekyll). We demonstrate that MZjekyll mutant embryos display abnormal Fgf, Shh, and Wnt signaling activities, with concomitant defects in central nervous system patterning, cardiac ventricular fate specification and axial morphogenesis. Furthermore, we uncover a novel role for proteoglycans in left-right pattern formation. Our findings resolve longstanding questions into the evolutionary conservation of Ugdh function and provide new mechanistic insights into the initiation of left-right asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Superina
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Antonia Borovina
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 1A8.
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DeCaen PG, Delling M, Vien TN, Clapham DE. Direct recording and molecular identification of the calcium channel of primary cilia. Nature 2014; 504:315-8. [PMID: 24336289 PMCID: PMC4073646 DOI: 10.1038/nature12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A primary cilium is a solitary slender non-motile protuberance of structured microtubules (9+0) enclosed by plasma membrane1. Housing components of the cell division apparatus between cell divisions, they also serve as specialized compartments for calcium signaling2 and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways3. Specialized sensory cilia such as retinal photoreceptors and olfactory cilia employ diverse ion channels4-7. An ion current has been measured from primary cilia of kidney cells8 but the responsible genes have not been identified. The polycystin proteins (PC, PKD), identified in linkage studies of polycystic kidney disease9, are candidate channels divided into two structural classes: 11-transmembrane (TM) proteins (PKD1, PKD1-L1 and PKD1-L2) remarkable for a large extracellular N-terminus of putative cell adhesion domains and a GPCR proteolytic site, and the 6-TM channel proteins (PKD2, PKD2-L1, PKD2-L2; TRPPs). Evidence suggests that the PKD1s associate with the PKD2s via coiled-coil domains10-12. Here, we employ a transgenic mouse in which only cilia express a fluorophore and employ it to directly record from primary cilia and demonstrate that PKD1-L1 and PKD2-L1 form ion channels at high densities in several cell types. In conjunction with the companion manuscript2, we show that the PKD1-L1/PKD2-L1 heteromeric channel establishes the cilia as a unique calcium compartment within cells that modulates established Hedgehog pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G DeCaen
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2]
| | - Markus Delling
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2]
| | - Thuy N Vien
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - David E Clapham
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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