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Bhattarai Y. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: Interaction of gut microbes and their metabolites with host epithelial barriers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13366. [PMID: 29878576 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal barrier and the blood brain barrier represent an important line of defense to protect the underlying structures against harmful external stimuli. These host barriers are composed of epithelial and endothelial cells interconnected by tight junction proteins along with several other supporting structures. Disruption in host barrier structures has therefore been implicated in various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. While there are several factors that influence host barrier, recently there is an increasing appreciation of the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in regulating barrier integrity. In the current issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Marungruang et al. describe the effect of gastrointestinal barrier maturation on gut microbiota and the blood brain barrier adding to the growing evidence of microbiota-barrier interactions. In this mini-review I will discuss the effect of gut microbiota on host epithelial barriers and its implications for diseases associated with disrupted gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bhattarai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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152
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Lorén V, Manyé J, Fuentes MC, Cabré E, Ojanguren I, Espadaler J. Comparative Effect of the I3.1 Probiotic Formula in Two Animal Models of Colitis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 9:71-80. [PMID: 27832441 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-016-9239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Use of probiotic therapy is an active area of investigation to treat intestinal disorders. The clinical benefits of the I3.1 probiotic formula (Lactobacillus plantarum (CECT7484, CECT7485) and P. acidilactici (CECT7483)) were demonstrated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of I3.1 in two experimental models of colitis, a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model and an interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice model. Colitis was induced in 32 8-week-old Balb/c mice by administering 3% (w/v) DSS in drinking water for 5 days. Probiotics were administered orally (I3.1 or VSL#3, 1 × 109 CFU daily) for 10 days before the administration of DSS. Also, probiotics (I3.1 or VSL#3, 1 × 109 CFU daily) were administered orally to 36 6-week-old C57B6J IL-10(-/-) mice for 10 weeks. Body weight was recorded daily. Colon samples were harvested for histological examination and cytokine measurements. Body weight after DSS administration did not change in the I3.1 group, whereas the VSL#3 group had weight loss. Also, I3.1 normalized IL-6 to levels similar to that of healthy controls and significantly increased the reparative histologic score. In the IL-10-deficient model, both VSL#3 and I3.1 reduced the severity of colitis compared to untreated controls, and I3.1 significantly reduced the levels of IFN-γ compared to the other two groups. In conclusion, I3.1 displays a protective effect on two murine models of experimental colitis. Results suggest that the mechanism of action could be different from VSL#3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Lorén
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University Hospital "Germans Trias i Pujol", Ctra. de Can Ruti. Cami de les escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER-EHD, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Manyé
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University Hospital "Germans Trias i Pujol", Ctra. de Can Ruti. Cami de les escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
- CIBER-EHD, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mari C Fuentes
- AB-Biotics S.A, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Eureka Building, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eduard Cabré
- CIBER-EHD, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- IBD Unit, Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital "Germans Trias i Pujol", 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Isabel Ojanguren
- Pathology Department, University Hospital "Germans Trias i Pujol", 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jordi Espadaler
- AB-Biotics S.A, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Eureka Building, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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153
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Martín R, Chain F, Miquel S, Motta JP, Vergnolle N, Sokol H, Langella P. Using murine colitis models to analyze probiotics-host interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:S49-S70. [PMID: 28830096 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as 'live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host'. So, to consider a microorganism as a probiotic, a demonstrable beneficial effect on the health host should be shown as well as an adequate defined safety status and the capacity to survive transit through the gastrointestinal tract and to storage conditions. In this review, we present an overview of the murine colitis models currently employed to test the beneficial effect of the probiotic strains as well as an overview of the probiotics already tested. Our aim is to highlight both the importance of the adequate selection of the animal model to test the potential probiotic strains and of the value of the knowledge generated by these in vivo tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martín
- INRA, Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florian Chain
- INRA, Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sylvie Miquel
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- Department of Biological Science, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, AB T3E 4N1, Canada.,IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- INRA, Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Sorbonne University - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75252 Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Equipe de Recherche Labélisée (ERL) 1157, Avenir Team Gut Microbiota and Immunity, 75012 Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, UPMC, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- INRA, Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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154
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Yu XT, Xu YF, Huang YF, Qu C, Xu LQ, Su ZR, Zeng HF, Zheng L, Yi TG, Li HL, Chen JP, Zhang XJ. Berberrubine attenuates mucosal lesions and inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194069. [PMID: 29538417 PMCID: PMC5851626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing disease without satisfactory treatments, in which intestinal inflammation and disrupted intestinal epithelial barrier are two main pathogeneses triggering UC. Berberrubine (BB) is deemed as one of the major active metabolite of berberine (BBR), a naturally-occurring isoquinoline alkaloid with appreciable anti-UC effect. This study aimed to comparatively investigate the therapeutic effects of BB and BBR on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse colitis model, and explore the potential underlying mechanism. Results revealed that BB (20 mg/kg) produced a comparable therapeutic effect as BBR (50 mg/kg) and positive control sulfasalazine (200 mg/kg) by significantly reducing the disease activity index (DAI) with prolonged colon length and increased bodyweight as compared with the DSS group. BB treatment was shown to significantly ameliorate the DSS-induced colonic pathological alternations and decreased histological scores. In addition, BB markedly attenuated colonic inflammation by alleviating inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibiting myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10) productions in DSS mice. Furthermore, BB treatment substantially upregulated the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (zonula occludens-1, zonula occludens-2, claudin-1, occludin) and mRNA expression of mucins (mucin-1 and mucin-2), and decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In summary, BB exerted similar effect to its analogue BBR and positive control in attenuating DSS-induced UC with much lower dosage and similar mechanism. The protective effect observed may be intimately associated with maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and mitigating intestinal inflammation, which were mediated at least partially, via favorable modulation of TJ proteins and mucins and inhibition of inflammatory mediators productions in the colonic tissue. This is the first report to demonstrate that BB possesses pronounced anti-UC effect similar to BBR and sulfasalazine with much smaller dosage. BB might have the potential to be further developed into a promising therapeutic option in the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ting Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yi-Fei Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yan-Feng Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chang Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lie-Qiang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zi-Ren Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
- Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hui-Fang Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Tie-Gang Yi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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155
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Wang L, Li L, Lv Y, Chen Q, Feng J, Zhao X. Lactobacillus plantarum Restores Intestinal Permeability Disrupted by Salmonella Infection in Newly-hatched Chicks. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2229. [PMID: 29396554 PMCID: PMC5797085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections in newly hatched chicks result in enteric and systemic diseases with a high mortality. Probiotics can improve the health of a host. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LTC-113 on the gut permeability in the presence or absence of Salmonella (Salmonella Typhimurium) infection. Newly hatched chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments (i) NC (negative control); (ii) LAC (the L. plantarum LTC-113-treated group); (iii) SAL (the Salmonella-infected group), and (iv) LAC + SAL (the L. plantarum LTC-113-treated and Salmonella-infected group). Compared with the NC group, the intestinal permeability and claudin-2 (CLDN-2) were significantly increased, while mRNA levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5 (CLDN-5) were significantly decreased in the SAL group. However, these changes were eliminated in the LAC + SAL group. Additionally, numbers of Salmonella in liver, spleen and ceca were significantly reduced in the LAC + SAL group compared with the SAL group. Moreover, L. plantarum LTC-113 prevented the increase of inflammatory meditators myeloperoxidase (MPO), LITAF, IL-1β, IL-6 and inflammation scores induced by Salmonella. These findings indicate that L. plantarum LTC-113 can protect hosts from Salmonella induced intestinal barrier disruption by regulating expression of tight junction genes and inflammatory meditators and decreasing Salmonella colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Animal Engineering, YangLing Vocational & Technical College, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiaoling Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junchang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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156
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Yu M, Wang Q, Ma Y, Li L, Yu K, Zhang Z, Chen G, Li X, Xiao W, Xu P, Yang H. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Modulates Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function by Maintaining Tight Junction Integrity. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:69-77. [PMID: 29483826 PMCID: PMC5821050 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is involved in the control of intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Intestinal barrier dysfunction contributes to the development of many intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of AhR activation in the maintenance of intestinal barrier function. Adult C57BL/6 mice were treated with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) for 7 days, with or without 6-Formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole (FICZ), a ligand of AhR. We found that AhR activation by FICZ attenuated the decreased TJ protein expression in the colonic mucosa of the DSS-induced mice. Further, the increase of both MLC phosphorylation and MLCK expression in the mice with DSS-induced colitis was also significantly inhibited by FICZ induced AhR activation. For in vitro experiments, Caco-2 cells were treated with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/interferon gamma (IFN-γ) for 48 h, with or without FICZ. AhR activation prevented TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced decrease in TER and morphological disruption of the TJs in Caco-2 monolayers. It also inhibited TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced increase in MLCK expression and MLC phosphorylation by suppression of NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. Thus, AhR-activating factors might have potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment of patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qimeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanhang Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangzi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhicao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangsheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengyuan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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157
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Huang Y, Gao L. Role of intestinal microorganisms in brain-gut axis and related diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:3032-3037. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i34.3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a bidirectional communication system between the gut and brain, which is called the brain-gut axis. The influence of gut flora is not only limited to the gut but also expanded to the whole body including the cardiovascular system and metabolism via inflammation and immune reaction. On the other hand, the brain and gut influence each other, and the central system has an impact on the digestive system via the brain-gut axis. In this paper, we discuss the mechanism of interactions between the brain-gut axis and gut microbes, with an aim to provide ideas and clues for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
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158
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past 10 years, there has been a dramatic increase in basic and clinical research involving functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). New diagnostic and biomarker procedures are helping to identify physiologic disruptions associated with FGIDs on cellular and molecular levels. Simultaneously, clinicians are using new approaches to help manage patients with FGIDs. Among these, an important component of care has been the use of medical foods. These include probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, peppermint oil, caraway oil, curcumin, bovine immunoglobulin and many others. RECENT FINDINGS The putative effects of different medical foods make these therapies attractive for the management of FGIDs. These include effects on several pathophysiological mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory, smooth muscle relaxation, analgesia, mitigation of gut barrier dysfunction, and stimulation or inhibition of gastrointestinal receptors. Recent research has also demonstrated the efficacy of medical food products such as peppermint oil and serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin for the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Older data supports the probiotic VSL#3 and Bifidobacterium species. For functional dyspepsia, positive effects have been observed with the combination of caraway seed oil and peppermint oil as well as with STW-5, a botanical combination preparation, although robust RCTs are lacking. With advancing knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of FGIDs, it is likely that the compounds available in the medical food category will increase dramatically, and they could play an important role in the management of several common and bothersome gastrointestinal conditions in the future.
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159
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Vitamin D Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Role, Current Uses and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112360. [PMID: 29112157 PMCID: PMC5713329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the concept that the vitamin D axis possesses immunoregulatory functions, with vitamin D receptor (VDR) status representing the major determinant of vitamin D’s pleiotropic effects. Vitamin D promotes the production of anti-microbial peptides, including β-defensins and cathelicidins, the shift towards Th2 immune responses, and regulates autophagy and epithelial barrier integrity. Impairment of vitamin D-mediated pathways are associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Interestingly, inhibition of vitamin D pathways results in dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, which has mechanistically been implicated in the development of IBD. Herein, we explore the role of the vitamin D axis in immune-mediated diseases, with particular emphasis on its interplay with the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of IBD. The potential clinical implications and therapeutic relevance of this interaction will also be discussed, including optimizing VDR function, both with vitamin D analogues and probiotics, which may represent a complementary approach to current IBD treatments.
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160
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Hampe CS, Roth CL. Probiotic strains and mechanistic insights for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 2017; 58:207-227. [PMID: 29052181 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The intestinal microbial composition appears to differ between healthy controls and individuals with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This observation has led to the hypothesis that perturbations of the intestinal microbiota may contribute to the development of T2D. Manipulations of the intestinal microbiota may therefore provide a novel approach in the prevention and treatment of T2D. Indeed, fecal transplants have shown promising results in both animal models for obesity and T2D and in human clinical trials. To avoid possible complications associated with fecal transplants, probiotics are considered as a viable alternative therapy. An important, however often underappreciated, characteristic of probiotics is that individual strains may have different, even opposing, effects on the host. This strain specificity exists also within the same species. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms at the strain level is therefore crucial for the selection of suitable probiotic strains. PURPOSE The aim of this review is to discuss the mechanisms employed by specific probiotic strains of the Lactobacillus and the Bifidobacterium genuses, which showed efficacy in the treatment of obesity and T2D. Some probiotic strains employ recurring beneficial effects, including the production of anti-microbial lactic acid, while other strains display highly unique features, such as hydrolysis of tannins. CONCLUSION A major obstacle in the evaluation of probiotic strains lays in the great number of strains, differences in detection methodology and measured outcome parameters. The understanding of further research should be directed towards the development of standardized evaluation methods to facilitate the comparison of different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane S Hampe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Christian L Roth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Hospital & Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Seattle Children's Hospital & Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
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161
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Effects of Maternal Low-Energy Diet during Gestation on Intestinal Morphology, Disaccharidase Activity, and Immune Response to Lipopolysaccharide Challenge in Pig Offspring. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101115. [PMID: 29027951 PMCID: PMC5691731 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrition during gestation is involved in the offspring’s intestinal development and immunity. The aim of this study was to (1) determine the effects of maternal energy on intestinal digestion and absorption function in offspring, using pigs as a model; and (2) to evaluate the potential effect and mechanisms of maternal energy in modulating immune responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged piglets. After mating, thirty-six nine-parity sows (Landrace × Yorkshire), body weight (BW) (initial body weight 233.56 ± 2.77 kg) were allocated to two dietary treatment groups; a control diet (CON) group and a low-energy diet (LED) group. The nutrient levels of the CON were based on the nutrient recommendations by the National Research Council (NRC, 2012), and contained 3.40 MCal digestible energy (DE)/kg diet and 7.3% crude protein; while the LED contained 3.00 MCal DE/kg diet. The dietary treatments were introduced from day 1 of gestation to farrowing. Intestine samples were collected from the pigs’ offspring at birth, and at weaning (day 28 post-birth). At weaning, male pigs from control and LED groups were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (50 μg/kg body weight) or saline (n = 6), and sacrificed at 4 h post-injection to collect blood, intestine and digesta samples for biochemical analysis. The results indicated that the maternal LED markedly decreased the BW, small intestinal weight, and the ratio of jejunum and ileum villus height to crypt depth in the offspring. Moreover, the activities of lactase and sucrase in newborn piglets’ intestine, and sucrase and maltase in weaning piglet intestine were markedly decreased by the maternal LED. In addition, maternal LED significantly increased the mRNA relative expression of ileal IL-6 and TNF-α in newborn piglets. Plasma IL-1β concentration and colonic Escherichia coli amount were affected by maternal diet (p < 0.05) and LPS challenge (p < 0.001). Maternal LED significant increased the mRNA relative expression of ileal TLR-4, IL-1β and NF-κB as well as decreased ZO-1 in weaning pigs after LPS challenge (p < 0.05). In conclusion, decreasing energy intake could suppress the offspring’s intestinal digestion and absorption function, and increase the susceptibility of weaning piglets to LPS challenge.
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162
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Intestinal toxicity of deoxynivalenol is limited by Lactobacillus rhamnosus RC007 in pig jejunum explants. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:983-993. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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163
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López-Posadas R, Stürzl M, Atreya I, Neurath MF, Britzen-Laurent N. Interplay of GTPases and Cytoskeleton in Cellular Barrier Defects during Gut Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1240. [PMID: 29051760 PMCID: PMC5633683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential role of the intestine is to build and maintain a barrier preventing the luminal gut microbiota from invading the host. This involves two coordinated physical and immunological barriers formed by single layers of intestinal epithelial and endothelial cells, which avoid the activation of local immune responses or the systemic dissemination of microbial agents, and preserve tissue homeostasis. Accordingly, alterations of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions have been associated with gut inflammation, for example during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The discriminative control of nutriment uptake and sealing toward potentially pathological microorganisms requires a profound regulation of para- and transcellular permeability. On the subcellular level, the cytoskeleton exerts key regulatory functions in the maintenance of cellular barriers. Increased epithelial/endothelial permeability occurs primarily as a result of a reorganization of cytoskeletal–junctional complexes. Pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines can induce cytoskeletal rearrangements, causing inflammation-dependent defects in gut barrier function. In this context, small GTPases of the Rho family and large GTPases from the Dynamin superfamily appear as major cellular switches regulating the interaction between intercellular junctions and actomyosin complexes, and in turn cytoskeleton plasticity. Strikingly, some of these proteins, such as RhoA or guanylate-binding protein-1 (GBP-1) have been associated with gut inflammation and IBD. In this review, we will summarize the role of small and large GTPases for cytoskeleton plasticity and epithelial/endothelial barrier in the context of gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imke Atreya
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Xu X, Jia X, Mo L, Liu C, Zheng L, Yuan Q, Zhou X. Intestinal microbiota: a potential target for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone Res 2017; 5:17046. [PMID: 28983411 PMCID: PMC5627629 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a prevalent metabolic bone disease characterized by bone loss and structural destruction, which increases the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women. Owing to the high morbidity and serious complications of PMO, many efforts have been devoted to its prophylaxis and treatment. The intestinal microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics, which are dietary or medical supplements consisting of beneficial intestinal bacteria, work in concert with endogenous intestinal microorganisms to maintain host health. Recent studies have revealed that bone loss in PMO is closely related to host immunity, which is influenced by the intestinal microbiota. The curative effects of probiotics on metabolic bone diseases have also been demonstrated. The effects of the intestinal microbiota on bone metabolism suggest a promising target for PMO management. This review seeks to summarize the critical effects of the intestinal microbiota and probiotics on PMO, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenic relationship between bacteria and host, and to define the possible treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longyi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dental Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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165
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Eichele DD, Kharbanda KK. Dextran sodium sulfate colitis murine model: An indispensable tool for advancing our understanding of inflammatory bowel diseases pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6016-6029. [PMID: 28970718 PMCID: PMC5597494 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i33.6016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are complex diseases that result from the chronic dysregulated immune response in the gastrointestinal tract. The exact etiology is not fully understood, but it is accepted that it occurs when an inappropriate aggressive inflammatory response in a genetically susceptible host due to inciting environmental factors occurs. To investigate the pathogenesis and etiology of human IBD, various animal models of IBD have been developed that provided indispensable insights into the histopathological and morphological changes as well as factors associated with the pathogenesis of IBD and evaluation of therapeutic options in the last few decades. The most widely used experimental model employs dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce epithelial damage. The DSS colitis model in IBD research has advantages over other various chemically induced experimental models due to its rapidity, simplicity, reproducibility and controllability. In this manuscript, we review the newer publicized advances of research in murine colitis models that focus upon the disruption of the barrier function of the intestine, effects of mucin on the development of colitis, alterations found in microbial balance and resultant changes in the metabolome specifically in the DSS colitis murine model and its relation to the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick D Eichele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
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166
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Cortactin deficiency causes increased RhoA/ROCK1-dependent actomyosin contractility, intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, and disproportionately severe DSS-induced colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1237-1247. [PMID: 28120846 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes a first line of defense of the innate immune system. Epithelial dysfunction is a hallmark of intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The actin cytoskeleton controls epithelial barrier integrity but the function of actin regulators such as cortactin is poorly understood. Given that cortactin controls endothelial permeability, we hypothesized that cortactin is also important for epithelial barrier regulation. We found increased permeability in the colon of cortactin-KO mice that was accompanied by reduced levels of ZO-1, claudin-1, and E-cadherin. By contrast, claudin-2 was upregulated. Cortactin deficiency increased RhoA/ROCK1-dependent actomyosin contractility, and inhibition of ROCK1 rescued the barrier defect. Interestingly, cortactin deficiency caused increased epithelial proliferation without affecting apoptosis. KO mice did not develop spontaneous colitis, but were more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium colitis and showed severe colon tissue damage and edema formation. KO mice with colitis displayed strong mucus deposition and goblet cell depletion. In healthy human colon tissues, cortactin co-localized with ZO-1 at epithelial cell contacts. In IBDs patients, we observed decreased cortactin levels and loss of co-localization with ZO-1. Thus, cortactin is a master regulator of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in vivo and could serve as a suitable target for pharmacological intervention in IBDs.
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167
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Ginzel M, Feng X, Kuebler JF, Klemann C, Yu Y, von Wasielewski R, Park JK, Hornef MW, Vieten G, Ure BM, Kaussen T, Gosemann JH, Mayer S, Suttkus A, Lacher M. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induces necrotizing enterocolitis-like lesions in neonatal mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182732. [PMID: 28817583 PMCID: PMC5560643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory bowel disease of preterm human newborns with yet unresolved etiology. An established neonatal murine model for NEC employs oral administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) combined with hypoxia/hypothermia. In adult mice, feeding dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) represents a well-established model for experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Here we investigated the effect of DSS administration on the neonatal murine intestine in comparison with the established NEC model. Methods 3-day-old C57BL/6J mice were either fed formula containing DSS or LPS. LPS treated animals were additionally stressed by hypoxia/hypothermia twice daily. After 72 h, mice were euthanized, their intestinal tissue harvested and analyzed by histology, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. For comparison, adult C57BL/6J mice were fed with DSS for 8 days and examined likewise. Untreated, age matched animals served as controls. Results Adult mice treated with DSS exhibited colonic inflammation with significantly increased Cxcl2 mRNA expression. In contrast, tissue inflammation in neonatal mice treated with DSS or LPS plus hypoxia/hypothermia was present in colon and small intestine as well. Comparative analysis of neonatal mice revealed a significantly increased lesion size and intestinal Cxcl2 mRNA expression after DSS exposure. Whereas LPS administration mainly induced local neutrophil recruitment, DSS treated animals displayed increased monocytes/macrophages infiltration. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the potential of DSS to induce NEC-like lesions accompanied by a significant humoral and cellular immune response in the small and large intestine of neonatal mice. The new model therefore represents a good alternative to LPS plus hypoxia/hypothermia administration requiring no additional physical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ginzel
- Center of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- Center of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Christian Klemann
- Center of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yi Yu
- Center of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Joon-Keun Park
- Center of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud Vieten
- Center of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benno M. Ure
- Center of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Kaussen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Steffi Mayer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Suttkus
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Lacher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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168
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Isidro RA, Lopez A, Cruz ML, Gonzalez Torres MI, Chompre G, Isidro AA, Appleyard CB. The Probiotic VSL#3 Modulates Colonic Macrophages, Inflammation, and Microflora in Acute Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid Colitis. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:445-461. [PMID: 28692320 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417718542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The probiotic mixture VSL#3 attenuates colitis in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and in animal models of this condition, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. VSL#3 alters macrophage morphology and secretory profile in vitro in a polarization-dependent manner. We examined the effect of VSL#3 on macrophages in acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Rats were randomized to normal, colitis, or colitis+VSL#3 groups. After sacrifice, the colons were evaluated for macroscopic and microscopic damage. Serum cytokine levels were measured, and microbiome analysis undertaken. Total and M1 colonic macrophages, and total and proliferating hepatic macrophages were assessed by double immunofluorescence staining. Colitis+VSL#3 rats had lower macroscopic damage, with less microscopic damage in the proximal colon, compared with colitis alone. Colitis significantly increased colonic macrophage infiltration, which was significantly reduced by VSL#3 treatment. VSL#3 did not decrease the colitis-induced surge of colonic M1 macrophages or hepatic macrophages. VSL#3 reduced colitis-induced serum cytokine levels, and induced restoration of colonic transcript levels for pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and barrier proteins to, or past, normal levels. Fecal bacteria distribution changed between groups. In summary, the probiotic VSL#3 reduces colitis severity, colonic macrophage infiltration, and serum cytokine levels, but does not dampen the pro-inflammatory phenotype of M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Isidro
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School and Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico (RAI, MLC, AAI, CBA)
| | - Abdon Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Ponce, Ponce, Puerto Rico (AL, MIGT)
| | - Myrella L Cruz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School and Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico (RAI, MLC, AAI, CBA)
| | | | - Gladys Chompre
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico (GC)
| | - Angel A Isidro
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School and Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico (RAI, MLC, AAI, CBA)
| | - Caroline B Appleyard
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School and Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico (RAI, MLC, AAI, CBA)
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169
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White R, Atherly T, Guard B, Rossi G, Wang C, Mosher C, Webb C, Hill S, Ackermann M, Sciabarra P, Allenspach K, Suchodolski J, Jergens AE. Randomized, controlled trial evaluating the effect of multi-strain probiotic on the mucosal microbiota in canine idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:451-466. [PMID: 28678609 PMCID: PMC5628651 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1334754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs. While studies have reported alterations in fecal (luminal) microbial populations, only limited information is available about the mucosal microbiota of IBD dogs at diagnosis and following medical therapy. Our aim was to characterize the mucosal microbiota and determine the clinical, microbiological, and mucosal homeostatic effects of probiotic treatment in dogs with IBD. Thirty four IBD dogs were randomized to receive standard therapy (ST = diet + prednisone) with or without probiotic. Tissue sections from endoscopic biopsies were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on a quantifiable basis. Disease activity and changes in mucosal microbiota and tight junction protein (TJP) expression were assessed before and after 8 weeks of IBD therapy. ST and ST/probiotic therapy modulated the number of mucosal bacteria of IBD dogs in a similar fashion. Both treatments increased the numbers of total bacteria and individual species residing within adherent mucus, with ST therapy increasing Bifidobacterium spp. and ST/probiotic therapy increasing Lactobacillus spp (P < 0.05 for both), respectively. Both treatments were associated with rapid clinical remission but not improvement in histopathologic inflammation. Probiotic therapy was associated with upregulated (P < 0.05) expression of TJPs E-cadherin, occludin, and zonulin versus ST. The probiotic effect on mucosal bacteria is similar to that of IBD dogs receiving ST. IBD dogs fed probiotic had increased TJP expression suggesting that probiotic may have beneficial effects on mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin White
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Blake Guard
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Curtis Mosher
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Craig Webb
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Steve Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital – San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Peter Sciabarra
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA,CONTACT Albert E. Jergens Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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170
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Shang M, Sun J. Vitamin D/VDR, Probiotics, and Gastrointestinal Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:876-887. [PMID: 27915988 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666161202150008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important factor in regulating inflammation, immune responses, and carcinoma inhibition via action of its receptor, vitamin D receptor (VDR). Recent studies have demonstrated the role of vitamin D/VDR in regulating host-bacterial interactions. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria with the power of supporting or favoring life on the host. In the current review, we will discuss the recent progress on the roles of vitamin D/VDR in gut microbiome and inflammation. We will summarize evidence of probiotics in modulating vitamin D/VDR and balancing gut microbiota in health and gastrointestinal diseases. Moreover, we will review the clinical application of probiotics in prevention and therapy of IBD or colon cancer. Despite of the gains, there remain several barriers to advocate broad use of probiotics in clinical therapy. We will also discuss the limits and future direction in scientific understanding of probiotics, vitamin D/VDR, and host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Shang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou. China
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612. United States
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171
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Fu L, Wang C, Wang Y. Seafood allergen-induced hypersensitivity at the microbiota-mucosal site: Implications for prospective probiotic use in allergic response regulation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1512-1525. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1269719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linglin Fu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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172
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Kong W, Huang C, Tang Y, Zhang D, Wu Z, Chen X. Effect of Bacillus subtilis on Aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Sci Rep 2017; 7:1588. [PMID: 28484272 PMCID: PMC5431481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study explored the effect of oral intubation of Bacillus subtilis on Aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp. The mid-intestine mucosal tissue was collected for ATPase activity measurement. Intestinal mucosa was also ultrastructurally examined with transmission electron microscope (TEM), and its permeability was determined using Evans blue (EB) and D-lactic acid. The mid-intestine pro-inflammation cytokine, MyD88 and tight junction (TJ) protein mRNA expression levels were measured using real-time quantitative PCR. The results revealed that B. subtilis was found to prevent the decrease in the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase and Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase, as well as the increase in EB and D-lactic acid concentration and inflammation induced by A. hydrophila in grass carp. Compared with A. hydrophila groups, B. subtilis safeguarded the integrity of intestinal villi and tight junction structure and restrained A. hydrophila-induced down-regulation of TJ proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. B. subtilis also restrained up-regulation of TJ protein claudin b, pro-inflammation cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-1β, and adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) mRNA levels. Thus, oral intubation of B. subtilis could reduce A. hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Kong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Can Huang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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173
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Intestinal Epithelial Cell-Specific Deletion of PLD2 Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating Occludin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1573. [PMID: 28484281 PMCID: PMC5431506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a multi-factorial disease involving a dysregulated immune response. Disruptions to the intestinal epithelial barrier and translocation of bacteria, resulting in inflammation, are common in colitis. The mechanisms underlying epithelial barrier dysfunction or regulation of tight junction proteins during disease progression of colitis have not been clearly elucidated. Increase in phospholipase D (PLD) activity is associated with disease severity in colitis animal models. However, the role of PLD2 in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity remains elusive. We have generated intestinal-specific Pld2 knockout mice (Pld2 IEC-KO) to investigate the mechanism of intestinal epithelial PLD2 in colitis. We show that the knockout of Pld2 confers protection against dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Treatment with DSS induced the expression of PLD2 and downregulated occludin in colon epithelial cells. PLD2 was shown to mediate phosphorylation of occludin and induce its proteasomal degradation in a c-Src kinase-dependent pathway. Additionally, we have shown that treatment with an inhibitor of PLD2 can rescue mice from DSS-induced colitis. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that PLD2 is pivotal in the regulation of the integrity of epithelial tight junctions and occludin turn over, thereby implicating it in the pathogenesis of colitis.
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174
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Oh N, Lee J, Lee J, Lee K, Kim Y. Mulberry leaf extract fermented withLactobacillus acidophilusA4 ameliorates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in rats. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:459-468. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N.S. Oh
- R&D Center; Seoul Dairy Cooperative; Ansan Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - J.Y. Lee
- R&D Center; Seoul Dairy Cooperative; Ansan Gyeonggi South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul South Korea
| | - J.M. Lee
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul South Korea
| | - K.W. Lee
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Y. Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Korea
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175
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Hanyang L, Xuanzhe L, Xuyang C, Yujia Q, Jiarong F, Jun S, Zhihua R. Application of Zebrafish Models in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:501. [PMID: 28515725 PMCID: PMC5413514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent, and remitting inflammatory disease with unclear etiology. As a clinically frequent disease, it can affect individuals throughout their lives, with multiple complications. Unfortunately, traditional murine models are not efficient for the further study of IBD. Thus, effective and convenient animal models are needed. Zebrafish have been used as model organisms to investigate IBD because of their suggested highly genetic similarity to humans and their superiority as laboratory models. The zebrafish model has been used to study the composition of intestinal microbiota, novel genes, and therapeutic approaches. The pathogenesis of IBD is still unclear and many risk factors remain unidentified. In this review, we compare traditional murine models and zebrafish models in terms of advantages, pathogenesis, and drug discovery screening for IBD. We also review the progress and deficiencies of the zebrafish model for scientific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hanyang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Xuanzhe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Xuyang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu Yujia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Jiarong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Jun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Zhihua
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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176
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Gioacchini G, Rossi G, Carnevali O. Host-probiotic interaction: new insight into the role of the endocannabinoid system by in vivo and ex vivo approaches. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1261. [PMID: 28455493 PMCID: PMC5430882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in regulating inflammation in several chronic or anomalous gut inflammatory diseases. In vivo and ex vivo studies showed that 30 days treatment with a probiotic mix activated the endocannabinoid system in zebrafish. These results highlight the potential of this probiotic mixture to regulate immune cell function, by inducing gene expression of toll-like receptors and other immune related molecules. Furthermore, TUNEL assay showed a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells, and this finding was supported by a reduction in pro-apoptotic factors and an increase in anti-apoptotic molecules. The results presented here strengthen the molecular mechanisms activated by probiotic mix controlling immune response and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via Fidanza 15, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy. .,INBB Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biosistemi e Biostrutture, 00136, Roma, Italy.
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177
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Cinque B, La Torre C, Lombardi F, Palumbo P, Evtoski Z, Jr Santini S, Falone S, Cimini A, Amicarelli F, Cifone MG. VSL#3 probiotic differently influences IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell status and function. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3530-3539. [PMID: 28109129 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The data here reported introduce the wound-healing assay as a tool for testing probiotics aimed at protecting gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces and to verify the consistency of their manufacturing. At the scope, we compared the in vitro effects of two multi-strain high concentration formulations both commercialized under the same brand VSL#3 but sourced from different production sites (USA and Italy) on a non-transformed small-intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC-6. The effects on cellular morphology, viability, migration, and H2 O2 -induced damage, were assessed before and after the treatment with both VSL#3 formulations. While the USA-sourced product ("USA-made") VSL#3 did not affect monolayer morphology and cellular density, the addition of bacteria from the Italy-derived product ("Italy-made") VSL#3 caused clear morphological cell damage and strongly reduced cellularity. The treatment with "USA-made" lysate led to a higher rate of wounded monolayer healing, while the addition of "Italy-made" bacterial lysate did not influence the closure rate as compared to untreated cells. While lysates from "USA-made" VSL#3 clearly enhanced the formation of elongated and aligned stress fibers, "Italy-made" lysates had not similar effect. "USA-made" lysate was able to cause a total inhibition of H2 O2 -induced cytotoxic effect whereas "Italy-made" VSL#3 lysate was unable to protect IEC-6 cells from H2 O2 -induced damage. ROS generation was also differently influenced, thus supporting the hypotesis of a protective action of "USA-made" VSL#3 lysates, as well as the idea that "Italy-made" formulation was unable to prevent significantly the H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Cinque
- Division of Public Health, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina La Torre
- Division of Public Health, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Division of Public Health, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Zoran Evtoski
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Silvano Jr Santini
- Division of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Falone
- Division of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Division of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), Assergi, Italy
| | - Fernanda Amicarelli
- Division of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) -National Research Council (CNR), L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
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178
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Ekmekciu I, Fiebiger U, Stingl K, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Amelioration of intestinal and systemic sequelae of murine Campylobacter jejuni infection by probiotic VSL#3 treatment. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:17. [PMID: 28413453 PMCID: PMC5387377 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of human Campylobacter jejuni infections is progressively increasing worldwide. Probiotic compounds might open up valuable tools to decrease pathogen burden and subsequent pro-inflammatory immune responses, but in vivo data are scarce. Methods and results Secondary abiotic mice generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment were perorally challenged with the commercial probiotic compound VSL#3 consisting of Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) either 5 days before (i.e. prophylactic regimen) or after (i.e. therapeutic regimen) peroral C. jejuni strain 81–176 infection, and analyzed 3 weeks following the initial bacterial re-association. Upon challenge, mice were colonized with the probiotic bacteria and/or C. jejuni at comparable intestinal loads, but co-colonization did not result in reduction of the pathogen burden. Remarkably, prophylactic as well as therapeutic VSL#3 treatment of C. jejuni infected mice ameliorated intestinal apoptosis and pro-inflammatory immune responses as indicated by lower numbers of innate and adaptive immune cell populations in the murine colon upon probiotic prophylaxis or treatment and reduced colonic concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-6 and MCP-1. Importantly, concentrations of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10 were significantly elevated in the colon of probiotics treated mice as compared to untreated controls. Strikingly, prophylactic VSL#3 treatment attenuated C. jejuni induced systemic pro-inflammatory responses as indicated by less TNF and IL-12p70 secretion in the spleen of VSL#3 pre-treated as compared to non-treated mice. Conclusion Administration of probiotic formulations such as VSL#3 might open up valuable strategies for prophylaxis and/or treatment of C. jejuni induced intestinal and systemic sequelae in vivo by the suppression of pro-inflammatory and induction of anti-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Ekmekciu
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Fiebiger
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, CC5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, FEM, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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179
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Bachmann R, Leonard D, Delzenne N, Kartheuser A, Cani PD. Novel insight into the role of microbiota in colorectal surgery. Gut 2017; 66:738-749. [PMID: 28153961 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature undeniably supports the idea that the microbiota has a strong influence on the healing process of an intestinal anastomosis. Understanding the mechanisms by which the bacterial community of the gut influences intestinal healing could open the door for new preventive and therapeutic approaches. Among the different mechanisms, data have shown that the production of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of specific formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) regulate intestinal wound healing. Evidence suggests that specific gut microbes such as Lactobacillus spp and Akkermansia muciniphila help to regulate healing processes through both ROS-dependent and FPR-dependent mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge and future perspectives concerning the impact of microbiota on wound healing. We will further review available evidence on whether mechanical bowel preparation and the use of specific antibiotics are beneficial or harmful procedures, an ongoing matter of debate. These practices have a profound effect on the gut microbiota composition at the level of both the mucosal and the luminal compartments. Therefore, a key question remains unanswered: should we continue to prepare the gut before surgical intervention? Current knowledge and data do not clearly support the use of one technique or another to avoid complications such as anastomotic leak. There is an urgent need for appropriate interventions with a deep microbiota analysis to investigate both the surgical technical benefits of a proper anastomosis compared with the potential effect of the gut microbes (beneficial vs harmful) on the processes of wound healing and anastomotic leakage reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Bachmann
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques des Pathologies Tumorales du Colon et de Rectum (CPTCR), Institut Roi Albert II, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Leonard
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques des Pathologies Tumorales du Colon et de Rectum (CPTCR), Institut Roi Albert II, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Delzenne
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition research group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alex Kartheuser
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques des Pathologies Tumorales du Colon et de Rectum (CPTCR), Institut Roi Albert II, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition research group, Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Brussels, Belgium
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180
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Mend Your Fences: The Epithelial Barrier and its Relationship With Mucosal Immunity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:33-46. [PMID: 28560287 PMCID: PMC5439240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium can be easily disrupted during gut inflammation as seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. For a long time, research into the pathophysiology of IBD has been focused on immune cell-mediated mechanisms. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the intestinal epithelium might play a major role in the development and perpetuation of IBD. It is now clear that IBD can be triggered by disturbances in epithelial barrier integrity via dysfunctions in intestinal epithelial cell-intrinsic molecular circuits that control the homeostasis, renewal, and repair of intestinal epithelial cells. The intestinal epithelium in the healthy individual represents a semi-permeable physical barrier shielding the interior of the body from invasions of pathogens on the one hand and allowing selective passage of nutrients on the other hand. However, the intestinal epithelium must be considered much more than a simple physical barrier. Instead, the epithelium is a highly dynamic tissue that responds to a plenitude of signals including the intestinal microbiota and signals from the immune system. This epithelial response to these signals regulates barrier function, the composition of the microbiota, and mucosal immune homeostasis within the lamina propria. The epithelium can thus be regarded as a translator between the microbiota and the immune system and aberrant signal transduction between the epithelium and adjacent immune cells might promote immune dysregulation in IBD. This review summarizes the important cellular and molecular barrier components of the intestinal epithelium and emphasizes the mechanisms leading to barrier dysfunction during intestinal inflammation.
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Key Words
- BMP, bone morphogenic protein
- CD, Crohn's disease
- Fz, frizzled
- HD, humans α-defensin
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IECs, intestinal epithelial cells
- IL, interleukin
- Immune-Epithelial Crosstalk
- Intestinal Epithelial Barrier
- Intestinal Inflammation
- JAMs, junctional adhesion molecules
- Lgr5, leucine rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor 5
- MARVEL, myelin and lymphocyte and related proteins for vesicle trafficking and membrane link
- MLCK, myosin light chain kinase
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NOD-2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TAMP, tight junction–associated MARVEL protein
- TJ, tight junction
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin
- UC, ulcerative colitis
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181
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Secretions of Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus acidophilus Protect Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:404-412. [PMID: 28230606 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The secreted metabolites of probiotics are cytoprotective to intestinal epithelium and have been shown to attenuate inflammation and reduce gut permeability. The present study was designed to determine the protective effects of probiotic conditioned media (PCM) from Bifidobacterium infantis (BCM) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LCM) on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced intestinal barrier compromise. METHODS The epithelial barrier was determined by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) across a Caco-2 cell monolayer using a Transwell model. The paracellular permeability was determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran flux. The expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 were determined using Western blot and the distribution of NF-κB p65 was determined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS BCM and LCM induced a dose-dependent increase in Caco-2 TER after 4 and 24 hours of incubation (P < 0.05). The maximal increase of Caco-2 TER occurred at 4 hours of treatment with a PCM concentration of 15%. Preincubation with BCM and LCM for 4 hours significantly prevented the decrease of Caco-2 TER induced by 24 hours of stimulation with 10 ng/mL IL-1β. BCM and LCM decreased paracellular permeability in both stimulated and unstimulated Caco-2 monolayers (P < 0.05). IL-1β stimulation decreased occludin expression and increased claudin-1 expression in Caco-2 cells (P < 0.05), which was prevented in cells treated with BCM or LCM. The changes of claudin-1 expression in H4 cells were similar to Caco-2 cells in response to PCM treatment and IL-1β stimulation; however, a similar response in occludin was not demonstrated. The IL-1β-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in Caco-2 cells was prevented by pretreatment with both PCMs. CONCLUSIONS BCM and LCM protected the intestinal barrier against IL-1β stimulation by normalizing the protein expression of occludin and claudin-1 and preventing IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation in Caco-2 cells, which may be partly responsible for the preservation of intestinal permeability.
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182
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Ahmad R, Sorrell MF, Batra SK, Dhawan P, Singh AB. Gut permeability and mucosal inflammation: bad, good or context dependent. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:307-317. [PMID: 28120842 PMCID: PMC6171348 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease. A breach in the mucosal barrier, otherwise known as "leaky gut," is alleged to promote mucosal inflammation by intensifying immune activation. However, interaction between the luminal antigen and mucosal immune system is necessary to maintain mucosal homeostasis. Furthermore, manipulations leading to deregulated gut permeability have resulted in susceptibility in mice to colitis as well as to creating adaptive immunity. These findings implicate a complex but dynamic association between mucosal permeability and immune homeostasis; however, they also emphasize that compromised gut permeability alone may not be sufficient to induce colitis. Emerging evidence further supports the role(s) of proteins associated with the mucosal barrier in epithelial injury and repair: manipulations of associated proteins also modified epithelial differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Taken together, the role of gut permeability and proteins associated in regulating mucosal inflammatory diseases appears to be more complex than previously thought. Herein, we review outcomes from recent mouse models where gut permeability was altered by direct and indirect effects of manipulating mucosal barrier-associated proteins, to highlight the significance of mucosal permeability and the non-barrier-related roles of these proteins in regulating chronic mucosal inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - MF Sorrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - SK Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska USA and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA
| | - P Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska USA and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA.,VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA
| | - AB Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska USA and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA.,VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA
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183
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Cheifetz AS, Gianotti R, Luber R, Gibson PR. Complementary and Alternative Medicines Used by Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:415-429.e15. [PMID: 27743873 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients and physicians often have many questions regarding the role of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), or nonallopathic therapies, for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). CAMs of various forms are used by more than half of patients with IBD during some point in their disease course. We summarize the available evidence for the most commonly used and discussed CAMs. We discuss evidence for the effects of herbs (such as cannabis and curcumin), probiotics, acupuncture, exercise, and mind-body therapy. There have been few controlled studies of these therapies, which have been limited by their small sample sizes; most studies have been uncontrolled. In addition, there has been a lack of quality control for herbal preparations. It has been a challenge to design rigorous, randomized, placebo-controlled trials, in part owing to problems of adequate blinding for psychological interventions, acupuncture, and exercise. These barriers have limited the acceptance of CAMs by physicians. However, such therapies might be used to supplement conventional therapies and help ease patient symptoms. We conclude that physicians should understand the nature of and evidence for CAMs for IBD so that rational advice can be offered to patients who inquire about their use. CAMs have the potential to aid in the treatment of IBD, but further research is needed to validate these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Cheifetz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Gianotti
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raphael Luber
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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184
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Wang Y, Du W, Lei K, Wang B, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Li W. Effects of Dietary Bacillus licheniformis on Gut Physical Barrier, Immunity, and Reproductive Hormones of Laying Hens. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2017; 9:292-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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185
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Abstract
Obesity afflicts 36.5% of the US population and 600 million individuals world-wide. Thus, it is imperative to understand the risk factors underlying metabolic disease including diet, activity level, sleep, and genetics. Another key contributory factor is the gut microbiota given its widely reported role in the development of metabolic disease. The gut microbiota, particularly its structure and function, is heavily influenced by Western style diets rich in a complex mixture of fats and high in simple sugars. In this review, the profound impact of obesity and Western diets on the gut microbiota will be illustrated, and the following research questions will be addressed: 1) to what extent do high fat diets (HFDs) alter community membership and function and does this depend upon the amount or type of fat consumed?, 2) how rapidly do dietary shifts alter gut microbial communities?, 3) are these alterations sustained or can the microbiome recover from dietary stress?, 4) how does diet drive host-microbe interactions leading to obesity?, and 5) what can be done to restore the detrimental impact of HFD on the gut microbiota? The goal of this review is to address these questions by parsing out the effects and underlying mechanisms of how Western diets impact the gut microbiota and host. By doing so, potential avenues for further exploration and strategies for microbiome-based interventions to prevent or treat diet-induced obesity may become more apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina B. Martinez
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA,CONTACT Eugene B. Chang, MD Martin Boyer Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Rm. 9130, 900 E 57th Street, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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186
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Vargas Robles H, Castro Ochoa KF, Nava P, Silva Olivares A, Shibayama M, Schnoor M. Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117803 DOI: 10.3791/55095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing disorders of the intestines. They cause severe problems, such as abdominal cramping, bloody diarrhea, and weight loss, in affected individuals. Unfortunately, there is no cure yet, and treatments only aim to alleviate symptoms. Current treatments include anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs that may cause severe side effects. This warrants the search for alternative treatment options, such as nutritional supplements, that do not cause side effects. Before their application in clinical studies, such compounds must be rigorously tested for effectiveness and security in animal models. A reliable experimental model is the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model in mice, which reproduces many of the clinical signs of ulcerative colitis in humans. We recently applied this model to test the beneficial effects of a nutritional supplement containing vitamins C and E, L-arginine, and ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). We analyzed various disease parameters and found that this supplement was able to ameliorate edema formation, tissue damage, leukocyte infiltration, oxidative stress, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to an overall improvement in the disease activity index. In this article, we explain in detail the correct application of nutritional supplements using the DSS colitis model in C57Bl/6 mice, as well as how disease parameters such as histology, oxidative stress, and inflammation are assessed. Analyzing the beneficial effects of different diet supplements may then eventually open new avenues for the development of alternative treatment strategies that alleviate IBD symptoms and/or that prolong the phases of remission without causing severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Vargas Robles
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
| | - Karla Fabiola Castro Ochoa
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
| | - Angélica Silva Olivares
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute;
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187
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The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on small intestinal barrier function and mucosal gene transcription; a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40128. [PMID: 28045137 PMCID: PMC5206730 DOI: 10.1038/srep40128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three Lactobacillus plantarum strains on in-vivo small intestinal barrier function and gut mucosal gene transcription in human subjects. The strains were selected for their differential effects on TLR signalling and tight junction protein rearrangement, which may lead to beneficial effects in a stressed human gut mucosa. Ten healthy volunteers participated in four different intervention periods: 7-day oral intake of either L. plantarum WCFS1, CIP104448, TIFN101 or placebo, proceeded by a 4 weeks wash-out period. Lactulose-rhamnose ratio (an indicator of small intestinal permeability) increased after intake of indomethacin, which was given as an artificial stressor of the gut mucosal barrier (mean ratio 0.06 ± 0.04 to 0.10 ± 0.06, p = 0.001), but was not significantly affected by the bacterial interventions. However, analysis in small intestinal biopsies, obtained by gastroduodenoscopy, demonstrated that particularly L. plantarum TIFN101 modulated gene transcription pathways related to cell-cell adhesion with high turnover of genes involved in tight- and adhesion junction protein synthesis and degradation (e.g. actinin alpha-4, metalloproteinase-2). These effects were less pronounced for L. plantarum WCFS1 and CIP104448. In conclusion, L. plantarum TIFN101 induced the most pronounced probiotic properties with specific gene transcriptional effects on repair processes in the compromised intestine of healthy subjects.
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188
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Truong Thy HT, Tri NN, Quy OM, Fotedar R, Kannika K, Unajak S, Areechon N. Effects of the dietary supplementation of mixed probiotic spores of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 54A, and Bacillus pumilus 47B on growth, innate immunity and stress responses of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:391-399. [PMID: 27836719 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study used the mixed probiotics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 54A and B. pumilus 47B isolated from striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) intestine aiming to stimulate growth performance, innate immunity, stress tolerance of striped catfish. The average weight gain (AWG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were analyzed after fish were fed the mixture of probiotics (B. amyloliquefaciens 54A and B. pumilus 47B) at concentrations of 1 × 108, 3 × 108, and 5 × 108 CFU g-1 feed for 90 days. Immunity parameters, survival rate of fish challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri and ammonia tolerance were also investigated. The amounts of B. amyloliquefaciens and B. pumilus were counted and identified by specific primer pairs of Ba1-F/Ba1-R, and 16-F/Bpu-R to confirm the presence of probiotics in fish intestine. The AWG (476.6 ± 7.81 g fish-1) of fish fed probiotics at 5 × 108 CFU g-1 was significant higher than the control (390 ± 25.7 g fish-1) after 90 days of feeding, but there was no significant (P > 0.05) effect of probiotics on FCR and SGR. Fish fed diet containing probiotics at 5 × 108 CFU g-1 also expressed resistance to E. ictaluri infection and higher immune parameters such as phagocytic activity, respiratory bursts, and lysozyme activity than the control. Stress response with ammonia showed significantly lower mortality rate (25%, 20% and 27%) of fish fed probiotics at all three levels of 1, 3 and 5 × 108 CFU g-1 than the fish fed control diet (75%). The study also demonstrated that the probiotics survived in the intestine of striped catfish after 90 days of feeding. Therefore, the dietary supplementation of a mixture of B. amyloliquefaciens and B. pumilus at 5 × 108 CFU g-1 can be used to improve the health and growth rate of striped catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Thi Truong Thy
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Nong Lam University, Viet Nam; Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Nhu Tri
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Nong Lam University, Viet Nam
| | - Ong Moc Quy
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Nong Lam University, Viet Nam
| | - Ravi Fotedar
- Curtin Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environment & Agriculture, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia
| | - Korntip Kannika
- Division of Fisheries, School of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Sasimanas Unajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nontawith Areechon
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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189
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Bron PA, Kleerebezem M, Brummer RJ, Cani PD, Mercenier A, MacDonald TT, Garcia-Ródenas CL, Wells JM. Can probiotics modulate human disease by impacting intestinal barrier function? Br J Nutr 2017; 117:93-107. [PMID: 28102115 PMCID: PMC5297585 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier integrity is a prerequisite for homeostasis of mucosal function, which is balanced to maximise absorptive capacity, while maintaining efficient defensive reactions against chemical and microbial challenges. Evidence is mounting that disruption of epithelial barrier integrity is one of the major aetiological factors associated with several gastrointestinal diseases, including infection by pathogens, obesity and diabetes, necrotising enterocolitis, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. The notion that specific probiotic bacterial strains can affect barrier integrity fuelled research in which in vitro cell lines, animal models and clinical trials are used to assess whether probiotics can revert the diseased state back to homeostasis and health. This review catalogues and categorises the lines of evidence available in literature for the role of probiotics in epithelial integrity and, consequently, their beneficial effect for the reduction of gastrointestinal disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Bron
- NIZO Food Research and BE-Basic Foundation, Kernhemseweg 2, 6718ZB Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Wageningen University, Host Microbe Interactomics Group, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Brummer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annick Mercenier
- Nestlé Research Center, Nutrition and Health Research, route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Thomas T. MacDonald
- Barts and The London school of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Clara L. Garcia-Ródenas
- Nestlé Research Center, Nutrition and Health Research, route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Wageningen University, Host Microbe Interactomics Group, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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190
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Kumar M, Kissoon-Singh V, Coria AL, Moreau F, Chadee K. Probiotic mixture VSL#3 reduces colonic inflammation and improves intestinal barrier function in Muc2 mucin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G34-G45. [PMID: 27856417 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00298.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MUC2 mucin is the major glycoprotein in colonic mucus that separates intestinal microbiota from underlying host cells and serves as a food source for some eubacteria. MUC2 deficiency results in impaired epithelial barrier function, imbalance in gut microbiota, and spontaneous colitis. Probiotics have been shown to have a protective effect against colitis. In this study we used Muc2 mucin-deficient (Muc2-/-) and Muc2+/+ littermates to test whether the probiotic mixture VSL#3 requires an intact mucin barrier to exert its beneficial effect. VSL#3 alone reduced basal colonic proinflammatory cytokine levels and improved epithelial barrier function in Muc2-/- animals. Similarly, in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, VSL#3 dampened the proinflammatory chemokines KC, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and upregulated the tissue regeneration growth factors transforming growth factor-β, fibroblast growth factor-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A, which accelerated resolution of colitis symptoms in Muc2-/- animals. Importantly, improved colonic health in VSL#3-treated animals was associated with attenuated reactive oxygen species production by peritoneal macrophages, restoration of antimicrobial peptide gene expression in the small intestine, and increased abundance of bacterial commensals in the gut. The beneficial effects of VSL#3 in Muc2-/- animals were mediated by acetate, an important short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria. These studies provide evidence for the first time that VSL#3 can enhance epithelial barrier function by dampening the proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine response, accelerating restitution, and altering commensal microbiota in the absence of a functional mucus barrier. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is unclear whether probiotics require an intact mucin barrier to first colonize and/or exert their protective functions. In this study we used mucin-deficient (Muc2-/-) mice to interrogate if the multispecies probiotic mixture VSL#3 could enhance epithelial barrier function. In the absence of a mucus bilayer, VSL#3 dampened proinflammatory and chemokine production, accelerated restitution, and markedly improved gut permeability mediated by the short-chain fatty acid acetate in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vanessa Kissoon-Singh
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aralia Leon Coria
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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191
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Kim MS, Byun JS, Yoon YS, Yum DY, Chung MJ, Lee JC. A probiotic combination attenuates experimental colitis through inhibition of innate cytokine production. Benef Microbes 2016; 8:231-241. [PMID: 28008786 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a severe immune cell-mediated syndrome characterised by extensive inflammatory and effector mucosal responses leading to tissue destruction in the colon and small intestine. The leading hypothesis is that dysbiosis of the gut flora causes an excessive immune response and inflammation in the gastrointestinal track. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can correct dysbiosis of the normal microbiota. In the current study, the therapeutic potential of seven LAB strains in combination to treat IBD was evaluated using experimental colitis model. This LAB cocktail, designated GI7, includes four strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactococcus lactis, two strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, and one strain of Streptococcus thermophilus. We confirmed that GI7 suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines in Raw264.7 macrophages. When dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitic mice were treated with GI7, their symptoms of colitis, as assessed by body weight, colon length, myeloperoxidase activity, intestinal bleeding, and histological damage, were reduced compared to untreated mice. In addition, GI7 treatment significantly inhibited the production of innate pro-inflammatory cytokines during colitic progression. Therefore, we suggest that GI7, a combination of seven LAB, has a potential role in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kim
- 1 R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co. Ltd., 134 Gaegok-Ri, Wolgot-Myeon Gimpo-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 10003, Republic of Korea
| | - J S Byun
- 1 R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co. Ltd., 134 Gaegok-Ri, Wolgot-Myeon Gimpo-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 10003, Republic of Korea
| | - Y S Yoon
- 1 R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co. Ltd., 134 Gaegok-Ri, Wolgot-Myeon Gimpo-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 10003, Republic of Korea
| | - D Y Yum
- 1 R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co. Ltd., 134 Gaegok-Ri, Wolgot-Myeon Gimpo-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 10003, Republic of Korea
| | - M J Chung
- 1 R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co. Ltd., 134 Gaegok-Ri, Wolgot-Myeon Gimpo-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 10003, Republic of Korea
| | - J C Lee
- 1 R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co. Ltd., 134 Gaegok-Ri, Wolgot-Myeon Gimpo-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 10003, Republic of Korea
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192
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Wosiewicz P, Żorniak M, Hartleb M, Barański K, Hartleb M, Onyszczuk M, Pilch-Kowalczyk J, Kyrcz-Krzemień S. Portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis is not associated with intestinal barrier disruption or increased platelet aggregability. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; 40:722-729. [PMID: 27160816 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common complication of cirrhosis, but its pathogenesis is unclear. We tested the hypotheses that PVT is the result of platelet hyperactivity or intestinal barrier disruption. METHODS This study included 49 patients with cirrhosis (15 females) of mixed etiology. Based on spiral computed-tomography, the patients were divided into two groups: with PVT (n=16) and without PVT (n=33). Serum biomarkers of intestinal barrier integrity were endotoxins and zonulin, and platelet activity was assessed with multiple electrode aggregometry. RESULTS The levels of endotoxin (43.5±18.3ng/ml vs. 36.9±7.5ng/ml; P=0.19) and zonulin (56.3±31.1ng/ml vs. 69.3±63.1ng/ml; P=0.69) were not different between the patients with and without PVT. Moreover, endotoxin and zonulin did not correlate with the coagulation and platelet parameters. The platelet aggregability measured with the TRAP and the ADP tests was decreased in PVT patients. In the logistic regression analysis the PVT incidence was related to the levels of D-dimer and bilirubin as well as the TRAP test results. Patients with PVT presented with significantly higher levels of D-dimer (4.45±2.59 vs. 3.03±2.97mg/l; P<0.05) and prothrombin levels (175±98.8μg/ml vs. 115±72.9μg/ml; P<0.05) than patients without thrombosis. PVT could be excluded with a 90% negative predictive value when the D-dimer level was below 1.82mg/l. CONCLUSIONS Endotoxemia and platelet activity are not determinants of PVT in patients with cirrhosis. The D-dimer measurement has diagnostic significance for PVT in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wosiewicz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Żorniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Hartleb
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Kamil Barański
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Hartleb
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Onyszczuk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Pilch-Kowalczyk
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Sławomira Kyrcz-Krzemień
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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193
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VSL#3 Probiotic Stimulates T-cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-mediated Recovery of IFN-γ-induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Defects. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2811-2823. [PMID: 27824650 PMCID: PMC5779620 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND VSL#3 is a probiotic compound that has been used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) is the protein product of the inflammatory bowel disease candidate gene, PTPN2, and we have previously shown that it protects epithelial barrier function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether VSL#3 improves intestinal epithelial barrier function against the effects of the inflammatory bowel disease-associated proinflammatory cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) through activation of TCPTP. METHODS Polarized monolayers of T84 intestinal epithelial cells were treated with increasing concentrations of VSL#3 to determine effects on TCPTP expression and enzymatic activity. Therapeutic effects of VSL#3 against barrier disruption by IFN-γ were measured by transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran permeability. A novel TCPTP-deficient HT-29 intestinal epithelial cell line was generated to study the role of TCPTP in mediating the effects of VSL#3. Tight junction protein distribution was assessed with confocal microscopy. RESULTS VSL#3 increased TCPTP protein levels and enzymatic activity, correlating with a VSL#3-induced decrease in IFN-γ signaling. VSL#3 corrected the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and the increase in epithelial permeability induced by IFN-γ. Moreover, the restorative effect of VSL#3 against IFN-γ signaling, epithelial permeability defects, altered expression and localization of the tight junction proteins claudin-2, occludin, and zonula occludens-1, were not realized in stable TCPTP/(PTPN2)-deficient HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS VSL#3 reduces IFN-γ signaling and IFN-γ-induced epithelial barrier defects in a TCPTP-dependent manner. These data point to a key role for TCPTP as a therapeutic target for restoration of barrier function using probiotics.
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Abstract
Obesity is an emerging global epidemic with profound challenges to world health care economies and societies. Traditional approaches to fighting obesity have not shown promise in promoting a decline in obesity prevalence. The gut microbiota is becoming widely appreciated for its role in regulating metabolism and thus represents a target for new therapies to combat obesity and associated comorbidities. This article provides an overview of altered microbial community structure in obesity, dietary impact on the gut microbiota, host-microbe interactions contributing to the disease, and improvements in microbial assemblage after bariatric surgery and with therapies targeting the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina B Martinez
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, Room 9130, 900 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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195
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Martínez-Herrero S, Larrayoz IM, Narro-Íñiguez J, Villanueva-Millán MJ, Recio-Fernández E, Pérez-Matute P, Oteo JA, Martínez A. Lack of Adrenomedullin Results in Microbiota Changes and Aggravates Azoxymethane and Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice. Front Physiol 2016; 7:595. [PMID: 27965594 PMCID: PMC5127798 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between intestinal inflammation, microbiota, and colorectal cancer is intriguing and the potential underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we evaluate the influence of adrenomedullin (AM) in microbiota composition and its impact on colitis with an inducible knockout (KO) mouse model for AM. Microbiota composition was analyzed in KO and wild type (WT) mice by massive sequencing. Colitis was induced in mice by administration of azoxymethane (AOM) followed by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in the drinking water. Colitis was evaluated using a clinical symptoms index, histopathological analyses, and qRT-PCR. Abrogation of the adm gene in the whole body was confirmed by PCR and qRT-PCR. KO mice exhibit significant changes in colonic microbiota: higher proportion of δ-Proteobacteria class; of Coriobacteriales order; and of other families and genera was observed in KO feces. Meanwhile these mice had a lower proportion of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus gasseri and Bifidobacterium choerinum. TLR4 gene expression was higher (p < 0.05) in KO animals. AM deficient mice treated with DSS exhibited a significantly worse colitis with profound weight loss, severe diarrhea, rectal bleeding, colonic inflammation, edema, infiltration, crypt destruction, and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. No changes were observed in the expression levels of adhesion molecules. In conclusion, we have shown that lack of AM leads to changes in gut microbiota population and in a worsening of colitis conditions, suggesting that endogenous AM is a protective mediator in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja Logroño, Spain
| | | | | | - Emma Recio-Fernández
- Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja Logroño, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Matute
- Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja Logroño, Spain
| | - José A Oteo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja Logroño, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja Logroño, Spain
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196
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Rokana N, Singh R, Mallappa RH, Batish VK, Grover S. Modulation of intestinal barrier function to ameliorate Salmonella infection in mice by oral administration of fermented milks produced with Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 5690 - a probiotic strain of Indian gut origin. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1482-1493. [PMID: 27902414 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 5690, a probiotic strain of Indian gut origin, and milk formulations produced with the same were explored in this study as biotherapeutics by evaluating their functional efficacy against Salmonella infection in mice. The efficacy of milk formulations (fermented/unfermented) of MTCC 5690 for enhancement of intestinal barrier function was determined by monitoring the permeability and histopathology of the intestine. Infected mice fed with probiotic Dahi, fermented probiotic drink and sweetened fermented probiotic drink maintained the health and integrity of the intestinal epithelium as compared to those fed with PBS, milk, unfermented probiotic milk and Dahi. Our relative expression data revealed that the changes caused by MTCC 5690 in intestinal barrier function components were established through modulation of the key regulatory receptors Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4. The results suggest that fermented milks of MTCC 5690 could enhance the defences of the intestinal barrier in enteric infection condition and, therefore, can be explored as a dietary-based strategy to reduce Salmonella infection in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Rokana
- Molecular Biology Unit, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Rajbir Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Rashmi Hogarehalli Mallappa
- Molecular Biology Unit, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Virender Kumar Batish
- Molecular Biology Unit, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Sunita Grover
- Molecular Biology Unit, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
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Inflammatory bowel disease: exploring gut pathophysiology for novel therapeutic targets. Transl Res 2016; 176:38-68. [PMID: 27220087 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the 2 major phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which are influenced by a complex interplay of immunological and genetic elements, though the precise etiology still remains unknown. With IBD developing into a globally prevailing disease, there is a need to explore new targets and a thorough understanding of the pathophysiological differences between the healthy and diseased gut could unearth new therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we provide an overview of the major aspects of IBD pathogenesis and thereafter present a comprehensive analysis of the gut pathophysiology leading to a discussion on some of the most promising targets and biologic therapies currently being explored. These include various gut proteins (CXCL-10, GATA-3, NKG2D, CD98, microRNAs), immune cells recruited to the gut (mast cells, eosinophils, toll-like receptors 2, 4), dysregulated proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, -13, -18, -21), and commensal microbiota (probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation). We also evaluate some of the emerging nonconventional therapies being explored in IBD treatment focusing on the latest developments in stem cell research, oral targeting of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, novel anti-inflammatory signaling pathway targeting, adenosine deaminase inhibition, and the beneficial effects of antioxidant and nutraceutical therapies. In addition, we highlight the growth of biologics and their targets in IBD by providing information on the preclinical and clinical development of over 60 biopharmaceuticals representing the state of the art in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease drug development.
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198
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Structural Change in Microbiota by a Probiotic Cocktail Enhances the Gut Barrier and Reduces Cancer via TLR2 Signaling in a Rat Model of Colon Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2908-2920. [PMID: 27384052 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural change in the gut microbiota is implicated in cancer. The beneficial modulation of the microbiota composition with probiotics and prebiotics prevents diseases. AIM We investigated the effect of oligofructose-maltodextrin-enriched Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria bifidum, and Bifidobacteria infantum (LBB), on the gut microbiota composition and progression of colorectal cancer. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were acclimatized, given ampicillin (75 mg/kg), and treated as follows; GCO: normal control; GPR: LBB only; GPC: LBB+ 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH); and GCA: DMH only (cancer control). 16S V4 Pyrosequencing for gut microbiota analysis, tumor studies, and the expression of MUC2, ZO-1, occludin, TLR2, TLR4, caspase 3, COX-2, and β-catenin were conducted at the end of experiment. RESULTS Probiotic LBB treatment altered the gut microbiota. The relative abundance of genera Pseudomonas, Congregibacter, Clostridium, Candidactus spp., Phaeobacter, Escherichia, Helicobacter, and HTCC was decreased (P < 0.05), but the genus Lactobacillus increased (P < 0.05), in LBB treatment than in cancer control. The altered gut microbiota was associated with decreased tumor incidence (80 % in GPC vs. 100 % in GCA, P = 0.0001), tumor volume (GPC 84.23 (42.75-188.4) mm(3) vs. GCA 243 (175.5-344.5) mm(3), P < 0.0001) and tumor multiplicity/count (GPC 2.92 ± 0.26 vs. GCA 6.27 ± 0.41; P < 0.0001). The expression of MUC2, ZO-1, occludin, and TLR2 was increased, but expression of TLR4, caspase 3, Cox-2, and β-catenin was decreased by LBB treatment than in cancer control GCA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Administration of LBB modulates the gut microbiota and reduces colon cancer development by decreasing tumor incidence, multiplicity/count, and volume via enhanced TLR2-improved gut mucosa epithelial barrier integrity and suppression of apoptosis and inflammation.
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199
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Grossi E, Melli S, Dunca D, Terruzzi V. Unexpected improvement in core autism spectrum disorder symptoms after long-term treatment with probiotics. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2016; 4:2050313X16666231. [PMID: 27621806 PMCID: PMC5006292 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x16666231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that typically displays socio-communicative impairment as well as restricted stereotyped interests and activities, in which gastrointestinal disturbances are commonly reported. We report the case of a boy with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis, severe cognitive disability and celiac disease in which an unexpected improvement of autistic core symptoms was observed after four months of probiotic treatment. METHOD The case study refers to a 12 years old boy with ASD and severe cognitive disability attending the Villa Santa Maria Institute in resident care since 2009. Diagnosis of ASDs according to DSM-V criteria was confirmed by ADOS-2 assessment (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule). The medication used was VSL#3, a multi-strain mixture of ten probiotics. The treatment lasted 4 weeks followed by a four month follow-up. The rehabilitation program and the diet was maintained stable in the treatment period and in the follow up. ADOS-2 was assessed six times: two times before starting treatment; two times during the treatment and two times after interruption of the treatment. RESULTS The probiotic treatment reduced the severity of abdominal symptoms as expected but an improvement in Autistic core symptoms was unexpectedly clinically evident already after few weeks from probiotic treatment start. The score of Social Affect domain of ADOS improved changing from 20 to 18 after two months treatment with a further reduction of 1 point in the following two months. The level 17 of severity remained stable in the follow up period. It is well known that ADOS score does not fluctuate spontaneously along time in ASD and is absolutely stable. CONCLUSIONS The appropriate use of probiotics deserves further research, which hopefully will open new avenues in the fight against ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Grossi
- Autism Unit, Villa Santa Maria Institute, Neuropsychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Tavernerio, Italy
| | - Sara Melli
- Autism Unit, Villa Santa Maria Institute, Neuropsychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Tavernerio, Italy
| | - Delia Dunca
- Autism Unit, Villa Santa Maria Institute, Neuropsychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Tavernerio, Italy
| | - Vittorio Terruzzi
- Autism Unit, Villa Santa Maria Institute, Neuropsychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Tavernerio, Italy
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Ahl D, Liu H, Schreiber O, Roos S, Phillipson M, Holm L. Lactobacillus reuteri increases mucus thickness and ameliorates dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 217:300-10. [PMID: 27096537 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether two Lactobacillus reuteri strains (rat-derived R2LC and human-derived ATCC PTA 4659 (4659)) could protect mice against colitis, as well as delineate the mechanisms behind this protection. METHODS Mice were given L. reuteri R2LC or 4659 by gavage once daily for 14 days, and colitis was induced by addition of 3% DSS (dextran sulphate sodium) to drinking water for the last 7 days of this period. The severity of disease was assessed through clinical observations, histological evaluation and ELISA measurements of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines from colonic samples. Mucus thickness was measured in vivo with micropipettes, and tight junction protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Colitis severity was significantly reduced by L. reuteri R2LC or 4659 when evaluated both clinically and histologically. The inflammation markers MPO, IL-1β, IL-6 and mKC (mouse keratinocyte chemoattractant) were increased by DSS and significantly reduced by the L. reuteri strains. The firmly adherent mucus thickness was reduced by DSS, but significantly increased by L. reuteri in both control and DSS-treated mice. Expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 was significantly increased in the bottom of the colonic crypts by L. reuteri R2LC. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that each of the two different L. reuteri strains, one human-derived and one-rat-derived, protects against colitis in mice. Mechanisms behind this protection could at least partly be explained by the increased mucus thickness as well as a tightened epithelium in the stem cell area of the crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ahl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - H. Liu
- Department of Medical Cell Biology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - O. Schreiber
- Department of Medical Cell Biology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - S. Roos
- Department of Microbiology; Uppsala BioCenter; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - M. Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - L. Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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