151
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Kwon SH, Lerman LO. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: current status. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2015; 22:224-31. [PMID: 25908472 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) remains a major cause of secondary hypertension and kidney failure. Randomized prospective trials show that medical treatment should constitute the main therapeutic approach in ARAS. Regardless of intensive treatment and adequate blood pressure control, however, renal and extrarenal complications are not uncommon. Yet, the precise mechanisms, accurate detection, and optimal treatment in ARAS remain elusive. Strategies oriented to early detection and targeting these pathogenic pathways might prevent development of clinical end points. Here, we review the results of recent clinical trials, current understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms, novel imaging techniques to assess kidney damage in ARAS, and treatment options.
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152
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McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF, Goulopoulou S, Ogbi S, Baban B, Sullivan JC, Matsumoto T, Webb RC. Circulating mitochondrial DNA and Toll-like receptor 9 are associated with vascular dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:119-30. [PMID: 25910936 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Immune system activation is a common feature of hypertension pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms that initiate this activation are not well understood. Innate immune system recognition and response to danger are becoming apparent in many cardiovascular diseases. Danger signals can arise from not only pathogens, but also damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Our first hypothesis was that the DAMP, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), is elevated in the circulation of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and that the deoxyribonuclease enzymes responsible for its degradation have decreased activity in SHR. Based on these novel SHR phenotypes, we further hypothesized that (i) treatment of SHR with an inhibitory oligodinucleotide for TLR9 (ODN2088) would lower blood pressure and that (ii) treatment of normotensive rats with a TLR9-specific CpG oligonucleotide (ODN2395) would cause endothelial dysfunction and increase blood pressure. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed that SHR have elevated circulating mtDNA and diminished deoxyribonuclease I and II activity. Additionally, treatment of SHR with ODN2088 lowered systolic blood pressure. On the other hand, treatment of normotensive rats with ODN2395 increased systolic blood pressure and rendered their arteries less sensitive to acetylcholine-induced relaxation and more sensitive to norepinephrine-induced contraction. This dysfunctional vasoreactivity was due to increased cyclooxygenase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, increased reactive oxygen species generation, and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. CONCLUSION Circulating mtDNA and impaired deoxyribonuclease activity may lead to the activation of the innate immune system, via TLR9, and contribute to elevated arterial pressure and vascular dysfunction in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Safia Ogbi
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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153
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Huan T, Meng Q, Saleh MA, Norlander AE, Joehanes R, Zhu J, Chen BH, Zhang B, Johnson AD, Ying S, Courchesne P, Raghavachari N, Wang R, Liu P, O'Donnell CJ, Vasan R, Munson PJ, Madhur MS, Harrison DG, Yang X, Levy D. Integrative network analysis reveals molecular mechanisms of blood pressure regulation. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:799. [PMID: 25882670 PMCID: PMC4422556 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous loci associated with blood pressure (BP). The molecular mechanisms underlying BP regulation, however, remain unclear. We investigated BP‐associated molecular mechanisms by integrating BP GWAS with whole blood mRNA expression profiles in 3,679 individuals, using network approaches. BP transcriptomic signatures at the single‐gene and the coexpression network module levels were identified. Four coexpression modules were identified as potentially causal based on genetic inference because expression‐related SNPs for their corresponding genes demonstrated enrichment for BP GWAS signals. Genes from the four modules were further projected onto predefined molecular interaction networks, revealing key drivers. Gene subnetworks entailing molecular interactions between key drivers and BP‐related genes were uncovered. As proof‐of‐concept, we validated SH2B3, one of the top key drivers, using Sh2b3−/− mice. We found that a significant number of genes predicted to be regulated by SH2B3 in gene networks are perturbed in Sh2b3−/− mice, which demonstrate an exaggerated pressor response to angiotensin II infusion. Our findings may help to identify novel targets for the prevention or treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Huan
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA The Population Sciences Branch and the Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qingying Meng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Allison E Norlander
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roby Joehanes
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA The Population Sciences Branch and the Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, USA Graduate School of Biological Sciences Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian H Chen
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA The Population Sciences Branch and the Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, USA Graduate School of Biological Sciences Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Saixia Ying
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Courchesne
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA The Population Sciences Branch and the Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nalini Raghavachari
- Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Wang
- Genomics Core facility Genetics & Developmental Biology Center, The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Poching Liu
- Genomics Core facility Genetics & Developmental Biology Center, The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramachandran Vasan
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Munson
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meena S Madhur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David G Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA The Population Sciences Branch and the Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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154
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Zhang J, Crowley SD. Role of T lymphocytes in hypertension. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 21:14-9. [PMID: 25523165 PMCID: PMC4380788 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the immune system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. Mice lacking T lymphocytes are resistant to blood pressure elevation, suggesting a key contribution of T lymphocytes to hypertension. However, the individual T cell subsets, including CD8(+), Th1, Th17, and T regulatory T cells have shown widely discrepant effects on blood pressure and target organ damage in this disorder. Moreover, the activation state of a T lymphocyte population exerts considerable influence over its role in hypertension. In turn, activated T cells regulate blood pressure through the elaboration of reactive oxygen species and vasoactive cytokines, altering the inflammatory milieu in the vascular wall and the kidney. Recent GWAS studies similarly point to a role for T lymphocytes in human hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC, USA.
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155
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Abstract
A powerful interaction between the autonomic and the immune systems plays a prominent role in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension and significantly contributes to cardiovascular pathology, end-organ damage and mortality. Studies have shown consistent association between hypertension, proinflammatory cytokines and the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. The sympathetic nervous system, a major determinant of hypertension, innervates the bone marrow, spleen and peripheral lymphatic system and is proinflammatory, whereas the parasympathetic nerve activity dampens the inflammatory response through α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The neuro-immune synapse is bidirectional as cytokines may enhance the sympathetic activity through their central nervous system action that in turn increases the mobilization, migration and infiltration of immune cells in the end organs. Kidneys may be infiltrated by immune cells and mesangial cells that may originate in the bone marrow and release inflammatory cytokines that cause renal damage. Hypertension is also accompanied by infiltration of the adventitia and perivascular adipose tissue by inflammatory immune cells including macrophages. Increased cytokine production induces myogenic and structural changes in the resistance vessels, causing elevated blood pressure. Cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension may result from the mechanical afterload and the inflammatory response to resident or migratory immune cells. Toll-like receptors on innate immune cells function as sterile injury detectors and initiate the inflammatory pathway. Finally, abnormalities of innate immune cells and the molecular determinants of their activation that include toll-like receptor, adrenergic, cholinergic and AT1 receptors can define the severity of inflammation in hypertension. These receptors are putative therapeutic targets.
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156
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Kirabo A, Harrison DG. Hypertension as a Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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157
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Case AJ, Zimmerman MC. Redox-regulated suppression of splenic T-lymphocyte activation in a model of sympathoexcitation. Hypertension 2015; 65:916-23. [PMID: 25691620 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sympathoexcitation, increased circulating norepinephrine, and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species are driving forces underlying numerous cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. However, the effects of elevated norepinephrine and subsequent reactive oxygen species production in splenic T-lymphocytes during hypertension are not currently understood. We hypothesized that increased systemic levels of norepinephrine inhibits the activation of splenic T-lymphocytes via redox signaling. To address this hypothesis, we examined the status of T-lymphocyte activation in spleens of a mouse model of sympathoexcitation-driven hypertension (ie, norepinephrine infusion). Splenic T-lymphocytes from norepinephrine-infused mice demonstrated decreased proliferation accompanied by a reduction in interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor-α production as compared with T-lymphocytes from saline-infused mice. Additionally, norepinephrine directly inhibited splenic T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, norepinephrine caused an increase in G1 arrest in norepinephrine-treated T-lymphocytes, and this was accompanied by a decrease in pro-growth cyclin D3, E1, and E2 mRNA expression. Interestingly, norepinephrine caused an increase in cellular superoxide, which was shown to be partially causal to the inhibitory effects of norepinephrine, as antioxidant supplementation (ie, Tempol) to norepinephrine-infused mice moderately restored T-lymphocyte growth and proinflammatory cytokine production. Our findings indicate that suppression of splenic T-lymphocyte activation occurs in a norepinephrine-driven model of hypertension due to, at least in part, an increase in superoxide. We speculate that further understanding of how norepinephrine mediates its inhibitory effects on splenic T-lymphocytes may elucidate novel pathways for therapeutic mimicry to suppress T-lymphocyte-mediated inflammation in an array of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Case
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (A.J.C., M.C.Z.); and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska Lincoln (M.C.Z.)
| | - Matthew C Zimmerman
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (A.J.C., M.C.Z.); and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska Lincoln (M.C.Z.).
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158
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Sparks MA, Crowley SD, Gurley SB, Mirotsou M, Coffman TM. Classical Renin-Angiotensin system in kidney physiology. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1201-28. [PMID: 24944035 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system has powerful effects in control of the blood pressure and sodium homeostasis. These actions are coordinated through integrated actions in the kidney, cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. Along with its impact on blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin system also influences a range of processes from inflammation and immune responses to longevity. Here, we review the actions of the "classical" renin-angiotensin system, whereby the substrate protein angiotensinogen is processed in a two-step reaction by renin and angiotensin converting enzyme, resulting in the sequential generation of angiotensin I and angiotensin II, the major biologically active renin-angiotensin system peptide, which exerts its actions via type 1 and type 2 angiotensin receptors. In recent years, several new enzymes, peptides, and receptors related to the renin-angiotensin system have been identified, manifesting a complexity that was previously unappreciated. While the functions of these alternative pathways will be reviewed elsewhere in this journal, our focus here is on the physiological role of components of the "classical" renin-angiotensin system, with an emphasis on new developments and modern concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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159
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Montezano AC, Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Rios FJ, Touyz RM. Angiotensin II and vascular injury. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16:431. [PMID: 24760441 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular injury, characterized by endothelial dysfunction, structural remodelling, inflammation and fibrosis, plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. Cellular processes underlying this include altered vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth/apoptosis, fibrosis, increased contractility and vascular calcification. Associated with these events is VSMC differentiation and phenotypic switching from a contractile to a proliferative/secretory phenotype. Inflammation, associated with macrophage infiltration and increased expression of redox-sensitive pro-inflammatory genes, also contributes to vascular remodelling. Among the many factors involved in vascular injury is Ang II. Ang II, previously thought to be the sole biologically active downstream peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is converted to smaller peptides, [Ang III, Ang IV, Ang-(1-7)], that are functional and that modulate vascular tone and structure. The actions of Ang II are mediated via signalling pathways activated upon binding to AT1R and AT2R. AT1R activation induces effects through PLC-IP3-DAG, MAP kinases, tyrosine kinases, tyrosine phosphatases and RhoA/Rho kinase. Ang II elicits many of its (patho)physiological actions by stimulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through activation of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox). ROS in turn influence redox-sensitive signalling molecules. Here we discuss the role of Ang II in vascular injury, focusing on molecular mechanisms and cellular processes. Implications in vascular remodelling, inflammation, calcification and atherosclerosis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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160
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Sandberg K, Ji H, Hay M. Sex-specific immune modulation of primary hypertension. Cell Immunol 2014; 294:95-101. [PMID: 25498375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the onset of essential hypertension occurs earlier in men than women. Numerous studies have shown sex differences in the vasculature, kidney and sympathetic nervous system contribute to this sex difference in the development of hypertension. The immune system also contributes to the development of hypertension; however, sex differences in immune system modulation of blood pressure (BP) and the development of hypertension has only recently begun to be explored. Here we review findings on the effect of one's sex on the immune system and specifically how these effects impact BP and the development of primary hypertension. We also propose a hypothesis for why mechanisms underlying inflammation-induced hypertension are sex-specific. These studies underscore the value of and need for studying both sexes in the basic science exploration of the pathophysiology of hypertension as well as other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Medicine and Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Suite 232 Bldg D., Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine and Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Suite 232 Bldg D., Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Meredith Hay
- Department of Physiology and the Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 N. Campbell Rd, Bldg 201, Room 4103, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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161
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Bene NC, Alcaide P, Wortis HH, Jaffe IZ. Mineralocorticoid receptors in immune cells: emerging role in cardiovascular disease. Steroids 2014; 91:38-45. [PMID: 24769248 PMCID: PMC4205205 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in humans. As such, MR antagonists improve cardiovascular outcomes but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The actions of the MR in the kidney to increase blood pressure are well known, but the recent identification of MRs in immune cells has led to novel discoveries in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease that are reviewed here. MR regulates macrophage activation to the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and this process contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular fibrosis in response to hypertension and to outcomes in mouse models of stroke. T lymphocytes have recently been implicated in the development of hypertension and cardiovascular fibrosis in mouse models. MR activation in vivo promotes T lymphocyte differentiation to the pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 subsets while decreasing the number of anti-inflammatory T regulatory lymphocytes. The mechanism likely involves activation of MR in antigen presenting dendritic cells that subsequently regulate Th1/Th17 polarization by production of cytokines. Alteration of the balance between T helper and T regulatory lymphocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis and the associated complications. B lymphocytes also express the MR and specific B lymphocyte-derived antibodies modulate the progression of atherosclerosis. However, the role of MR in B lymphocyte function remains to be explored. Overall, recent studies of MR in immune cells have identified new mechanisms by which MR activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of organ damage in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Conversely, inhibition of leukocyte MR may contribute to the protective effects of MR antagonist drugs in cardiovascular patients. Further understanding of the role of MR in leukocyte function could yield novel drug targets for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA; Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry H Wortis
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA; Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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162
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The angiogenic factor PlGF mediates a neuroimmune interaction in the spleen to allow the onset of hypertension. Immunity 2014; 41:737-52. [PMID: 25517614 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a health problem affecting over 1 billion people worldwide. How the immune system gets activated under hypertensive stimuli to contribute to blood pressure elevation is a fascinating enigma. Here we showed a splenic role for placental growth factor (PlGF), which accounts for the onset of hypertension, through immune system modulation. PlGF repressed the expression of the protein Timp3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3), through the transcriptional Sirt1-p53 axis. Timp3 repression allowed costimulation of T cells and their deployment toward classical organs involved in hypertension. We showed that the spleen is an essential organ for the development of hypertension through a noradrenergic drive mediated by the celiac ganglion efferent. Overall, we demonstrate that PlGF mediates the neuroimmune interaction in the spleen, organizing a unique and nonredundant response that allows the onset of hypertension.
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163
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Jancovski N, Carter DA, Connelly AA, Stevens E, Bassi JK, Menuet C, Allen AM. Angiotensin type 1A receptor expression in C1 neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla contributes to the development of angiotensin-dependent hypertension. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1597-610. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.082073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Jancovski
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - David A. Carter
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Angela A. Connelly
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Elyse Stevens
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jaspreet K. Bassi
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Clement Menuet
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Andrew M. Allen
- Department of Physiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
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164
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Abstract
A large number of investigations have demonstrated the participation of the immune system in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Studies focusing on macrophages and Toll-like receptors have documented involvement of the innate immunity. The requirements of antigen presentation and co-stimulation, the critical importance of T cell-driven inflammation, and the demonstration, in specific conditions, of agonistic antibodies directed to angiotensin II type 1 receptors and adrenergic receptors support the role of acquired immunity. Experimental findings support the concept that the balance between T cell-induced inflammation and T cell suppressor responses is critical for the regulation of blood pressure levels. Expression of neoantigens in response to inflammation, as well as surfacing of intracellular immunogenic proteins, such as heat shock proteins, could be responsible for autoimmune reactivity in the kidney, arteries, and central nervous system. Persisting, low-grade inflammation in these target organs may lead to impaired pressure natriuresis, an increase in sympathetic activity, and vascular endothelial dysfunction that may be the cause of chronic elevation of blood pressure in essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Rodríguez-Iturbe
- Hospital Universitario y Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela;
| | - Héctor Pons
- Hospital Universitario y Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yasmir Quiroz
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
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165
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Ivy JR, Bailey MA. Pressure natriuresis and the renal control of arterial blood pressure. J Physiol 2014; 592:3955-67. [PMID: 25107929 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of extracellular fluid volume by renal sodium excretion lies at the centre of blood pressure homeostasis. Renal perfusion pressure can directly regulate sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule. This acute pressure natriuresis response is a uniquely powerful means of stabilizing long-term blood pressure around a set point. By logical extension, deviation from the set point can only be sustained if the pressure natriuresis mechanism is impaired, suggesting that hypertension is caused or sustained by a defect in the relationship between renal perfusion pressure and sodium excretion. Here we describe the role of pressure natriuresis in blood pressure control and outline the cascade of biophysical and paracrine events in the renal medulla that integrate the vascular and tubular response to altered perfusion pressure. Pressure natriuresis is impaired in hypertension and mechanistic insight into dysfunction comes from genetic analysis of blood pressure disorders. Transplantation studies in rats show that blood pressure is determined by the genotype of the kidney and Mendelian hypertension indicates that the distal nephron influences the overall natriuretic efficiency. These approaches and the outcomes of genome-wide-association studies broaden our view of blood pressure control, suggesting that renal sympathetic nerve activity and local inflammation can impair pressure natriuresis to cause hypertension. Understanding how these systems interact is necessary to tackle the global burden of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Ivy
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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166
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Kinsman B, Cowles J, Lay J, Simmonds SS, Browning KN, Stocker SD. Osmoregulatory thirst in mice lacking the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and/or type 4 (TRPV4) receptor. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1092-100. [PMID: 25100078 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00102.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest the ability of the central nervous system to detect changes in osmolality is mediated by products of the genes encoding the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) or vanilloid-4 (TRPV4) channel. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether deletion of TRPV1 and/or TRPV4 channels altered thirst responses to cellular dehydration in mice. Injection of 0.5 or 1.0 M NaCl produced dose-dependent increases in cumulative water intakes of wild-type (WT), TRPV1-/-, TRPV4-/-, and TRPV1-/-V4-/- mice. However, there were no differences in cumulative water intakes between WT versus any other strain despite similar increases in plasma electrolytes and osmolality. Similar results were observed after injection of hypertonic mannitol. This was a consistent finding regardless of the injection route (intraperitoneal vs. subcutaneous) or timed access to water (delayed vs. immediate). There were also no differences in cumulative intakes across strains after injection of 0.15 M NaCl or during a time-controlled period (no injection). Chronic hypernatremia produced by sole access to 2% NaCl for 48 h also produced similar increases in water intake across strains. In a final set of experiments, subcutaneous injection of 0.5 M NaCl produced similar increases in the number of Fos-positive nuclei within the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and median preoptic nucleus across strains but significantly smaller number in the subfornical organ of WT versus TRPV1-/-V4-/- mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that TRPV1 and/or TRPV4 channels are not the primary mechanism by which the central nervous system responds to cellular dehydration during hypernatremia or hyperosmolality to increase thirst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kinsman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, and
| | - James Cowles
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, and
| | - Jennifer Lay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, and
| | | | - Kirsteen N Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sean D Stocker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, and Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Trott DW, Thabet SR, Kirabo A, Saleh MA, Itani H, Norlander AE, Wu J, Goldstein A, Arendshorst WJ, Madhur MS, Chen W, Li CI, Shyr Y, Harrison DG. Oligoclonal CD8+ T cells play a critical role in the development of hypertension. Hypertension 2014; 64:1108-15. [PMID: 25259750 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have emphasized a role of adaptive immunity, and particularly T cells, in the genesis of hypertension. We sought to determine the T-cell subtypes that contribute to hypertension and renal inflammation in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Using T-cell receptor spectratyping to examine T-cell receptor usage, we demonstrated that CD8(+) cells, but not CD4(+) cells, in the kidney exhibited altered T-cell receptor transcript lengths in Vβ3, 8.1, and 17 families in response to angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Clonality was not observed in other organs. The hypertension caused by angiotensin II in CD4(-/-) and MHCII(-/-) mice was similar to that observed in wild-type mice, whereas CD8(-/-) mice and OT1xRAG-1(-/-) mice, which have only 1 T-cell receptor, exhibited a blunted hypertensive response to angiotensin II. Adoptive transfer of pan T cells and CD8(+) T cells but not CD4(+)/CD25(-) cells conferred hypertension to RAG-1(-/-) mice. In contrast, transfer of CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells to wild-type mice receiving angiotensin II decreased blood pressure. Mice treated with angiotensin II exhibited increased numbers of kidney CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In response to a sodium/volume challenge, wild-type and CD4(-/-) mice infused with angiotensin II retained water and sodium, whereas CD8(-/-) mice did not. CD8(-/-) mice were also protected against angiotensin-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling in the kidney. These data suggest that in the development of hypertension, an oligoclonal population of CD8(+) cells accumulates in the kidney and likely contributes to hypertension by contributing to sodium and volume retention and vascular rarefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Trott
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Salim R Thabet
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Annet Kirabo
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Hana Itani
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Allison E Norlander
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Jing Wu
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Anna Goldstein
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - William J Arendshorst
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Meena S Madhur
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Wei Chen
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Chung-I Li
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - Yu Shyr
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.)
| | - David G Harrison
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (D.W.T., S.R.T., A.K., M.A.S., H.I., J.W., A.G., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.E.N.) and Biostatistics (C.-I.L., Y.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (W.J.A.).
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168
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Savalia K, Manickam DS, Rosenbaugh EG, Tian J, Ahmad IM, Kabanov AV, Zimmerman MC. Neuronal uptake of nanoformulated superoxide dismutase and attenuation of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension after central administration. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:299-307. [PMID: 24924945 PMCID: PMC4116739 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of superoxide (O2(-)) in the central nervous system has been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including chronic heart failure and hypertension. In an attempt to overcome the failed therapeutic impact of currently available antioxidants in cardiovascular disease, we developed a nanomedicine-based delivery system for the O2(-)-scavenging enzyme copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), in which CuZnSOD protein is electrostatically bound to a poly-l-lysine (PLL50)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) block copolymer to form a CuZnSOD nanozyme. Various formulations of CuZnSOD nanozyme are covalently stabilized by either reducible or nonreducible crosslinked bonds between the PLL50-PEG polymers. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that PLL50-PEG CuZnSOD nanozyme delivers active CuZnSOD protein to neurons and decreases blood pressure in a mouse model of angiotensin II (AngII)-dependent hypertension. As determined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, nanozymes retain full SOD enzymatic activity compared to native CuZnSOD protein. Nonreducible CuZnSOD nanozyme delivers active CuZnSOD protein to central neurons in culture (CATH.a neurons) without inducing significant neuronal toxicity. Furthermore, in vivo studies conducted in adult male C57BL/6 mice demonstrate that hypertension established by chronic subcutaneous infusion of AngII is significantly attenuated for up to 7 days after a single intracerebroventricular injection of nonreducible nanozyme. These data indicate the efficacy of nonreducible PLL50-PEG CuZnSOD nanozyme in counteracting excessive O2(-) and decreasing blood pressure in AngII-dependent hypertensive mice after central administration. Additionally, this study supports the further development of PLL50-PEG CuZnSOD nanozyme as an antioxidant-based therapeutic option for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Savalia
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Devika S Manickam
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanomedicine in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erin G Rosenbaugh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Iman M Ahmad
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; School of Allied Health Professionals, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanomedicine in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew C Zimmerman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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169
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Wang Y, Li Y, Wu Y, Jia L, Wang J, Xie B, Hui M, Du J. 5TNF-α and IL-1β neutralization ameliorates angiotensin II-induced cardiac damage in male mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2677-87. [PMID: 24877626 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key event in hypertensive organ damage, and TNF-α and IL-1β are elevated in hypertension. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TNF-α and IL-1β elevation on hypertensive cardiac damage by treatment with a bifunctional inflammatory inhibitor, TNF receptor 2-fragment crystalization-IL-1 receptor antagonist (TFI), which can neutralize these 2 cytokines simultaneously. A mouse hypertension model of angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion (1500 ng/kg·min for 7 d) was induced in wild-type mice. TNF-α and IL-1β were inhibited by TFI administration (5 mg/kg, every other day), the effects of inhibition on cardiac damage were examined, and its mechanism on inflammatory infiltration was further studied in vivo and in vitro. Ang II infusion induced cardiac injury, including increased macrophage infiltration, expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, etc), and cardiac fibrosis, such as elevated α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and TGF-β expression. Importantly, the Ang II-induced cardiac injury was suppressed by TFI treatment. Moreover, TFI reduced the expression of adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression in Ang II-treated hearts. Additionally, blockade of TNF-α and IL-1β by TFI reduced monocyte adherence to endothelia cell and macrophage migration. This study demonstrates that blocking TNF-α and IL-1β by TFI prevents cardiac damage in response to Ang II, and targeting these 2 cytokines simultaneously might be a novel tool to treat hypertensive heart injury.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Heart Diseases/chemically induced
- Heart Diseases/metabolism
- Heart Diseases/prevention & control
- Humans
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/genetics
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/metabolism
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueli Wang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital (Y.Wa., Y.L., Y.Wu, L.J., J.W., J.D.), Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China; and National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering (B.X., M.H.), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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170
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Abstract
Obesity is associated with vascular diseases that are often attributed to vascular oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that vascular oxidative stress could induce obesity. We previously developed mice that overexpress p22phox in vascular smooth muscle, tg(sm/p22phox), which have increased vascular ROS production. At baseline, tg(sm/p22phox) mice have a modest increase in body weight. With high-fat feeding, tg(sm/p22phox) mice developed exaggerated obesity and increased fat mass. Body weight increased from 32.16 ± 2.34 g to 43.03 ± 1.44 g in tg(sm/p22phox) mice (vs. 30.81 ± 0.71 g to 37.89 ± 1.16 g in the WT mice). This was associated with development of glucose intolerance, reduced HDL cholesterol, and increased levels of leptin and MCP-1. Tg(sm/p22phox) mice displayed impaired spontaneous activity and increased mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. In mice with vascular smooth muscle-targeted deletion of p22phox (p22phox(loxp/loxp)/tg(smmhc/cre) mice), high-fat feeding did not induce weight gain or leptin resistance. These mice also had reduced T-cell infiltration of perivascular fat. In conclusion, these data indicate that vascular oxidative stress induces obesity and metabolic syndrome, accompanied by and likely due to exercise intolerance, vascular inflammation, and augmented adipogenesis. These data indicate that vascular ROS may play a causal role in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youn Youn
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kin Lung Siu
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Heinrich E Lob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Hana Itani
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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171
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Pollow DP, Uhrlaub J, Romero-Aleshire M, Sandberg K, Nikolich-Zugich J, Brooks HL, Hay M. Sex differences in T-lymphocyte tissue infiltration and development of angiotensin II hypertension. Hypertension 2014; 64:384-390. [PMID: 24890822 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that activation of the immune system is both necessary and required for the development of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension in males. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sex differences exist in the ability of the adaptive immune system to induce Ang II-dependent hypertension and whether central and renal T-cell infiltration during Ang II-induced hypertension is sex dependent. Recombinant activating gene-1 (Rag-1)(-/-) mice, lacking both T and B cells, were used. Male and female Rag-1(-/-) mice received adoptive transfer of male CD3(+) T cells 3 weeks before 14-day Ang II infusion (490 ng/kg per minute). Blood pressure was monitored via tail cuff. In the absence of T cells, systolic blood pressure responses to Ang II were similar between sexes (Δ22.1 mm Hg males versus Δ18 mm : Hg females). After adoptive transfer of male T cells, Ang II significantly increased systolic blood pressure in males (Δ37.7 mm : Hg; P<0.05) when compared with females (Δ13.7 mm : Hg). Flow cytometric analysis of total T cells and CD4(+), CD8(+), and regulatory Foxp3(+)-CD4(+) T-cell subsets identified that renal lymphocyte infiltration was significantly increased in males versus females in both control and Ang II-infused animals (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining for CD3(+)-positive T cells in the subfornical organ region of the brain was increased in males when compared with that in females. These results suggest that female Rag-1(-/-) mice are protected from male T-cell-mediated increases in Ang II-induced hypertension when compared with their male counterparts, and this protection may involve sex differences in the magnitude of T-cell infiltration of the kidney and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P Pollow
- Department of Physiology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Sarver Heart Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Medicine and Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Sarver Heart Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Meredith Hay
- Department of Physiology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Sarver Heart Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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172
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Angiotensin type 1 receptor inhibition enhances the extinction of fear memory. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:864-72. [PMID: 24094510 PMCID: PMC3975818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current effective treatment options for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are limited, and therefore the need to explore new treatment strategies is critical. Pharmacological inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system is a common approach to treat hypertension, and emerging evidence highlights the importance of this pathway in stress and anxiety. A recent clinical study from our laboratory provides evidence supporting a role for the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of the stress response in patients diagnosed with PTSD. METHODS With an animal model of PTSD and the selective angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist losartan, we investigated the acute and long-term effects of AT1 receptor inhibition on fear memory and baseline anxiety. After losartan treatment, we performed classical Pavlovian fear conditioning pairing auditory cues with footshocks and examined extinction behavior, gene expression changes in the brain, as well as neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses. RESULTS After cued fear conditioning, both acute and 2-week administration of losartan enhanced the consolidation of extinction memory but had no effect on fear acquisition, baseline anxiety, blood pressure, and neuroendocrine stress measures. Gene expression changes in the brain were also altered in mice treated with losartan for 2 weeks, in particular reduced amygdala AT1 receptor and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis c-Fos messenger RNA levels. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that AT1 receptor antagonism enhances the extinction of fear memory and therefore might be a beneficial therapy for PTSD patients who have impairments in extinction of aversive memories.
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173
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Zubcevic J, Santisteban MM, Pitts T, Baekey DM, Perez PD, Bolser DC, Febo M, Raizada MK. Functional neural-bone marrow pathways: implications in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 2014; 63:e129-39. [PMID: 24688127 PMCID: PMC4295780 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32610
| | - Monica M. Santisteban
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32610
| | - Teresa Pitts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32610
| | - David M. Baekey
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32610
| | - Pablo D. Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32610
| | - Donald C. Bolser
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32610
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32610
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32610
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174
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Idris-Khodja N, Mian MOR, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Dual opposing roles of adaptive immunity in hypertension. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:1238-44. [PMID: 24685711 PMCID: PMC4019914 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension involves remodelling and inflammation of the arterial wall. Interactions between vascular and inflammatory cells play a critical role in disease initiation and progression. T effector and regulatory lymphocytes, members of the adaptive immune system, play contrasting roles in hypertension. Signals from the central nervous system and the innate immune system antigen-presenting cells activate T effector lymphocytes and promote their differentiation towards pro-inflammatory T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 phenotypes. Th1 and Th17 effector cells, via production of pro-inflammatory mediators, participate in the low-grade inflammation that leads to blood pressure elevation and end-organ damage. T regulatory lymphocytes, on the other hand, counteract hypertensive effects by suppressing innate and adaptive immune responses. The present review summarizes and discusses the adaptive immune mechanisms that participate in the pathophysiology in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Paradis
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal,QC, Canada H3T 1E2
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175
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Zhao W, Li Y, Jia L, Pan L, Li H, Du J. Atg5 deficiency-mediated mitophagy aggravates cardiac inflammation and injury in response to angiotensin II. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:108-15. [PMID: 24418158 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypertension induces end-organ damage through inflammation, and autophagy plays a crucial role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. In the present study, we aimed to define the role of autophagy in the development of inflammation and cardiac injury induced by angiotensin II (Ang II). METHODS AND RESULTS Autophagy protein 5 (Atg5) haplodeficiency (Atg5(+/-)) and age-matched wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were infused with Ang II (1500 ng/kg/min) or saline for 7 days. Heart sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical stains. Cytokine and LC3 levels were measured using real-time PCR or western blot analysis. After Ang II infusion, the WT mice exhibited marked macrophage accumulation, cytokine expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared with saline-infused controls. However, these effects induced by Ang II infusion were aggravated in Atg5(+/-) mice. These effects were associated with Atg5-mediated impaired autophagy, accompanied by increased production of ROS and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in macrophages. Finally, increased cardiac inflammation in Atg5 haplodeficient mice was associated with increased cardiac fibrosis. CONCLUSION Atg5 deficiency-mediated autophagy increases ROS production and NF-κB activity in macrophages, thereby contributing to cardiac inflammation and injury. Thus, improving autophagy may be a novel therapeutic strategy to ameliorate hypertension-induced inflammation and organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lixin Jia
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Pan
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medial University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
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176
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Ma F, Feng J, Zhang C, Li Y, Qi G, Li H, Wu Y, Fu Y, Zhao Y, Chen H, Du J, Tang H. The requirement of CD8+ T cells to initiate and augment acute cardiac inflammatory response to high blood pressure. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3365-73. [PMID: 24600037 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration and activation in myocardium are hallmarks of acute cardiac inflammatory response to high blood pressure. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this article, we report that CD8(+) T cells are required for cardiac recruitment and activation of macrophages. First, mice with CD8 gene-targeted (CD8 knockout) or CD8(+) T cells depleted by Ab showed significantly reduced cardiac inflammatory response to the elevation of blood pressure after angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion, whereas CD8 knockout mice reconstituted with CD8(+) T cells restored the sensitivity to Ang II. More importantly, CD8(+) T cells were required for macrophage infiltration in myocardium and subsequent activation to express proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, macrophage activation required direct contact with activated CD8(+) T cells, but with TCR dispensable. TCR-independent activation of macrophages was further confirmed in MHC class I-restricted OVA-specific TCR transgenic mice, which showed a CD8(+) T cell activation and cardiac proinflammatory response to Ang II similar to that of wild-type mice. Finally, only myocardium-infiltrated, but not peripheral, CD8(+) T cells were specifically activated by Ang II, possibly by the cardiac IFN-γ that drove IFN-γR(+) CD8(+) T cell infiltration and activation. Thus, this work identified a TCR-independent innate nature of CD8(+) T cells that was critical in initiating the sterile immune response to acute elevation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Anzhen Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China 100029
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177
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Abstract
While hypertension has predominantly been attributed to perturbations of the vasculature, kidney, and central nervous system, research for almost 50 yr has shown that the immune system also contributes to this disease. Inflammatory cells accumulate in the kidneys and vasculature of humans and experimental animals with hypertension and likely contribute to end-organ damage. We and others have shown that mice lacking adaptive immune cells, including recombinase-activating gene-deficient mice and rats and mice with severe combined immunodeficiency have blunted hypertension to stimuli such as ANG II, high salt, and norepinephrine. Adoptive transfer of T cells restores the blood pressure response to these stimuli. Agonistic antibodies to the ANG II receptor, produced by B cells, contribute to hypertension in experimental models of preeclampsia. The central nervous system seems important in immune cell activation, because lesions in the anteroventral third ventricle block hypertension and T cell activation in response to ANG II. Likewise, genetic manipulation of reactive oxygen species in the subfornical organ modulates both hypertension and immune cell activation. Current evidence indicates that the production of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-17, and interleukin-6, contribute to hypertension, likely via effects on both the kidney and vasculature. In addition, the innate immune system also appears to contribute to hypertension. We propose a working hypothesis linking the sympathetic nervous system, immune cells, production of cytokines, and, ultimately, vascular and renal dysfunction, leading to the augmentation of hypertension. Studies of immune cell activation will clearly be useful in understanding this common yet complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Trott
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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178
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Campbell DJ. Do intravenous and subcutaneous angiotensin II increase blood pressure by different mechanisms? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 40:560-70. [PMID: 23551142 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II plays a key role in blood pressure regulation. Mechanisms of the pressor effect of chronic intravenous AngII administration include vasoconstriction, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and aldosterone production, as well as direct effects on renal excretion of sodium and water. Chronic AngII administration by subcutaneous minipump at doses higher than required to increase blood pressure by the intravenous route has identified additional pressor mechanisms, including the immune system, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. However, pressor doses of subcutaneous AngII may exceed the angiotensinogen synthesis rate and produce inflammation, fibrosis and necrosis of skin overlying the minipump. Evidence that chronic subcutaneous and intravenous AngII increase blood pressure by different mechanisms includes the prevention of the pressor effects of subcutaneous, but not intravenous, AngII by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Furthermore, low doses of subcutaneous AngII reduce blood pressure of female, but not male, rodents and higher doses are less pressor in females than in males, whereas intravenous AngII is equally pressor in males and females. Pressor doses of chronic subcutaneous AngII produce greater weight loss, anorexia and reduced kidney weight and cause greater vascular, cardiac and renal pathology than equally pressor doses of chronic intravenous AngII. The different effects of chronic intravenous and subcutaneous AngII suggest that these two models of hypertension give different information and may differ in their relevance to blood pressure regulation in physiological and pathological states such as hypertension in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Campbell
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
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179
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De Ciuceis C, Rossini C, La Boria E, Porteri E, Petroboni B, Gavazzi A, Sarkar A, Rosei EA, Rizzoni D. Immune mechanisms in hypertension. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2014; 21:227-34. [PMID: 24446309 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-014-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Low grade inflammation may have a key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Several studies showed that both innate and adaptive immune systems may be involved, being T cells the most important players. Particularly, the balance between Th1 effector lymphocytes and Treg lymphocytes may be crucial for blood pressure elevation and related organ damage development. In the presence of a mild elevation of blood pressure, neo-antigens are produced. Activated Th1 cells may then contribute to the persistent elevation of blood pressure by affecting vasculature, kidney and perivascular fat. On the other hand, Tregs represent a lymphocyte subpopulation with an anti-inflammatory role, being their activity crucial for the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. Indeed, Tregs were demonstrated to be able to protect from blood pressure elevation and from the development of organ damage, including micro and macrovascular alterations, in different animal models of genetic or experimental hypertension. In the vasculature, inflammation leads to vascular remodeling through cytokine activity, smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress. It is also known that a consistent part of ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury is mediated by inflammatory infiltration and that Treg cell infusion have a protective role. Also the central nervous system has an important role in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. In conclusion, hypertension development involves chronic inflammatory process. Knowledge of cellular and molecular players in the progression of hypertension has dramatically improved in the last decade, by assessing the central role of innate and adaptive immunity cells and proinflammatory cytokines driving the development of target organ damage. The new concept of role of immunity, especially implicating T lymphocytes, will eventually allow discovery of new therapeutic targets that may improve outcomes in hypertension and cardiovascular or renal disease in humans and uncover an entirely novel approach in the treatment of hypertension and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina De Ciuceis
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy
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180
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Harrison DG. The immune system in hypertension. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2014; 125:130-140. [PMID: 25125726 PMCID: PMC4112677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is generally attributed to perturbations of the vasculature, the kidney, and the central nervous system. During the past several years, it has become apparent that cells of the innate and adaptive immune system also contribute to this disease. Macrophages and T cells accumulate in the kidneys and vasculature of humans and experimental animals with hypertension, and likely contribute to end-organ damage. We have shown that mice lacking lymphocytes, such as recombinase-activating gene-deficient (RAG-1(-/-)) mice, have blunted hypertension in response to angiotensin II, increased salt levels, and norepinephrine. Adoptive transfer of T cells restores the blood pressure response to these stimuli. Others have shown that mice with severe combined immunodeficiency have blunted hypertension in response to angiotensin II. Deletion of the RAG gene in Dahl salt-sensitive rats reduces the hypertensive response to salt feeding. The central nervous system seems to orchestrate immune cell activation. We produced lesions of the anteroventral third ventricle and showed that these block T cell activation in response to angiotensin II. Likewise, we showed that genetic manipulation of reactive oxygen species in the subfornical organ modulates both hypertension and T cell activation. Current evidence indicates that production of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 17, and interleukin 6 contribute to hypertension, likely by promoting vasoconstriction, production of reactive oxygen species, and sodium reabsorption in the kidney. We propose a working hypothesis linking the sympathetic nervous system, immune cells, the production of cytokines, and ultimately vascular and renal dysfunction, leading to augmentation of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Harrison
- Correspondence and reprint requests: David G. Harrison, MD,
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6602615-875-3049615-875-3297
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181
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Wu J, Thabet SR, Kirabo A, Trott DW, Saleh MA, Xiao L, Madhur MS, Chen W, Harrison DG. Inflammation and mechanical stretch promote aortic stiffening in hypertension through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Circ Res 2013; 114:616-25. [PMID: 24347665 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aortic stiffening commonly occurs in hypertension and further elevates systolic pressure. Hypertension is also associated with vascular inflammation and increased mechanical stretch. The interplay between inflammation, mechanical stretch, and aortic stiffening in hypertension remains undefined. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the role of inflammation and mechanical stretch in aortic stiffening. METHODS AND RESULTS Chronic angiotensin II infusion caused marked aortic adventitial collagen deposition, as quantified by Masson trichrome blue staining and biochemically by hydroxyproline content, in wild-type but not in recombination activating gene-1-deficient mice. Aortic compliance, defined by ex vivo measurements of stress-strain curves, was reduced by chronic angiotensin II infusion in wild-type mice (P<0.01) but not in recombination activating gene-1-deficient mice (P<0.05). Adoptive transfer of T-cells to recombination activating gene-1-deficient mice restored aortic collagen deposition and stiffness to values observed in wild-type mice. Mice lacking the T-cell-derived cytokine interleukin 17a were also protected against aortic stiffening. In additional studies, we found that blood pressure normalization by treatment with hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide prevented angiotensin II-induced vascular T-cell infiltration, aortic stiffening, and collagen deposition. Finally, we found that mechanical stretch induces the expression of collagen 1α1, 3α1, and 5a1 in cultured aortic fibroblasts in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent fashion, and that inhibition of p38 prevented angiotensin II-induced aortic stiffening in vivo. Interleukin 17a also induced collagen 3a1 expression via the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. CONCLUSIONS Our data define a pathway in which inflammation and mechanical stretch lead to vascular inflammation that promotes collagen deposition. The resultant increase in aortic stiffness likely further worsens systolic hypertension and its attendant end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology (J.W., S.R.T., A.K., D.W.T., M.A.S., L.X., M.S.M., W.C., D.G.H), and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology (J.W., D.G.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt (M.A.S.)
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182
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Eirin A, Lerman LO. Darkness at the end of the tunnel: poststenotic kidney injury. Physiology (Bethesda) 2013; 28:245-53. [PMID: 23817799 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00010.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal artery stenosis remains an important contributor to renal failure in the elderly population, but uncertainty continues to surround the mechanisms underlying progressive renal dysfunction. Here, we present the current understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for renal injury in these patients, with emphasis on those involved in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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183
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184
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McCarthy CG, Goulopoulou S, Wenceslau CF, Spitler K, Matsumoto T, Webb RC. Toll-like receptors and damage-associated molecular patterns: novel links between inflammation and hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H184-96. [PMID: 24163075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00328.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade systemic inflammation is a common manifestation of hypertension; however, the exact mechanisms that initiate this pathophysiological response, thereby contributing to further increases in blood pressure, are not well understood. Aberrant vascular inflammation and reactivity via activation of the innate immune system may be the first step in the pathogenesis of hypertension. One of the functions of the innate immune system is to recognize and respond to danger. Danger signals can arise from not only pathogenic stimuli but also endogenous molecules released following cell injury and/or death [damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)]. In the short-term, activation of the innate immune system is beneficial in the vasculature by providing cytoprotective mechanisms and facilitating tissue repair following injury or infection. However, sustained or excessive immune system activation, such as in autoimmune diseases, may be deleterious and can lead to maladaptive, irreversible changes to vascular structure and function. An initial source of DAMPs that enter the circulation to activate the innate immune system could arise from modest elevations in peripheral vascular resistance. These stimuli could subsequently lead to ischemic- or pressure-induced events aggravating further cell injury and/or death, providing more DAMPs for innate immune system activation. This review will address and critically evaluate the current literature on the role of the innate immune system in hypertension pathogenesis. The role of Toll-like receptor activation on somatic cells of the vasculature in response to the release of DAMPs and the consequences of this activation on inflammation, vasoreactivity, and vascular remodeling will be specifically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia; and
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185
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Hirooka Y, Kishi T, Ito K, Sunagawa K. Potential clinical application of recently discovered brain mechanisms involved in hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 62:995-1002. [PMID: 24101665 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hirooka
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Regulation and Therapeutics, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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186
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Xia H, Sriramula S, Chhabra KH, Lazartigues E. Brain angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 shedding contributes to the development of neurogenic hypertension. Circ Res 2013; 113:1087-1096. [PMID: 24014829 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Overactivity of the brain renin-angiotensin system is a major contributor to neurogenic hypertension. Although overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) has been shown to be beneficial in reducing hypertension by transforming angiotensin II into angiotensin-(1-7), several groups have reported decreased brain ACE2 expression and activity during the development of hypertension. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that ADAM17-mediated ACE2 shedding results in decreased membrane-bound ACE2 in the brain, thus promoting the development of neurogenic hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS To test this hypothesis, we used the deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt model of neurogenic hypertension in nontransgenic and syn-hACE2 mice overexpressing ACE2 in neurons. Deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt treatment in nontransgenic mice led to significant increases in blood pressure, hypothalamic angiotensin II levels, inflammation, impaired baroreflex sensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction, as well as decreased hypothalamic ACE2 activity and expression, although these changes were blunted or prevented in syn-hACE2 mice. In addition, reduction of ACE2 expression and activity in the brain paralleled an increase in ACE2 activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of nontransgenic mice after deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt treatment and were accompanied by enhanced ADAM17 expression and activity in the hypothalamus. Chronic knockdown of ADAM17 in the brain blunted the development of hypertension and restored ACE2 activity and baroreflex function. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide the first evidence that ADAM17-mediated shedding impairs brain ACE2 compensatory activity, thus contributing to the development of neurogenic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Srinivas Sriramula
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kavaljit H Chhabra
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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187
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Jancovski N, Bassi JK, Carter DA, Choong YT, Connelly A, Nguyen TP, Chen D, Lukoshkova EV, Menuet C, Head GA, Allen AM. Stimulation of angiotensin type 1A receptors on catecholaminergic cells contributes to angiotensin-dependent hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 62:866-71. [PMID: 24001896 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension contributes to multiple forms of cardiovascular disease and thus morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms inducing hypertension remain unclear although the involvement of homeostatic systems, such as the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems, is established. A pivotal role of the angiotensin type 1 receptor in the proximal tubule of the kidney for the development of experimental hypertension is established. Yet, other systems are involved. This study tests whether the expression of angiotensin type 1A receptors in catecholaminergic cells contributes to hypertension development. Using a Cre-lox approach, we deleted the angiotensin type 1A receptor from all catecholaminergic cells. This deletion did not alter basal metabolism or blood pressure but delayed the onset of angiotensin-dependent hypertension and reduced the maximal response. Cardiac hypertrophy was also reduced. The knockout mice showed attenuated activation of the sympathetic nervous system during angiotensin II infusion as measured by spectral analysis of the blood pressure. Increased reactive oxygen species production was observed in forebrain regions, including the subfornical organ, of the knockout mouse but was markedly reduced in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. These studies demonstrate that stimulation of the angiotensin type 1A receptor on catecholaminergic cells is required for the full development of angiotensin-dependent hypertension and support an important role for the sympathetic nervous system in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Jancovski
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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188
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Wang Y, Chen L, Wier WG, Zhang J. Intravital Förster resonance energy transfer imaging reveals elevated [Ca2+]i and enhanced sympathetic tone in femoral arteries of angiotensin II-infused hypertensive biosensor mice. J Physiol 2013; 591:5321-36. [PMID: 23981717 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.257808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Artery narrowing in hypertension can only result from structural remodelling of the artery, or increased smooth muscle contraction. The latter may occur with, or without, increases in [Ca(2+)]i. Here, we sought to measure, in living hypertensive mice, possible changes in artery dimensions and/or [Ca(2+)]i, and to determine some of the mechanisms involved. Ca(2+)/calmodulin biosensor (Förster resonance energy transfer-based) mice were made hypertensive by s.c. infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II, 400 ng kg(-1) min(-1), 2-3 weeks). Intravital fluorescence microscopy was used to determine [Ca(2+)]i and outer diameter of surgically exposed, intact femoral artery (FA) of anaesthetized mice. Active contractile FA 'tone' was calculated from the basal-state diameter and the passive (i.e. Ca(2+)-free) diameter (PD). Compared to saline control, FAs of Ang II-infused mice had (1) ∼21% higher active tone and (2) ∼78 nm higher smooth muscle [Ca(2+)]i, but (3) the same PDs. The local Ang II receptor (AT1R) blocker losartan had negligible effect on tone or [Ca(2+)]i in control FAs, but reduced the basal tone by ∼9% in Ang II FAs. Both i.v. hexamethonium and locally applied prazosin abolished the difference in FA tone and [Ca(2+)]i, suggesting a dominant role of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Changes in diameter and [Ca(2+)]i in response to locally applied phenylephrine, Ang II, arginine vasopressin, elevated [K(+)]o and acetylcholine were not altered. In summary, FAs of living Ang II hypertensive mice have higher [Ca(2+)]i, and are more constricted, due, primarily, to elevated SNA and some increased arterial AT1R activation. Evidence of altered artery reactivity or remodeling was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Wang
- J. Zhang: Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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189
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Litwin M, Michałkiewicz J, Gackowska L. Primary hypertension in children and adolescents is an immuno-metabolic disease with hemodynamic consequences. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15:331-9. [PMID: 23737217 PMCID: PMC3712132 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-013-0360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rise in obesity epidemic primary hypertension (PH) is now one of the most common chronic diseases in adolescence. In contrast to hypertensive adults, hypertensive children usually are not exposed to other comorbidities such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease and atherosclerosis. Thus, PH in children and adolescents can be treated as the early stage of development of cardiovascular disease. There is increasing amount of data indicating that PH is not only hemodynamic phenomenon but a complex syndrome involving disturbed activity of sympathetic nervous system, metabolic abnormalities and activation of innate and adaptive immune system. We discuss results of the studies on clinical, metabolic and immunological phenotype of hypertensive children, associations between metabolic and immunological abnormalities with target organ damage and results of antihypertensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieczysław Litwin
- Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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190
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Santisteban MM, Zubcevic J, Baekey DM, Raizada MK. Dysfunctional brain-bone marrow communication: a paradigm shift in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15:377-89. [PMID: 23715920 PMCID: PMC3714364 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-013-0361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the pathophysiology of hypertension involves autonomic nervous system dysfunction, as well as a multitude of immune responses. However, the close interplay of these systems in the development and establishment of high blood pressure and its associated pathophysiology remains elusive and is the subject of extensive investigation. It has been proposed that an imbalance of the neuro-immune systems is a result of an enhancement of the "proinflammatory sympathetic" arm in conjunction with dampening of the "anti-inflammatory parasympathetic" arm of the autonomic nervous system. In addition to the neuronal modulation of the immune system, it is proposed that key inflammatory responses are relayed back to the central nervous system and alter the neuronal communication to the periphery. The overall objective of this review is to critically discuss recent advances in the understanding of autonomic immune modulation, and propose a unifying hypothesis underlying the mechanisms leading to the development and maintenance of hypertension, with particular emphasis on the bone marrow, as it is a crucial meeting point for neural, immune, and vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Santisteban
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, College of Medicine. 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, College of Medicine. 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - David M. Baekey
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine. 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, College of Medicine. 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL 32610
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191
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Harrison DG. The mosaic theory revisited: common molecular mechanisms coordinating diverse organ and cellular events in hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:68-74. [PMID: 23321405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
More than 60 years ago, Dr. Irvine Page proposed the Mosaic Theory of hypertension, which states that many factors, including genetics, environment, adaptive, neural, mechanical, and hormonal perturbations interdigitate to raise blood pressure. In the past two decades, it has become clear that common molecular and cellular events in various organs underlie many features of the Mosaic Theory. Two of these are the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammation. These factors increase neuronal firing in specific brain centers, increase sympathetic outflow, alter vascular tone and morphology, and promote sodium retention in the kidney. Moreover, factors such as genetics and environment contribute to oxidant generation and inflammation. Other common cellular signals, including calcium signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress are similarly perturbed in different cells in hypertension and contribute to components of Page's theory. Thus, Page's Mosaic Theory formed a framework for future studies of molecular and cellular signals in the context of hypertension, and has greatly aided our understanding of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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192
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Dias da Silva VJ, Paton JFR. Introduction: the interplay between the autonomic and immune systems. Exp Physiol 2013; 97:1143-5. [PMID: 23114051 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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193
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Immunosenescent CD8
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T Cells and C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 3 Chemokines Are Increased in Human Hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 62:126-33. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic role of T cells in hypertension has been documented well in recent animal studies. However, the existence of T-cell–driven inflammation in human hypertension has not been confirmed. Therefore, we undertook immunologic characterization of T cells from patients with hypertension and measured circulating levels of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 chemokines, which are well-known tissue-homing chemokines for T cells. We analyzed immunologic markers on T cells from patients with hypertension by multicolor flow cytometry. We then measured circulating levels of the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 chemokines, monokine induced by γ interferon (IFN), IFN γ–induced protein 10, and IFN-inducible T-cell α chemoattractant, in patients with hypertension and in age- and sex-matched control subjects by the cytometric bead array method. In addition, we examined histological features of IFN-inducible T-cell α chemoattractant expression from renal biopsy specimens of patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis and control subjects. The total T-cell population from patients with hypertension showed an increased fraction of immunosenescent, proinflammatory, cytotoxic CD8
+
T cells. Circulating levels of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 chemokines were significantly higher in patients with hypertension than in control subjects. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining revealed increased expression of the T-cell chemokine, IFN-inducible T-cell α chemoattractant, in the proximal and distal tubules of patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Immunosenescent CD8
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T cells and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 chemokines are increased in human hypertension, suggesting a role for T-cell–driven inflammation in hypertension. A more detailed characterization of CD8
+
T cells may offer new opportunities for the prevention and treatment of human hypertension.
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194
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Savoia
- Carmine Savoia is Associate Professor of Cardiology, Cardiology Unit and Chair, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. After a fellowship in Ernesto Schiffrin’s laboratory, he has continued his research on pathophysiology of hypertension, vascular remodeling and cardiovascular damage, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, and clinical studies in diabetic and/or hypertensive patients
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Ernesto L Schiffrin is Physician-in-Chief, Jewish General Hospital, Canada Research Chair in Hypertension and Vascular Research, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, and Professor and Vice-Chair (Research), Department of Medicine, McGill University (Montreal, Canada). His research deals with vascular remodeling in hypertension, renal and cardiometabolic diseases, from mice to humans, and the influence of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and endothelin systems, nuclear receptors and immunity on
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195
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Zhang J, Crowley SD. The role of type 1 angiotensin receptors on T lymphocytes in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15:39-46. [PMID: 23160867 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, largely through activation of type I angiotensin (AT(1)) receptors by angiotensin II. Treatment with AT(1) receptor blockers (ARBs) is a proven successful intervention for hypertension and progressive heart and kidney disease. However, the divergent actions of AT(1) receptors on individual cell lineages in hypertension may present novel opportunities to optimize the therapeutic benefits of ARBs. For example, T lymphocytes make important contributions to the induction and progression of various cardiovascular diseases, but new experiments indicate that activation of AT(1) receptors on T cells paradoxically limits inflammation and target organ damage in hypertension. Future studies should illustrate how these discrepant functions of AT(1) receptors in target organs versus mononuclear cells can be exploited for the benefit of patients with recalcitrant hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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196
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Monu SR, Pesce P, Sodhi K, Boldrin M, Puri N, Fedorova L, Sacerdoti D, Peterson SJ, Abraham NG, Kappas A. HO-1 induction improves the type-1 cardiorenal syndrome in mice with impaired angiotensin II-induced lymphocyte activation. Hypertension 2013; 62:310-6. [PMID: 23753410 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type-1 cardiorenal syndrome, characterized by acute kidney dysfunction secondary to cardiac failure and renal arteriolar vasoconstriction, is mediated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and sympathetic nervous system activation. Previous reports indicate that angiotensin II modulates immune function and causes recruitment and activation of T-lymphocytes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of postischemic heart failure on renal morphology and circulation and the beneficial effects of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction in T-lymphocyte-suppressed severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups: sham, myocardial infarction (MI), MI treated with an HO-1 inducer, cobalt protoporphyrin, and with or without stannous mesoporphyrin, an inhibitor of HO activity. Heart and kidney function were studied 30 days after surgery. Fractional area change was reduced 30 days after surgery in both the C57 and SCID MI-groups as compared with their respective controls (P<0.01). Renal Pulsatility Index and renal injury were increased in C57 and SCID MI-groups compared with the sham group. HO-1 induction improved renal vasoconstriction as well as ameliorated renal injury in both the SCID and C57 MI-groups (P<0.01). However, improvement was more evident in SCID mice. In addition, our results showed that plasma creatinine, angiotensin II, and renin were significantly increased in the C57 and SCID MI-groups as compared with their respective controls. HO-1 induction decreased these parameters in both MI groups. Stannous mesoporphyrin reversed the beneficial effect of cobalt protoporphyrin in both mouse strains. The study demonstrates that T-lymphocyte suppression facilitated the HO-1-dependent improvement in the attenuation of type-1 cardiorenal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit R Monu
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701-3655, USA
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197
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Inhibition of TNF in the brain reverses alterations in RAS components and attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63847. [PMID: 23691105 PMCID: PMC3655013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components is implicated in the development of hypertension. We previously showed that angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertension is mediated by increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (PIC), including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in brain cardiovascular regulatory centers such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Presently, we tested the hypothesis that central TNF blockade prevents dysregulation of brain RAS components and attenuates Ang II-induced hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with radio-telemetry transmitters to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP) and subjected to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of etanercept (10 µg/kg/day) with/without concurrent subcutaneous 4-week Ang II (200 ng/kg/min) infusion. Chronic Ang II infusion resulted in a significant increase in MAP and cardiac hypertrophy, which was attenuated by inhibition of brain TNF with etanercept. Etanercept treatment also attenuated Ang II-induced increases in PIC and decreases in IL-10 expression in the PVN. Additionally, Ang II infusion increased expression of pro-hypertensive RAS components (ACE and AT1R), while decreasing anti-hypertensive RAS components (ACE2, Mas, and AT2 receptors), within the PVN. I.c.v. etanercept treatment reversed these changes. Ang II-infusion was associated with increased oxidative stress as indicated by increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity and super oxide production in the PVN, which was prevented by inhibition of TNF. Moreover, brain targeted TNF blockade significantly reduced Ang II-induced NOX-2 and NOX-4 mRNA and protein expression in the PVN. These findings suggest that chronic TNF blockade in the brain protects rats against Ang II-dependent hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy by restoring the balance between pro- and anti-hypertensive RAS axes and inhibiting PIC and oxidative stress genes and proteins in the PVN.
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198
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Smith CJ, Lawrence CB, Rodriguez-Grande B, Kovacs KJ, Pradillo JM, Denes A. The immune system in stroke: clinical challenges and their translation to experimental research. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:867-87. [PMID: 23673977 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke represents an unresolved challenge for both developed and developing countries and has a huge socio-economic impact. Although considerable effort has been made to limit stroke incidence and improve outcome, strategies aimed at protecting injured neurons in the brain have all failed. This failure is likely to be due to both the incompleteness of modelling the disease and its causes in experimental research, and also the lack of understanding of how systemic mechanisms lead to an acute cerebrovascular event or contribute to outcome. Inflammation has been implicated in all forms of brain injury and it is now clear that immune mechanisms profoundly influence (and are responsible for the development of) risk and causation of stroke, and the outcome following the onset of cerebral ischemia. Until very recently, systemic inflammatory mechanisms, with respect to common comorbidities in stroke, have largely been ignored in experimental studies. The main aim is therefore to understand interactions between the immune system and brain injury in order to develop novel therapeutic approaches. Recent data from clinical and experimental research clearly show that systemic inflammatory diseases -such as atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes or infection - similar to stress and advanced age, are associated with dysregulated immune responses which can profoundly contribute to cerebrovascular inflammation and injury in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the field of inflammation and stroke, focusing on the challenges of translation between pre-clinical and clinical studies, and potential anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Smith
- Stroke and Vascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
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199
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Shechter R, London A, Schwartz M. Orchestrated leukocyte recruitment to immune-privileged sites: absolute barriers versus educational gates. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:206-18. [PMID: 23435332 DOI: 10.1038/nri3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complex barriers separate immune-privileged tissues from the circulation. Here, we propose that cell entry to immune-privileged sites through barriers composed of tight junction-interconnected endothelium is associated with destructive inflammation, whereas border structures comprised of fenestrated vasculature enveloped by tightly regulated epithelium serve as active and selective immune-skewing gates in the steady state. Based on emerging knowledge of the central nervous system and information from other immune-privileged sites, we propose that these sites are endowed either with absolute endothelial-based barriers and epithelial gates that enable selective and educative transfer of trafficking leukocytes or with selective epithelial gates only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravid Shechter
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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200
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Rosenbaugh EG, Savalia KK, Manickam DS, Zimmerman MC. Antioxidant-based therapies for angiotensin II-associated cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R917-28. [PMID: 23552499 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00395.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and heart failure, are associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and increased circulating and tissue levels of ANG II, a primary effector peptide of the RAS. Through its actions on various cell types and organ systems, ANG II contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases by inducing cardiac and vascular hypertrophy, vasoconstriction, sodium and water reabsorption in kidneys, sympathoexcitation, and activation of the immune system. Cardiovascular research over the past 15-20 years has clearly implicated an important role for elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mediating these pathophysiological actions of ANG II. As such, the use of antioxidants, to reduce the elevated levels of ROS, as potential therapies for various ANG II-associated cardiovascular diseases has been intensely investigated. Although some antioxidant-based therapies have shown therapeutic impact in animal models of cardiovascular disease and in human patients, others have failed. In this review, we discuss the benefits and limitations of recent strategies, including gene therapy, dietary sources, low-molecular-weight free radical scavengers, polyethylene glycol conjugation, and nanomedicine-based technologies, which are designed to deliver antioxidants for the improved treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Although much work has been completed, additional research focusing on developing specific antioxidant molecules or proteins and identifying the ideal in vivo delivery system for such antioxidants is necessary before the use of antioxidant-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases become a clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Rosenbaugh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Nebraska Center for Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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