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Rozov SM, Deineko EV. Strategies for Optimizing Recombinant Protein Synthesis in Plant Cells: Classical Approaches and New Directions. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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152
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Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiling in the Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera) Flower Showing its Contribution to the Stamen Petaloid. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8050135. [PMID: 31137487 PMCID: PMC6572404 DOI: 10.3390/plants8050135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a vital epigenetic modification. Methylation has a significant effect on the gene expression influencing the regulation of different physiological processes. Current studies on DNA methylation have been conducted on model plants. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a basic eudicot exhibiting variations during development, especially in flower formation. DNA methylation profiling was conducted on different flower tissues of lotuses through whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) to investigate the effects of DNA methylation on its stamen petaloid. A map of methylated cytosines at the single base pair resolution for the lotus was constructed. When the stamen was compared with the stamen petaloid, the DNA methylation exhibited a global decrease. Genome-wide relationship analysis between DNA methylation and gene expression identified 31 different methylation region (DMR)-associated genes, which might play crucial roles in floral organ formation, especially in the stamen petaloid. One out of 31 DMR-associated genes, NNU_05638 was homolog with Plant U-box 33 (PUB33). The DNA methylation status of NNU_05638 promoter was distinct in three floral organs, which was confirmed by traditional bisulfite sequencing. These results provide further insights about the regulation of stamen petaloids at the epigenetic level in lotus.
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153
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Classification of barley U-box E3 ligases and their expression patterns in response to drought and pathogen stresses. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:326. [PMID: 31035917 PMCID: PMC6489225 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Controlled turnover of proteins as mediated by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is an important element in plant defense against environmental and pathogen stresses. E3 ligases play a central role in subjecting proteins to hydrolysis by the UPS. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a specific class of E3 ligases termed the U-box ligases are directly associated with the defense mechanisms against abiotic and biotic stresses in several plants. However, no studies on U-box E3 ligases have been performed in one of the important staple crops, barley. Results In this study, we identified 67 putative U-box E3 ligases from the barley genome and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Similar to Arabidopsis and rice U-box E3 ligases, most of barley U-box E3 ligases possess evolutionary well-conserved domain organizations. Based on the domain compositions and arrangements, the barley U-box proteins were classified into eight different classes. Along with this new classification, we refined the previously reported classifications of U-box E3 ligase genes in Arabidopsis and rice. Furthermore, we investigated the expression profile of 67 U-box E3 ligase genes in response to drought stress and pathogen infection. We observed that many U-box E3 ligase genes were specifically up-and-down regulated by drought stress or by fungal infection, implying their possible roles of some U-box E3 ligase genes in the stress responses. Conclusion This study reports the classification of U-box E3 ligases in barley and their expression profiles against drought stress and pathogen infection. Therefore, the classification and expression profiling of barley U-box genes can be used as a platform to functionally define the stress-related E3 ligases in barley. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5696-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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154
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Bjij I, Khan S, Ramharak P, Cherqaoui D, Soliman MES. Distinguishing the optimal binding mechanism of an E3 ubiquitin ligase: Covalent versus noncovalent inhibition. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12859-12869. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imane Bjij
- Molecular Bio‐Computation & Drug Design Lab, School of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
- Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Département de Chimie Marrakech Morocco
| | - Shama Khan
- Molecular Bio‐Computation & Drug Design Lab, School of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Pritika Ramharak
- Molecular Bio‐Computation & Drug Design Lab, School of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Driss Cherqaoui
- Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Département de Chimie Marrakech Morocco
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular Bio‐Computation & Drug Design Lab, School of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
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155
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Klepikova AV, Kulakovskiy IV, Kasianov AS, Logacheva MD, Penin AA. An update to database TraVA: organ-specific cold stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:49. [PMID: 30813912 PMCID: PMC6393959 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptome map is a powerful tool for a variety of biological studies; transcriptome maps that include different organs, tissues, cells and stages of development are currently available for at least 30 plants. Some of them include samples treated by environmental or biotic stresses. However, most studies explore only limited set of organs and developmental stages (leaves or seedlings). In order to provide broader view of organ-specific strategies of cold stress response we studied expression changes that follow exposure to cold (+ 4 °C) in different aerial parts of plant: cotyledons, hypocotyl, leaves, young flowers, mature flowers and seeds using RNA-seq. RESULTS The results on differential expression in leaves are congruent with current knowledge on stress response pathways, in particular, the role of CBF genes. In other organs, both essence and dynamics of gene expression changes are different. We show the involvement of genes that are confined to narrow expression patterns in non-stress conditions into stress response. In particular, the genes that control cell wall modification in pollen, are activated in leaves. In seeds, predominant pattern is the change of lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Stress response is highly organ-specific; different pathways are involved in this process in each type of organs. The results were integrated with previously published transcriptome map of Arabidopsis thaliana and used for an update of a public database TraVa: http://travadb.org/browse/Species=AthStress .
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Klepikova
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, build.1, Moscow, 127051 Russia
| | - Ivan V. Kulakovskiy
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS - the Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vitkevicha 1, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem S. Kasianov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Maria D. Logacheva
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, build.1, Moscow, 127051 Russia
- Moscow State University, Leninskye gory, build 1, Moscow, 119992 Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobelya Ulitsa 3, Moscow, 121205 Russia
| | - Aleksey A. Penin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, build.1, Moscow, 127051 Russia
- Moscow State University, Leninskye gory, build 1, Moscow, 119992 Russia
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156
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Golonko A, Pienkowski T, Swislocka R, Lazny R, Roszko M, Lewandowski W. Another look at phenolic compounds in cancer therapy the effect of polyphenols on ubiquitin-proteasome system. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 167:291-311. [PMID: 30776692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) have been the object of research interests for many years because of their potential as anti-cancer agents. Research in this field is aimed at improving the specificity and safety of known proteasome inhibitors. Unfortunately, in vitro conditions do not reflect the processes taking place in the human body. Recent reports indicate that the components of human plasma affect the course of many signaling pathways, proteasome activity and the effectiveness of synthetic cytostatic drugs. Therefore, it is believed that the key issue is to determine the effects of components of the human diet, including effects of chemically active polyphenols on the ubiquitin-proteasome system activity in both physiological and pathological (cancerous) states. The following article summarizes the current knowledge on the direct and indirect synergistic and antagonistic effects between polyphenolic compounds present in the human diet and the efficiency of protein degradation via the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Golonko
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pienkowski
- Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Renata Swislocka
- Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ryszard Lazny
- Institut of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Roszko
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz Lewandowski
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland.
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157
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Sternisha SM, Miller BG. Molecular and cellular regulation of human glucokinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:199-213. [PMID: 30641049 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in humans is tightly controlled by the activity of glucokinase (GCK). GCK is predominantly produced in the pancreas, where it catalyzes the rate-limiting step of insulin secretion, and in the liver, where it participates in glycogen synthesis. A multitude of disease-causing mutations within the gck gene have been identified. Activating mutations manifest themselves in the clinic as congenital hyperinsulinism, while loss-of-function mutations produce several diabetic conditions. Indeed, pharmaceutical companies have shown great interest in developing GCK-associated treatments for diabetic patients. Due to its essential role in maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis, GCK activity is extensively regulated at multiple levels. GCK possesses a unique ability to self-regulate its own activity via slow conformational dynamics, which allows for a cooperative response to glucose. GCK is also subject to a number of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modification events that produce a broad range of physiological consequences. While significant advances in our understanding of these individual regulatory mechanisms have been recently achieved, how these strategies are integrated and coordinated within the cell is less clear. This review serves to synthesize the relevant findings and offer insights into the connections between molecular and cellular control of GCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Sternisha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Brian G Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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158
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Barbosa MC, Grosso RA, Fader CM. Hallmarks of Aging: An Autophagic Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 9:790. [PMID: 30687233 PMCID: PMC6333684 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major protein turnover pathway by which cellular components are delivered into the lysosomes for degradation and recycling. This intracellular process is able to maintain cellular homeostasis under stress conditions, and its dysregulation could lead to the development of physiological alterations. The autophagic activity has been found to decrease with age, likely contributing to the accumulation of damaged macromolecules and organelles during aging. Interestingly, failure of the autophagic process has been reported to worsen aging-associated diseases, such as neurodegeneration or cancer, among others. Likewise, it has been proposed in different organisms that maintenance of a proper autophagic activity contributes to extending longevity. In this review, we discuss recent papers showing the impact of autophagy on cell activity and age-associated diseases, highlighting the relevance of this process to the hallmarks of aging. Thus, understanding how autophagy plays an important role in aging opens new avenues for the discovery of biochemical and pharmacological targets and the development of novel anti-aging therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carolina Barbosa
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén Adrián Grosso
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudio Marcelo Fader
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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159
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Zhao L, Wang S, Fu YB, Wang H. Arabidopsis Seed Stored mRNAs are Degraded Constantly over Aging Time, as Revealed by New Quantification Methods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1764. [PMID: 32063917 PMCID: PMC7000544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
How plant seeds age remains poorly understood and effective tools for monitoring seed aging are lacking. Dry seeds contain various stored mRNAs which are believed to be required for protein synthesis during early stages of seed germination. We reasoned that seed stored mRNAs would undergo degradation during seed aging, based on the propensity of mRNAs to degrade. We performed RT-PCR and qPCR analyses to study the changes in stored mRNA levels of Arabidopsis seeds during aging. All stored mRNAs analyzed were gradually degraded in both naturally and artificially aged seeds. The difference in Ct values between aged and control seeds (ΔCt value) was highly correlated with the mRNA fragment size and seed aging time. We derived mathematical equations for estimating the relative amount of undamaged stored mRNAs and frequency of the breakdown at one nucleotide level for individual mRNAs. Stored mRNAs were found to break down randomly. The frequency of breaks per nucleotide per day, which we named β value, remained fairly constant under the same aging conditions over aging time. This parameter should allow the effects of different conditions on the degradation of stored mRNAs to be quantitatively compared. Also, we showed that the change in stored mRNA levels could serve as a more precise biomarker for seed aging assessment than three existing methods. These methods and findings will advance the studies of stored mRNAs and seed ageing in plants, and likely slow RNA degradation in non-plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yong-Bi Fu
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yong-Bi Fu, ; Hong Wang,
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yong-Bi Fu, ; Hong Wang,
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160
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Jang HH. Regulation of Protein Degradation by Proteasomes in Cancer. J Cancer Prev 2018; 23:153-161. [PMID: 30671397 PMCID: PMC6330989 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2018.23.4.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is known to cause cellular malfunction, cell death, and diseases. Elaborate regulation of protein synthesis and degradation is one of the important processes in maintaining normal cellular functions. Protein degradation pathways in eukaryotes are largely divided into proteasome-mediated degradation and lysosome-mediated degradation. Proteasome is a multisubunit complex that selectively degrades 80% to 90% of cellular proteins. Proteasome-mediated degradation can be divided into 26S proteasome (20S proteasome + 19S regulatory particle) and free 20S proteasome degradation. In 1980, it was discovered that during ubiquitination process, wherein ubiquitin binds to a substrate protein in an ATP-dependent manner, ubiquitin acts as a degrading signal to degrade the substrate protein via proteasome. Conversely, 20S proteasome degrades the substrate protein without using ATP or ubiquitin because it recognizes the oxidized and structurally modified hydrophobic patch of the substrate protein. To date, most studies have focused on protein degradation via 26S proteasome. This review describes the 26S/20S proteasomal pathway of protein degradation and discusses the potential of proteasome as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment as well as against diseases caused by abnormalities in the proteolytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Hee Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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161
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F-box protein RAE1 regulates the stability of the aluminum-resistance transcription factor STOP1 in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:319-327. [PMID: 30559192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814426116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major factor limiting crop production on acid soils, which represent over 30% of the world's arable land. Some plants have evolved mechanisms to detoxify Al. Arabidopsis, for example, secretes malate via the AtALMT1 transporter to chelate and detoxify Al. The C2H2-type transcription factor STOP1 plays a crucial role in Al resistance by inducing the expression of a set of genes, including AtALMT1 Here, we identify and characterize an F-box protein-encoding gene regulation of Atalmt1 expression 1 (RAE1) that regulates the level of STOP1. Mutation and overexpression of RAE1 increases or decreases the expression of AtALMT1 and other STOP1-regulated genes, respectively. RAE1 interacts with and promotes the degradation of STOP1 via the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway, while Al stress promotes the accumulation of STOP1. We find that STOP1 up-regulates RAE1 expression by directly binding to the RAE1 promoter, thus forming a negative feedback loop between STOP1 and RAE1. Our results demonstrate that RAE1 influences Al resistance through the ubiquitination and degradation of STOP1.
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162
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Siswanto FM, Jawi IM, Kartiko BH. The role of E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog in the innate immune system: An overview. Vet World 2018; 11:1551-1557. [PMID: 30587887 PMCID: PMC6303497 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1551-1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system has been considered as an ancient system and less important than the adaptive immune system. However, the interest in innate immunity has grown significantly in the past few years marked by the identification of Toll-like receptors, a member of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs are crucial for the identification of self- and non-self-antigen and play a role in the initiation of signaling events that activate the effective immune response. These sensor signals through interweaving signaling cascades which result in the production of interferons and cytokines as the effector of immune system. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) actively mediate the rapid and versatile regulatory processes that initiate the activation of the innate immune system cascade. The seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) is a potent RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase that is known to involve in several stress responses, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, DNA damage stress, and inflammation. In this review, the role of SIAH will be discussed as an E3 ubiquitin ligase on the regulation of innate immune.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferbian Milas Siswanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Dhyana Pura University, Badung, Indonesia
| | - I Made Jawi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Hadi Kartiko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Dhyana Pura University, Badung, Indonesia
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163
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Miricescu A, Goslin K, Graciet E. Ubiquitylation in plants: signaling hub for the integration of environmental signals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4511-4527. [PMID: 29726957 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is how organisms integrate the plethora of environmental cues that they perceive to trigger a co-ordinated response. The regulation of protein stability, which is largely mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in eukaryotes, plays a pivotal role in these processes. Due to their sessile lifestyle and the need to respond rapidly to a multitude of environmental factors, plants are thought to be especially dependent on proteolysis to regulate cellular processes. In this review, we present the complexity of the ubiquitin system in plants, and discuss the relevance of the proteolytic and non-proteolytic roles of this system in the regulation and co-ordination of plant responses to environmental signals. We also discuss the role of the ubiquitin system as a key regulator of plant signaling pathways. We focus more specifically on the functions of E3 ligases as regulators of the jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene hormone signaling pathways that play important roles to mount a co-ordinated response to multiple environmental stresses. We also provide examples of new players in this field that appear to integrate different cues and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Miricescu
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Kevin Goslin
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
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164
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Yang YQ, Lu YH. Genome-wide survey, characterization, and expression analysis of RING finger protein genes in Brassica oleracea and their syntenic comparison to Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis thaliana. Genome 2018; 61:685-697. [PMID: 30075086 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-mediated post-translational regulatory pathway regulates a broad range of cell functions in all eukaryotes. It requires the involvement of a large number of E3 ligases, of which more than one third belongs to the RING protein family as in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, a total of 756 RING domains in 734 predicted proteins were identified in Brassica oleracea. Their encoding genes were characterized by RING domain type, additional domain, and expression pattern, and mapped on the nine chromosomes of B. oleracea. Comparison of these results with B. rapa and A. thaliana revealed some common as well as species-specific features. Our results showed that the differential gene loss following the whole genome triplication has largely contributed to the RING protein gene number variation among these species, although other factors such as tandem duplication, RING domain loss, or modification had also contributed to this variation. Analysis of RNA-seq data showed that these RING protein genes were functionally diversified and involved in all the stages of plant growth and development, and that the triplicated members were also diverged in expression with one member often more dominantly expressed over the two others in the majority of cases. Our study lays the foundation for further functional determination of each RING protein gene among species of the genus Brassica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Hai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
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165
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Zhang C, Song L, Choudhary MK, Zhou B, Sun G, Broderick K, Giesler L, Zeng L. Genome-wide analysis of genes encoding core components of the ubiquitin system in soybean (Glycine max) reveals a potential role for ubiquitination in host immunity against soybean cyst nematode. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:149. [PMID: 30021519 PMCID: PMC6052599 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitination is a major post-translational protein modification that regulates essentially all cellular and physiological pathways in eukaryotes. The ubiquitination process typically involves three distinct classes of enzymes, ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin ligase (E3). To date, a comprehensive identification and analysis of core components comprising of the whole soybean (Glycine max) ubiquitin system (UBS) has not been reported. RESULTS We performed a systematic, genome-wide analysis of genes that encode core members of the soybean UBS in this study. A total of 1431 genes were identified with high confidence to encode putative soybean UBS components, including 4 genes encoding E1s, 71 genes that encode the E2s, and 1356 genes encoding the E3-related components. Among the E3-encoding genes, 760 encode RING-type E3s, 124 encode U-box domain-containing E3s, and 472 encode F-box proteins. To find out whether the identified soybean UBS genes encode active enzymes, a set of genes were randomly selected and the enzymatic activities of their recombinant proteins were tested. Thioester assays indicated proteins encoded by the soybean E1 gene GmUBA1 and the majority of selected E2 genes are active E1 or E2 enzymes, respectively. Meanwhile, most of the purified RING and U-box domain-containing proteins displayed E3 activity in the in vitro ubiquitination assay. In addition, 1034 of the identified soybean UBS genes were found to express in at least one of 14 soybean tissues examined and the transcript level of 338 soybean USB genes were significantly changed after abiotic or biotic (Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizobium strains) stress treatment. Finally, the expression level of a large number of the identified soybean UBS-related genes was found significantly altered after soybean cyst nematode (SCN) treatment, suggesting the soybean UBS potentially plays an important role in soybean immunity against SCN. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the presence of a large and diverse number of core UBS proteins in the soybean genome, which suggests that target-specific modification by ubiquitin is a complex and important part of cellular and physiological regulation in soybean. We also revealed certain members of the soybean UBS may be involved in immunity against soybean cyst nematode (SCN). This study sets up an essential foundation for further functional characterization of the soybean UBS in various physiological processes, such as host immunity against SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Li Song
- Department of Information Science, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA
| | - Mani Kant Choudhary
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Bangjun Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Guangchao Sun
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Kyle Broderick
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Loren Giesler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Lirong Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
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166
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Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Plant Response to Abiotic Stress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 343:65-110. [PMID: 30712675 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a prevalent post-translation modification system that is involved in almost all aspects of eukaryotic biology. It involves the attachment of ubiquitin, a small, highly conserved protein to selected substrates. The most notable function of ubiquitin is the targeting of modified proteins to the multi-proteolytic 26S proteasome complex for degradation. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) regulates the abundance of numerous enzymes, structural and regulatory proteins ensuring proper cellular function. Plants utilize the UPS to facilitate cellular changes required to respond to and tolerate adverse growth conditions. In this review, the regulatory role of the UPS in responses to abiotic stress is discussed, particularly the function of ubiquitin-dependent degradation in the suppression, activation and attenuation or termination of stress signaling.
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167
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Kim SH, Woo OG, Jang H, Lee JH. Characterization and comparative expression analysis of CUL1 genes in rice. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:233-241. [PMID: 29892794 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complex is known as the largest family of E3 ligases. The most widely characterized CRL, SCF complex (CRL1), utilizes CUL1 as a scaffold protein to assemble the complex components. To better understand CRL1-mediated cellular processes in rice, three CUL1 genes (OsCUL1s) were isolated in Oryza sativa. Although all OsCUL1 proteins exhibited high levels of amino acid similarities with each other, OsCUL1-3 had a somewhat distinct structure from OsCUL1-1 and OsCUL1-2. Basal expression levels of OsCUL1-3 were much lower than those of OsCUL1-1 and OsCUL1-2 in all selected samples, showing that OsCUL1-1 and OsCUL1-2 play predominant roles relative to OsCUL1-3 in rice. OsCUL1-1 and OsCUL1-2 genes were commonly upregulated in dry seeds and by ABA and salt/drought stresses, implying their involvement in ABA-mediated processes. These genes also showed similar expression patterns in response to various hormones and abiotic stresses, alluding to their functional redundancy. Expression of the OsCUL1-3 gene was also induced in dry seeds and by ABA-related salt and drought stresses, implying their participation in ABA responses. However, its expression pattern in response to hormones and abiotic stresses was somehow different from those of the OsCUL1-1 and OsCUL1-2 genes. Taken together, these findings suggest that the biological role and function of OsCUL1-3 may be distinct from those of OsCUL1-1 and OsCUL1-2. The results of expression analysis of OsCUL1 genes in this study will serve as a useful platform to better understand overlapping and distinct roles of OsCUL1 proteins and CRL1-mediated cellular processes in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Og-Geum Woo
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Jang
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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168
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Zhou B, Zeng L. The Tomato U-Box Type E3 Ligase PUB13 Acts With Group III Ubiquitin E2 Enzymes to Modulate FLS2-Mediated Immune Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:615. [PMID: 29868071 PMCID: PMC5952000 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis and rice, the ubiquitin ligase PUB13-mediated protein degradation plays a significant role in plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and flowering time control. The Arabidopsis PUB13 has been shown to attenuate the pattern recognition receptor FLS2-mediated immune signaling by ubiquitinating FLS2 and consequently promoting its degradation by the 26S proteasome. Nevertheless, the cognate ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2) with which PUB13 acts to modulate FLS2-mediated PTI are unknown. To address this question, we investigate here the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) homolog of PUB13, SlPUB13 by utilizing the recently characterized complete set of tomato E2s. Of the 13 groups of tomato E2s, only members in group III are found to interact and act with SlPUB13. Knocking-down of the group III E2 genes enhances callose deposition and induction of the RbohB gene in the immunity-associated, early oxidative burst after flg22 treatment. The group III E2s are also found to work with SlPUB13 to ubiquitinate FLS2 in vitro and are required for PUB13-mediated degradation of FLS2 in vivo upon flg22 treatment, suggesting an essential role for group III E2s in the modulation of FLS2-mediated immune signaling by PUB13. Additionally, another immunity-associated E3, NtCMPG1 is shown to also work specifically with members of group III E2 in the in vitro ubiquitination assay, which implies the group III E2 enzymes may cooperate with many E3 ligases to regulate different aspects of PTI. Taken together, these data corroborate the notion that group III E2 enzymes play an important role in PTI and build a foundation for further functional and mechanistic characterization of tomato PUB13.
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169
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Wang L, Xu Z, Khawar MB, Liu C, Li W. The histone codes for meiosis. Reproduction 2018; 154:R65-R79. [PMID: 28696245 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells by a single round of DNA replication followed by two successive cell divisions. It contains many special events, such as programmed DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation, homologous recombination, crossover formation and resolution. These events are associated with dynamically regulated chromosomal structures, the dynamic transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling are mainly modulated by histone modifications, termed 'histone codes'. The purpose of this review is to summarize the histone codes that are required for meiosis during spermatogenesis and oogenesis, involving meiosis resumption, meiotic asymmetric division and other cellular processes. We not only systematically review the functional roles of histone codes in meiosis but also discuss future trends and perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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170
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Wang Z, Zhang H, Liu C, Xing J, Chen XL. A Deubiquitinating Enzyme Ubp14 Is Required for Development, Stress Response, Nutrient Utilization, and Pathogenesis of Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:769. [PMID: 29720973 PMCID: PMC5915541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an essential protein modification in eukaryotic cells, which is reversible. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) catalyze deubiquitination process to reverse ubiquitination, maintain ubiquitin homeostasis or promote protein degradation by recycling ubiquitins. In order to investigate effects of deubiquitination process in plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, we generated deletion mutants of MoUBP14. Ortholog of MoUbp14 was reported to play general roles in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ΔMoubp14 mutant lost its pathogenicity and was severely reduced in mycelial growth, sporulation, carbon source utilization, and increased in sensitivity to distinct stresses. The mutant was blocked in penetration, which could due to defect in turgor generation. It is also blocked in invasive growth, which could due to reduction in stress tolerance and nutrient utilization. Deletion of UBP14 also led to accumulation of free polyubiquitin chains. Pulldown assay identified some proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism and stress response may putatively interact with MoUbp14, including two key rate-limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis, MoFbp1 and MoPck1. These two proteins were degraded when the glucose was supplied to M. oryzae grown in low glucose media for a short period of time (∼12 h), and this process required MoUbp14. In summary, pleiotropic phenotypes of the deletion mutants indicated that MoUbp14 is required for different developments and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
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171
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Jue D, Sang X, Liu L, Shu B, Wang Y, Xie J, Liu C, Shi S. The Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme Gene Family in Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.): Genome-Wide Identification and Gene Expression during Flower Induction and Abiotic Stress Responses. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030662. [PMID: 29543725 PMCID: PMC6017367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s or UBC enzymes) play vital roles in plant development and combat various biotic and abiotic stresses. Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) is an important fruit tree in the subtropical region of Southeast Asia and Australia; however the characteristics of the UBC gene family in longan remain unknown. In this study, 40 D. longan UBC genes (DlUBCs), which were classified into 15 groups, were identified in the longan genome. An RNA-seq based analysis showed that DlUBCs showed distinct expression in nine longan tissues. Genome-wide RNA-seq and qRT-PCR based gene expression analysis revealed that 11 DlUBCs were up- or down-regualted in the cultivar “Sijimi” (SJ), suggesting that these genes may be important for flower induction. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA levels of 13 DlUBCs under SA (salicylic acid) treatment, seven under methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, 27 under heat treatment, and 16 under cold treatment were up- or down-regulated, respectively. These results indicated that the DlUBCs may play important roles in responses to abiotic stresses. Taken together, our results provide a comprehensive insight into the organization, phylogeny, and expression patterns of the longan UBC genes, and therefore contribute to the greater understanding of their biological roles in longan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengwei Jue
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology (Ministry of Agriculture), South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524091, China.
| | - Xuelian Sang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology (Ministry of Agriculture), South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524091, China.
| | - Liqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology (Ministry of Agriculture), South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524091, China.
| | - Bo Shu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology (Ministry of Agriculture), South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524091, China.
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology (Ministry of Agriculture), South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524091, China.
| | - Jianghui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology (Ministry of Agriculture), South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524091, China.
| | - Chengming Liu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Shengyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology (Ministry of Agriculture), South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524091, China.
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172
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Kim SY, Kwon SK, Lee SY, Baek KH. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 5 and ovarian tumor deubiquitinase 6A are differentially expressed in p53+/+ and p53-/- HCT116 cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1705-1714. [PMID: 29512757 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Most proteins undergo ubiquitination, a process by which ubiquitin proteins bind to their substrate proteins; by contrast, deubiquitination is a process that reverses ubiquitination. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) function to remove ubiquitin proteins from the protein targets and serve an essential role in regulating DNA repair, protein degradation, apoptosis and immune responses. Abnormal regulation of DUBs may affect a number of cellular processes and may lead to a variety of human diseases, including cancer. Therefore, it is important to identify abnormally expressed DUBs to identify DUB-related diseases and biological mechanisms. The present study aimed to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction screening platform comprising primers for various DUB genes. This assay was used to identify p53-related DUBs in HCT116 p53+/+ and p53-/- cells. The results demonstrated that ubiquitin-specific peptidase 5 (USP5) and ovarian tumor deubiquitinase 6A (OTUD6A) were differentially expressed in p53+/+ and p53-/- HCT116 cells. Based on the data obtained through DUB screening, the protein expression levels of USP5 and OTUD6A were examined by western blotting, which confirmed that both of these DUBs were also expressed differentially in p53+/+ and p53-/- HCT116 cells. In conclusion, results from the DUB screening performed by the present study revealed that the expression of USP5 and OTUD6A may be affected by p53, and this method may be useful for the rapid and cost-effective identification of possible biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
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173
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Zhang J, Lei Z, Huang Z, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Luo Z, Zeng W, Su J, Peng C, Chen X. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG) suppresses melanoma cell growth and metastasis by targeting TRAF6 activity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79557-79571. [PMID: 27791197 PMCID: PMC5346735 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF6 (TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that contains a Ring domain, induces K63-linked polyubiquitination, and plays a critical role in signaling transduction. Our previous results demonstrated that TRAF6 is overexpressed in melanoma and that TRAF6 knockdown dramatically attenuates tumor cell growth and metastasis. In this study, we found that EGCG can directly bind to TRAF6, and a computational model of the interaction between EGCG and TRAF6 revealed that EGCG probably interacts with TRAF6 at the residues of Gln54, Gly55, Asp57 ILe72, Cys73 and Lys96. Among these amino acids, mutation of Gln54, Asp57, ILe72 in TRAF6 could destroy EGCG bound to TRAF6, furthermore, our results demonstrated that EGCG significantly attenuates interaction between TRAF6 and UBC13(E2) and suppresses TRAF6 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, the phosphorylation of IκBα, p-TAK1 expression are decreased and the nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 is blocked by treatment with EGCG, leading to inactivation of the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, EGCG significantly inhibits cell growth as well as the migration and invasion of melanoma cells. Taken together, these findings show that EGCG is a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor that could be used to target TRAF6 for chemotherapy or the prevention of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Zhang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou Lei
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Youyou Zhou
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongling Luo
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weiqi Zeng
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Su
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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174
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Luo H, Cao L, Liang X, Du A, Peng T, Li H. Herp Promotes Degradation of Mutant Huntingtin: Involvement of the Proteasome and Molecular Chaperones. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7652-7668. [PMID: 29430620 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases, pathogenic proteins tend to misfold and form aggregates that are difficult to remove and able to induce excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to neuronal injury and apoptosis. Homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum protein (Herp), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is an important early marker of ER stress and is involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of many neurodegenerative proteins. However, in Huntington's disease (HD), a typical polyglutamine disease, whether Herp is also involved in the metabolism and degradation of the pathogenic protein, mutant huntingtin, has not been reported. Therefore, we studied the relationship between Herp and N-terminal fragments of huntingtin (HttN-20Q and HttN-160Q). We found that Herp was able to bind to the overexpressed Htt N-terminal, and this interaction was enhanced by expansion of the polyQ fragment. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that Herp was co-localized with the HttN-160Q aggregates in the cytoplasm and tightly surrounded the aggregates. Overexpression of Herp significantly decreased the amount of soluble and insoluble HttN-160Q, promoted its ubiquitination, and inhibited its cytotoxicity. In contrast, knockdown of Herp resulted in more HttN-160Q protein, less ubiquitination, and stronger cytotoxicity. Inhibition of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) had no effect on the function of Herp. However, blocking the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) inhibited the reduction in soluble HttN-160Q caused by Herp. Interestingly, blocking the UPP did not weaken the ability of Herp to reduce HttN-160Q aggregates. Deletions of the N-terminal of Herp weakened its ability to inhibit HttN-160Q aggregation but did not result in a significant increase in its soluble form. However, loss of the C-terminal led to a significant increase in soluble HttN-160Q, but Herp still maintained the ability to inhibit aggregate formation. We further found that the expression level of Herp was significantly increased in HD animal and cell models. Our findings suggest that Herp is a newly identified huntingtin-interacting protein that is able to reduce the cytotoxicity of mutant huntingtin by inhibiting its aggregation and promoting its degradation. The N-terminal of Herp serves as the molecular chaperone to inhibit protein aggregation, while its C-terminal functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to promote the degradation of misfolded proteins through the UPP. Increased expression of Herp in HD models may be a pro-survival mechanism under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Luo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Cao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ana Du
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Peng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Histology and Embryology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China.
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175
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Serrano I, Campos L, Rivas S. Roles of E3 Ubiquitin-Ligases in Nuclear Protein Homeostasis during Plant Stress Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:139. [PMID: 29472944 PMCID: PMC5809434 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination, the reversible protein conjugation with ubiquitin (Ub), is a post-translational modification that enables rapid and specific cellular responses to stimuli without requirement of de novo protein synthesis. Although ubiquitination also displays non-proteolytic functions, it often acts as a signal for selective protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In plants, it has become increasingly apparent that the UPS is a central regulator of many key cellular and physiological processes, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the nucleus, protein regulation via the UPS orchestrates gene expression, genome maintenance, and signal transduction. Here, we focus on E3 Ub-ligase proteins as major components of the ubiquitination cascade that confer specificity of substrate recognition. We provide an overview on how they contribute to nuclear proteome plasticity during plant responses to environmental stress signals.
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176
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Lei L, Bandola-Simon J, Roche PA. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D1 (Ube2D1) mediates lysine-independent ubiquitination of the E3 ubiquitin ligase March-I. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3904-3912. [PMID: 29414787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
March-I is a membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligase belonging to the membrane-associated RING-CH (March) family. March-I ubiquitinates and down-regulates the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86) in antigen-presenting cells. March-I expression is regulated both transcriptionally and posttranslationally, and it has been reported that March-I is ubiquitinated and that this ubiquitination contributes to March-I turnover. However, the molecular mechanism regulating March-I ubiquitination and the importance of March-I's E3 ligase activity for March-I ubiquitination are not fully understood. Here we confirmed that, although March-I is ubiquitinated, it is not ubiquitinated on a lysine residue, as a lysine-less March-I variant was ubiquitinated similarly as wildtype March-I. We found that March-I E3 ligase activity is not required for its ubiquitination and does not regulate March-I protein expression, suggesting that March-I does not undergo autoubiquitination. Knocking down ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D1 (Ube2D1) impaired March-I ubiquitination, increased March-I expression, and enhanced March-I-dependent down-regulation of MHC-II proteins. Taken together, our results suggest that March-I undergoes lysine-independent ubiquitination by an as yet unidentified E3 ubiquitin ligase that, together with Ube2D1, regulates March-I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- From the Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Joanna Bandola-Simon
- From the Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Paul A Roche
- From the Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus AC141 (Exon0), a Potential E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Interacts with Viral Ubiquitin and AC66 To Facilitate Nucleocapsid Egress. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01713-17. [PMID: 29142135 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01713-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the infection cycle of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), two forms of virions are produced, budded virus (BV) and occlusion-derived virus (ODV). Nucleocapsids that form BV have to egress from the nucleus, whereas nucleocapsids that form ODV remain inside the nucleus. The molecular mechanism that determines whether nucleocapsids remain inside or egress from the nucleus is unknown. AC141 (a predicted E3 ubiquitin ligase) and viral ubiquitin (vUbi) have both been shown to be required for efficient BV production. In this study, it was hypothesized that vUbi interacts with AC141, and in addition, that this interaction was required for BV production. Deletion of both ac141 and vubi restricted viral infection to a single cell, and BV production was completely eliminated. AC141 was ubiquitinated by either vUbi or cellular Ubi, and this interaction was required for optimal BV production. Nucleocapsids in BV, but not ODV, were shown to be specifically ubiquitinated by vUbi, including a 100-kDa protein, as well as high-molecular-weight conjugates. The viral ubiquitinated 100-kDa BV-specific nucleocapsid protein was identified as AC66, which is known to be required for BV production and was shown by coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to interact with AC141. Confocal microscopy also showed that AC141, AC66, and vUbi interact at the nuclear periphery. These results suggest that ubiquitination of nucleocapsid proteins by vUbi functions as a signal to determine if a nucleocapsid will egress from the nucleus and form BV or remain in the nucleus to form ODV.IMPORTANCE Baculoviruses produce two types of virions called occlusion-derived virus (ODV) and budded virus (BV). ODVs are required for oral infection, whereas BV enables the systemic spread of virus to all host tissues, which is critical for killing insects. One of the important steps for BV production is the export of nucleocapsids out of the nucleus. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms that enable the selection of nucleocapsids for nuclear export instead of being retained within the nucleus, where they would become ODV. Our data show that ubiquitination, a universal cellular process, specifically tags nucleocapsids of BV, but not those found in ODV, using a virus-encoded ubiquitin (vUbi). Therefore, ubiquitination may be the molecular signal that determines if a nucleocapsid is destined to form a BV, thus ensuring lethal infection of the host.
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178
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Hou Y, Zhai L, Li X, Xue Y, Wang J, Yang P, Cao C, Li H, Cui Y, Bian S. Comparative Analysis of Fruit Ripening-Related miRNAs and Their Targets in Blueberry Using Small RNA and Degradome Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122767. [PMID: 29257112 PMCID: PMC5751366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in the regulation of fruit development and ripening. Blueberry is an important small berry fruit crop with economical and nutritional value. However, nothing is known about the miRNAs and their targets involved in blueberry fruit ripening. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs, 84 known miRNAs belonging to 28 families and 16 novel miRNAs were identified in white fruit (WF) and blue fruit (BF) libraries, which represent fruit ripening onset and in progress, respectively. Among them, 41 miRNAs were shown to be differentially expressed during fruit maturation, and 16 miRNAs representing 16 families were further chosen to validate the sRNA sequencing data by stem-loop qRT-PCR. Meanwhile, 178 targets were identified for 41 known and 7 novel miRNAs in WF and BF libraries using degradome sequencing, and targets of miR160 were validated using RLM-RACE (RNA Ligase-Mediated (RLM)-Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) approach. Moreover, the expression patterns of 6 miRNAs and their targets were examined during fruit development and ripening. Finally, integrative analysis of miRNAs and their targets revealed a complex miRNA-mRNA regulatory network involving a wide variety of biological processes. The findings will facilitate future investigations of the miRNA-mediated mechanisms that regulate fruit development and ripening in blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Hou
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Lulu Zhai
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xuyan Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yu Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Pengjie Yang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Chunmei Cao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Hongxue Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yuhai Cui
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Shaomin Bian
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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179
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Zhou B, Zeng L. Conventional and unconventional ubiquitination in plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1313-1330. [PMID: 27925369 PMCID: PMC6638253 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the most abundant types of protein post-translational modification (PTM) in plant cells. The importance of ubiquitination in the regulation of many aspects of plant immunity has been increasingly appreciated in recent years. Most of the studies linking ubiquitination to the plant immune system, however, have been focused on the E3 ubiquitin ligases and the conventional ubiquitination that leads to the degradation of the substrate proteins by the 26S proteasome. By contrast, our knowledge about the role of unconventional ubiquitination that often serves as non-degradative, regulatory signal remains a significant gap. We discuss, in this review, the recent advances in our understanding of ubiquitination in the modulation of plant immunity, with a particular focus on the E3 ubiquitin ligases. We approach the topic from a perspective of two broadly defined types of ubiquitination in an attempt to highlight the importance, yet current scarcity, in our knowledge about the regulation of plant immunity by unconventional ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangjun Zhou
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNE68583USA
| | - Lirong Zeng
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNE68583USA
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil CropsHunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha410128China
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180
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Isono E, Kalinowska K. ESCRT-dependent degradation of ubiquitylated plasma membrane proteins in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:49-55. [PMID: 28753460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To control the abundance of plasma membrane receptors and transporters is crucial for proper perception and response to extracellular signals from surrounding cells and the environment. Posttranslational modification of plasma membrane proteins, especially ubiquitin conjugation or ubiquitylation, is key for the determination of stability for many transmembrane proteins localized on the cell surface. The targeted degradation is ensured by a complex network of proteins among which the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) plays a central role. This review focuses on progresses made in recent years on the understanding of the function of the ESCRT machinery in the degradation of ubiquitylated plasma membrane proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Isono
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 8, 85456 Freising, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universtitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Kamila Kalinowska
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 8, 85456 Freising, Germany
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181
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Shu K, Yang W. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: Ubiquitous Actors in Plant Development and Abiotic Stress Responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1461-1476. [PMID: 28541504 PMCID: PMC5914405 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the precise regulatory mechanisms of plant development and stress responses at the post-translational level is currently a topic of intensive research. Protein ubiquitination, including the sequential performances of ubiquitin-activating (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) and ubiquitin ligase (E3) enzymes, is a refined post-translational modification ubiquitous in all eukaryotes. Plants are an integral part of our ecosystem and, as sessile organisms, the ability to perceive internal and external signals and to adapt well to various environmental challenges is crucial for their survival. Over recent decades, extensive studies have demonstrated that protein ubiquitination plays key roles in multiple plant developmental stages (e.g. seed dormancy and germination, root growth, flowering time control, self-incompatibility and chloroplast development) and several abiotic stress responses (e.g. drought and high salinity), by regulating the abundance, activities or subcellular localizations of a variety of regulatory polypeptides and enzymes. Importantly, diverse E3 ligases are involved in these regulatory pathways by mediating phytohormone and light signaling or other pathways. In this updated review, we mainly summarize recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of protein ubiquitination in plant development and plant-environment interactions, and primarily focus on different types of E3 ligases because they play critical roles in determining substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shu
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Corresponding authors: Kai Shu, E-mail, ; Wenyu Yang, E-mail,
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Corresponding authors: Kai Shu, E-mail, ; Wenyu Yang, E-mail,
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182
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Han Y, Sun J, Yang J, Tan Z, Luo J, Lu D. Reconstitution of the plant ubiquitination cascade in bacteria using a synthetic biology approach. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:766-776. [PMID: 28509348 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination modulates nearly all aspects of plant life. Here, we reconstituted the Arabidopsis thaliana ubiquitination cascade in Escherichia coli using a synthetic biology approach. In this system, plant proteins are expressed and then immediately participate in ubiquitination reactions within E. coli cells. Additionally, the purification of individual ubiquitination components prior to setting up the ubiquitination reactions is omitted. To establish the reconstituted system, we co-expressed Arabidopsis ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitination substrates with E1, E2 and E3 enzymes in E. coli using the Duet expression vectors. The functionality of the system was evaluated by examining the auto-ubiquitination of a RING (really interesting new gene)-type E3 ligase AIP2 and the ubiquitination of its substrate ABI3. Our results demonstrated the fidelity and specificity of this system. In addition, we applied this system to assess a subset of Arabidopsis E2s in Ub chain formation using E2 conjugation assays. Affinity-tagged Ub allowed efficient purification of Ub conjugates in milligram quantities. Consistent with previous reports, distinct roles of various E2s in Ub chain assembly were also observed in this bacterial system. Therefore, this reconstituted system has multiple advantages, and it can be used to screen for targets of E3 ligases or to study plant ubiquitination in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
| | - Jijing Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
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183
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Gonzalez LE, Keller K, Chan KX, Gessel MM, Thines BC. Transcriptome analysis uncovers Arabidopsis F-BOX STRESS INDUCED 1 as a regulator of jasmonic acid and abscisic acid stress gene expression. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:533. [PMID: 28716048 PMCID: PMC5512810 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ubiquitin 26S proteasome system (UPS) selectively degrades cellular proteins, which results in physiological changes to eukaryotic cells. F-box proteins are substrate adaptors within the UPS and are responsible for the diversity of potential protein targets. Plant genomes are enriched in F-box genes, but the vast majority of these have unknown roles. This work investigated the Arabidopsis F-box gene F-BOX STRESS INDUCED 1 (FBS1) for its effects on gene expression in order elucidate its previously unknown biological function. Results Using publically available Affymetrix ATH1 microarray data, we show that FBS1 is significantly co-expressed in abiotic stresses with other well-characterized stress response genes, including important stress-related transcriptional regulators. This gene suite is most highly expressed in roots under cold and salt stresses. Transcriptome analysis of fbs1–1 knock-out plants grown at a chilling temperature shows that hundreds of genes require FBS1 for appropriate expression, and that these genes are enriched in those having roles in both abiotic and biotic stress responses. Based on both this genome-wide expression data set and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis, it is apparent that FBS1 is required for elevated expression of many jasmonic acid (JA) genes that have established roles in combatting environmental stresses, and that it also controls a subset of JA biosynthesis genes. FBS1 also significantly impacts abscisic acid (ABA) regulated genes, but this interaction is more complex, as FBS1 has both positive and negative effects on ABA-inducible and ABA-repressible gene modules. One noteworthy effect of FBS1 on ABA-related stress processes, however, is the restraint it imposes on the expression of multiple class I LIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN (LTP) gene family members that have demonstrated protective effects in water deficit-related stresses. Conclusion FBS1 impacts plant stress responses by regulating hundreds of genes that respond to the plant stress hormones JA and ABA. The positive effect that FBS1 has on JA processes and the negative effect it has on at least some ABA processes indicates that it in part regulates cellular responses balanced between these two important stress hormones. More broadly then, FBS1 may aid plant cells in switching between certain biotic (JA) and abiotic (ABA) stress responses. Finally, because FBS1 regulates a subset of JA biosynthesis and response genes, we conclude that it might have a role in tuning hormone responses to particular circumstances at the transcriptional level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3864-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gonzalez
- Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.,Present address: Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kristen Keller
- Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.,Present address: Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Karen X Chan
- Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Megan M Gessel
- Chemistry Department, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, 98416, USA
| | - Bryan C Thines
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, 98416, USA.
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184
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Aoyama S, Terada S, Sanagi M, Hasegawa Y, Lu Y, Morita Y, Chiba Y, Sato T, Yamaguchi J. Membrane-localized ubiquitin ligase ATL15 functions in sugar-responsive growth regulation in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:33-39. [PMID: 28690153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases play important roles in regulating various cellular processes by modulating the protein function of specific ubiquitination targets. The Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura (ATL) family is a group of plant-specific RING-type ubiquitin ligases that localize to membranes via their N-terminal transmembrane-like domains. To date, 91 ATL isoforms have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome, with several ATLs reported to be involved in regulating plant responses to environmental stresses. However, the functions of most ATLs remain unknown. This study, involving transcriptome database analysis, identifies ATL15 as a sugar responsive ATL gene in Arabidopsis. ATL15 expression was rapidly down-regulated in the presence of sugar. The ATL15 protein showed ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro and localized to plasma membrane and endomembrane compartments. Further genetic analyses demonstrated that the atl15 knockout mutants are insensitive to high glucose concentrations, whereas ATL15 overexpression depresses plant growth. In addition, endogenous glucose and starch amounts were reciprocally affected in the atl15 knockout mutants and the ATL15 overexpressors. These results suggest that ATL15 protein plays a significant role as a membrane-localized ubiquitin ligase that regulates sugar-responsive plant growth in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoki Aoyama
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Saki Terada
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Miho Sanagi
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yoko Hasegawa
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yu Lu
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yoshie Morita
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yukako Chiba
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takeo Sato
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
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185
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Li X, Hasegawa Y, Lu Y, Sato T. Ubiquitin related enzymes and plant-specific ubiquitin ligase ATL family in tomato plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2017; 34:71-78. [PMID: 31275011 PMCID: PMC6543760 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.17.0306a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the fundamental post-translational modifications of proteins with ubiquitin, a conserved 76-amino acid protein present in eukaryotes, which is catalyzed by ubiquitin ligase. Compared with humans, the number of ubiquitin ligase genes is nearly double in plant species such as Arabidopsis and rice, suggesting that this enzyme plays critical roles in many aspects of plant growth, including development and abiotic and biotic environmental stress responses. In addition to its fundamental activities in eukaryotic cells, ubiquitin signaling mediates plant specific cellular functions, including phytohormone response, seed and fruit development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. The ATL family is a RING-H2 type ubiquitin ligase widely conserved in plant species. We previously showed that the plant specific ubiquitin ligase ATL31 regulates the carbon/nitrogen-nutrient response and pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis, and we identified and characterized the basic biochemical function of an ATL31 homologue in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). This protein, called SlATL31, may act as a ubiquitin ligase in tomato fruit. The tomato is a major crop plant and a model system for fleshy fruit development. This review provides an overview of the ubiquitin ligases and related enzymes, and highlights the ubiquitin ligase ATL family in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Li
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yoko Hasegawa
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yu Lu
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takeo Sato
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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186
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Yasuda S, Aoyama S, Hasegawa Y, Sato T, Yamaguchi J. Arabidopsis CBL-Interacting Protein Kinases Regulate Carbon/Nitrogen-Nutrient Response by Phosphorylating Ubiquitin Ligase ATL31. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:605-618. [PMID: 28111287 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In response to the ratio of available carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) nutrients, plants regulate their metabolism, growth, and development, a process called the C/N-nutrient response. However, the molecular basis of C/N-nutrient signaling remains largely unclear. In this study, we identified three CALCINEURIN B-LIKE (CBL)-INTERACTING PROTEIN KINASES (CIPKs), CIPK7, CIPK12, and CIPK14, as key regulators of the C/N-nutrient response during the post-germination growth in Arabidopsis. Single-knockout mutants of CIPK7, CIPK12, and CIPK14 showed hypersensitivity to high C/low N conditions, which was enhanced in their triple-knockout mutant, indicating that they play a negative role and at least partly function redundantly in the C/N-nutrient response. Moreover, these CIPKs were found to regulate the function of ATL31, a ubiquitin ligase involved in the C/N-nutrient response via the phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of 14-3-3 proteins. CIPK7, CIPK12, and CIPK14 physically interacted with ATL31, and CIPK14, acting with CBL8, directly phosphorylated ATL31 in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Further analyses showed that these CIPKs are required for ATL31 phosphorylation and stabilization, which mediates the degradation of 14-3-3 proteins in response to C/N-nutrient conditions. These findings provide new insights into C/N-nutrient signaling mediated by protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Yasuda
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shoki Aoyama
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yoko Hasegawa
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takeo Sato
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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187
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Furlan G, Trujillo M. In Vitro Ubiquitination Activity Assays in Plant Immune Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1578:109-121. [PMID: 28220418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6859-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a central posttranslational modification that impinges on the fate of proteins. While attachment of K48-linked chains onto soluble proteins marks them for proteolysis via the 26S proteasome, mono-ubiquitination or K63-linked chains result in the endocytosis and sorting through the endomembrane system of integral membrane proteins, such as pattern recognition receptors. In vitro ubiquitination assays allow the biochemical analysis of all individual components of the ubiquitination machinery and its potential substrates. Here, we describe how to reconstitute the ubiquitination cascade in vitro and detail different variations of the assay, the required controls and how to interpret the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furlan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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188
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Genome-wide identification, evolution and expression analysis of RING finger protein genes in Brassica rapa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40690. [PMID: 28094809 PMCID: PMC5240574 DOI: 10.1038/srep40690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more RING finger genes were found to be implicated in various important biological processes. In the present study, a total of 731 RING domains in 715 predicted proteins were identified in Brassica rapa genome (AA, 2n = 20), which were further divided into eight types: RING-H2 (371), RING-HCa (215), RING-HCb (47), RING-v (44), RING-C2 (38), RING-D (10), RING-S/T (5) and RING-G (1). The 715 RING finger proteins were further classified into 51 groups according to the presence of additional domains. 700 RING finger protein genes were mapped to the 10 chromosomes of B. rapa with a range of 47 to 111 genes for each chromosome. 667 RING finger protein genes were expressed in at least one of the six tissues examined, indicating their involvement in various physiological and developmental processes in B. rapa. Hierarchical clustering analysis of RNA-seq data divided them into seven major groups, one of which includes 231 members preferentially expressed in leaf, and constitutes then a panel of gene candidates for studying the genetic and molecular mechanisms of leafy head traits in Brassica crops. Our results lay the foundation for further studies on the classification, evolution and putative functions of RING finger protein genes in Brassica species.
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189
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Chiu RS, Pan S, Zhao R, Gazzarrini S. ABA-dependent inhibition of the ubiquitin proteasome system during germination at high temperature in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:749-761. [PMID: 27496613 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
During germination, endogenous and environmental factors trigger changes in the transcriptome, translatome and proteome to break dormancy. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) degrades proteins that promote dormancy to allow germination. While research on the UPS has focused on the identification of proteasomal substrates, little information is known about the regulation of its activity. Here we characterized the activity of the UPS during dormancy release and maintenance by monitoring protein ubiquitination and degradation of two proteasomal substrates: Suc-LLVY-AMC, a well characterized synthetic substrate, and FUSCA3 (FUS3), a dormancy-promoting transcription factor degraded by the 26S proteasome. Our data indicate that proteasome activity and protein ubiquitination increase during imbibition at optimal temperature (21°C), and are required for seed germination. However, abscisic acid (ABA) and supraoptimal temperature (32°C) inhibit germination by dampening both protein ubiquitination and proteasome activity. Inhibition of UPS function by high temperature is reduced by the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, fluridone, and in ABA biosynthetic mutants, suggesting that it is ABA dependent. Accordingly, inhibition of FUS3 degradation at 32°C is also dependent on ABA. Native gels show that inhibition of proteasome activity is caused by interference with the 26S/30S ratio as well as free 19S and 20S levels, impacting the proteasome degradation cycle. Transfer experiments show that ABA-mediated inhibition of proteasome activity at 21°C is restricted to the first 2 days of germination, a time window corresponding to seed sensitivity to environmental and ABA-mediated growth inhibition. Our data show that ABA and high temperature inhibit germination under unfavourable growth conditions by repressing the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Shun Chiu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Shiyue Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rongmin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Sonia Gazzarrini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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190
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Hashiguchi A, Komatsu S. Posttranslational Modifications and Plant-Environment Interaction. Methods Enzymol 2016; 586:97-113. [PMID: 28137579 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination are crucial for controlling protein stability, localization, and conformation. Genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed, translated, and increases its complexity by multiple PTMs. Conformational change introduced by PTMs affects interacting partners of each proteins and their downstream signaling; therefore, PTMs are the major level of modulations of total outcome of living cells. Plants are living in harsh environment that requires unremitting physiological modulation to survive, and the plant response to various environment stresses is regulated by PTMs of proteins. This review deals with the novel knowledge of PTM-focused proteomic studies on various life conditions. PTMs are focused that mediate plant-environment interaction such as stress perception, protein homeostasis, control of energy shift, and defense by immune system. Integration of diverse signals on a protein via multiple PTMs is discussed as well, considering current situation where signal integration became an emerging area approached by systems biology into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hashiguchi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - S Komatsu
- National Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.
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191
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Shi HB, Chen GQ, Chen YP, Dong B, Lu JP, Liu XH, Lin FC. MoRad6-mediated ubiquitination pathways are essential for development and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4170-4187. [PMID: 27581713 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin system modulates protein functions through targeting substrates for ubiquitination. Here, E2 conjugating enzyme MoRad6-related ubiquitination pathways are identified and analyzed in Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease. Disruption of MoRad6 leads to severe defects in growth, sporulation, conidial germination, appressorium formation, and plant infection. To depict the functions of MoRad6, three putative ubiquitin ligases, MoRad18, MoBre1 and MoUbr1, are also characterized. Deletion of MoRad18 causes minor phenotypic changes, while MoBre1 is required for growth, conidiation and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. Defects in ΔMobre1 likely resulted from the reduction in di- and tri-methylation level of Histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4). Notably, MoUbr1 is crucial for conidial adhesion and germination, possibly by degrading components of cAMP/PKA and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Pmk1 signaling pathways via the N-end rule pathway. Germination failure of ΔMoubr1 conidia could be rescued by elevation of cAMP level or enhanced Pmk1 phosphorylation resulting from further deletion of MoIra1, the M. oryzae homolog of yeast Ira1/2. These reveal vital effects of cAMP/PKA and MAPK Pmk1 signaling on conidial germination in M. oryzae. Altogether, our results suggest that MoRad6-mediated ubiquitination pathways are essential for the infection-related development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Bin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guo-Qing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ya-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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192
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Nagels Durand A, Iñigo S, Ritter A, Iniesto E, De Clercq R, Staes A, Van Leene J, Rubio V, Gevaert K, De Jaeger G, Pauwels L, Goossens A. The Arabidopsis Iron-Sulfur Protein GRXS17 is a Target of the Ubiquitin E3 Ligases RGLG3 and RGLG4. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1801-1813. [PMID: 27497447 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The stability of signaling proteins in eukaryotes is often controlled by post-translational modifiers. For polyubiquitination, specificity is assured by E3 ubiquitin ligases. Although plant genomes encode hundreds of E3 ligases, only few targets are known, even in the model Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we identified the monothiol glutaredoxin GRXS17 as a substrate of the Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligases RING DOMAIN LIGASE 3 (RGLG3) and RGLG4 using a substrate trapping approach involving tandem affinity purification of RING-dead versions. Simultaneously, we used a ubiquitin-conjugating enzym (UBC) panel screen to pinpoint UBC30 as a cognate E2 UBC capable of interacting with RGLG3 and RGLG4 and mediating auto-ubiquitination of RGLG3 and ubiquitination of GRXS17 in vitro. Accordingly, GRXS17 is ubiquitinated and degraded in an RGLG3- and RGLG4-dependent manner in planta. The truncated hemoglobin GLB3 also interacted with RGLG3 and RGLG4 but appeared to obstruct RGLG3 ubiquitination activity rather than being its substrate. Our results suggest that the RGLG family is intimately linked to the essential element iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Nagels Durand
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sabrina Iñigo
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Andrés Ritter
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Elisa Iniesto
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebecca De Clercq
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - An Staes
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelle Van Leene
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium These authors contributed equally to this work.
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193
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Cho SK, Ryu MY, Shah P, Poulsen CP, Yang SW. Post-Translational Regulation of miRNA Pathway Components, AGO1 and HYL1, in Plants. Mol Cells 2016; 39:581-6. [PMID: 27440184 PMCID: PMC4990749 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are essential to increase the functional diversity of the proteome. By adding chemical groups to proteins, or degrading entire proteins by phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, neddylation, acetylation, lipidation, and proteolysis, the complexity of the proteome increases, and this then influences most biological processes. Although small RNAs are crucial regulatory elements for gene expression in most eukaryotes, PTMs of small RNA microprocessor and RNA silencing components have not been extensively investigated in plants. To date, several studies have shown that the proteolytic regulation of AGOs is important for host-pathogen interactions. DRB4 is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and the degradation of HYL1 is modulated by a de-etiolation repressor, COP1, and an unknown cytoplasmic protease. Here, we discuss current findings on the PTMs of microprocessor and RNA silencing components in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Keun Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University 03722,
Korea
| | - Moon Young Ryu
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University 03722,
Korea
| | - Pratik Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 92697, CA,
USA
| | | | - Seong Wook Yang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University 03722,
Korea
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Center for UNIK Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg,
Denmark
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194
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A MUB E2 structure reveals E1 selectivity between cognate ubiquitin E2s in eukaryotes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12580. [PMID: 27550514 PMCID: PMC4996978 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) is a protein modifier that controls processes ranging from protein degradation to endocytosis, but early-acting regulators of the three-enzyme ubiquitylation cascade are unknown. Here we report that the prenylated membrane-anchored ubiquitin-fold protein (MUB) is an early-acting regulator of subfamily-specific E2 activation. An AtMUB3:AtUBC8 co-crystal structure defines how MUBs inhibit E2∼Ub formation using a combination of E2 backside binding and a MUB-unique lap-bar loop to block E1 access. Since MUBs tether Arabidopsis group VI E2 enzymes (related to HsUbe2D and ScUbc4/5) to the plasma membrane, and inhibit E2 activation at physiological concentrations, they should function as potent plasma membrane localized regulators of Ub chain synthesis in eukaryotes. Our findings define a biochemical function for MUB, a family of highly conserved Ub-fold proteins, and provide an example of selective activation between cognate Ub E2s, previously thought to be constitutively activated by E1s. Regulators of the important ubiquitylation cascade are not well studied. Here, the authors report the crystal structure of a prenylated membrane-anchored ubiquitin-fold protein from Arabidopsis bound to an E2 protein and conclude that it is an example of selective activation between E2 enzymes.
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195
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Hammoudi V, Vlachakis G, Schranz ME, van den Burg HA. Whole-genome duplications followed by tandem duplications drive diversification of the protein modifier SUMO in Angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:172-85. [PMID: 26934536 PMCID: PMC6680281 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-like modifier (UBL) SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier) regulates protein function. Structural rather than sequence homology typifies UBL families. However, individual UBL types, such as SUMO, show remarkable sequence conservation. Selection pressure also operates at the SUMO gene copy number, as increased SUMO levels activate immunity and alter flowering time in Arabidopsis. We show how, despite this selection pressure, the SUMO family has diversified into eight paralogues in Arabidopsis. Relationships between the paralogues were investigated using genome collinearity and gene tree analysis. We show that palaeopolyploidy followed by tandem duplications allowed expansion and then diversification of the SUMO genes. For example, Arabidopsis SUMO5 evolved from the pan-eudicot palaeohexaploidy event (gamma), which yielded three SUMO copies. Two gamma copies were preserved as archetype SUMOs, suggesting subfunctionalization, whereas the third copy served as a hotspot for SUMO diversification. The Brassicaceae-specific alpha duplication then caused the duplication of one archetype gamma copy, which, by subfunctionalization, allowed the retention of both SUMO1 and SUMO2. The other archetype gamma copy was simultaneously pseudogenized (SUMO4/6). A tandem duplication of SUMO2 subsequently yielded SUMO3 in the Brassicaceae crown group. SUMO3 potentially neofunctionalized in Arabidopsis, but it is lost in many Brassicaceae. Our advanced methodology allows the study of the birth and fixation of other paralogues in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Hammoudi
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1089 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georgios Vlachakis
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1089 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1089 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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196
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Wang S, Cao L, Wang H. Arabidopsis ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC22 is required for female gametophyte development and likely involved in Lys11-linked ubiquitination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3277-88. [PMID: 27069118 PMCID: PMC4892721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is critical for numerous processes in eukaryotes. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) is required for ubiquitination. The Arabidopsis genome has approximately 37 E2 genes, but in vivo functions for most of them remain unknown. In this study we observed that knockout mutants of Arabidopsis UBC22 had much-reduced silique length and seed number, with nearly 90% of ovules aborted. Analyses revealed that the majority of mutant embryo sacs displayed severe defects and often contained no gamete nuclei. There was no difference between mutant and wild-type Arabidopsis at the megaspore mother cell stage; however, the functional megaspore was either not present or appeared abnormal in a large portion of mutant ovules, suggesting that the defect started with functional megaspore degeneration in the mutants. Degeneration continued during megagametogenesis, such that the percentage of mature embryo sacs without any gamete nuclei was much greater than the percentage of developing ovules without a functional megaspore and, in addition, various abnormalities in megagametogenesis were observed. Additionally, heterozygous plants had only 13.1% of ovules aborted, indicating that the heterozygous sporophytic tissues could affect the development of the mutant female gametophyte. UBC22 is the sole member of an Arabidopsis E2 subfamily, and is more closely related to one type of E2s in animals that catalyzes Lys11-specific ubiquitination. Indeed, our results showed that Arabidopsis UBC22 could catalyze ubiquitin dimer formation in vitro in a Lys11-dependent manner, suggesting that it likely catalyzes Lys11-linked ubiquitination in plants. This study has thus identified one biochemical property of UBC22 and revealed a novel function in female gametophyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ling Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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197
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Ruiz-Ballesta I, Baena G, Gandullo J, Wang L, She YM, Plaxton WC, Echevarría C. New insights into the post-translational modification of multiple phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isoenzymes by phosphorylation and monoubiquitination during sorghum seed development and germination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3523-36. [PMID: 27194739 PMCID: PMC4892742 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; E.C. 4.1.1.31) was characterized in developing and germinating sorghum seeds, focusing on the transcript and polypeptide abundance of multiple plant-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PTPC) genes, and the post-translational modification of each isoenzyme by phosphorylation versus monoubiquitination during germination. We observed high levels of SbPPC4 (Sb07g014960) transcripts during early development (stage I), and extensive transcript abundance of SbPPC2 (Sb02g021090) and SbPPC3 (Sb04g008720) throughout the entire life cycle of the seed. Although tandem mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of immunopurified PTPC indicated that four different PTPC isoenzymes were expressed in the developing and germinating seeds, SbPPC3 was the most abundant isozyme of the developing seed, and of the embryo and the aleurone layer of germinating seeds. In vivo phosphorylation of the different PTPC isoenzymes at their conserved N-terminal seryl phosphorylation site during germination was also established by MS/MS analysis. Furthermore, three of the four isoenzymes were partially monoubiquitinated, with MS/MS pinpointing SbPPC2 and SbPPC3 monoubiquitination at the conserved Lys-630 and Lys-624 residues, respectively. Our results demonstrate that monoubiquitination and phosphorylation simultaneously occur in vivo with different PTPC isozymes during seed germination. In addition, we show that PTPC monoubiquitination in germinating sorghum seeds always increases at stage II (emergence of the radicle), is maintained during the aerobic period of rapid cell division and reserve mobilization, and remains relatively constant until stage IV-V when coleoptiles initiate the formation of the photosynthetic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ruiz-Ballesta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo Baena
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jacinto Gandullo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Liqun Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yi-Min She
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
| | | | - Cristina Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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198
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Nagels Durand A, Pauwels L, Goossens A. The Ubiquitin System and Jasmonate Signaling. PLANTS 2016; 5:plants5010006. [PMID: 27135226 PMCID: PMC4844421 DOI: 10.3390/plants5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin (Ub) system is involved in most, if not all, biological processes in eukaryotes. The major specificity determinants of this system are the E3 ligases, which bind and ubiquitinate specific sets of proteins and are thereby responsible for target recruitment to the proteasome or other cellular processing machineries. The Ub system contributes to the regulation of the production, perception and signal transduction of plant hormones. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, known as jasmonates (JAs), act as signaling compounds regulating plant development and plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stress conditions. We provide here an overview of the current understanding of the Ub system involved in JA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Nagels Durand
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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199
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Kim JY, Jang IC, Seo HS. COP1 Controls Abiotic Stress Responses by Modulating AtSIZ1 Function through Its E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1182. [PMID: 27536318 PMCID: PMC4971112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination and sumoylation are essential post-translational modifications that regulate growth and development processes in plants, including control of hormone signaling mechanisms and responses to stress. This study showed that COP1 (Constitutive photomorphogenic 1) regulated the activity of Arabidopsis E3 SUMO (Small ubiquitin-related modifier) ligase AtSIZ1 through its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Yeast two hybrid analysis demonstrated that COP1 and AtSIZ1 directly interacted with one another, and subcellular localization assays indicated that COP1 and AtSIZ1 co-localized in nuclear bodies. Analysis of ubiquitination showed that AtSIZ1 was polyubiquitinated by COP1. The AtSIZ1 level was higher in cop1-4 mutants than in wild-type seedlings under light or dark conditions, and overexpression of a dominant-negative (DN)-COP1 mutant led to a substantial increase in AtSIZ1 accumulation. In addition, under drought, cold, and high salt conditions, SUMO-conjugate levels were elevated in DN-COP1-overexpressing plants and cop1-4 mutant plants compared to wild-type plants. Taken together, our results indicate that COP1 controls responses to abiotic stress by modulation of AtSIZ1 levels and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Y. Kim
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Life Science, Seoul National University, SeoulSouth Korea
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| | - Hak S. Seo
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Life Science, Seoul National University, SeoulSouth Korea
- *Correspondence: Hak S. Seo,
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200
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Disch EM, Tong M, Kotur T, Koch G, Wolf CA, Li X, Hoth S. Membrane-Associated Ubiquitin Ligase SAUL1 Suppresses Temperature- and Humidity-Dependent Autoimmunity in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:69-80. [PMID: 26505534 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0146-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to regulate pathogen defense. Imbalances in this regulation may result in autoimmune responses that are affecting plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, SAUL1 encodes a plant U-box ubiquitin ligase and regulates senescence and cell death. Here, we show that saul1-1 plants exhibit characteristics of an autoimmune mutant. A decrease in relative humidity or temperature resulted in reduced growth and systemic lesioning of saul1-1 rosettes. These physiological changes are associated with increased expression of salicylic acid-dependent and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Consistently, resistance of saul1-1 plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326, P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, or Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2 was enhanced. Transmission electron microscopy revealed alterations in saul1-1 chloroplast ultrastructure and cell-wall depositions. Confocal analysis on aniline blue-stained leaf sections and cellular universal micro spectrophotometry further showed that these cell-wall depositions contain callose and lignin. To analyze signaling downstream of SAUL1, we performed epistasis analyses between saul1-1 and mutants in the EDS1/PAD4/SAG101 hub. All phenotypes observed in saul1-1 plants at low temperature were dependent on EDS1 and PAD4 but not SAG101. Taken together, SAUL1 negatively regulates immunity upstream of EDS1/PAD4, likely through the degradation of an unknown activator of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Disch
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meixuezi Tong
- 2 Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tanja Kotur
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Koch
- 3 Thünen-Institute of Wood Technology and Wood Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carl-Asmus Wolf
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- 2 Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stefan Hoth
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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