151
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Masato A, Bubacco L, Greggio E. Too much for your own good: Excessive dopamine damages neurons and contributes to Parkinson's disease: An Editorial Highlight for "Enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase activity induces oxidative stress, causes accumulation of autotoxic catecholamine metabolites, and augments amphetamine effects in vivo". J Neurochem 2021; 158:833-836. [PMID: 34184261 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine dyshomeostasis is a driving factor of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulation of cytosolic dopamine at striatal projections results in the buildup of autoxidation products, which generates protein adducts and exacerbate oxidative stress. Moreover, an excessive rate of dopamine degradation results in accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), a toxic metabolite which rapidly reacts with other proteins. These events lead to protein misfolding and cross-linking as well as mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, the main pathological mechanisms underscoring dopaminergic neuron loss in PD. In this issue of Journal of Neurochemistry, Vecchio et al. generated and characterized a new in vivo model of chronic dopamine accumulation through the overexpression of a hyperactive form of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-HI), the rate-limiting step enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. At 3-5 months of age, TH-HI mice displayed increased striatal dopamine content, exacerbated dopamine catabolism, and augmented responses to amphetamine. This correlated with enhanced oxidative stress and DOPAL buildup, highlighting a catechol-induced neurotoxic vicious cycle that may anticipate a parkinsonian-like phenotype in aged mice. This novel TH-HI animal model represents an exciting new tool to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying dopamine disequilibrium, catecholamine autotoxicity, and neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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152
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Cui W, Gao N, Dong Z, Shen C, Zhang H, Luo B, Chen P, Comoletti D, Jing H, Wang H, Robinson H, Xiong WC, Mei L. In trans neuregulin3-Caspr3 interaction controls DA axonal bassoon cluster development. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3330-3342.e7. [PMID: 34143959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission is critical to motivation, movement, and emotion. Unlike glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, the development of DA synapses is less understood. We show that bassoon (BSN) clusters along DA axons in the core of nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were increased in neonatal stages and reduced afterward, suggesting DA synapse elimination. Remarkably, DA neuron-specific ablating neuregulin 3 (NRG3), a protein whose levels correlate with BSN clusters, increased the clusters and impaired DA release and behaviors related to DA transmission. An unbiased screen of transmembrane proteins with the extracellular domain (ECD) of NRG3 identified Caspr3 (contactin associate-like protein 3) as a binding partner. Caspr3 was enriched in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). NRG3 and Caspr3 interact in trans, which was blocked by Caspr3-ECD. Caspr3 null mice displayed phenotypes similar to those in DAT-Nrg3f/f mice in DA axonal BSN clusters and DA transmission. Finally, in vivo disruption of the NRG3-Caspr3 interaction increased BSN clusters. Together, these results demonstrate that DA synapse development is controlled by trans interaction between NRG3 in DA neurons and Caspr3 in MSNs, identifying a novel pair of cell adhesion molecules for brain circuit wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Cui
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nannan Gao
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Dong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Davide Comoletti
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; Child Health Institute of New Jersey, and Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hongyang Jing
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Heath Robinson
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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153
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Lin M, Mackie PM, Shaerzadeh F, Gamble-George J, Miller DR, Martyniuk CJ, Khoshbouei H. In Parkinson's patient-derived dopamine neurons, the triplication of α-synuclein locus induces distinctive firing pattern by impeding D2 receptor autoinhibition. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:107. [PMID: 34099060 PMCID: PMC8185945 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological changes in dopamine neurons precede their demise and contribute to the early phases of Parkinson's disease (PD). Intracellular pathological inclusions of the protein α-synuclein within dopaminergic neurons are a cardinal feature of PD, but the mechanisms by which α-synuclein contributes to dopaminergic neuron vulnerability remain unknown. The inaccessibility to diseased tissue has been a limitation in studying progression of pathophysiology prior to degeneration of dopamine neurons. To address these issues, we differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a PD patient carrying the α-synuclein triplication mutation (AST) and an unaffected first-degree relative (NAS) into dopaminergic neurons. In human-like dopamine neurons α-synuclein overexpression reduced the functional availability of D2 receptors, resulting in a stark dysregulation in firing activity, dopamine release, and neuronal morphology. We back-translated these findings into primary mouse neurons overexpressing α-synuclein and found a similar phenotype, supporting the causal role for α-synuclein. Importantly, application of D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole, restored the altered firing activity of AST-derived dopaminergic neurons to normal levels. These results provide novel insights into the pre-degenerative pathophysiological neuro-phenotype induced by α-synuclein overexpression and introduce a potential mechanism for the long-established clinical efficacy of D2 receptor agonists in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Phillip M Mackie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Fatima Shaerzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | | | - Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Chris J Martyniuk
- Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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154
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Buck SA, De Miranda BR, Logan RW, Fish KN, Greenamyre JT, Freyberg Z. VGLUT2 Is a Determinant of Dopamine Neuron Resilience in a Rotenone Model of Dopamine Neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4937-4947. [PMID: 33893220 PMCID: PMC8260163 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2770-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopamine (DA) neuron loss in the SNc. In contrast, DA neurons in the VTA are relatively protected from neurodegeneration, but the underlying mechanisms for this resilience remain poorly understood. Recent work suggests that expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) selectively impacts midbrain DA neuron vulnerability. We investigated whether altered DA neuron VGLUT2 expression determines neuronal resilience in rats exposed to rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor and toxicant model of PD. We discovered that VTA/SNc DA neurons that expressed VGLUT2 are more resilient to rotenone-induced DA neurodegeneration. Surprisingly, the density of neurons with detectable VGLUT2 expression in the VTA and SNc increases in response to rotenone. Furthermore, dopaminergic terminals within the NAc, where the majority of VGLUT2-expressing DA neurons project, exhibit greater resilience compared with DA terminals in the caudate/putamen. More broadly, VGLUT2-expressing terminals are protected throughout the striatum from rotenone-induced degeneration. Together, our data demonstrate that a distinct subpopulation of VGLUT2-expressing DA neurons are relatively protected from rotenone neurotoxicity. Rotenone-induced upregulation of the glutamatergic machinery in VTA and SNc neurons and their projections may be part of a broader neuroprotective mechanism. These findings offer a putative new target for neuronal resilience that can be manipulated to prevent toxicant-induced DA neurodegeneration in PD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Environmental exposures to pesticides contribute significantly to pathologic processes that culminate in Parkinson's disease (PD). The pesticide rotenone has been used to generate a PD model that replicates key features of the illness, including dopamine neurodegeneration. To date, longstanding questions remain: are there dopamine neuron subpopulations resilient to rotenone; and if so, what are the molecular determinants of this resilience? Here we show that the subpopulation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons that express the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) are more resilient to rotenone-induced neurodegeneration. Rotenone also upregulates VGLUT2 more broadly in the midbrain, suggesting that VGLUT2 expression generally confers increased resilience to rotenone. VGLUT2 may therefore be a new target for boosting neuronal resilience to prevent toxicant-induced DA neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas A Buck
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
| | - Briana R De Miranda
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118
- Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, 04609
| | - Kenneth N Fish
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
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155
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Cover KK, Mathur BN. Axo-axonic synapses: Diversity in neural circuit function. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2391-2401. [PMID: 33314077 PMCID: PMC8053672 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synapse is the principal form of contact between neurons of the central nervous system. These synapses are typically configured as presynaptic axon terminations onto postsynaptic dendrites or somata, giving rise to axo-dendritic and axo-somatic synapses, respectively. Beyond these common synapse configurations are less-studied, non-canonical synapse types that are prevalent throughout the brain and significantly contribute to neural circuit function. Among these are the axo-axonic synapses, which consist of an axon terminating on another axon or axon terminal. Here, we review evidence for axo-axonic synapse contributions to neural signaling in the mammalian nervous system and survey functional neural circuit motifs enabled by these synapses. We also detail how recent advances in microscopy, transgenics, and biological sensors may be used to identify and functionally assay axo-axonic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara K. Cover
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
| | - Brian N. Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
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156
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Liu C, Goel P, Kaeser PS. Spatial and temporal scales of dopamine transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:345-358. [PMID: 33837376 PMCID: PMC8220193 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a prototypical neuromodulator that controls circuit function through G protein-coupled receptor signalling. Neuromodulators are volume transmitters, with release followed by diffusion for widespread receptor activation on many target cells. Yet, we are only beginning to understand the specific organization of dopamine transmission in space and time. Although some roles of dopamine are mediated by slow and diffuse signalling, recent studies suggest that certain dopamine functions necessitate spatiotemporal precision. Here, we review the literature describing dopamine signalling in the striatum, including its release mechanisms and receptor organization. We then propose the domain-overlap model, in which release and receptors are arranged relative to one another in micrometre-scale structures. This architecture is different from both point-to-point synaptic transmission and the widespread organization that is often proposed for neuromodulation. It enables the activation of receptor subsets that are within micrometre-scale domains of release sites during baseline activity and broader receptor activation with domain overlap when firing is synchronized across dopamine neuron populations. This signalling structure, together with the properties of dopamine release, may explain how switches in firing modes support broad and dynamic roles for dopamine and may lead to distinct pathway modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pragya Goel
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pascal S Kaeser
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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157
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Zaman V, Shields DC, Shams R, Drasites KP, Matzelle D, Haque A, Banik NL. Cellular and molecular pathophysiology in the progression of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:815-827. [PMID: 33599945 PMCID: PMC8170715 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder etiologically linked to the loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons in the mid-brain. The etiopathology of sporadic PD is still unclear; however, the interaction of extrinsic and intrinsic factors may play a critical role in the onset and progression of the disease. Studies in animal models and human post-mortem tissue have identified distinct cellular and molecular changes in the diseased brain, suggesting complex interactions between different glial cell types and various molecular pathways. Small changes in the expression of specific genes in a single pathway or cell type possibly influence others at the cellular and system levels. These molecular and cellular signatures like neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy have been observed in PD patients' brain tissue. While the etiopathology of PD is still poorly understood, the interplay between glial cells and molecular events may play a crucial role in disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Zaman
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Donald C Shields
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Ramsha Shams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie St, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kelsey P Drasites
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie St, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Narendra L Banik
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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158
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Cheng XT, Sheng ZH. Neurobiology: A pathogenic tug of war. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R491-R493. [PMID: 34033775 PMCID: PMC11375815 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the kinase LRRK2 have been implicated in Parkinson's disease. A new study shows that hyperactivation of this kinase reduces the processivity of autophagosomal retrograde transport in axons through an unproductive 'tug-of-war' between anterograde and retrograde motors, thus contributing to autophagy dysfunction and axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MA 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MA 20892-3706, USA.
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159
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Boecker CA, Goldsmith J, Dou D, Cajka GG, Holzbaur ELF. Increased LRRK2 kinase activity alters neuronal autophagy by disrupting the axonal transport of autophagosomes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2140-2154.e6. [PMID: 33765413 PMCID: PMC8154747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease-causing mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene hyperactivate LRRK2 kinase activity and cause increased phosphorylation of Rab GTPases, important regulators of intracellular trafficking. We found that the most common LRRK2 mutation, LRRK2-G2019S, dramatically reduces the processivity of autophagosome transport in neurons in a kinase-dependent manner. This effect was consistent across an overexpression model, neurons from a G2019S knockin mouse, and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons gene edited to express the G2019S mutation, and the effect was reversed by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2. Furthermore, LRRK2 hyperactivation induced by overexpression of Rab29, a known activator of LRRK2 kinase, disrupted autophagosome transport to a similar extent. Mechanistically, we found that hyperactive LRRK2 recruits the motor adaptor JNK-interacting protein 4 (JIP4) to the autophagosomal membrane, inducing abnormal activation of kinesin that we propose leads to an unproductive tug of war between anterograde and retrograde motors. Disruption of autophagosome transport correlated with a significant defect in autophagosome acidification, suggesting that the observed transport deficit impairs effective degradation of autophagosomal cargo in neurons. Our results robustly link increased LRRK2 kinase activity to defects in autophagosome transport and maturation, further implicating defective autophagy in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexander Boecker
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Juliet Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dan Dou
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory G Cajka
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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160
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Hamid AA, Frank MJ, Moore CI. Wave-like dopamine dynamics as a mechanism for spatiotemporal credit assignment. Cell 2021; 184:2733-2749.e16. [PMID: 33861952 PMCID: PMC8122079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significant evidence supports the view that dopamine shapes learning by encoding reward prediction errors. However, it is unknown whether striatal targets receive tailored dopamine dynamics based on regional functional specialization. Here, we report wave-like spatiotemporal activity patterns in dopamine axons and release across the dorsal striatum. These waves switch between activational motifs and organize dopamine transients into localized clusters within functionally related striatal subregions. Notably, wave trajectories were tailored to task demands, propagating from dorsomedial to dorsolateral striatum when rewards are contingent on animal behavior and in the opponent direction when rewards are independent of behavioral responses. We propose a computational architecture in which striatal dopamine waves are sculpted by inference about agency and provide a mechanism to direct credit assignment to specialized striatal subregions. Supporting model predictions, dorsomedial dopamine activity during reward-pursuit signaled the extent of instrumental control and interacted with reward waves to predict future behavioral adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif A Hamid
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Michael J Frank
- Department of Cognitive Linguistics & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Christopher I Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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161
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Hypoxia, Acidification and Inflammation: Partners in Crime in Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis? IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Like in other neurodegenerative diseases, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Differentiating characteristics of PD include the central role of α-synuclein in the aggregation pathology, a distinct vulnerability of the striato-nigral system with the related motor symptoms, as well as specific mitochondrial deficits. Which molecular alterations cause neurodegeneration and drive PD pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we summarize evidence of the involvement of three interdependent factors in PD and suggest that their interplay is likely a trigger and/or aggravator of PD-related neurodegeneration: hypoxia, acidification and inflammation. We aim to integrate the existing knowledge on the well-established role of inflammation and immunity, the emerging interest in the contribution of hypoxic insults and the rather neglected effects of brain acidification in PD pathogenesis. Their tight association as an important aspect of the disease merits detailed investigation. Consequences of related injuries are discussed in the context of aging and the interaction of different brain cell types, in particular with regard to potential consequences on the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. A special focus is put on the identification of current knowledge gaps and we emphasize the importance of related insights from other research fields, such as cancer research and immunometabolism, for neurodegeneration research. The highlighted interplay of hypoxia, acidification and inflammation is likely also of relevance for other neurodegenerative diseases, despite disease-specific biochemical and metabolic alterations.
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162
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Zubair M, Murris SR, Isa K, Onoe H, Koshimizu Y, Kobayashi K, Vanduffel W, Isa T. Divergent Whole Brain Projections from the Ventral Midbrain in Macaques. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2913-2931. [PMID: 33558867 PMCID: PMC8107798 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the connectome of the axonal arborizations of dopaminergic midbrain neurons, we investigated the anterograde spread of highly sensitive viral tracers injected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and adjacent areas in 3 macaques. In 2 monkeys, injections were centered on the lateral VTA with some spread into the substantia nigra, while in one animal the injection targeted the medial VTA with partial spread into the ventro-medial thalamus. Double-labeling with antibodies against transduced fluorescent proteins (FPs) and tyrosine hydroxylase indicated that substantial portions of transduced midbrain neurons were dopaminergic. Interestingly, cortical terminals were found either homogeneously in molecular layer I, or more heterogeneously, sometimes forming patches, in the deeper laminae II-VI. In the animals with injections in lateral VTA, terminals were most dense in somatomotor cortex and the striatum. In contrast, when the medial VTA was transduced, dense terminals were found in dorsal prefrontal and temporal cortices, while projections to striatum were sparse. In all monkeys, orbitofrontal and occipito-parietal cortex received strong and weak innervation, respectively. Thus, the dopaminergic ventral midbrain sends heterogeneous projections throughout the brain. Furthermore, our results suggest the existence of subgroups in meso-dopaminergic neurons depending on their location in the primate ventral midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sjoerd R Murris
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Kaoru Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Koshimizu
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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163
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Mechanism of Pacemaker Activity in Zebrafish DC2/4 Dopaminergic Neurons. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4141-4157. [PMID: 33731451 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2124-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish models are used increasingly to study the molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), owing to the extensive array of techniques available for their experimental manipulation and analysis. The ascending dopaminergic projection from the posterior tuberculum (TPp; diencephalic populations DC2 and DC4) to the subpallium is considered the zebrafish correlate of the mammalian nigrostriatal projection, but little is known about the neurophysiology of zebrafish DC2/4 neurons. This is an important knowledge gap, because autonomous activity in mammalian substantia nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons contributes to their vulnerability in PD models. Using a new transgenic zebrafish line to label living dopaminergic neurons, and a novel brain slice preparation, we conducted whole-cell patch clamp recordings of DC2/4 neurons from adult zebrafish of both sexes. Zebrafish DC2/4 neurons share many physiological properties with mammalian dopaminergic neurons, including the cell-autonomous generation of action potentials. However, in contrast to mammalian dopaminergic neurons, the pacemaker driving intrinsic rhythmic activity in zebrafish DC2/4 neurons does not involve calcium conductances, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, or sodium leak currents. Instead, voltage clamp recordings and computational models show that interactions between three components - a small, predominantly potassium, leak conductance, voltage-gated sodium channels, and voltage-gated potassium channels - are sufficient for pacemaker activity in zebrafish DC2/4 neurons. These results contribute to understanding the comparative physiology of the dopaminergic system and provide a conceptual basis for interpreting data derived from zebrafish PD models. The findings further suggest new experimental opportunities to address the role of dopaminergic pacemaker activity in the pathogenesis of PD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Posterior tuberculum (TPp) DC2/4 dopaminergic neurons are considered the zebrafish correlate of mammalian substantia nigra (SNc) neurons, whose degeneration causes the motor signs of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our study shows that DC2/4 and SNc neurons share a number of electrophysiological properties, including depolarized membrane potential, high input resistance, and continual, cell-autonomous pacemaker activity, that strengthen the basis for the increasing use of zebrafish models to study the molecular pathogenesis of PD. The mechanisms driving pacemaker activity differ between DC2/4 and SNc neurons, providing: (1) experimental opportunities to dissociate the contributions of intrinsic activity and underlying pacemaker currents to pathogenesis; and (2) essential information for the design and interpretation of studies using zebrafish PD models.
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164
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Ma L, Gholam Azad M, Dharmasivam M, Richardson V, Quinn RJ, Feng Y, Pountney DL, Tonissen KF, Mellick GD, Yanatori I, Richardson DR. Parkinson's disease: Alterations in iron and redox biology as a key to unlock therapeutic strategies. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101896. [PMID: 33799121 PMCID: PMC8044696 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of studies indicate that iron metabolism is dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The literature reveals well-documented alterations consistent with established dogma, but also intriguing paradoxical observations requiring mechanistic dissection. An important fact is the iron loading in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which are the cells primarily affected in PD. Assessment of these changes reveal increased expression of proteins critical for iron uptake, namely transferrin receptor 1 and the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and decreased expression of the iron exporter, ferroportin-1 (FPN1). Consistent with this is the activation of iron regulator protein (IRP) RNA-binding activity, which is an important regulator of iron homeostasis, with its activation indicating cytosolic iron deficiency. In fact, IRPs bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the 3ꞌ untranslated region (UTR) of certain mRNAs to stabilize their half-life, while binding to the 5ꞌ UTR prevents translation. Iron loading of dopaminergic neurons in PD may occur through these mechanisms, leading to increased neuronal iron and iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The "gold standard" histological marker of PD, Lewy bodies, are mainly composed of α-synuclein, the expression of which is markedly increased in PD. Of note, an atypical IRE exists in the α-synuclein 5ꞌ UTR that may explain its up-regulation by increased iron. This dysregulation could be impacted by the unique autonomous pacemaking of dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc that engages L-type Ca+2 channels, which imparts a bioenergetic energy deficit and mitochondrial redox stress. This dysfunction could then drive alterations in iron trafficking that attempt to rescue energy deficits such as the increased iron uptake to provide iron for key electron transport proteins. Considering the increased iron-loading in PD brains, therapies utilizing limited iron chelation have shown success. Greater therapeutic advancements should be possible once the exact molecular pathways of iron processing are dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Gholam Azad
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Dharmasivam
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Feng
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D L Pountney
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - K F Tonissen
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - G D Mellick
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Yanatori
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - D R Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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165
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Role of the nucleus accumbens in functional recovery from spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res 2021; 172:1-6. [PMID: 33895202 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Post brain damage depression impedes functional recovery. On the other hand, higher motivation facilitates functional recovery after damage to the central nervous system, but the neural mechanism of psychological effects on functional recovery is unclear. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a motivation center, has not been considered directly involved in motor function. Recently, it was demonstrated that the NAcc makes a direct contribution to motor performance after spinal cord injury by facilitating motor cortex activity. In this perspective, we first summarize our investigation of role of NAcc in motor control during the recovery course after spinal cord injury, followed by a discussion of the current knowledge regarding the relationship between the recovery and NAcc after neuronal damage.
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166
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Ferré S, Guitart X, Quiroz C, Rea W, García-Malo C, Garcia-Borreguero D, Allen RP, Earley CJ. Akathisia and Restless Legs Syndrome: Solving the Dopaminergic Paradox. Sleep Med Clin 2021; 16:249-267. [PMID: 33985651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Akathisia is an urgent need to move that is associated with treatment with dopamine receptor blocking agents (DRBAs) and with restless legs syndrome (RLS). The pathogenetic mechanism of akathisia has not been resolved. This article proposes that it involves an increased presynaptic dopaminergic transmission in the ventral striatum and concomitant strong activation of postsynaptic dopamine D1 receptors, which form complexes (heteromers) with dopamine D3 and adenosine A1 receptors. It also proposes that in DRBA-induced akathisia, increased dopamine release depends on inactivation of autoreceptors, whereas in RLS it depends on a brain iron deficiency-induced down-regulation of striatal presynaptic A1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Triad Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Xavier Guitart
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Triad Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - César Quiroz
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Triad Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - William Rea
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Triad Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Celia García-Malo
- Sleep Research Institute, Paseo de la Habana 151, Madrid 28036, Spain
| | | | - Richard P Allen
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Christopher J Earley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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167
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Abstract
Experiments have implicated dopamine in model-based reinforcement learning (RL). These findings are unexpected as dopamine is thought to encode a reward prediction error (RPE), which is the key teaching signal in model-free RL. Here we examine two possible accounts for dopamine's involvement in model-based RL: the first that dopamine neurons carry a prediction error used to update a type of predictive state representation called a successor representation, the second that two well established aspects of dopaminergic activity, RPEs and surprise signals, can together explain dopamine's involvement in model-based RL.
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168
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Cheng XT, Sheng ZH. Developmental regulation of microtubule-based trafficking and anchoring of axonal mitochondria in health and diseases. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:284-299. [PMID: 32302463 PMCID: PMC7572491 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular power plants that supply most of the ATP required in the brain to power neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Given their extremely polarized structures and extended long axons, neurons face an exceptional challenge to maintain energy homeostasis in distal axons, synapses, and growth cones. Anchored mitochondria serve as local energy sources; therefore, the regulation of mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring ensures that these metabolically active areas are adequately supplied with ATP. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark feature of major aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, and thus, anchored mitochondria in aging neurons need to be removed when they become dysfunctional. Investigations into the regulation of microtubule (MT)-based trafficking and anchoring of axonal mitochondria under physiological and pathological circumstances represent an important emerging area. In this short review article, we provide an updated overview of recent in vitro and in vivo studies showing (1) how mitochondria are transported and positioned in axons and synapses during neuronal developmental and maturation stages, and (2) how altered mitochondrial motility and axonal energy deficits in aging nervous systems link to neurodegeneration and regeneration in a disease or injury setting. We also highlight a major role of syntaphilin as a key MT-based regulator of axonal mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring in mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3706, USA
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169
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Lerner TN, Holloway AL, Seiler JL. Dopamine, Updated: Reward Prediction Error and Beyond. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 67:123-130. [PMID: 33197709 PMCID: PMC8116345 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons have been intensely studied for their roles in reinforcement learning. A dominant theory of how these neurons contribute to learning is through the encoding of a reward prediction error (RPE) signal. Recent advances in dopamine research have added nuance to RPE theory by incorporating the ideas of sensory prediction error, distributional encoding, and belief states. Further nuance is likely to be added shortly by convergent lines of research on dopamine neuron diversity. Finally, a major challenge is to reconcile RPE theory with other current theories of dopamine function to account for dopamine's role in movement, motivation, and goal-directed planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia N Lerner
- Feinberg School of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ashley L Holloway
- Feinberg School of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jillian L Seiler
- Feinberg School of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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170
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LRRK2 at the Crossroad of Aging and Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040505. [PMID: 33805527 PMCID: PMC8066012 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the widespread occurrence of proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. The etiology of PD is still far from clear, but aging has been considered as the highest risk factor influencing the clinical presentations and the progression of PD. Accumulating evidence suggests that aging and PD induce common changes in multiple cellular functions, including redox imbalance, mitochondria dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis. Age-dependent deteriorations in cellular dysfunction may predispose individuals to PD, and cellular damages caused by genetic and/or environmental risk factors of PD may be exaggerated by aging. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant PD and comprise the most common genetic causes of both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2-linked PD patients show clinical and pathological features indistinguishable from idiopathic PD patients. Here, we review cellular dysfunctions shared by aging and PD-associated LRRK2 mutations and discuss how the interplay between the two might play a role in PD pathologies.
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171
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Roberts BM, Lopes EF, Cragg SJ. Axonal Modulation of Striatal Dopamine Release by Local γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Signalling. Cells 2021; 10:709. [PMID: 33806845 PMCID: PMC8004767 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal dopamine (DA) release is critical for motivated actions and reinforcement learning, and is locally influenced at the level of DA axons by other striatal neurotransmitters. Here, we review a wealth of historical and more recently refined evidence indicating that DA output is inhibited by striatal γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting via GABAA and GABAB receptors. We review evidence supporting the localisation of GABAA and GABAB receptors to DA axons, as well as the identity of the striatal sources of GABA that likely contribute to GABAergic modulation of DA release. We discuss emerging data outlining the mechanisms through which GABAA and GABAB receptors inhibit the amplitude as well as modulate the short-term plasticity of DA release. Furthermore, we highlight recent data showing that DA release is governed by plasma membrane GABA uptake transporters on striatal astrocytes, which determine ambient striatal GABA tone and, by extension, the tonic inhibition of DA release. Finally, we discuss how the regulation of striatal GABA-DA interactions represents an axis for dysfunction in psychomotor disorders associated with dysregulated DA signalling, including Parkinson's disease, and could be a novel therapeutic target for drugs to modify striatal DA output.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie J. Cragg
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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172
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De Deurwaerdère P, Chagraoui A, Di Giovanni G. Serotonin/dopamine interaction: Electrophysiological and neurochemical evidence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:161-264. [PMID: 33785130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in the adaptive properties of living animals to their environment. These are two modulatory, divergent systems shaping and regulating in a widespread manner the activity of neurobiological networks and their interaction. The concept of one interaction linking these two systems is rather elusive when looking at the mechanisms triggered by these two systems across the CNS. The great variety of their interacting mechanisms is in part due to the diversity of their neuronal origin, the density of their fibers in a given CNS region, the distinct expression of their numerous receptors in the CNS, the heterogeneity of their intracellular signaling pathway that depend on the cellular type expressing their receptors, and the state of activity of neurobiological networks, conditioning the outcome of their mutual influences. Thus, originally conceptualized as inhibition of 5-HT on DA neuron activity and DA neurotransmission, this interaction is nowadays considered as a multifaceted, mutual influence of these two systems in the regulation of CNS functions. These new ways of understanding this interaction are of utmost importance to envision the consequences of their dysfunctions underlined in several CNS diseases. It is also essential to conceive the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs directly acting on their function including antipsychotic, antidepressant, antiparkinsonian, and drug of abuse together with the development of therapeutic strategies of Alzheimer's diseases, epilepsy, obsessional compulsive disorders. The 5-HT/DA interaction has a long history from the serendipitous discovery of antidepressants and antipsychotics to the future, rationalized treatments of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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173
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Dynamic control of the dopamine transporter in neurotransmission and homeostasis. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:22. [PMID: 33674612 PMCID: PMC7935902 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) transports extracellular dopamine into the intracellular space contributing to the regulation of dopamine neurotransmission. A reduction of DAT density is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) by neuroimaging; dopamine turnover is dopamine turnover is elevated in early symptomatic PD and in presymptomatic individuals with monogenic mutations causal for parkinsonism. As an integral plasma membrane protein, DAT surface expression is dynamically regulated through endocytic trafficking, enabling flexible control of dopamine signaling in time and space, which in turn critically modulates movement, motivation and learning behavior. Yet the cellular machinery and functional implications of DAT trafficking remain enigmatic. In this review we summarize mechanisms governing DAT trafficking under normal physiological conditions and discuss how PD-linked mutations may disturb DAT homeostasis. We highlight the complexity of DAT trafficking and reveal DAT dysregulation as a common theme in genetic models of parkinsonism.
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174
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Gcwensa NZ, Russell DL, Cowell RM, Volpicelli-Daley LA. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Synaptic and Axon Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:626128. [PMID: 33737866 PMCID: PMC7960781 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.626128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that impairs movement as well as causing multiple other symptoms such as autonomic dysfunction, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, hyposmia, and cognitive changes. Loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and loss of dopamine terminals in the striatum contribute to characteristic motor features. Although therapies ease the symptoms of PD, there are no treatments to slow its progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that synaptic impairments and axonal degeneration precede neuronal cell body loss. Early synaptic changes may be a target to prevent disease onset and slow progression. Imaging of PD patients with radioligands, post-mortem pathologic studies in sporadic PD patients, and animal models of PD demonstrate abnormalities in presynaptic terminals as well as postsynaptic dendritic spines. Dopaminergic and excitatory synapses are substantially reduced in PD, and whether other neuronal subtypes show synaptic defects remains relatively unexplored. Genetic studies implicate several genes that play a role at the synapse, providing additional support for synaptic dysfunction in PD. In this review article we: (1) provide evidence for synaptic defects occurring in PD before neuron death; (2) describe the main genes implicated in PD that could contribute to synapse dysfunction; and (3) show correlations between the expression of Snca mRNA and mouse homologs of PD GWAS genes demonstrating selective enrichment of Snca and synaptic genes in dopaminergic, excitatory and cholinergic neurons. Altogether, these findings highlight the need for novel therapeutics targeting the synapse and suggest that future studies should explore the roles for PD-implicated genes across multiple neuron types and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwazi Z Gcwensa
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Drèson L Russell
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rita M Cowell
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Laura A Volpicelli-Daley
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
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175
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Lee BE, Kim HY, Kim HJ, Jeong H, Kim BG, Lee HE, Lee J, Kim HB, Lee SE, Yang YR, Yi EC, Hanover JA, Myung K, Suh PG, Kwon T, Kim JI. O-GlcNAcylation regulates dopamine neuron function, survival and degeneration in Parkinson disease. Brain 2021; 143:3699-3716. [PMID: 33300544 PMCID: PMC7805798 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine system in the midbrain is essential for volitional movement, action selection, and reward-related learning. Despite its versatile roles, it contains only a small set of neurons in the brainstem. These dopamine neurons are especially susceptible to Parkinson’s disease and prematurely degenerate in the course of disease progression, while the discovery of new therapeutic interventions has been disappointingly unsuccessful. Here, we show that O-GlcNAcylation, an essential post-translational modification in various types of cells, is critical for the physiological function and survival of dopamine neurons. Bidirectional modulation of O-GlcNAcylation importantly regulates dopamine neurons at the molecular, synaptic, cellular, and behavioural levels. Remarkably, genetic and pharmacological upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation mitigates neurodegeneration, synaptic impairments, and motor deficits in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. These findings provide insights into the functional importance of O-GlcNAcylation in the dopamine system, which may be utilized to protect dopamine neurons against Parkinson’s disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Eun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongsun Jeong
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Byeol Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene C Yi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - John A Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney (NIDDK), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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176
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Corti S, Bonjean R, Legier T, Rattier D, Melon C, Salin P, Toso EA, Kyba M, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Maina F, Dono R. Enhanced differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells toward the midbrain dopaminergic neuron lineage through GLYPICAN-4 downregulation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:725-742. [PMID: 33528918 PMCID: PMC8046045 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the differentiation potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) into disease‐relevant cell types is instrumental for their widespread application in medicine. Here, we show that hiPSCs downregulated for the signaling modulator GLYPICAN‐4 (GPC4) acquire a new biological state characterized by increased hiPSC differentiation capabilities toward ventral midbrain dopaminergic (VMDA) neuron progenitors. This biological trait emerges both in vitro, upon exposing cells to VMDA neuronal differentiation signals, and in vivo, even when transplanting hiPSCs at the extreme conditions of floor‐plate stage in rat brains. Moreover, it is compatible with the overall neuronal maturation process toward acquisition of substantia nigra neuron identity. HiPSCs with downregulated GPC4 also retain self‐renewal and pluripotency in stemness conditions, in vitro, while losing tumorigenesis in vivo as assessed by flank xenografts. In conclusion, our results highlight GPC4 downregulation as a powerful approach to enhance generation of VMDA neurons. Outcomes may contribute to establish hiPSC lines suitable for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Corti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Remi Bonjean
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Legier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Diane Rattier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Melon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Salin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Erik A Toso
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lydia Kerkerian-Le Goff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Rosanna Dono
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
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177
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Fahr's syndrome due to hypoparathyroidism revisited: A case of parkinsonism and a review of all published cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 202:106514. [PMID: 33529967 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fahr's syndrome due to hypoparathyroidism refers to bilateral basal ganglia (BG) calcifications and manifests with movement disorders, seizures, cognitive and behavioral symptoms. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 74-year-old woman, who presented with parkinsonism due to post-surgical hypoparathyroidism and normal DaT scan, despite extensive calcifications of the BG, periventricular white matter, and cerebellum. METHODS A comprehensive literature review of all reported cases of Fahr's syndrome due to hypoparathyroidism was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Web of science. Moreover, demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients overall were calculated and associated with radiological findings. RESULTS We reviewed a total of 223 cases with Fahr's syndrome due to hypoparathyroidism (124 female, 99 male). Mean age on presentation was 44.6 ± 17.7 years. Thirty nine percent of patients had idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, 35.4 % acquired and 25.6 % pseudohypoparathyroidism. Almost half of the patients had tetany, seizures or a movement disorder and approximately 40 % neuropsychiatric symptoms. The patients with a movement disorder had a 2.23 likelihood of having neuropsychiatric symptoms as well (OR 2.23, 95 % CI 1.29-3.87). Moreover, there was a statistically significant association between the phenotype severity (i.e. the presence of more than one symptom) and the extent of brain calcifications (χ2 = 32.383, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Fahr's syndrome is a rare disorder, which nonetheless manifests with several neurological symptoms. A head CT should be considered for patients with hypoparathyroidism and neurological symptoms. More studies using DaT scan are needed to elucidate the effects of calcifications on the dopaminergic function of the BG.
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178
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Bagalkot TR, Block ER, Bucchin K, Balcita-Pedicino JJ, Calderon M, Sesack SR, Sorkin A. Dopamine Transporter Localization in Medial Forebrain Bundle Axons Indicates Its Long-Range Transport Primarily by Membrane Diffusion with a Limited Contribution of Vesicular Traffic on Retromer-Positive Compartments. J Neurosci 2021; 41:234-250. [PMID: 33234607 PMCID: PMC7810657 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0744-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine transporter (DAT) controls dopamine neurotransmission by clearing synaptically released dopamine. However, trafficking itineraries of DAT, which determine its cell-surface concentration near synapses, are poorly characterized. It is especially unknown how DAT is transported between spatially distant midbrain somatodendritic and striatal axonal compartments. To examine this "long-range" trafficking, the localization and membrane diffusion of HA-epitope tagged DAT in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of a knock-in mouse (both sexes) were analyzed using confocal, super-resolution and EM in intact brain and acute brain slices. HA-DAT was abundant in the plasma membrane of MFB axons, similar to the striatum, although the intracellular fraction of HA-DAT in MFB was more substantial. Intracellular HA-DAT colocalized with VPS35, a subunit of the retromer complex mediating recycling from endosomes, in a subset of axons. Late endosomes, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum were abundant in the soma but minimally present in MFB axons, suggesting that biosynthesis and lysosomal degradation of DAT are confined to soma. Together, the data suggest that membrane diffusion is the main mode of long-range DAT transport through MFB, although the contribution of vesicular traffic can be significant in a population of MFB axons. Based on HA-DAT diffusion rates, plasma membrane DAT in MFB axons turns over with a halftime of ∼20 d, which explains the extremely slow turnover of DAT protein in the brain. Unexpectedly, the mean diameter of DAT-labeled MFB axons was observed to be twice larger than reported for striatum. The implications of this finding for dopamine neuron physiology are discussed.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a key regulator of dopamine neurotransmission and a target of abused psychostimulants. In the present study, we examined, for the first time, mechanisms of the long-range traffic of DAT in intact brain and acute brain slices from the knock-in mouse expressing epitope-tagged DAT. Using a combination of confocal, super-resolution and EM, we defined DAT localization and its membrane diffusion parameters in medial forebrain bundle axonal tracts connecting midbrain somatodendritic and striatal axonal compartments of dopaminergic neurons. In contrast to the widely accepted model of long-range axonal transport, our studies suggest that DAT traffics between midbrain and striatum, mainly by lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane with only a limited contribution of vesicular transport in recycling endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique R Bagalkot
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Ethan R Block
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Kristen Bucchin
- Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Judith Joyce Balcita-Pedicino
- Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Michael Calderon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Susan R Sesack
- Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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179
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Siju KP, De Backer JF, Grunwald Kadow IC. Dopamine modulation of sensory processing and adaptive behavior in flies. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:207-225. [PMID: 33515291 PMCID: PMC7873103 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral flexibility for appropriate action selection is an advantage when animals are faced with decisions that will determine their survival or death. In order to arrive at the right decision, animals evaluate information from their external environment, internal state, and past experiences. How these different signals are integrated and modulated in the brain, and how context- and state-dependent behavioral decisions are controlled are poorly understood questions. Studying the molecules that help convey and integrate such information in neural circuits is an important way to approach these questions. Many years of work in different model organisms have shown that dopamine is a critical neuromodulator for (reward based) associative learning. However, recent findings in vertebrates and invertebrates have demonstrated the complexity and heterogeneity of dopaminergic neuron populations and their functional implications in many adaptive behaviors important for survival. For example, dopaminergic neurons can integrate external sensory information, internal and behavioral states, and learned experience in the decision making circuitry. Several recent advances in methodologies and the availability of a synaptic level connectome of the whole-brain circuitry of Drosophila melanogaster make the fly an attractive system to study the roles of dopamine in decision making and state-dependent behavior. In particular, a learning and memory center-the mushroom body-is richly innervated by dopaminergic neurons that enable it to integrate multi-modal information according to state and context, and to modulate decision-making and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Siju
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jean-Francois De Backer
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ilona C. Grunwald Kadow
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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180
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Minakaki G, Krainc D, Burbulla LF. The Convergence of Alpha-Synuclein, Mitochondrial, and Lysosomal Pathways in Vulnerability of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580634. [PMID: 33381501 PMCID: PMC7767856 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.580634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and gait impairment, as well as a spectrum of non-motor symptoms including autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. The cardinal motor symptoms of PD stem from the loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, and it remains unclear why SN DAergic neurons are preferentially lost in PD. However, recent identification of several genetic PD forms suggests that mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions play important roles in the degeneration of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In this review, we discuss the interplay of cell-autonomous mechanisms linked to DAergic neuron vulnerability and alpha-synuclein homeostasis. Emerging studies highlight a deleterious feedback cycle, with oxidative stress, altered DA metabolism, dysfunctional lysosomes, and pathological alpha-synuclein species representing key events in the pathogenesis of PD. We also discuss the interactions of alpha-synuclein with toxic DA metabolites, as well as the biochemical links between intracellular iron, calcium, and alpha-synuclein accumulation. We suggest that targeting multiple pathways, rather than individual processes, will be important for developing disease-modifying therapies. In this context, we focus on current translational efforts specifically targeting lysosomal function, as well as oxidative stress via calcium and iron modulation. These efforts could have therapeutic benefits for the broader population of sporadic PD and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Minakaki
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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181
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In vivo cell tracking with viral vector mediated genetic labeling. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 350:109021. [PMID: 33316318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell tracking is a useful technique to monitor specific cell populations for their morphology, development, proliferation, migration, interaction, function, and other properties, both in vitro and in vivo. Using different materials and methodologies to label the target cells directly or indirectly, the dynamic biological processes in living organisms can be visualized with appropriate detection techniques. Viruses, with the unique ability to deliver exogenous genes into host cells, have been used as vectors to mediate gene transfer. Genetic labeling of target cells by viral vectors endows the cells to express reporter genes with high efficiency and specificity. In conjunction with corresponding imaging techniques, cells labeled with different genetic reporters mediated by different viral vectors can be monitored across spatial and temporal scales to fulfill various purposes and address different questions. In the present review, we introduce the basic principle of viral vectors in cell tracking and highlight the examples of cell tracking in various research areas.
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182
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Bono F, Mutti V, Devoto P, Bolognin S, Schwamborn JC, Missale C, Fiorentini C. Impaired dopamine D3 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor membrane localization in iPSCs-derived dopaminergic neurons from two Parkinson's disease patients carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 99:65-78. [PMID: 33422895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic determinants of Parkinson's disease (PD), with the G2019S accounting for about 3% of PD cases. LRRK2 regulates various cellular processes, including vesicle trafficking that is crucial for receptor localization at the plasma membrane. In this study, induced pluripotent stem cells derived from 2 PD patients bearing the G2019S LRRK2 kinase activating mutation were used to generate neuronal cultures enriched in dopaminergic neurons. The results show that mutant LRRK2 prevents the membrane localization of both the dopamine D3 receptors (D3R) and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and the formation of the D3R-nAChR heteromer, a molecular unit crucial for promoting neuronal homeostasis and preserving dopaminergic neuron health. Interestingly, D3R and nAChR as well as the corresponding heteromer membrane localization were rescued by inhibiting the abnormally increased kinase activity. Thus, the altered membrane localization of the D3R-nAChR heteromer associated with mutation in LRRK2 might represent a pre-degenerative feature of dopaminergic neurons contributing to the special vulnerability of this neuronal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bono
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Veronica Mutti
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Devoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Bolognin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Cristina Missale
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; "C. Golgi" Women Health Center, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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183
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Lowet AS, Zheng Q, Matias S, Drugowitsch J, Uchida N. Distributional Reinforcement Learning in the Brain. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:980-997. [PMID: 33092893 PMCID: PMC8073212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Learning about rewards and punishments is critical for survival. Classical studies have demonstrated an impressive correspondence between the firing of dopamine neurons in the mammalian midbrain and the reward prediction errors of reinforcement learning algorithms, which express the difference between actual reward and predicted mean reward. However, it may be advantageous to learn not only the mean but also the complete distribution of potential rewards. Recent advances in machine learning have revealed a biologically plausible set of algorithms for reconstructing this reward distribution from experience. Here, we review the mathematical foundations of these algorithms as well as initial evidence for their neurobiological implementation. We conclude by highlighting outstanding questions regarding the circuit computation and behavioral readout of these distributional codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Lowet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Qiao Zheng
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara Matias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jan Drugowitsch
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Naoshige Uchida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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184
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Canty AJ, Jackson JS, Huang L, Trabalza A, Bass C, Little G, Tortora M, Khan S, De Paola V. In vivo imaging of injured cortical axons reveals a rapid onset form of Wallerian degeneration. BMC Biol 2020; 18:170. [PMID: 33208154 PMCID: PMC7677840 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the widespread occurrence of axon and synaptic loss in the injured and diseased nervous system, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these key degenerative processes remain incompletely understood. Wallerian degeneration (WD) is a tightly regulated form of axon loss after injury, which has been intensively studied in large myelinated fibre tracts of the spinal cord, optic nerve and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Fewer studies, however, have focused on WD in the complex neuronal circuits of the mammalian brain, and these were mainly based on conventional endpoint histological methods. Post-mortem analysis, however, cannot capture the exact sequence of events nor can it evaluate the influence of elaborated arborisation and synaptic architecture on the degeneration process, due to the non-synchronous and variable nature of WD across individual axons. Results To gain a comprehensive picture of the spatiotemporal dynamics and synaptic mechanisms of WD in the nervous system, we identify the factors that regulate WD within the mouse cerebral cortex. We combined single-axon-resolution multiphoton imaging with laser microsurgery through a cranial window and a fluorescent membrane reporter. Longitudinal imaging of > 150 individually injured excitatory cortical axons revealed a threshold length below which injured axons consistently underwent a rapid-onset form of WD (roWD). roWD started on average 20 times earlier and was executed 3 times slower than WD described in other regions of the nervous system. Cortical axon WD and roWD were dependent on synaptic density, but independent of axon complexity. Finally, pharmacological and genetic manipulations showed that a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent pathway could delay cortical roWD independent of transcription in the damaged neurons, demonstrating further conservation of the molecular mechanisms controlling WD in different areas of the mammalian nervous system. Conclusions Our data illustrate how in vivo time-lapse imaging can provide new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics and synaptic mechanisms of axon loss and assess therapeutic interventions in the injured mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jane Canty
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
| | - Johanna Sara Jackson
- Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lieven Huang
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antonio Trabalza
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Cher Bass
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Graham Little
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Tortora
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Shabana Khan
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Vincenzo De Paola
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK. .,Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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185
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Gordon-Fennell A, Gordon-Fennell L, Desaivre S, Marinelli M. The Lateral Preoptic Area and Its Projection to the VTA Regulate VTA Activity and Drive Complex Reward Behaviors. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:581830. [PMID: 33224029 PMCID: PMC7669548 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.581830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) underlies motivation and reinforcement of natural rewards. The lateral preoptic area (LPO) is an anterior hypothalamic brain region that sends direct projections to the VTA and to other brain structures known to regulate VTA activity. Here, we investigated the functional connection between the LPO and subpopulations of VTA neurons and explored the reinforcing and valence qualities of the LPO in rats. We found that the LPO and the LPO→VTA pathway inhibit the activity of VTA GABA neurons and have mixed effects on VTA dopamine neurons. Furthermore, we found that the LPO supports operant responding but drives avoidance, and we explored the apparent discrepancy between these two results. Finally, using fiber photometry, we show that the LPO signals aversive events but not rewarding events. Together, our findings demonstrate that the LPO modulates the activity of the VTA and drives motivated behavior and represents an overlooked modulator of reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gordon-Fennell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lydia Gordon-Fennell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Stève Desaivre
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Michela Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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186
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Wiencke K, Horstmann A, Mathar D, Villringer A, Neumann J. Dopamine release, diffusion and uptake: A computational model for synaptic and volume transmission. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008410. [PMID: 33253315 PMCID: PMC7728201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational modeling of dopamine transmission is challenged by complex underlying mechanisms. Here we present a new computational model that (I) simultaneously regards release, diffusion and uptake of dopamine, (II) considers multiple terminal release events and (III) comprises both synaptic and volume transmission by incorporating the geometry of the synaptic cleft. We were able to validate our model in that it simulates concentration values comparable to physiological values observed in empirical studies. Further, although synaptic dopamine diffuses into extra-synaptic space, our model reflects a very localized signal occurring on the synaptic level, i.e. synaptic dopamine release is negligibly recognized by neighboring synapses. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that cognitive performance can be predicted by signal variability of neuroimaging data (e.g. BOLD). Signal variability in target areas of dopaminergic neurons (striatum, cortex) may arise from dopamine concentration variability. On that account we compared spatio-temporal variability in a simulation mimicking normal dopamine transmission in striatum to scenarios of enhanced dopamine release and dopamine uptake inhibition. We found different variability characteristics between the three settings, which may in part account for differences in empirical observations. From a clinical perspective, differences in striatal dopaminergic signaling contribute to differential learning and reward processing, with relevant implications for addictive- and compulsive-like behavior. Specifically, dopaminergic tone is assumed to impact on phasic dopamine and hence on the integration of reward-related signals. However, in humans DA tone is classically assessed using PET, which is an indirect measure of endogenous DA availability and suffers from temporal and spatial resolution issues. We discuss how this can lead to discrepancies with observations from other methods such as microdialysis and show how computational modeling can help to refine our understanding of DA transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Wiencke
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki
| | - David Mathar
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
- Mind & Brain Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane Neumann
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
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187
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Labouesse MA, Cola RB, Patriarchi T. GPCR-Based Dopamine Sensors-A Detailed Guide to Inform Sensor Choice for In vivo Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8048. [PMID: 33126757 PMCID: PMC7672611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how dopamine (DA) encodes behavior depends on technologies that can reliably monitor DA release in freely-behaving animals. Recently, red and green genetically encoded sensors for DA (dLight, GRAB-DA) were developed and now provide the ability to track release dynamics at a subsecond resolution, with submicromolar affinity and high molecular specificity. Combined with rapid developments in in vivo imaging, these sensors have the potential to transform the field of DA sensing and DA-based drug discovery. When implementing these tools in the laboratory, it is important to consider there is not a 'one-size-fits-all' sensor. Sensor properties, most importantly their affinity and dynamic range, must be carefully chosen to match local DA levels. Molecular specificity, sensor kinetics, spectral properties, brightness, sensor scaffold and pharmacology can further influence sensor choice depending on the experimental question. In this review, we use DA as an example; we briefly summarize old and new techniques to monitor DA release, including DA biosensors. We then outline a map of DA heterogeneity across the brain and provide a guide for optimal sensor choice and implementation based on local DA levels and other experimental parameters. Altogether this review should act as a tool to guide DA sensor choice for end-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. Labouesse
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Reto B. Cola
- Anatomy and Program in Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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188
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Roberts BM, Doig NM, Brimblecombe KR, Lopes EF, Siddorn RE, Threlfell S, Connor-Robson N, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Pasternack N, Wade-Martins R, Magill PJ, Cragg SJ. GABA uptake transporters support dopamine release in dorsal striatum with maladaptive downregulation in a parkinsonism model. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4958. [PMID: 33009395 PMCID: PMC7532441 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal dopamine (DA) is critical for action and learning. Recent data show that DA release is under tonic inhibition by striatal GABA. Ambient striatal GABA tone on striatal projection neurons can be determined by plasma membrane GABA uptake transporters (GATs) located on astrocytes and neurons. However, whether striatal GATs and astrocytes determine DA output are unknown. We reveal that DA release in mouse dorsolateral striatum, but not nucleus accumbens core, is governed by GAT-1 and GAT-3. These GATs are partly localized to astrocytes, and are enriched in dorsolateral striatum compared to accumbens core. In a mouse model of early parkinsonism, GATs are downregulated, tonic GABAergic inhibition of DA release augmented, and nigrostriatal GABA co-release attenuated. These data define previously unappreciated and important roles for GATs and astrocytes in supporting DA release in striatum, and reveal a maladaptive plasticity in early parkinsonism that impairs DA output in vulnerable striatal regions. GABA transporters expressed in the striatum may affect behaviour. Here the authors investigate the contribution of GABA transporters on astrocytes to the regulation of dopamine release in the striatum, and show decreased expression of GAT-1 and GAT-3 in a mouse model of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Roberts
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK. .,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
| | - Natalie M Doig
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Katherine R Brimblecombe
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Emanuel F Lopes
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Ruth E Siddorn
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Sarah Threlfell
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Nicholas Pasternack
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Peter J Magill
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK. .,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
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189
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Airavaara M, Parkkinen I, Konovalova J, Albert K, Chmielarz P, Domanskyi A. Back and to the Future: From Neurotoxin-Induced to Human Parkinson's Disease Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 91:e88. [PMID: 32049438 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremor, slowness of movement, rigidity, and postural instability, as well as non-motor features like sleep disturbances, loss of ability to smell, depression, constipation, and pain. Motor symptoms are caused by depletion of dopamine in the striatum due to the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Approximately 10% of PD cases are familial arising from genetic mutations in α-synuclein, LRRK2, DJ-1, PINK1, parkin, and several other proteins. The majority of PD cases are, however, idiopathic, i.e., having no clear etiology. PD is characterized by progressive accumulation of insoluble inclusions, known as Lewy bodies, mostly composed of α-synuclein and membrane components. The cause of PD is currently attributed to cellular proteostasis deregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are likely interdependent. In addition, neuroinflammation is present in brains of PD patients, but whether it is the cause or consequence of neurodegeneration remains to be studied. Rodents do not develop PD or PD-like motor symptoms spontaneously; however, neurotoxins, genetic mutations, viral vector-mediated transgene expression and, recently, injections of misfolded α-synuclein have been successfully utilized to model certain aspects of the disease. Here, we critically review the advantages and drawbacks of rodent PD models and discuss approaches to advance pre-clinical PD research towards successful disease-modifying therapy. © 2020 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Airavaara
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilmari Parkkinen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Konovalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrina Albert
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Chmielarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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190
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Feng J. Modeling the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease in patient-specific neurons. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:298-304. [PMID: 32972199 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220961788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 30 trillion cells that self-assemble into a human being originate from the pluripotent stem cells in the inner cell mass of a human blastocyst. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) makes it possible to approximate various aspects of this natural developmental process artificially by generating materials that can be used in invasive mechanistic studies of virtually all human conditions. In Parkinson's disease, instructions computed by the basal ganglia to control voluntary motor functions break down, leading to widespread rhythmic bursting activities in the basal ganglia and beyond. It is thought that these oscillatory neuronal activities, which disrupt aperiodic neurotransmission in a normal brain, may reduce information content in the instructions for motor control. Using midbrain neuronal cultures differentiated from iPSCs of Parkinson's disease patients with parkin mutations, we find that parkin mutations cause oscillatory neuronal activities when dopamine D1-class receptors are activated. This system makes it possible to study the molecular basis of rhythmic bursting activities in Parkinson's disease. Further development of stem cell models of Parkinson's disease will enable better approximation of the situation in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients. In this review, I will discuss what has been found in the past about the pathophysiology of motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, especially oscillatory neuronal activities and how stem cell technologies may transform our abilities to understand the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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191
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Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Calcium, Bioenergetics, and Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092045. [PMID: 32911641 PMCID: PMC7564460 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is responsible for the core motor deficits of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These neurons are autonomous pacemakers that have large cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations that have been linked to basal mitochondrial oxidant stress and turnover. This review explores the origin of Ca2+ oscillations and their role in the control of mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and mitochondrial oxidant stress.
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192
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Chung D, Shum A, Caraveo G. GAP-43 and BASP1 in Axon Regeneration: Implications for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:567537. [PMID: 33015061 PMCID: PMC7494789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.567537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and brain acid-soluble protein 1 (BASP1) regulate actin dynamics and presynaptic vesicle cycling at axon terminals, thereby facilitating axonal growth, regeneration, and plasticity. These functions highly depend on changes in GAP-43 and BASP1 expression levels and post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. Interestingly, examinations of GAP-43 and BASP1 in neurodegenerative diseases reveal alterations in their expression and phosphorylation profiles. This review provides an overview of the structural properties, regulations, and functions of GAP-43 and BASP1, highlighting their involvement in neural injury response and regeneration. By discussing GAP-43 and BASP1 in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, we also explore the therapeutic potential of modulating their activities to compensate for neuron loss in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daayun Chung
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Shum
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gabriela Caraveo
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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193
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Kramer PF, Twedell EL, Shin JH, Zhang R, Khaliq ZM. Axonal mechanisms mediating γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABA-A) inhibition of striatal dopamine release. eLife 2020; 9:e55729. [PMID: 32870779 PMCID: PMC7462615 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons of dopaminergic neurons innervate the striatum where they contribute to movement and reinforcement learning. Past work has shown that striatal GABA tonically inhibits dopamine release, but whether GABA-A receptors directly modulate transmission or act indirectly through circuit elements is unresolved. Here, we use whole-cell and perforated-patch recordings to test for GABA-A receptors on the main dopaminergic neuron axons and branching processes within the striatum of adult mice. Application of GABA depolarized axons, but also decreased the amplitude of axonal spikes, limited propagation and reduced striatal dopamine release. The mechanism of inhibition involved sodium channel inactivation and shunting. Lastly, we show the positive allosteric modulator diazepam enhanced GABA-A currents on dopaminergic axons and directly inhibited release, but also likely acts by reducing excitation from cholinergic interneurons. Thus, we reveal the mechanisms of GABA-A receptor modulation of dopamine release and provide new insights into the actions of benzodiazepines within the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Kramer
- Cellular Neurophysiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Emily L Twedell
- Cellular Neurophysiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jung Hoon Shin
- Laboratory on Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Renshu Zhang
- Cellular Neurophysiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Zayd M Khaliq
- Cellular Neurophysiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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194
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Prefrontal Cortex-Driven Dopamine Signals in the Striatum Show Unique Spatial and Pharmacological Properties. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7510-7522. [PMID: 32859717 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1327-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) signals in the striatum are critical for a variety of vital processes, including motivation, motor learning, and reinforcement learning. Striatal DA signals can be evoked by direct activation of inputs from midbrain DA neurons (DANs) as well as cortical and thalamic inputs to the striatum. In this study, we show that in vivo optogenetic stimulation of prelimbic (PrL) and infralimbic (IL) cortical afferents to the striatum triggers an increase in extracellular DA concentration, which coincides with elevation of striatal acetylcholine (ACh) levels. This increase is blocked by a nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) antagonist. Using single or dual optogenetic stimulation in brain slices from male and female mice, we compared the properties of these PrL/IL-evoked DA signals with those evoked by stimulation from midbrain DAN axonal projections. PrL/IL-evoked DA signals are undistinguishable from DAN evoked DA signals in their amplitudes and electrochemical properties. However, PrL/IL-evoked DA signals are spatially restricted and preferentially recorded in the dorsomedial striatum. PrL/IL-evoked DA signals also differ in their pharmacological properties, requiring activation of glutamate and nicotinic ACh receptors. Thus, both in vivo and in vitro results indicate that cortical evoked DA signals rely on recruitment of cholinergic interneurons, which renders DA signals less able to summate during trains of stimulation and more sensitive to both cholinergic drugs and temperature. In conclusion, cortical and midbrain inputs to the striatum evoke DA signals with unique spatial and pharmacological properties that likely shape their functional roles and behavioral relevance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dopamine signals in the striatum play a critical role in basal ganglia function, such as reinforcement and motor learning. Different afferents to the striatum can trigger dopamine signals, but their release properties are not well understood. Further, these input-specific dopamine signals have only been studied in separate animals. Here we show that optogenetic stimulation of cortical glutamatergic afferents to the striatum triggers dopamine signals both in vivo and in vitro These afferents engage cholinergic interneurons, which drive dopamine release from dopamine neuron axons by activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We also show that cortically evoked dopamine signals have other unique properties, including spatial restriction and sensitivity to temperature changes than dopamine signals evoked by stimulation of midbrain dopamine neuron axons.
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195
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The Role of Alpha-Synuclein and Other Parkinson's Genes in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165724. [PMID: 32785033 PMCID: PMC7460874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental and late-onset neurodegenerative disorders present as separate entities that are clinically and neuropathologically quite distinct. However, recent evidence has highlighted surprising commonalities and converging features at the clinical, genomic, and molecular level between these two disease spectra. This is particularly striking in the context of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetic causes and risk factors play a central role in disease pathophysiology and enable the identification of overlapping mechanisms and pathways. Here, we focus on clinico-genetic studies of causal variants and overlapping clinical and cellular features of ASD and PD. Several genes and genomic regions were selected for our review, including SNCA (alpha-synuclein), PARK2 (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase), chromosome 22q11 deletion/DiGeorge region, and FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) repeat expansion, which influence the development of both ASD and PD, with converging features related to synaptic function and neurogenesis. Both PD and ASD display alterations and impairments at the synaptic level, representing early and key disease phenotypes, which support the hypothesis of converging mechanisms between the two types of diseases. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms might inform on common targets and therapeutic approaches. We propose to re-conceptualize how we understand these disorders and provide a new angle into disease targets and mechanisms linking neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegeneration.
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196
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Chmielarz P, Saarma M. Neurotrophic factors for disease-modifying treatments of Parkinson's disease: gaps between basic science and clinical studies. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1195-1217. [PMID: 32700249 PMCID: PMC7550372 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Background Neurotrophic factors are endogenous proteins promoting the survival of different neural cells. Therefore, they elicited great interest as a possible treatment for neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s Disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, scientifically characterized more than 200 years ago and initially linked with motor abnormalities. Currently, the disease is viewed as a highly heterogeneous, progressive disorder with a long presymptomatic phase, and both motor and non-motor symptoms. Presently only symptomatic treatments for PD are available. Neurohistopathological changes of PD affected brains have been described more than 100 years ago and characterized by the presence of proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies and degeneration of dopamine neurons. Despite more than a century of investigations, it has remained unclear why dopamine neurons die in PD. Methods This review summarizes literature data from preclinical studies and clinical trials of neurotrophic factor based therapies for PD and discuss it from the perspective of the current understanding of PD biology. Results Newest data point towards dysfunctions of mitochondria, autophagy-lysosomal pathway, unfolded protein response and prion protein-like spreading of misfolded alpha-synuclein that is the major component of Lewy bodies. Yet, the exact chain of events leading to the demise of dopamine neurons is unclear and perhaps different in subpopulations of patients. Conclusions Gaps in our understanding of underlying disease etiology have hindered our attempts to find treatments able to slow down the progression of PD. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Chmielarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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197
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Bhaskar S, Gowda J, Prasanna J, Kumar A. Does altering proteasomal activity and trafficking reduce the arborization mediated specific vulnerability of SNpc dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson's disease? Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110062. [PMID: 32652429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a late-onset degenerative neuronal disorder and stands second among the neurological disorders with 1% of the total world population being affected. The disease originates majorly due to compromised function of the dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc), but not the ventral tegmental area (VTA) region of the midbrain. The differential susceptibility for degeneration is majorly attributed to morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological heterogeneity existing in DA neurons of SNpc and VTA. Long-range axonal arborization and a higher number of synapses in SNpc DA neurons make it more vulnerable compared to VTA DA neurons. Studies have shown that a decrease in such axonal arborization places DA neurons at decreased risk in PD. The two well established underlying mechanisms are a) As arborization is an energy-demanding process, increased redistribution of mitochondria to the axonal terminals occurs to satisfy the bioenergetic requirement b) The stabilization of axon-promoting factors at the axonal tip is an essential component for enhancing the arborization process. Interfering with any of these two processes would probably alleviate the degeneration of SNpc DA neurons. To accomplish the decreased stability of arborizing factors and thereby increase the resilience of SNpc DA neurons, we hypothesize the activation of anterograde transport-dependent recruitment of proteasomes to axon terminals as one of the most favorable approaches. Understanding this putative avenue of enhancing proteasomal activity and migration to the axonal tip could provide insight into the progression of neurodegeneration in PD and possibly offer a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Bhaskar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Allalsandra, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeevan Gowda
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Allalsandra, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyothi Prasanna
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Allalsandra, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Anujith Kumar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Allalsandra, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India.
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198
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Yun M, Kawai T, Nejime M, Yamada H, Matsumoto M. Signal dynamics of midbrain dopamine neurons during economic decision-making in monkeys. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/27/eaba4962. [PMID: 32937434 PMCID: PMC7458464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba4962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
When we make economic choices, the brain first evaluates available options and then decides whether to choose them. Midbrain dopamine neurons are known to reinforce economic choices through their signal evoked by outcomes after decisions are made. However, although critical internal processing is executed while decisions are being made, little is known about the role of dopamine neurons during this period. We found that dopamine neurons exhibited dynamically changing signals related to the internal processing while rhesus monkeys were making decisions. These neurons encoded the value of an option immediately after it was offered and then gradually changed their activity to represent the animal's upcoming choice. Similar dynamics were observed in the orbitofrontal cortex, a center for economic decision-making, but the value-to-choice signal transition was completed earlier in dopamine neurons. Our findings suggest that dopamine neurons are a key component of the neural network that makes choices from values during ongoing decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Yun
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawai
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nejime
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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199
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Brignani S, Raj DDA, Schmidt ERE, Düdükcü Ö, Adolfs Y, De Ruiter AA, Rybiczka-Tesulov M, Verhagen MG, van der Meer C, Broekhoven MH, Moreno-Bravo JA, Grossouw LM, Dumontier E, Cloutier JF, Chédotal A, Pasterkamp RJ. Remotely Produced and Axon-Derived Netrin-1 Instructs GABAergic Neuron Migration and Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra Development. Neuron 2020; 107:684-702.e9. [PMID: 32562661 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The midbrain dopamine (mDA) system is composed of molecularly and functionally distinct neuron subtypes that mediate specific behaviors and show select disease vulnerability, including in Parkinson's disease. Despite progress in identifying mDA neuron subtypes, how these neuronal subsets develop and organize into functional brain structures remains poorly understood. Here we generate and use an intersectional genetic platform, Pitx3-ITC, to dissect the mechanisms of substantia nigra (SN) development and implicate the guidance molecule Netrin-1 in the migration and positioning of mDA neuron subtypes in the SN. Unexpectedly, we show that Netrin-1, produced in the forebrain and provided to the midbrain through axon projections, instructs the migration of GABAergic neurons into the ventral SN. This migration is required to confine mDA neurons to the dorsal SN. These data demonstrate that neuron migration can be controlled by remotely produced and axon-derived secreted guidance cues, a principle that is likely to apply more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Brignani
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Divya D A Raj
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ewoud R E Schmidt
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Özge Düdükcü
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna A De Ruiter
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mateja Rybiczka-Tesulov
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke G Verhagen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christiaan van der Meer
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark H Broekhoven
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juan A Moreno-Bravo
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Laurens M Grossouw
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emilie Dumontier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Alain Chédotal
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Axon Degeneration: Which Method to Choose? Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32524468 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0585-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Axons are diverse. They have different lengths, different branching patterns, and different biological roles. Methods to study axon degeneration are also diverse. The result is a bewildering range of experimental systems in which to study mechanisms of axon degeneration, and it is difficult to extrapolate from one neuron type and one method to another. The purpose of this chapter is to help readers to do this and to choose the methods most appropriate for answering their particular research question.
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