2001
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Chen C, Zhang YB, Gui JF. Expression characterization, genomic structure and function analysis of fish ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18) genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:112-122. [PMID: 25981749 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, USP18 (ubiquitin-specific protease 18) is an interferon (IFN) inducible protein and plays a role in regulation of IFN response upon viral infection. In this study, we first cloned a USP18 homologous gene from virally-infected crucian carp (Carassius auratus) blastula embryonic (CAB) cells, and later found in other fish species including zebrafish. All fish USP18 genes have 10 exons and 9 introns comparable to 11 exons and 10 introns in non-fish vertebrates. Expression analysis revealed that fish USP18 was significantly induced in vitro and in vivo by IFN and IFN stimuli. Using promoter-driven luciferase reporter assay system to explore the molecular mechanism underlying fish USP18 expression, fish USP18 was identified as a typical interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG). Intracellular poly(I:C)-triggered zebrafish USP18 expression was regulated through RLR-IFN pathway, which was consistent with the fact that fish USP18 gene promoter contained two typical IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs). Further mutation assays revealed that the distant ISRE motif primarily contributed to the induction of zebrafish USP18 by fish IFN and IFN stimuli. Functionally, fish USP18 inhibited poly(I:C)- and IFN-triggered activation of a common ISRE-containing promoter, and attenuated transcriptional expression of some ISGs including Stat1 and PKZ by recombinant IFN. Finally, we found that fish USP18 protein was expressed in cytoplasm and exhibited an ability to interact with ISG15. These results indicate that fish USP18 likely exerts its function similar to mammalian homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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2002
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Interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) 60, as well as ISG56 and ISG54, positively regulates TLR3/IFN-β/STAT1 axis in U373MG human astrocytoma cells. Neurosci Res 2015; 105:35-41. [PMID: 26423178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cells with interferons (IFNs) induces the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), leading to the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISGs exert various antiviral and pro-inflammatory reactions. We have previously reported that ISG56 and ISG54 are induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), an authentic agonist for Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), in U373MG human astrocytoma cells. ISG56 and ISG54 are also named as IFN-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) 1 and IFIT2, respectively. In the present study, we demonstrated that poly IC induces the expression of ISG60, also named as IFIT3, in U373MG cells. RNA interference experiments showed that the induction of ISG60 by poly IC was mediated by TLR3, IFN-β, ISG56 and ISG54, whereas ISG60 is involved in poly IC-induced expression of ISG56, ISG54 and a chemokine CXCL10. The level of phosphorylated STAT1 was enhanced by poly IC, and it was inhibited by knockdown of ISG56, ISG54 or ISG60. These results suggest that there is a positive feedback loop between phosphorylated STAT1 and these ISGs.
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2003
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Sanchez C, Baier C, Colle JG, Chelbi R, Rihet P, Le Treut T, Imbert J, Sébahoun G, Venton G, Costello RT. Natural killer cells in patients with polycythemia vera. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:644-50. [PMID: 26407910 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK) are pivotal cells of innate immunity. They are potent antileukemic cytotoxic effectors. A defect in their cytotoxicity has been described in some hematopoietic malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndromes. This defect is at least partially linked to a decreased or absent expression of some activating NK cells molecules, more particularly the so-called natural cytotoxicity receptors. In the present study, we more particularly focused our attention on NK cells of polycythemia vera, a myeloproliferative disease characterized by the presence of mutated JAK2 tyrosine kinase. The polymerase chain reaction analysis of NK cells from patients showed that they expressed the mutated form of JAK2. In polycythemia vera the proportion of NK was increased compared to healthy donors. The proliferative and cytotoxic abilities of NK cells from patients were similar to healthy donors. Expression of activating or inhibitory receptors was comparable in patients and donors, with nonetheless an imbalance for the inhibitory form of the CD158a,h couple of receptors in patients. Finally, the transcriptomic profile analysis clearly identified a discriminant signature between NK cells from patients and donors that could putatively be the consequence of abnormal continuous activation of mutated JAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Sanchez
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1090 TAGC, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Hôpital de La Conception, Service d'Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier, Salon de Provence, France
| | - Céline Baier
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1090 TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Julien G Colle
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1090 TAGC, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Hôpital de La Conception, Service d'Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, Marseille, France
| | - Rabie Chelbi
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1090 TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Rihet
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1090 TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Thérèse Le Treut
- AP-HM, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Imbert
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1090 TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Sébahoun
- AP-HM, Hôpital de La Conception, Service d'Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Geoffroy Venton
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1090 TAGC, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Hôpital de La Conception, Service d'Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, Marseille, France
| | - Régis T Costello
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1090 TAGC, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Hôpital de La Conception, Service d'Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France.
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2004
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Abstract
The interferon system protects mammals against virus infections. There are several types of interferons, which are characterized by their ability to inhibit virus replication and resultant pathogenesis by triggering both innate and cell-mediated immune responses. Virus infection is sensed by a variety of cellular pattern-recognition receptors and triggers the synthesis of interferons, which are secreted by the infected cells. In uninfected cells, cell surface receptors recognize the secreted interferons and activate intracellular signaling pathways that induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes; the proteins encoded by these genes inhibit different stages of virus replication. To avoid extinction, almost all viruses have evolved mechanisms to defend themselves against the interferon system. Consequently, a dynamic equilibrium of survival is established between the virus and its host, an equilibrium that can be shifted to the host's favor by the use of exogenous interferon as a therapeutic antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Fensterl
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195;
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195;
| | - Ganes C Sen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195;
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2005
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Finotti G, Tamassia N, Calzetti F, Fattovich G, Cassatella MA. Endogenously produced TNF-α contributes to the expression of CXCL10/IP-10 in IFN-λ3-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:107-19. [PMID: 26382296 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3vma0415-144r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between IFN-λs and dendritic cells is becoming increasingly relevant, particularly in light of their key role in inducing the antiviral state, including in hepatitis C virus infection. In this work, we have analyzed extensively how human plasmacytoid dendritic cells respond to IFN-λ3. We report that plasmacytoid dendritic cells incubated with IFN-λ3 prolong their survival; alter their expression pattern of surface HLA-DRα, CD123, CD86, and CD303; and time dependently produce IFN-α, CXCL10/IFN-γ-induced protein 10, and even modest quantities of TNF-α. Nevertheless, endogenously produced TNF-α, but not IFN-α, was found to be essential for driving the expression of CXCL10/IFN-γ-induced protein 10 in IFN-λ3-treated plasmacytoid dendritic cells, as revealed by neutralizing experiments by use of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab. We also observed that based on the kinetics and levels of IFN-α and CXCL10/IFN-γ-induced protein 10 produced by their IFN-λ3-treated plasmacytoid dendritic cells, healthy donors could be categorized into 2 and 3 groups, respectively. In particular, we identified a group of donors whose plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced modest quantities of CXCL10/IFN-γ-induced protein 10; another one whose plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced elevated CXCL10/IFN-γ-induced protein 10 levels, already after 18 h, declining thereafter; and a 3rd group characterized by plasmacytoid dendritic cells releasing very high CXCL10/IFN-γ-induced protein 10 levels after 42 h only. Finally, we report that in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, equivalent concentrations of IFN-λ3 and IFN-λ1 promote survival, antigen modulation, and cytokine production in a comparable manner and without acting additively/synergistically. Altogether, data not only extend the knowledge on the biologic effects that IFN-λs exert on plasmacytoid dendritic cells but also add novel light to the networking between IFN-λs and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in fighting viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Finotti
- Department of Medicine, Sections of *General Pathology and Gastroenterology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Tamassia
- Department of Medicine, Sections of *General Pathology and Gastroenterology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Calzetti
- Department of Medicine, Sections of *General Pathology and Gastroenterology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fattovich
- Department of Medicine, Sections of *General Pathology and Gastroenterology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco A Cassatella
- Department of Medicine, Sections of *General Pathology and Gastroenterology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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2006
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Siglec1 suppresses antiviral innate immune response by inducing TBK1 degradation via the ubiquitin ligase TRIM27. Cell Res 2015; 25:1121-36. [PMID: 26358190 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) production plays pivotal roles in host antiviral innate immune responses, but an excessive production of type I IFN leads to the development of immunopathological conditions. Investigations on the regulatory mechanisms underlying host type I IFN production are currently of great interest. Here, we found that the expression of lectin family member Siglec1 was upregulated by viral infection in macrophages, which was dependent on the IFN/JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway. Siglec1 was found to negatively regulate viral infection-triggered type I IFN production. Mechanistically, Siglec1 associates with DAP12 to recruit and activate the scaffolding function of SHP2; SHP2 then recruits E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM27, which induces TBK1 degradation via K48-linked ubiquitination at Lys251 and Lys372. Therefore, viral infection-induced upregulation of Siglec1 feedback loop inhibits type I IFN production and suppresses antiviral innate immune responses. Our study outlines a novel mechanism of negative regulation of type I IFN production, which may help virus to escape immune elimination.
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2007
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Marcuzzi A, Piscianz E, Valencic E, Monasta L, Vecchi Brumatti L, Tommasini A. To Extinguish the Fire from Outside the Cell or to Shutdown the Gas Valve Inside? Novel Trends in Anti-Inflammatory Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21277-93. [PMID: 26370962 PMCID: PMC4613252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are the most important soluble mediators of inflammation. Rare pediatric diseases provided exemplar conditions to study the anti-inflammatory efficacy of new generation therapies (biologics/biopharmaceuticals) selectively targeting single cytokines. Monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins have revolutionized anti-inflammatory therapies in the last two decades, allowing the specific targeting of single cytokines. They are very effective in extinguishing inflammation from outside the cell, even with the risk of an excessive and prolonged immunosuppression. Small molecules can enter the cell and shutdown the valve of inflammation by directly targeting signal proteins involved in cytokine release or in response to cytokines. They are orally-administrable drugs whose dosage can be easily adjusted to obtain the desired anti-inflammatory effect. This could make these drugs more suitable for a wide range of diseases as stroke, gout, or neurological impairment, where inflammatory activation plays a pivotal role as trigger. Autoinflammatory diseases, which have previously put anti-cytokine proteins in the limelight, can again provide a valuable model to measure the real potential of small inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste 34128, Italy.
| | - Elisa Piscianz
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" - , via dell'Istria, 65/1, Trieste 34137, Italy.
| | - Erica Valencic
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" - , via dell'Istria, 65/1, Trieste 34137, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" - , via dell'Istria, 65/1, Trieste 34137, Italy.
| | - Liza Vecchi Brumatti
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" - , via dell'Istria, 65/1, Trieste 34137, Italy.
| | - Alberto Tommasini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" - , via dell'Istria, 65/1, Trieste 34137, Italy.
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2008
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Transcriptomic Characterization of Innate and Acquired Immune Responses in Red-Legged Partridges (Alectoris rufa): A Resource for Immunoecology and Robustness Selection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136776. [PMID: 26331304 PMCID: PMC4557936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Present and future challenges for wild partridge populations include the resistance against possible disease transmission after restocking with captive-reared individuals, and the need to cope with the stress prompted by new dynamic and challenging scenarios. Selection of individuals with the best immune ability may be a good strategy to improve general immunity, and hence adaptation to stress. In this study, non-infectious challenges with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and sheep red blood cells allowed the classification of red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) according to their overall immune responses (IR). Skin from the area of injection of PHA and spleen, both from animals showing extreme high and low IR, were selected to investigate the transcriptional profiles underlying the different ability to cope with pathogens and external aggressions. RNA-seq yielded 97 million raw reads from eight sequencing libraries and approximately 84% of the processed reads were mapped to the reference chicken genome. Differential expression analysis identified 1488 up- and 107 down-regulated loci in individuals with high IR versus low IR. Partridges displaying higher innate IR show an enhanced activation of host defence gene pathways complemented with a tightly controlled desensitization that facilitates the return to cellular homeostasis. These findings indicate that the immune system ability to respond to aggressions (either diseases or stress produced by environmental changes) involves extensive transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations, and expand our understanding on the molecular mechanisms of the avian immune system, opening the possibility of improving disease resistance or robustness using genome assisted selection (GAS) approaches for increased IR in partridges by using genes such as AVN or BF2 as markers. This study provides the first transcriptome sequencing data of the Alectoris genus, a resource for molecular ecology that enables integration of genomic tools in further studies.
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2009
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Lui PY, Jin DY, Stevenson NJ. MicroRNA: master controllers of intracellular signaling pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3531-42. [PMID: 26059472 PMCID: PMC11113591 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways are essential intracellular networks that coordinate molecular outcomes to external stimuli. Tight regulation of these pathways is essential to ensure an appropriate response. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of small, non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression at a post-transcriptional level by binding to the complementary sequence on target mRNA, thus limiting protein translation. Intracellular pathways are controlled by protein regulators, such as suppressor of cytokine signaling and A20. Until recently, expression of these classical protein regulators was thought to be controlled solely by transcriptional induction and proteasomal degradation; however, there is a growing body of evidence describing their regulation by miRNA. This new information has transformed our understanding of cell signaling by adding a previously unknown layer of regulatory control. This review outlines the miRNA regulation of these classical protein regulators and describes their broad effects at both cellular and disease levels. We review the regulation of three important signaling pathways, including the JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and TGF-β pathways, and summarize an extensive catalog of their regulating miRNAs. This information highlights the importance of the miRNA regulon and reveals a previously unknown regulatory landscape that must be included in the identification and development of novel therapeutic targets for clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-Yin Lui
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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2010
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Maarifi G, Maroui MA, Dutrieux J, Dianoux L, Nisole S, Chelbi-Alix MK. Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier Alters IFN Response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:2312-24. [PMID: 26223657 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
IFNs orchestrate immune defense through induction of hundreds of genes. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is involved in various cellular functions, but little is known about its role in IFN responses. Prior work identified STAT1 SUMOylation as an important mode of regulation of IFN-γ signaling. In this study, we investigated the roles of SUMO in IFN signaling, gene expression, protein stability, and IFN-induced biological responses. We first show that SUMO overexpression leads to STAT1 SUMOylation and to a decrease in IFN-induced STAT1 phosphorylation. Interestingly, IFNs exert a negative retrocontrol on their own signaling by enhancing STAT1 SUMOylation. Furthermore, we show that expression of each SUMO paralog inhibits IFN-γ-induced transcription without affecting that of IFN-α. Further, we focused on IFN-induced gene products associated to promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, and we show that neither IFN-α nor IFN-γ could increase PML and Sp100 protein expression because they enhanced their SUMO3 conjugation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Because it is known that SUMO3 is important for the recruitment of RING finger protein 4, a poly-SUMO-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, and that PML acts as a positive regulator of IFN-induced STAT1 phosphorylation, we went on to show that RING finger protein 4 depletion stabilizes PML and is correlated with a positive regulation of IFN signaling. Importantly, inhibition of IFN signaling by SUMO is associated with a reduction of IFN-induced apoptosis, cell growth inhibition, antiviral defense, and chemotaxis. Conversely, inhibition of SUMOylation results in higher IFN-γ-induced STAT1 phosphorylation and biological responses. Altogether, our results uncover a new role for SUMO in the modulation of IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Maarifi
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Ali Maroui
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dianoux
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mounira K Chelbi-Alix
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
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2011
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Verrier ER, Wieland S, Baumert TF. Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 and sensing of hepatitis B virus revisited. Hepatology 2015; 62:970-2. [PMID: 26096066 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R Verrier
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stefan Wieland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France.,Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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2012
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Regulation of influenza virus infection by long non-coding RNAs. Virus Res 2015; 212:78-84. [PMID: 26321158 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses generate annual epidemics and occasional pandemics of respiratory disease with important consequences for human health and economy. To establish a productive infection, influenza viruses interact with cellular factors to favour their own replication and to suppress antiviral cell responses. Although most virus-host interaction studies have been centred on cell protein factors, most of the human transcriptome comprises non-coding RNAs, as miRNAs and lncRNAs. The latter are key cellular regulators in many cellular processes, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Influenza virus infection induces the differential expression of hundreds of potential lncRNAs, some of which are related to the antiviral pathways activated by the cell while others may be deregulated by the infection to allow efficient virus multiplication. Although our knowledge on the role of cellular lncRNAs for influenza virus replication and pathogenesis is still at its infancy, several lncRNAs have been described to influence the cell innate response to the virus by altering the histone modification at specific sites, by interaction with specific transcription factors or directly stimulating in cis the expression of specific IFN-induced genes. In addition, at least one lncRNA appears to be required for virus multiplication in an IFN-independent way.
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2013
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Abstract
Deciphering the many interactions that occur between a virus and host cell over the course of infection is paramount to understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis and to the future development of antiviral therapies. Over the past decade, researchers have started to understand these complicated relationships through the development of methodologies, including advances in RNA interference, proteomics, and the development of genetic tools such as haploid cell lines, allowing high-throughput screening to identify critical contact points between virus and host. These advances have produced a wealth of data regarding host factors hijacked by viruses to promote infection, as well as antiviral factors responsible for subverting viral infection. This review highlights findings from virus-host screens and discusses our thoughts on the direction of screening strategies moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Ramage
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; ,
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; ,
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2014
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Abstract
Nucleic acid sensing by innate receptors initiates immune defences against viruses and other pathogens. A hallmark of this response is the release of interferons (IFNs), which promote protective immunity by inducing IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). A similar ISG signature is found in autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions, indicating that chronic activation of nucleic acid-sensing pathways may contribute to these diseases. Here, we review how nucleic acid-sensing pathways are currently being targeted pharmacologically with both agonists and antagonists. We discuss how an improved understanding of the biology of these pathways is leading to novel therapies for infections, cancer, and autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders, and how new therapeutics will, in turn, generate a deeper understanding of these complex diseases.
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2015
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The cytoskeleton in cell-autonomous immunity: structural determinants of host defence. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:559-73. [PMID: 26292640 DOI: 10.1038/nri3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host cells use antimicrobial proteins, pathogen-restrictive compartmentalization and cell death in their defence against intracellular pathogens. Recent work has revealed that four components of the cytoskeleton--actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments and septins, which are well known for their roles in cell division, shape and movement--have important functions in innate immunity and cellular self-defence. Investigations using cellular and animal models have shown that these cytoskeletal proteins are crucial for sensing bacteria and for mobilizing effector mechanisms to eliminate them. In this Review, we highlight the emerging roles of the cytoskeleton as a structural determinant of cell-autonomous host defence.
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2016
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Bidgood SR, Mercer J. Cloak and Dagger: Alternative Immune Evasion and Modulation Strategies of Poxviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:4800-25. [PMID: 26308043 PMCID: PMC4576205 DOI: 10.3390/v7082844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As all viruses rely on cellular factors throughout their replication cycle, to be successful they must evolve strategies to evade and/or manipulate the defence mechanisms employed by the host cell. In addition to their expression of a wide array of host modulatory factors, several recent studies have suggested that poxviruses may have evolved unique mechanisms to shunt or evade host detection. These potential mechanisms include mimicry of apoptotic bodies by mature virions (MVs), the use of viral sub-structures termed lateral bodies for the packaging and delivery of host modulators, and the formation of a second, “cloaked” form of infectious extracellular virus (EVs). Here we discuss these various strategies and how they may facilitate poxvirus immune evasion. Finally we propose a model for the exploitation of the cellular exosome pathway for the formation of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna R Bidgood
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Jason Mercer
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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2017
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Effects of oral intake of plasmacytoid dendritic cells-stimulative lactic acid bacterial strain on pathogenesis of influenza-like illness and immunological response to influenza virus. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:727-33. [PMID: 26234407 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis JCM5805 has been shown to be a rare lactic acid bacterium that can activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells in both murine and human species. In this study, we carried out a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind experiment to evaluate its effect on the pathogenesis of influenza-like illness during the winter season. A total of 213 volunteers were divided into two groups, which received either yogurt made with L. lactis JCM5805 or a placebo beverage daily for 10 weeks. In the JCM5805 group, the cumulative incidence days of 'cough' and 'feverishness', which are defined as major symptoms of an influenza-like illness, were significantly decreased compared with the placebo group. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells prepared from volunteers were cultured in the presence of inactivated human influenza virus A/H1N1 (A/PR/8/34). IFN-α elicited by A/H1N1 tended to be higher in the JCM5805 group compared with the placebo group, and an IFN-α-inducible antiviral factor, interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), elicited by A/H1N1 was significantly higher in the JCM5805 group compared with the placebo group after the intake period. These results suggest that intake of JCM5805 is able to prevent the pathogenesis of an influenza-like illness via enhancement of an IFN-α-mediated response to the influenza virus.
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2018
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Sparrer KMJ, Gack MU. Intracellular detection of viral nucleic acids. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 26:1-9. [PMID: 25795286 PMCID: PMC5084527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Successful clearance of a microbial infection depends on the concerted action of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Accurate recognition of an invading pathogen is the first and most crucial step in eliciting effective antimicrobial defense mechanisms. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made towards understanding the molecular details of how the innate immune system recognizes microbial signatures, commonly called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). For viral pathogens, nucleic acids-both viral genomes and viral replication products-represent a major class of PAMPs that trigger antiviral host responses via activation of germline-encoded innate immune receptors. Here we summarize recent advances in intracellular innate sensing mechanisms of viral RNA and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin M J Sparrer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2019
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Wilmes S, Beutel O, Li Z, Francois-Newton V, Richter CP, Janning D, Kroll C, Hanhart P, Hötte K, You C, Uzé G, Pellegrini S, Piehler J. Receptor dimerization dynamics as a regulatory valve for plasticity of type I interferon signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:579-93. [PMID: 26008745 PMCID: PMC4442803 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) activate differential cellular responses through a shared cell surface receptor composed of the two subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. We propose here a mechanistic model for how IFN receptor plasticity is regulated on the level of receptor dimerization. Quantitative single-molecule imaging of receptor assembly in the plasma membrane of living cells clearly identified IFN-induced dimerization of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. The negative feedback regulator ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18) potently interferes with the recruitment of IFNAR1 into the ternary complex, probably by impeding complex stabilization related to the associated Janus kinases. Thus, the responsiveness to IFNα2 is potently down-regulated after the first wave of gene induction, while IFNβ, due to its ∼100-fold higher binding affinity, is still able to efficiently recruit IFNAR1. Consistent with functional data, this novel regulatory mechanism at the level of receptor assembly explains how signaling by IFNβ is maintained over longer times compared with IFNα2 as a temporally encoded cause of functional receptor plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wilmes
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Oliver Beutel
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Zhi Li
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA1961, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Francois-Newton
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA1961, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Christian P Richter
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Dennis Janning
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Cindy Kroll
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Patrizia Hanhart
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katharina Hötte
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Changjiang You
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gilles Uzé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Pellegrini
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA1961, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
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2020
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Kim TH, Zhou H. Functional Analysis of Chicken IRF7 in Response to dsRNA Analog Poly(I:C) by Integrating Overexpression and Knockdown. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133450. [PMID: 26186542 PMCID: PMC4505898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop novel strategies to protect against increasingly virulent bird-linked pathogens, a better understanding of the avian antiviral response mechanism is essential. Type I interferons (IFNs) are recognized as the first line of defense in a host's antiviral response; and it has been suggested that IRF7, a member of the IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family, plays an important role in modulating the immune response to avian influenza virus infection in chickens. The objective of this study was to identify candidate genes and pathways associated with IRF7 regulation at the transcriptome level as a first step towards elucidating the underlying cellular mechanisms of IRF7 modulation in the chicken antiviral response. IRF7 overexpression and knockdown DF-1 cell lines were established and stimulated by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Significant IRF7 and type I IFN expression changes were observed in both the IRF7 overexpression cell line and the IRF7 knockdown cell line upon exposure to the double stranded RNA (dsRNA) analog poly(I:C). Using RNA-seq based transcriptome analysis, we identified potential novel genes that IRF7 may help regulate as part of the host immune response to dsRNA; potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets revealed as a result of this study warrant further investigation. Based on our results, we suggest that IRF7 may have conserved functional activity in the avian antiviral response, and plays a crucial role in type I IFN regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kim
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2021
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Qin FXF, Jiang CY, Jiang T, Cheng G. New targets for controlling Ebola virus disease. Natl Sci Rev 2015; 2:266-267. [PMID: 26550528 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Xiao-Feng Qin
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China ; Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China ; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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2022
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2'-5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase-Like Protein Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication and Is Targeted by the Viral Nonstructural Protein 1. J Virol 2015; 89:10115-9. [PMID: 26178980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01076-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2'-5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase-like protein (OASL) is an interferon-inducible antiviral protein. Here we describe differential inhibitory activities of human OASL and the two mouse OASL homologs against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication. Interestingly, nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of RSV promoted proteasome-dependent degradation of specific OASL isoforms. We conclude that OASL acts as a cellular antiviral protein and that RSV NS1 suppresses this function to evade cellular innate immunity and allow virus growth.
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2023
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Perelygina L, Adebayo A, Metcalfe M, Icenogle J. Differences in Establishment of Persistence of Vaccine and Wild Type Rubella Viruses in Fetal Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133267. [PMID: 26177032 PMCID: PMC4503567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Both wild type (WT) and vaccine rubella virus (RV) can pass through the placenta to infect a human fetus, but only wtRV routinely causes pathology. To investigate possible reasons for this, we compared establishment of persistence of wtRV and RA27/3 vaccine strains in fetal endothelial cells. We showed that yields of RA27/3 and wtRV were similar after the first round of replication, but then only vaccine-infected cultures went through a crisis characterized by partial cell loss and gradual decline of virus titer followed by recovery and establishment of persistent cultures with low levels of RA27/3 secretion. We compared various steps of virus replication, but we were unable to identify changes, which might explain the 2-log difference in RA27/3 and wtRV yields in persistently infected cultures. Whole genome sequencing did not reveal selection of virus variants in either the wtRV or RA27/3 cultures. Quantitative single-cell analysis of RV replication by in situ hybridization detected, on average, 1–4 copies of negative-strand RNA and ~50 copies of positive-strand genomic RNA in cells infected with both vaccine and WT viruses. The distinct characteristics of RA27/3 replication were the presence of large amounts of negative-strand RV RNA and RV dsRNA at the beginning of the crisis and the accumulation of high amounts of genomic RNA in a subpopulation of infected cells during crisis and persistence. These results suggest that RA27/3 can persist in fetal endothelial cells, but the characteristics of persistence and mechanisms for the establishment and maintenance of persistence are different from wtRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Perelygina
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adebola Adebayo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maureen Metcalfe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph Icenogle
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2024
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Innate immune interactions within the central nervous system modulate pathogenesis of viral infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 36:47-53. [PMID: 26163762 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system mediates protection against neurotropic viruses that replicate in the central nervous system (CNS). Virus infection within specific cells of the CNS triggers activation of several families of pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, and cytosolic DNA sensors. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how cell-intrinsic host defenses within the CNS modulate infection of different DNA and RNA viruses.
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2025
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Blondel D, Maarifi G, Nisole S, Chelbi-Alix MK. Resistance to Rhabdoviridae Infection and Subversion of Antiviral Responses. Viruses 2015; 7:3675-702. [PMID: 26198243 PMCID: PMC4517123 DOI: 10.3390/v7072794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) treatment induces the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, only a selection of their products have been demonstrated to be responsible for the inhibition of rhabdovirus replication in cultured cells; and only a few have been shown to play a role in mediating the antiviral response in vivo using gene knockout mouse models. IFNs inhibit rhabdovirus replication at different stages via the induction of a variety of ISGs. This review will discuss how individual ISG products confer resistance to rhabdoviruses by blocking viral entry, degrading single stranded viral RNA, inhibiting viral translation or preventing release of virions from the cell. Furthermore, this review will highlight how these viruses counteract the host IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
| | - Mounira K Chelbi-Alix
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
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2026
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Double-Stranded RNA Is Detected by Immunofluorescence Analysis in RNA and DNA Virus Infections, Including Those by Negative-Stranded RNA Viruses. J Virol 2015; 89:9383-92. [PMID: 26136565 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01299-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early biochemical studies of viral replication suggested that most viruses produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is essential for the induction of the host immune response. However, it was reported in 2006 that dsRNA could be detected by immunofluorescence antibody staining in double-stranded DNA and positive-strand RNA virus infections but not in negative-strand RNA virus infections. Other reports in the literature seemed to support these observations. This suggested that negative-strand RNA viruses produce little, if any, dsRNA or that more efficient viral countermeasures to mask dsRNA are mounted. Because of our interest in the use of dsRNA antibodies for virus discovery, particularly in pathological specimens, we wanted to determine how universal immunostaining for dsRNA might be in animal virus infections. We have detected the in situ formation of dsRNA in cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus, measles virus, influenza A virus, and Nyamanini virus, which represent viruses from different negative-strand RNA virus families. dsRNA was also detected in cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, an ambisense RNA virus, and minute virus of mice (MVM), a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) parvovirus, but not hepatitis B virus. Although dsRNA staining was primarily observed in the cytoplasm, it was also seen in the nucleus of cells infected with influenza A virus, Nyamanini virus, and MVM. Thus, it is likely that most animal virus infections produce dsRNA species that can be detected by immunofluorescence staining. The apoptosis induced in several uninfected cell lines failed to upregulate dsRNA formation. IMPORTANCE An effective antiviral host immune response depends on recognition of viral invasion and an intact innate immune system as a first line of defense. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a viral product essential for the induction of innate immunity, leading to the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and the activation of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes. The present study demonstrates that infections, including those by ssDNA viruses and positive- and negative-strand RNA viruses, produce dsRNAs detectable by standard immunofluorescence staining. While dsRNA staining was primarily observed in the cytoplasm, nuclear staining was also present in some RNA and DNA virus infections. The nucleus is unlikely to have pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors for dsRNA because of the presence of host dsRNA molecules. Thus, it is likely that most animal virus infections produce dsRNA species detectable by immunofluorescence staining, which may prove useful in viral discovery as well.
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2027
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De Paepe B. Interferons as components of the complex web of reactions sustaining inflammation in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Cytokine 2015; 74:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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2028
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Zmurko J, Neyts J, Dallmeier K. Flaviviral NS4b, chameleon and jack-in-the-box roles in viral replication and pathogenesis, and a molecular target for antiviral intervention. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:205-23. [PMID: 25828437 PMCID: PMC4864441 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus and other flaviviruses such as the yellow fever, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses are emerging vector-borne human pathogens that affect annually more than 100 million individuals and that may cause debilitating and potentially fatal hemorrhagic and encephalitic diseases. Currently, there are no specific antiviral drugs for the treatment of flavivirus-associated disease. A better understanding of the flavivirus-host interactions during the different events of the flaviviral life cycle may be essential when developing novel antiviral strategies. The flaviviral non-structural protein 4b (NS4b) appears to play an important role in flaviviral replication by facilitating the formation of the viral replication complexes and in counteracting innate immune responses such as the following: (i) type I IFN signaling; (ii) RNA interference; (iii) formation of stress granules; and (iv) the unfolded protein response. Intriguingly, NS4b has recently been shown to constitute an excellent target for the selective inhibition of flavivirus replication. We here review the current knowledge on NS4b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zmurko
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy
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2029
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Scull MA, Shi C, de Jong YP, Gerold G, Ries M, von Schaewen M, Donovan BM, Labitt RN, Horwitz JA, Gaska JM, Hrebikova G, Xiao JW, Flatley B, Fung C, Chiriboga L, Walker CM, Evans DT, Rice CM, Ploss A. Hepatitis C virus infects rhesus macaque hepatocytes and simianized mice. Hepatology 2015; 62:57-67. [PMID: 25820364 PMCID: PMC4482775 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED At least 170 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Owing to the narrow host range of HCV and restricted use of chimpanzees, there is currently no suitable animal model for HCV pathogenesis studies or the development of a HCV vaccine. To identify cellular determinants of interspecies transmission and establish a novel immunocompetent model system, we examined the ability of HCV to infect hepatocytes from a small nonhuman primate, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). We show that the rhesus orthologs of critical HCV entry factors support viral glycoprotein-dependent virion uptake. Primary hepatocytes from rhesus macaques are also permissive for HCV-RNA replication and particle production, which is enhanced when antiviral signaling is suppressed. We demonstrate that this may be owing to the diminished capacity of HCV to antagonize mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein-dependent innate cellular defenses. To test the ability of HCV to establish persistent replication in vivo, we engrafted primary rhesus macaque hepatocytes into immunocompromised xenorecipients. Inoculation of resulting simian liver chimeric mice with either HCV genotype 1a or 2a resulted in HCV serum viremia for up to 10 weeks. CONCLUSION Together, these data indicate that rhesus macaques may be a viable model for HCV and implicate host immunity as a potential species-specific barrier to HCV infection. We conclude that suppression of host immunity or further viral adaptation may allow robust HCV infection in rhesus macaques and creation of a new animal model for studies of HCV pathogenesis, lentivirus coinfection, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Scull
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Chao Shi
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ype P. de Jong
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Moritz Ries
- AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Markus von Schaewen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Bridget M. Donovan
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Rachael N. Labitt
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Joshua A. Horwitz
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jenna M. Gaska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Gabriela Hrebikova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Jing W. Xiao
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Brenna Flatley
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Canny Fung
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - David T. Evans
- AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA,Correspondence to: Alexander Ploss, Ph.D., Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 110, Princeton, NJ 08544, Phone: (609) 258-7128, Fax: (609) 258-1701,
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2030
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Abstract
The taxonomic group of Orthobunyaviruses is gaining increased attention, as several emerging members are causing devastating illnesses among humans and livestock. These viruses are transmitted to mammals by arthropods (mostly mosquitoes) during the blood meal. The nature of their genomic RNA predisposes orthobunyaviruses for eliciting a strong innate immune response mediated by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), especially the cytoplasmic RIG-I. However, the PRR responses are in fact disabled by the viral non-structural protein NSs. NSs imposes a strong block of cellular gene expression by inhibiting elongating RNA polymerase II. In this review, we will give an overview on the current state of knowledge regarding the interactions between orthobunyaviruses, the PRR axis, and NSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schoen
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
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2031
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Jakobs C, Perner S, Hornung V. AIM2 Drives Joint Inflammation in a Self-DNA Triggered Model of Chronic Polyarthritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131702. [PMID: 26114879 PMCID: PMC4482750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking DNase II display a polyarthritis-like disease phenotype that is driven by translocation of self-DNA into the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells, where it is sensed by pattern recognition receptors. While pro-inflammatory gene expression is non-redundantly linked to the presence of STING in these mice, the contribution of the inflammasome pathway has not been explored. To this end, we studied the role of the DNA-sensing inflammasome receptor AIM2 in this self-DNA driven disease model. Arthritis-prone mice lacking AIM2 displayed strongly decreased signs of joint inflammation and associated histopathological findings. This was paralleled with a reduction of caspase-1 activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in diseased joints. Interestingly, systemic signs of inflammation that are associated with the lack of DNase II were not dependent on AIM2. Taken together, these data suggest a tissue-specific role for the AIM2 inflammasome as a sensor for endogenous DNA species in the course of a ligand-dependent autoinflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jakobs
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology Köln/Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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2032
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Cloning and expression of mink (Neovison vison) interferon-γ gene and development of an antiviral assay. Res Vet Sci 2015; 101:93-8. [PMID: 26267097 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Minks (Neovison vison) farming is under a threat of a variety of viral infections with increasingly growing number of breeding in Northeastern and Western China. While interferon is effective in controlling viral infection, IFN among different species rarely share high homology enough to provide cross protective effect on inhibition of virus replication. We cloned, sequenced, phlogenetically analyzed and expressed the miIFN-γ gene in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The anti-vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) activity of miIFN-γ protein was tested in MDCK cells using in vitro cytopathic inhibition assay. The recombinant miIFN-γ could inhibit VSV replication in MDCK cells, which was confirmed by that pre-incubation of rabbit anti-miIFN-γ antibodies with miIFN-γ abrogated the miIFN-γ protective effect. Our findings implicated that the miIFN-γ gene may be a potential counter measure against viral infection in the mink farming.
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2033
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The Interferon-Inducible Protein Tetherin Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Virion Secretion. J Virol 2015; 89:9200-12. [PMID: 26109732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00933-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interferon alpha (IFN-α) is an approved medication for chronic hepatitis B therapy. Besides acting as an immunomodulator, IFN-α elicits a pleiotropic antiviral state in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected hepatocytes, but whether or not IFN-α impedes the late steps of the HBV life cycle, such as HBV secretion, remains elusive. Here we report that IFN-α treatment of HepAD38 cells with established HBV replication selectively reduced HBV virion release without altering intracellular viral replication or the secretion of HBV subviral particles and nonenveloped capsids. In search of the interferon-stimulated gene(s) that is responsible for the reduction of HBV virion release, we found that tetherin, a broad-spectrum antiviral transmembrane protein that inhibits the egress of a variety of enveloped viruses, was highly induced by IFN-α in HepAD38 cells and in primary human hepatocytes. We further demonstrated that the expression of full-length tetherin, but not the C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor-truncated form, inhibited HBV virion egress from HepAD38 cells. In addition, GPI anchor-truncated tetherin exhibited a dominant-negative effect and was incorporated into the liberated virions. We also found colocalization of tetherin and HBV L protein at the intracellular multivesicular body, where the budding of HBV virions takes place. In line with this, electron microscopy demonstrated that HBV virions were tethered in the lumen of the cisterna membrane under tetherin expression. Finally, knockdown of tetherin or overexpression of dominant negative tetherin attenuated the IFN-α-mediated reduction of HBV virion release. Taken together, our study suggests that IFN-α inhibits HBV virion egress from hepatocytes through the induction of tetherin. IMPORTANCE Tetherin is a host restriction factor that blocks the egress of a variety of enveloped viruses through tethering the budding virions on the cell surface with its membrane anchor domains. Here we report that interferon directly and selectively inhibits the secretion of HBV virions, but not subviral particles or nonenveloped capsids, through the induction of tetherin in hepatocyte-derived cells. The antiviral function of tetherin requires the carboxyl-terminal GPI anchor, while the GPI anchor deletion mutant exhibits dominant negative activity and attaches to liberated HBV virions. Consistent with the fact that HBV is an intracellular budding virus, microscopy analyses demonstrated that the tethering of HBV virions occurs in the intracellular cisterna and that tetherin colocalizes with HBV virions on the multivesicular body, which is the HBV virion budding site. Our study not only expands the antiviral spectrum of tetherin but also sheds light on the mechanisms of interferon-elicited anti-HBV responses.
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2034
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Zhang R, Liu R, Wang W, Xin L, Wang L, Li C, Song L. Identification and functional analysis of a novel IFN-like protein (CgIFNLP) in Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:547-554. [PMID: 25812419 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) belong to class II helical cytokines family with pleiotropic biological activities, which have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in innate and adaptive immunity in vertebrates. In the present study, a novel IFN-like protein (designed CgIFNLP) was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas, which contained an interferon domain from 14 to 97 amino acids showing low sequence similarities with vertebrates IFNs, but shared a similar three-dimensional structure with class II helical cytokines. The mRNA transcripts of CgIFNLP was detected in all the tested tissues including gonad, adductor muscle, hemocytes, mantle, gills, and hepatopancreas, with the highest expression level in gills (39-fold, P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression level of CgIFNLP mRNA in hemocytes increased significantly at 12 h (8.35-fold, P < 0.01) and 24 h (4.95-fold, P < 0.01) after poly (I: C) stimulation. After the treatments by recombinant CgIFNLP protein (rCgIFNLP) at different concentrations, the apoptosis and phagocytosis rates of oyster hemocytes increased obviously. The proliferation rate of L929 did not change obviously after incubation with rCgIFNLP for 72 h, but the proliferation rate of A549 abated significantly at 36 h and 48 h after incubation with rCgIFNLP. The results collectively suggested that the IFN-like molecule existed in oyster and it tended to present conserved functions rather than conserved amino acid sequence in comparison with vertebrate IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lusheng Xin
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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2035
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Rosato PC, Leib DA. Neurons versus herpes simplex virus: the innate immune interactions that contribute to a host-pathogen standoff. Future Virol 2015; 10:699-714. [PMID: 26213562 PMCID: PMC4508759 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a prevalent neurotropic virus, which establishes lifelong latent infections in the neurons of sensory ganglia. Despite our long-standing knowledge that HSV predominately infects sensory neurons during its life cycle, little is known about the neuronal antiviral response to HSV infection. Recent studies show that while sensory neurons have impaired intrinsic immunity to HSV infection, paracrine IFN signaling can potentiate a potent antiviral response. Additionally, antiviral autophagy plays an important role in neuronal control of HSV infection. Here we review the literature of antiviral signaling and autophagy in neurons, the mechanisms by which HSV can counteract these responses, and postulate how these two pathways may synergize to mediate neuronal control of HSV infection and yet result in lifelong persistence of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Rosato
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - David A Leib
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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2036
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Cross-species comparative analysis of Dicer proteins during Sindbis virus infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10693. [PMID: 26024431 PMCID: PMC4448662 DOI: 10.1038/srep10693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants and invertebrates RNA silencing is a major defense mechanism against virus infections. The first event in RNA silencing is dicing of long double stranded RNAs into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The Dicer proteins involved in this process are phylogenetically conserved and have the same domain organization. Accordingly, the production of viral derived siRNAs has also been observed in the mouse, but only in restricted cell types. To gain insight on this restriction, we compare the dicing activity of human Dicer and fly Dicer-2 in the context of Sindbis virus (SINV) infection. Expression of human Dicer in flies inefficiently rescues the production of viral siRNAs but confers some protection against SINV. Conversely, expression of Dicer-2 in human cells allows the production of viral 21 nt small RNAs. However, this does not confer resistance to viral infection, but on the contrary results in stronger accumulation of viral RNA. We further show that Dicer-2 expression in human cells perturbs interferon (IFN) signaling pathways and antagonizes protein kinase R (PKR)-mediated antiviral immunity. Overall, our data suggest that a functional incompatibility between the Dicer and IFN pathways explains the predominance of the IFN response in mammalian somatic cells.
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2037
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Miao J, Bao Y, Ye J, Shao H, Qian K, Qin A. Transcriptional Profiling of Host Gene Expression in Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts Infected with Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Strain HA1101. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126992. [PMID: 25973612 PMCID: PMC4431687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), a member of the Gammaretrovirus genus in the Retroviridae family, causes an immunosuppressive, oncogenic and runting-stunting syndrome in multiple avian hosts. To better understand the host interactions at the transcriptional level, microarray data analysis was performed in chicken embryo fibroblast cells at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after infection with REV. This study identified 1,785 differentially expressed genes that were classified into several functional groups including signal transduction, immune response, biological adhesion and endocytosis. Significant differences were mainly observed in the expression of genes involved in the immune response, especially during the later post-infection time points. These results revealed that differentially expressed genes IL6, STAT1, MyD88, TLRs, NF-κB, IRF-7, and ISGs play important roles in the pathogenicity of REV infection. Our study is the first to use microarray analysis to investigate REV, and these findings provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of the host antiviral response and the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Miao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanqing Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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2038
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Hancks DC, Hartley MK, Hagan C, Clark NL, Elde NC. Overlapping Patterns of Rapid Evolution in the Nucleic Acid Sensors cGAS and OAS1 Suggest a Common Mechanism of Pathogen Antagonism and Escape. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005203. [PMID: 25942676 PMCID: PMC4420275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse subset of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detects pathogen-associated nucleic acids to initiate crucial innate immune responses in host organisms. Reflecting their importance for host defense, pathogens encode various countermeasures to evade or inhibit these immune effectors. PRRs directly engaged by pathogen inhibitors often evolve under recurrent bouts of positive selection that have been described as molecular ‘arms races.’ Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) was recently identified as a key PRR. Upon binding cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) from various viruses, cGAS generates the small nucleotide secondary messenger cGAMP to signal activation of innate defenses. Here we report an evolutionary history of cGAS with recurrent positive selection in the primate lineage. Recent studies indicate a high degree of structural similarity between cGAS and 2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthase 1 (OAS1), a PRR that detects double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), despite low sequence identity between the respective genes. We present comprehensive comparative evolutionary analysis of cGAS and OAS1 primate sequences and observe positive selection at nucleic acid binding interfaces and distributed throughout both genes. Our data revealed homologous regions with strong signatures of positive selection, suggesting common mechanisms employed by unknown pathogen encoded inhibitors and similar modes of evasion from antagonism. Our analysis of cGAS diversification also identified alternately spliced forms missing multiple sites under positive selection. Further analysis of selection on the OAS family in primates, which comprises OAS1, OAS2, OAS3 and OASL, suggests a hypothesis where gene duplications and domain fusion events result in paralogs that provide another means of escaping pathogen inhibitors. Together our comparative evolutionary analysis of cGAS and OAS provides new insights into distinct mechanisms by which key molecular sentinels of the innate immune system have adapted to circumvent viral-encoded inhibitors. A pathogen’s ability to infect new individuals within and across species is largely driven by its capacity to hijack cellular machinery and overcome the immune system. Pathogens have evolved multiple means to evade and shut down host immunity. Typically, mechanisms of inactivation involve direct interactions between host and pathogen factors. To escape inhibition over the course of generations, host factors frequently evolve in a manner that disrupts interactions at specific interfaces with pathogen factors. Likewise, pathogens adapt to restore such interactions, and these genetic tug-of-wars have been described as “molecular-arms races.” Here we focus on the adaptation of two critical host immune factors, cGAS and OAS that share identity in protein structures despite very limited genetic similarity. Our analysis identifies a variety of ways, including amino acid changes on protein surfaces, by which these host factors appear to escape pathogen-mediated inhibition. Surprisingly, some amino acid substitutions are located at equivalent sites suggesting that cGAS and OAS may have adapted to evade common pathogen encoded inhibitors. These data also identify protein surfaces that are targeted by viruses to inhibit host immunity. Taken together our results indicate the existence of critical, yet-to-be identified viral antagonists of cGAS and OAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin C Hancks
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Melissa K Hartley
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Celia Hagan
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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2039
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Génin P, Cuvelier F, Lambin S, Côrte-Real Filipe J, Autrusseau E, Laurent C, Laplantine E, Weil R. Optineurin regulates the interferon response in a cell cycle-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004877. [PMID: 25923723 PMCID: PMC4414543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral invasion into a host is initially recognized by the innate immune system, mainly through activation of the intracellular cytosolic signaling pathway and coordinated activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors that promote type I interferon gene induction. The TANK-binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) phosphorylates and activates IRF3. Here, we show that Optineurin (Optn) dampens the antiviral innate immune response by targeting the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD to TBK1 in order to inhibit its enzymatic activity. Importantly, we found that this regulatory mechanism is abolished at the G2/M phase as a consequence of the nuclear translocation of CYLD and Optn. As a result, we observed, at this cell division stage, an increased activity and phosphorylation of TBK1 that lead to its relocalization to mitochondria and to enhanced interferon production, suggesting that this process, which relies on Optn function, might be of major importance to mount a preventive antiviral response during mitosis. The innate immune system has evolved to detect and neutralize viral invasion. Triggering of this defense mechanism relies on the production and secretion of soluble factors that stimulate an intracellular antiviral defense mechanism. The protein Optineurin was shown to negatively regulate this process. Importantly, we discovered the mechanism by which Optineurin inhibits antiviral activity and showed that this regulation is prevented during a critical step of cell division leading to enhancement of the cellular defense mechanism. This paper shows that the antiviral immune system is controlled during the cell cycle and that Optineurin-mediated induction of this system might serve to protect cells from infection during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Génin
- Laboratoire de Signalisation et Pathogenèse, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Frédérique Cuvelier
- Laboratoire de Signalisation et Pathogenèse, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Lambin
- Laboratoire de Signalisation et Pathogenèse, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Elodie Autrusseau
- Laboratoire de Signalisation et Pathogenèse, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Laplantine
- Laboratoire de Signalisation et Pathogenèse, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Robert Weil
- Laboratoire de Signalisation et Pathogenèse, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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2040
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Kim S, Kim MJ, Park DY, Chung HJ, Kim CH, Yoon JH, Kim HJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species modulate innate immune response to influenza A virus in human nasal epithelium. Antiviral Res 2015; 119:78-83. [PMID: 25930096 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system of the nasal epithelium serves as a first line of defense against invading respiratory viruses including influenza A virus (IAV). Recently, it was verified that interferon (IFN)-related immune responses play a critical role in local antiviral innate immunity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by exogenous pathogens has also been demonstrated in respiratory epithelial cells and modulation of ROS has been reported to be important for respiratory virus-induced innate immune mechanisms. Passage-2 normal human nasal epithelial (NHNE) cells were inoculated with IAV (WS/33, H1N1) to assess the sources of IAV-induced ROS and the relationship between ROS and IFN-related innate immune responses. Both STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation and the mRNA levels of IFN-stimulated genes, including Mx1, 2,5-OAS1, IFIT1, and CXCL10, were induced after IAV infection up to three days post infection. Similarly, we observed that mitochondrial ROS generation increased maximally at 2 days after IAV infection. After suppression of mitochondrial ROS generation, IAV-induced phosphorylation of STAT and mRNA levels of IFN-stimulated genes were attenuated and actually, viral titers of IAV were significantly higher in cases with scavenging ROS. Our findings suggest that mitochondrial ROS might be responsible for controlling IAV infection and may be potential sources of ROS generation, which is required to initiate an innate immune response in NHNE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Research Center for Natural Human Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Research Center for Natural Human Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yang Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Natural Human Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Kim
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2041
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Coccia EM, Battistini A. Early IFN type I response: Learning from microbial evasion strategies. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:85-101. [PMID: 25869307 PMCID: PMC7129383 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) comprises a class of cytokines first discovered more than 50 years ago and initially characterized for their ability to interfere with viral replication and restrict locally viral propagation. As such, their induction downstream of germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is a hallmark of the host antiviral response. The acknowledgment that several PAMPs, not just of viral origin, may induce IFN, pinpoints at these molecules as a first line of host defense against a number of invading pathogens. Acting in both autocrine and paracrine manner, IFN interferes with viral replication by inducing hundreds of different IFN-stimulated genes with both direct anti-pathogenic as well as immunomodulatory activities, therefore functioning as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand an inverse interference to escape the IFN system is largely exploited by pathogens through a number of tactics and tricks aimed at evading, inhibiting or manipulating the IFN pathway, that result in progression of infection or establishment of chronic disease. In this review we discuss the interplay between the IFN system and some selected clinically important and challenging viruses and bacteria, highlighting the wide array of pathogen-triggered molecular mechanisms involved in evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M Coccia
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Angela Battistini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
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2042
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A serpin shapes the extracellular environment to prevent influenza A virus maturation. Cell 2015; 160:631-643. [PMID: 25679759 PMCID: PMC4328142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) act in concert to provide a tight barrier against viruses. Recent studies have shed light on the contribution of individual ISG effectors to the antiviral state, but most have examined those acting on early, intracellular stages of the viral life cycle. Here, we applied an image-based screen to identify ISGs inhibiting late stages of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We unraveled a directly antiviral function for the gene SERPINE1, encoding plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). By targeting extracellular airway proteases, PAI-1 inhibits IAV glycoprotein cleavage, thereby reducing infectivity of progeny viruses. This was biologically relevant for IAV restriction in vivo. Further, partial PAI-1 deficiency, attributable to a polymorphism in human SERPINE1, conferred increased susceptibility to IAV in vitro. Together, our findings reveal that manipulating the extracellular environment to inhibit the last step in a virus life cycle is an important mechanism of the antiviral response. SERPINE1/PAI-1 was identified as an unconventional ISG that acts extracellularly PAI-1 inhibits influenza A virus (IAV) spread by inhibiting glycoprotein cleavage Endogenous PAI-1 blocks IAV spread in human and murine cells, ex vivo and in vivo PAI-1 potentially inhibits other viruses requiring extracellular maturation
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2043
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Wang W, Mu X, Zhao L, Wang J, Chu Y, Feng X, Feng B, Wang X, Zhang J, Qiao J. Transcriptional response of human umbilical vein endothelial cell to H9N2 influenza virus infection. Virology 2015; 482:117-27. [PMID: 25863179 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are believed to play an important role in response to virus infection. Here, we used a microarray technology to study the gene expression profile in human umbilical vein endothelial cells at 24h postinfection with H9N2 viruses or inactivated H9N2 viral particles. The results showed that H9N2 virus infection induced an abundance of differential expressed genes, exhibiting a transcriptional signature of viral infection. High levels of chemokine gene expressions were detected following treatment. Surprisingly, the most significantly up-regulated genes were mainly interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), although there was no change in interferon gene expression and interferon protein level. We also found that viral particles were more potent than viruses in inducing ISGs expression. These results suggest that induction of expression of ISGs is mainly dependent on the interaction between viral particles and endothelial cells. Our data offer further insight into the interaction between endothelial cells and H9N2 influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Mu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Agricultural College, Beijing 102206, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Agricultural College, Beijing 102206, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Yaocheng Chu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075131, Hebei Province, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xuejian Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Agricultural College, Beijing 102206, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jian Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People׳s Republic of China.
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2044
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Upon infection, pathogen recognition leads to a rapidly activated gene expression program that induces antimicrobial effectors to clear the invader. We recently found that Nup98 regulates the expression of a subset of rapidly activated antiviral genes to restrict disparate RNA virus infections in Drosophila by promoting RNA polymerase occupancy at the promoters of these antiviral genes. How Nup98 specifically targets these loci was unclear; however, it is known that Nup98 participates with transcription factors to regulate developmental-gene activation. We reasoned that additional transcription factors may facilitate the Nup98-dependent expression of antiviral genes. In a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen, we identified a relatively understudied forkhead transcription factor, FoxK, as active against Sindbis virus (SINV) in Drosophila. Here we find that FoxK is active against the panel of viruses that are restricted by Nup98, including SINV and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Mechanistically, we show that FoxK coordinately regulates the Nup98-dependent expression of antiviral genes. Depletion of FoxK significantly reduces Nup98-dependent induction of antiviral genes and reduces the expression of a forkhead response element-containing luciferase reporter. Together, these data show that FoxK-mediated activation of gene expression is Nup98 dependent. We extended our studies to mammalian cells and found that the mammalian ortholog FOXK1 is antiviral against two disparate RNA viruses, SINV and VSV, in human cells. Interestingly, FOXK1 also plays a role in the expression of antiviral genes in mammals: depletion of FOXK1 attenuates virus-inducible interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) reporter expression. Overall, our results demonstrate a novel role for FOXK1 in regulating the expression of antiviral genes, from insects to humans. IMPORTANCE Innate immunity is characterized by rapid gene expression programs, from insects to mammals. Furthermore, we find that Nup98, known for its roles in the nuclear pore, plays a noncanonical role in binding the promoters and poising a subset of loci for rapid antiviral gene induction. It was unclear how Nup98 accesses these specific genes, and we here demonstrate that Nup98 cooperates with the transcription factor FoxK to regulate this gene expression program. Depletion of FoxK specifically reduces the induction of Nup98-dependent genes. Further, we find that the antiviral function of FoxK is conserved, as the human ortholog FOXK1 is also antiviral and regulates gene expression from virus-induced promoters. Although other forkhead transcription factors have been implicated in immunity, a role for FoxK in antiviral defense was previously unappreciated. Our findings reveal a conserved and novel role for FoxK in coordinating with Nup98 to promote a robust and complex antiviral transcriptional response.
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2045
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Renn LA, Theisen TC, Navarro MB, Mane VP, Schramm LM, Kirschman KD, Fabozzi G, Hillyer P, Puig M, Verthelyi D, Rabin RL. High-throughput quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for determining expression profiles of types I and III interferon subtypes. J Vis Exp 2015:52650. [PMID: 25867042 PMCID: PMC4401384 DOI: 10.3791/52650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Described in this report is a qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of seventeen human IFN subtypes in a 384-well plate format that incorporates highly specific locked nucleic acid (LNA) and molecular beacon (MB) probes, transcript standards, automated multichannel pipetting, and plate drying. Determining expression among the type I interferons (IFN), especially the twelve IFN-α subtypes, is limited by their shared sequence identity; likewise, the sequences of the type III IFN, especially IFN-λ2 and -λ3, are highly similar. This assay provides a reliable, reproducible, and relatively inexpensive means to analyze the expression of the seventeen interferon subtype transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnsey A Renn
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration
| | - Terence C Theisen
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration
| | - Maria B Navarro
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration
| | - Viraj P Mane
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration
| | - Lynnsie M Schramm
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration
| | - Kevin D Kirschman
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration
| | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration
| | - Philippa Hillyer
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration
| | - Montserrat Puig
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration
| | - Ronald L Rabin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration;
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2046
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Snell LM, Brooks DG. New insights into type I interferon and the immunopathogenesis of persistent viral infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:91-8. [PMID: 25771184 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most viruses generate potent T cell responses that rapidly control infection. However, certain viruses can subvert the immune response to establish persistent infections. The inability to clear virus induces an immunosuppressive program leading to the sustained expression of many immunoregulatory molecules that down-regulate T cell responses. Further, viral persistence is associated with multiple immune dysfunctions including lymphoid disorganization, defective antigen presentation, aberrant B cell responses and hypergammaglobulinemia. Although best known for its antiviral activity, recent data has highlighted the role of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling as a central mediator of immunosuppression during viral persistence. It is also becoming increasingly apparent that many of the immune dysfunctions during persistent virus infection can be attributed directly or indirectly to the effects of chronic IFN-I signaling. This review explores the increasingly complex role of IFN-I in the regulation of immunity against persistently replicating virus infections and examines current and potential uses of IFN-I and blockade of IFN-I signaling to dampen chronic inflammation and activation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - David G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network and the Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9 Canada.
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2047
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A serpin takes a bite out of the flu. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:283-284. [PMID: 25766286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Other than annual vaccinations, there are few remedies for seasonal influenza virus infections. A recent study in Cell from Dittmann et al. (2015) designed to reveal immune strategies against the flu has uncovered an Achilles' heel for influenza replication based on its requirement for host proteolytic machinery to enable efficient spread.
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2048
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Jia R, Ding S, Pan Q, Liu SL, Qiao W, Liang C. The C-terminal sequence of IFITM1 regulates its anti-HIV-1 activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118794. [PMID: 25738301 PMCID: PMC4349745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins inhibit a wide range of viruses. We previously reported the inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain BH10 by human IFITM1, 2 and 3. It is unknown whether other HIV-1 strains are similarly inhibited by IFITMs and whether there exists viral countermeasure to overcome IFITM inhibition. We report here that the HIV-1 NL4-3 strain (HIV-1NL4-3) is not restricted by IFITM1 and its viral envelope glycoprotein is partly responsible for this insensitivity. However, HIV-1NL4-3 is profoundly inhibited by an IFITM1 mutant, known as Δ(117–125), which is deleted of 9 amino acids at the C-terminus. In contrast to the wild type IFITM1, which does not affect HIV-1 entry, the Δ(117–125) mutant diminishes HIV-1NL4-3 entry by 3-fold. This inhibition correlates with the predominant localization of Δ(117–125) to the plasma membrane where HIV-1 entry occurs. In spite of strong conservation of IFITM1 among most species, mouse IFITM1 is 19 amino acids shorter at its C-terminus as compared to human IFITM1 and, like the human IFITM1 mutant Δ(117–125), mouse IFITM1 also inhibits HIV-1 entry. This is the first report illustrating the role of viral envelope protein in overcoming IFITM1 restriction. The results also demonstrate the importance of the C-terminal region of IFITM1 in modulating the antiviral function through controlling protein subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211–7310, United States of America
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
- * E-mail:
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2049
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Li MMH, MacDonald MR, Rice CM. To translate, or not to translate: viral and host mRNA regulation by interferon-stimulated genes. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:320-9. [PMID: 25748385 PMCID: PMC4441850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Translational regulation of viral and host mRNA is an important function of a subset of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These ISGs repress translation through binding to viral RNA, direct interaction with, or perturbation of the translation machinery components. Several ISGs localize to cytoplasmic granules such as stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs), and interfere with the processing or function of microRNAs (miRNAs).
Type I interferon (IFN) is one of the first lines of cellular defense against viral pathogens. As a result of IFN signaling, a wide array of IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) products is upregulated to target different stages of the viral life cycle. We review recent findings implicating a subset of ISGs in translational regulation of viral and host mRNAs. Translation inhibition is mediated either by binding to viral RNA or by disrupting physiological interactions or levels of the translation complex components. In addition, many of these ISGs localize to translationally silent cytoplasmic granules, such as stress granules and processing bodies, and intersect with the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated silencing pathway to regulate translation of cellular mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody M H Li
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Margaret R MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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2050
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Fang L, Choudhary S, Tian B, Boldogh I, Yang C, Ivanciuc T, Ma Y, Garofalo RP, Brasier AR. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase mediates NF-κB serine 276 phosphorylation and interferon expression via the IRF7-RIG-I amplification loop in paramyxovirus infection. J Virol 2015; 89:2628-42. [PMID: 25520509 PMCID: PMC4325710 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02458-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a primary etiological agent of childhood lower respiratory tract disease. Molecular patterns induced by active infection trigger a coordinated retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling response to induce inflammatory cytokines and antiviral mucosal interferons. Recently, we discovered a nuclear oxidative stress-sensitive pathway mediated by the DNA damage response protein, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), in cytokine-induced NF-κB/RelA Ser 276 phosphorylation. Here we observe that ATM silencing results in enhanced single-strand RNA (ssRNA) replication of RSVand Sendai virus, due to decreased expression and secretion of type I and III interferons (IFNs), despite maintenance of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In addition to enhanced oxidative stress, RSV replication enhances foci of phosphorylated histone 2AX variant (γH2AX), Ser 1981 phosphorylation of ATM, and IKKγ/NEMO-dependent ATM nuclear export, indicating activation of the DNA damage response. ATM-deficient cells show defective RSV-induced mitogen and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK-1) Ser 376 phosphorylation and reduced RelA Ser 276 phosphorylation, whose formation is required for IRF7 expression. We observe that RelA inducibly binds the native IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) promoter in an ATM-dependent manner, and IRF7 inducibly binds to the endogenous retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) promoter. Ectopic IRF7 expression restores RIG-I expression and type I/III IFN expression in ATM-silenced cells. We conclude that paramyxoviruses trigger the DNA damage response, a pathway required for MSK1 activation of phospho Ser 276 RelA formation to trigger the IRF7-RIG-I amplification loop necessary for mucosal IFN production. These data provide the molecular pathogenesis for defects in the cellular innate immunity of patients with homozygous ATM mutations. IMPORTANCE RNA virus infections trigger cellular response pathways to limit spread to adjacent tissues. This "innate immune response" is mediated by germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors that trigger activation of two, largely independent, intracellular NF-κB and IRF3 transcription factors. Downstream, expression of protective antiviral interferons is amplified by positive-feedback loops mediated by inducible interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and retinoic acid inducible gene (RIG-I). Our results indicate that a nuclear oxidative stress- and DNA damage-sensing factor, ATM, is required to mediate a cross talk pathway between NF-κB and IRF7 through mediating phosphorylation of NF-κB. Our studies provide further information about the defects in cellular and innate immunity in patients with inherited ATM mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sanjeev Choudhary
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Chunying Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Teodora Ivanciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yinghong Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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