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Hellgren KJ, Bengtsson B, Agardh E. Functional and structural change in diabetic eyes. Interim results from an ongoing longitudinal prospective study. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:672-7. [PMID: 23025256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To presents results after 18 months of follow-up of a longitudinal study aiming at exploring the correlation between diabetic retinal vascular lesions and functional change. METHODS Patients were consecutively recruited from attendees to the screening program for diabetic retinopathy. Subjects are followed every sixth month for the first 3 years and thereafter annually up to 5 years. Progression of diabetic retinopathy is evaluated using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale and improvement/deterioration in visual fields by predefined significance limits for change. RESULTS Of 81 subjects, with no/mild/moderate diabetic retinopathy included, 76 have passed the 18-month visit. At that time, retinal progression by two steps according to the ETDRS scale had occurred in two subjects. Visual acuity was -0.14 logMAR and had decreased with two letters (0.04 logMAR) (p < 0.001) from baseline. The global visual field index mean deviation was almost unchanged with a negligible improvement of 0.03 dB (p = 0.79). In 21 subjects, repeated significant deterioration was seen in ≥10% of all points tested in the field, while almost no improved points were noted. The two subjects with retinal progression were not among those 21 with indication of perimetric progression. CONCLUSIONS This is, to our knowledge, the first longitudinal study evaluating change of visual fields in a representative diabetic cohort with no or mild/moderate retinopathy. In this interim report, we demonstrate deteriorated perimetric sensitivity in subjects already at 18 months of follow-up. The results will have implications for evaluating change in visual function in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Johan Hellgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Ophthalmology, County Hospital of Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden
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23752
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Johnston LW, Harris SB, Retnakaran R, Gerstein HC, Zinman B, Hamilton J, Hanley AJ. Short leg length, a marker of early childhood deprivation, is associated with metabolic disorders underlying type 2 diabetes: the PROMISE cohort study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3599-606. [PMID: 24089539 PMCID: PMC3816896 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Short leg length, a marker of early childhood deprivation, has been used in studies of the association of early life conditions with adult chronic disease risk. The objective of this study was to determine the cross-sectional associations of leg length with measures of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subjects (n = 462) at risk for type 2 diabetes were recruited into the PROspective Metabolism and ISlet cell Evaluation (PROMISE) longitudinal cohort. Leg length was calculated from sitting and standing height at the 3-year clinical examination. Glucose tolerance status was determined using an oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI), while the insulinogenic index over HOMA-IR (IGI/IR) and the insulin secretion sensitivity index 2 (ISSI-2) determined β-cell function. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted, adjusting for covariates including age, sex, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, waist, and weight. RESULTS Leg length and leg-to-height ratio were significantly associated with HOMA-IR (β = -0.037, β = -10.49, respectively; P < 0.0001), ISI (β = 0.035, β = 8.83, respectively; P < 0.0001), IGI/IR (β = 0.021, P < 0.05; β = 7.60, P < 0.01, respectively), and ISSI-2 (β = 0.01, P < 0.03; β = 3.34, P < 0.01, respectively) after adjustment for covariates. The association of shorter leg length with lower insulin sensitivity was most evident for those with high waist circumferences. CONCLUSIONS Shorter legs were independently associated with lower insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, suggesting that early childhood deprivation may increase the risk of developing diabetes.
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23753
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Hofmann B, Hjelmesæth J, Søvik TT. Moral challenges with surgical treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2013; 27:597-603. [PMID: 24028746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To review the most important moral challenges following from the widespread use of bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes for patients with BMI <35kg/m(2), although high quality evidence for its short and long term effectiveness and safety is limited. METHODS Extensive literature search to identify and analyze morally relevant issues. A question based method in ethics was applied to facilitate assessment and decision making. RESULTS Several important moral issues were identified: assessing and informing about safety, patient outcomes, and stakeholder interests; acquiring valid informed consent; defining and selecting outcome measures; stigmatization and discrimination of the patient group, as well as providing just distribution of health care. The main sources of these challenges are lack of high quality evidence, disagreement on clinical indications and endpoints, and the disciplining of human behavior by surgical interventions. CONCLUSION A lack of high quality evidence on the effect of bariatric surgery for the treatment of T2DM in patients with BMI<35/kg/m(2) poses a wide variety of moral challenges, which are important for decisions on the individual patient level, on the management level, and on the health policy making level. Strong preferences among surgeons and patients may hamper high quality research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Hofmann
- Department of Health, Technology and Society, University College of Gjøvik, Norway; Center for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Norway.
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23754
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Min J, Chiu DT, Wang Y. Variation in the heritability of body mass index based on diverse twin studies: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2013; 14:871-82. [PMID: 23980914 PMCID: PMC4346225 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Over the past three decades, twin studies have shown variation in the heritability of obesity. This study examined the difference of body mass index (BMI) heritability (BMI-H) by population characteristics, such as sex, age, time period of observation and average BMI, as well as by broad social-environmental factors as indicated by country-level gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and GDP growth rate. METHODS Twin studies that reported BMI-H and were published in English from January 1990 to February 2011 after excluding those with disease, special occupations or combined heritability estimates for country/ethnic groups were searched in PubMed. 32 studies were identified from Finland (7), the United Kingdom (6), the United States (3), Denmark (3), China (3), Netherlands (2), South Korea (2), Sweden (2) and four from other countries. Meta-regression models with random effects were used to assess variation in BMI-H. RESULTS Heterogeneity of BMI-H is significantly attributable to variations in age (<20, 20-55 and ≥56 years), time period of observation (i.e. year of data collection), average BMI and GDP (≤$20,000, $20,001-26,000 and >$26,000). BMI-H was higher in adolescents (<20 years), in studies done in past years, and in populations with higher average BMIs or higher GDP per capita (≥$26,000) than their counterparts. Consistent lowering effects of high GDP growth rate (>median) on BMI-H were shown through stratified analyses by GDP. BMI-H was lower in countries of mid-level GDP, particularly those experiencing rapid economic growth. CONCLUSIONS BMI-H is sensitive to age, time period of observation, average BMI, GDP and rapid economic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Min
- Johns Hopkins Global Center on Childhood Obesity, Department of International Health Human Nutrition Program, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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23755
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Bailey PK, Tomson CRV, Kinra S, Ebrahim S, Radhakrishna KV, Kuper H, Nitsch D, Ben-Shlomo Y. The effect of rural-to-urban migration on renal function in an Indian population: cross-sectional data from the Hyderabad arm of the Indian Migration Study. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:240. [PMID: 24176058 PMCID: PMC4228419 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urban migration is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, obesity and diabetes in Indian migrants. This study assessed the relationship between internal migration and renal function in the Hyderabad arm of the Indian Migration Study. Methods We assessed 841 subjects; urban non-migrants (n = 158), urban migrants (n = 424) and rural non-migrants (n = 259). Muscle mass was ascertained from DXA scanning. We derived urban life years for urban migrants and rural non-migrants. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the association between tertiles of urban life years and 4-variable MDRD eGFR using Stata 11. Results Mean eGFR was lower in urban non-migrants and urban migrants compared to rural non-migrants. The prevalence of CKD 3-5 was higher in the rural non-migrant population (5.0%) than in the urban non-migrant populations (2.5%) due to a negatively skewed distribution of eGFR in rural non-migrants. As urban life years increased, eGFR declined (p = 0.008) though there was no obvious dose response effect. After adjustment for muscle mass, the association was attenuated and the trend was consistent with chance (p = 0.08). Further adjustment for vascular risk factors weakened the association to a small degree (p = 0.11). Conclusions The high prevalence of reduced eGFR in rural areas requires further research. Urbanization was associated with reduced eGFR. This association appears mostly to be due to higher muscle mass with a small contribution from adverse vascular disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa K Bailey
- The Richard Bright Renal Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
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23756
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Lai CS, Ho MH, Tsai ML, Li S, Badmaev V, Ho CT, Pan MH. Suppression of adipogenesis and obesity in high-fat induced mouse model by hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10320-10328. [PMID: 24089698 DOI: 10.1021/jf402257t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones (HPMFs) effectively and dose-dependently suppressed accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes by approximately 51-55%. Western blot analysis revealed that HPMFs markedly down-regulated adipogenesis-related transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c as well as downstream target fatty acid binding protein 2 (aP2), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In addition, HPMFs also activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the early phase of adipogenesis, HPMF-treated preadipocytes displayed a delayed cell cycle entry into G2/M phase at 24 h (35.5% for DMI group and 4.8% for 20 μg/mL HPMFs-treated group) after initiation of adipogenesis. Furthermore, administration of HPMFs (0.25 and 1%) decreased high-fat diet (HFD) induced weight gain (15.3 ± 3.9 g for HFD group, 10.3 ± 0.3 g and 7.9 ± 0.7 g for 0.25 and 1% HPMFs groups, respectively) and relative perigonadal, retroperitoneal, mesenteric fat weight in C57BL/6 mice. Administration of HPMFs reduced serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (T-cho). The results suggested that HPMFs may have a potential benefit in preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Shu Lai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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23757
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Shimoyama S. Diabetes mellitus carries a risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6902-6910. [PMID: 24187468 PMCID: PMC3812492 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the association and quantify the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and gastric cancer (GC) by an updated meta-analysis.
METHODS: The initial PubMed search identified 1233 publications. Studies not reporting GC or those not reporting actual number of GC were excluded. Twelve pertinent studies were retrieved from the PubMed database or from a manual search and considered for the meta-analysis. Pooled risk ratios and 95%CI were estimated by a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was performed according to gender or geographical regions. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated by I2 and funnel plot analysis, respectively.
RESULTS: DM was significantly associated with GC with a RR of 1.41 (P = 0.006) (95%CI: 1.10-1.81). Subgroup analyses revealed that both sexes showed a significant association with GC, with a greater magnitude of risk in females (RR = 1.90; 95%CI: 1.27-2.85; P = 0.002) than in males (RR = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.08-1.43; P = 0.002). In addition, the link between DM and GC was significant in East Asian DM patients (RR = 1.77; 95%CI: 1.38-2.26; P < 0.00001) but not in Western DM patients (RR = 1.23; 95%CI: 0.90-1.68; P = 0.2). There was no evidence of publication bias, but the results indicated significant heterogeneity.
CONCLUSION: This updated meta-analysis has provided evidence of positive DM-GC associations. The limited information on potentially important clinical confounding factors in each study deserves further investigation.
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23758
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Iftikhar R, Kamran SM, Qadir A, Iqbal Z, bin Usman H. Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin: a case control study from Pakistan. Pan Afr Med J 2013; 16:67. [PMID: 24711867 PMCID: PMC3976659 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2013.16.67.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder and metformin is the most commonly prescribed oral hypoglycemic agent. Metformin is well known to cause viamin B12 deficiency due to effect on calcium-dependent membrane action in the terminal ileum leading to malabsorption of vitamin B12. The purpose of this study is to determine prevalence and associations of Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin. Methods This case control study was carried out in department of medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Kharian from 1st Jan 2012 to 30 december 2012. We enrolled 114 outdoor patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus currently on metformin for atleast 12 months, by consecutive sampling, and 105 age and sex matched patients taken as control. Patients with vitamin B12 levels of less than 150 pg/ml were said to be B12 deficient. The results were analyzed on SPSS version 16. Results Serum B12 levels were low in 35 patients (31%) on metformin as compared to only 9 patients (8.6%) among controls,(p value 0.002). Mean B12 levels were significantly low in metformin group 311 pg/ml (±194.4), p value 0.03. Dose of metformin had inverse correlation with B12 levels and the difference was statistically significant with p-value < 0.001. Conclusion Our study demonstrated significantly high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients treated with metformin with significant effect of dose and duration of metformin use on B12 levels. Physicians must recognize this important fact and screen diabetics on metformin therapy for underlying B12 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adnan Qadir
- Combined Military hospital kharian, Pakistan
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23759
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Visual outcome after intravitreal bevacizumab depends on the optical coherence tomographic patterns of patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema. Retina 2013; 33:740-7. [PMID: 23222391 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e31826b6763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) on the reduction of diffuse diabetic macular edema in patients with different optical coherence tomography patterns. DESIGN Prospective interventional case series. METHODS One hundred and forty-three eyes with diffuse diabetic macular edema, without a history of any previous treatment, were classified according to their optical coherence tomography patterns: sponge-like diffuse retinal thickening (SDRT) (n = 50), cystoid macular edema (CME) (n = 38), serous retinal detachment (SRD) (n = 25), and the combination of all patterns (FULL: n = 30). All the participants received a single dose (1.25 mg in 0.05 mL) of IVB. The foveal thickness obtained with optical coherence tomography images and logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity were assessed before receiving IVB and subsequently every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. RESULTS After IVB, the foveal thickness in all the groups was reduced but the reduction ratio in the SDRT (29.6 ± 15.6%) and CME (27.1 ± 20.5%) groups was significantly greater than in the SRD group (16.4 ± 17.7%) (P < 0.001). Similarly, improvement of visual acuity in the SDRT (-0.21 ± 0.16) and CME (-0.17 ± 0.24) groups was significantly greater than in the SRD (-0.12 ± 0.15) and FULL (-0.11 ± 0.13) (P = 0.047) groups. Interestingly, the efficacy of IVB for regression of diffuse diabetic macular edema was dependent on the duration of diabetes in the SDRT and CME groups but not in the SRD or FULL groups. CONCLUSION The effectiveness of IVB on diffuse diabetic macular edema was dependent on the optical coherence tomography pattern (SDRT ≥ CME >> SRD), indicating that vascular endothelial growth factor plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of SDRT and CME, and was greater in patients having diabetes for a shorter duration of time.
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23760
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Surani S. Are diabetic patients being screened for sleep related breathing disorder? World J Diabetes 2013; 4:162-164. [PMID: 24147199 PMCID: PMC3797880 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i5.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of both diabetes mellitus and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is high among general population. Both of these conditions are associated with significant morbidity. OSA affects approximately 25% of men and 9% of women, and its prevalence is even higher among obese, Hispanics, African American and diabetic patients. Diabetes on the other hand besides having high prevalence in general population has even higher prevalence among ethnic populations as Hispanics and African American. Despite the availability of several simple screening tools for OSA, as Berlin questionnaire, STOP-BANG questionnaire, NAMES Criteria, the utility for screening of OSA among the diabetic population remains marginal. This in turn can lead to significant morbidity and complications related to OSA as well as worsening of diabetes mellitus and increase in diabetic complications due to untreated sleep related breathing disorder. It is therefore imperative for the primary care giver to screen for OSA among the diabetic population as a part of their routine evaluation to prevent worsening of diabetes, and its cardiovascular, renal, ophthalmologic and neurological complications.
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23761
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Romero-Aroca P. Current status in diabetic macular edema treatments. World J Diabetes 2013; 4:165-169. [PMID: 24147200 PMCID: PMC3797881 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i5.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a serious chronic condition, which increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure and nerve damage leading to amputation. Furthermore the ocular complications include diabetic macular edema, is the leading cause of blindness among adults in the industrialized countries. Today, blindness from diabetic macular edema is largely preventable with timely detection and appropriate interventional therapy. The treatment should include an optimized control of glycemia, arterial tension, lipids and renal status. The photocoagulation laser is currently restricted to focal macular edema in some countries, but due the high cost of intravitreal drugs, the use of laser treatment for focal and diffuse diabetic macular edema (DME), can be valid as gold standard in many countries. The intravitreal anti vascular endothelial growth factor drugs (ranibizumab and bevacizumab), are indicated in the treatment of all types of DME, but the correct protocol for administration should be defined for the different Retina Scientific Societies. The corticosteroids for diffuse DME, has a place in pseudophakic patients, but its complications restricted the use of these drugs for some patients. Finally the intravitreal interface plays an important role and its exploration is mandatory in all DME patients.
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23762
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Xu X, Hu J, McGrath BC, Cavener DR. GCN2 in the brain programs PPARγ2 and triglyceride storage in the liver during perinatal development in response to maternal dietary fat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75917. [PMID: 24130751 PMCID: PMC3794936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in regulating lipid metabolism and facilitates efficient lipid utilization and storage. We discovered that a modest increase in maternal dietary fat in mice programs triglyceride storage in the liver of their developing offspring. The activation of this programming is not apparent, however, until several months later at the adult stage. We found that the perinatal programming of adult hepatic triglyceride storage was controlled by the eIF2α kinase GCN2 (EIF2AK4) in the brain of the offspring, which stimulates epigenetic modification of the Pparγ2 gene in the neonatal liver. Genetic ablation of Gcn2 in the offspring exhibited reduced hepatic triglyceride storage and repressed expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (Pparγ2) and two lipid droplet protein genes, Fsp27 and Cidea. Brain-specific, but not liver-specific, Gcn2 KO mice exhibit these same defects demonstrating that GCN2 in the developing brain programs hepatic triglyceride storage. GCN2 and nutrition-dependent programming of Pparγ2 is correlated with trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone 3 (H3K4me3) in the Pparγ2 promoter region during neonatal development. In addition to regulating hepatic triglyceride in response to modest changes in dietary fat, Gcn2 deficiency profoundly impacts the severity of the obese-diabetic phenotype of the leptin receptor mutant (db/db) mouse, by reducing hepatic steatosis and obesity but exacerbating the diabetic phenotype. We suggest that GCN2-dependent perinatal programming of hepatic triglyceride storage is an adaptation to couple early nutrition to anticipated needs for hepatic triglyceride storage in adults. However, increasing the hepatic triglyceride set point during perinatal development may predispose individuals to hepatosteatosis, while reducing circulating fatty acid levels that promote insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- Department of Biology, Center for Cellular Dynamics and the Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jingjie Hu
- Department of Biology, Center for Cellular Dynamics and the Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barbara C. McGrath
- Department of Biology, Center for Cellular Dynamics and the Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Cavener
- Department of Biology, Center for Cellular Dynamics and the Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23763
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Hryhorczuk C, Sharma S, Fulton SE. Metabolic disturbances connecting obesity and depression. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:177. [PMID: 24109426 PMCID: PMC3791387 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity markedly increases the odds of developing depression. Depressed mood not only impairs motivation, quality of life and overall functioning but also increases the risks of obesity complications. Abdominal obesity is a better predictor of depression and anxiety risk than overall adipose mass. A growing amount of research suggests that metabolic abnormalities stemming from central obesity that lead to metabolic disease may also be responsible for the increased incidence of depression in obesity. As reviewed here, a higher mass of dysfunctional adipose tissue is associated with several metabolic disturbances that are either directly or indirectly implicated in the control of emotions and mood. To better comprehend the development of depression in obesity, this review pulls together select findings addressing the link between adiposity, diet and negative emotional states and discusses the evidence that alterations in glucocorticoids, adipose-derived hormones, insulin and inflammatory signaling that are characteristic of central obesity may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Hryhorczuk
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montréal Montreal, QC, Canada
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23764
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Patil V, Patil R, Kariholu PL, Patil LS, Shahapur P. Topical Phenytoin Application in Grade I and II Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Prospective Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:2238-40. [PMID: 24298485 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/5713.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND India is fast becoming world diabetes capital. Diabetic foot infections are major problems among innumerable complications associated with diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS A randomized control study was conducted to evaluate the effect of topical phenytoin on healing in diabetic foot ulcers. One hundred patients with grade I/ II diabetic foot ulcers were randomly divided into two equal groups. Patients subjected to topical phenytoin dressing were classified under study and those who underwent normal salinewound dressings were classified as control. Both the groups were compared in terms of discharge, slough, wound area reduction and duration of hospital stay. RESULTS Discharge and slough from wound reduced significantly by day 14 in phenytoin group and within 21 days in control group. Mean duration of hospital stay in phenytoin group was 20 days, whereas in control group, it was 26 days. This difference was statistically significant (p value <0.005,df 1). CONCLUSION Hence, Phenytoin proved to be useful as a topical agent in promoting healing and in controlling infections in diabetic foot ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Patil
- Professor, Department of General Surgery, Bldeu's Shri B.M. Patil Medical College Bijapur Karnataka, India
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23765
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Yamamoto-Honda R, Ehara H, Kitazato H, Takahashi Y, Kawazu S, Akanuma Y, Noda M. The long-term coronary heart disease risk of previously obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocr Disord 2013; 13:38. [PMID: 24090279 PMCID: PMC3816169 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-13-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, development of diabetes, and coronary heart disease. There is limited information on the contribution of previous obesity on the risk of coronary heart disease. We aimed to examine the effect of previous history of obesity on the occurrence of coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes. METHODS We carried out a retrospective chart analysis of 315 type 2 diabetic patients without obesity and without atherosclerotic cardiovascular events at their initial hospital visit (men/women 236/79; mean ± standard deviation; age 53.1 ± 6.6 years; maximal body mass index before enrollment (MAXBMI) 26.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2; decrease of the BMI at enrollment from MAXBMI (deltaBMI) 4.23 ± 2.62 kg/m2) to investigate the association of previous obesity (MAXBMI larger than 30 kg/m2) with the long-term incidence of cardiovascular events. Of 315 patients, forty-eight were previously obese. RESULTS After median follow-up of 13.9 years, 48 patients developed coronary heart disease. The Kaplan-Meier analysis exhibited that coronary heart disease occurred more frequently in previously obese patients than in subjects in the reference category (22 kg/m2 < or = MAXBMI < 25 kg/m2) and that the effect lasted proportionally over follow-up periods. Multivariate Cox regression models showed that hazard ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals of coronary heart disease for patients with previous obesity compared with subjects in the reference category were 2.52 and 1.15 to 5.50 (p value = 0.020) after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. In this cohort, deltaBMI strongly correlated with MAXBMI and also behaved as a risk factor. The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals by the increment of one standard deviation of deltaBMI after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were 1.38 and 1.08 to 1.79 (p value = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Previous obesity and/or large body weight loss before admission might act as an increased risk for coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Yamamoto-Honda
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hideki Ehara
- The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6, Nihonbashibakurouchou, Chuou-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
- Ehara Medical Clinic, 1-10 Shouwa-cho, Tuyama-city, Okayama 708-0886, Japan
| | - Hiroji Kitazato
- The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6, Nihonbashibakurouchou, Chuou-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Oomori Red Cross Hospital, 4-30-11 Chuo, Oota-ku, Tokyo 143-8527, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Takahashi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawazu
- The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6, Nihonbashibakurouchou, Chuou-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
| | - Yasuo Akanuma
- The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6, Nihonbashibakurouchou, Chuou-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Noda
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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23766
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The effect of sex on endothelial function responses to clamped hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Hypertens Res 2013; 37:220-4. [PMID: 24089261 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the female sex is associated with renal protection in non-diabetic nephropathy, men and women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) have a similar risk of developing nephropathy. As hyperglycemia is associated with exaggerated effects on blood pressure and renal hyperfiltration in women versus men with T1D, we examined the influence of clamped hyperglycemia on flow mediated vasodilatation (FMD) to determine if this parameter contributes to sex-related differences in the vascular function. After a controlled diet for seven days, blood pressure, ultrasound derived FMD and circulating renin angiotensin system mediators were measured in men (n=30) and women (n=28) with T1D during clamped euglycemia and hyperglycemia. Men and women were similar in pre-study dietary parameters, age, diabetes duration, body mass index, HbA1c, renal function and proteinuria. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was higher in men during clamped euglycemia (121±2 vs. 108±2 mm Hg, P<0.0001) and hyperglycemia (121±2 vs. 111±2 mm Hg, P<0.0001), as were the circulating levels of angiotensin II (P<0.05). SBP increased in response to hyperglycemia in women but not in men. Consistently with differences in blood pressure during clamped euglycemia, FMD was higher in women than in men (8.06±0.55 vs. 4.15±0.52%, P<0.0001). In contrast, between-group differences in FMD during clamped hyperglycemia did not reach significance owing to a decline in FMD in women, versus men, in response to clamped hyperglycemia (P=0.040 for between-group change in FMD). Clamped hyperglycemia suppresses FMD in women, but not in men, with uncomplicated T1D, which may contribute to the relative loss of protection against renal disease progression in women with T1D.
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23767
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G, John S, Carrera-Bastos P, Lindeberg S, Cordain L. Metabolic effects of milk protein intake strongly depend on pre-existing metabolic and exercise status. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:60. [PMID: 24225036 PMCID: PMC3856498 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk protein intake has recently been suggested to improve metabolic health. This Perspective provides evidence that metabolic effects of milk protein intake have to be regarded in the context of the individual’s pre-existing metabolic and exercise status. Milk proteins provide abundant branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and glutamine. Plasma BCAAs and glutamine are increased in obesity and insulin resistance, but decrease after gastric bypass surgery resulting in weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity. Milk protein consumption results in postprandial hyperinsulinemia in obese subjects, increases body weight of overweight adolescents and may thus deteriorate pre-existing metabolic disturbances of obese, insulin resistant individuals.
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23768
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Edwards A, Springett A, Padfield J, Dorling J, Bugg G, Mansell P. Differences in post-mortem findings after stillbirth in women with and without diabetes. Diabet Med 2013; 30:1219-24. [PMID: 23815606 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The reason for the fivefold increased risk of stillbirth in women with diabetes is not known. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms may facilitate identification of pregnancies at increased risk. We have compared post-mortem reports in matched pairs of stillbirths in women with and without diabetes. METHODS Post-mortem reports were provided by the Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries. Stillbirths as a result of lethal congenital and genetic abnormalities were excluded. Whole body, placenta and organ weights and histo-pathological findings in cases and controls were compared and also related to published reference values. RESULTS We analysed post-mortem reports on 23 matched pairs of stillbirths from 2009 to 2010. Mean placental weight in women with diabetes was 75 g less than in control subjects (95% CI -143 to -7 g; P = 0.032). In maternal diabetes, the thymus was often small and showed a 'starry sky' pattern on histology in 11 of 20 cases compared with four of 22 controls (P = 0.03). This histological finding was associated with a particularly low mean placental weight z-score -2.1 (1.1) standard deviations below a reference population corrected for gestational age. CONCLUSIONS In over half of the stillbirths occurring in women with diabetes, there was a 'starry sky' appearance in the fetal thymus on histology, this being associated with a small placenta. These findings are consistent with a critical subacute metabolic disturbance being a prominent cause of the increased risk of stillbirth in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Edwards
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham
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23769
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Jarosz PA, Fletcher E, Elserafy E, Artiss JD, Jen KLC. The effect of α-cyclodextrin on postprandial lipid and glycemic responses to a fat-containing meal. Metabolism 2013; 62:1443-7. [PMID: 23806736 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD), a soluble dietary fiber derived from corn, marketed under the trade name FBCx®, has the potential to help individuals manage their weight and improve their lipid profiles. Initial studies in healthy overweight and/or obese diabetic individuals found that, in those consuming a normal to high fat diet over a 4 or 12 week period, α-CD use was associated with weight loss or maintenance and a reduction in triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic individuals. Furthermore, α-CD use was associated with the positive effects of increasing insulin and leptin sensitivities. To date, the immediate post-prandial glucose and lipid responses to a fat-containing meal have not been reported. MATERIALS/METHOD This double blinded placebo controlled cross-over trial examined the effect of 2 g of α-CD taken immediately following consumption of a commercially prepared high-fat breakfast meal on the acute postprandial responses in healthy adults. RESULTS The coincidental consumption of α-CD with a fat-containing meal was associated with a significant reduction in postprandial TG responses over time when compared to placebo. When incremental area under the curve was calculated, the area under the curve associated with α-CD consumption was significantly smaller than the Placebo area (0.30±1.07 mmol/L/3 h vs. 0.98±0.88 mmol/L/3 h, p<0.05). There were no significant changes in glucose or cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION α-Cyclodextrin was shown to significantly lower acute postprandial blood triglyceride levels.
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23770
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Ferdinand KC, Nasser SA. A review of the efficacy and tolerability of combination amlodipine/valsartan in non-white patients with hypertension. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2013; 13:301-13. [PMID: 23784267 PMCID: PMC3781303 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-013-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension, with particular focus on non-white populations including blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, and Asians. Hypertension and its related morbidity and mortality affect a disproportionate number of black patients compared with white patients. Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, and Asians have poor rates of hypertension awareness, treatment, and control. Given the high prevalence of comorbidities (e.g., obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome) in these populations, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers are a good choice for foundation therapy. This review also discusses the importance of adherence and persistence with antihypertensive medication, which remain suboptimal in these non-white populations. Evidence suggests improvement with the use of single-pill combination therapy. Lastly, clinical trial data on the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of the combination of a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin receptor blocker, a widely utilized combination, in non-white populations are presented. PubMed was searched using the title/abstract key words (amlodipine AND valsartan AND [hypertension OR hypertensive] AND [black(s) OR African American(s) OR Hispanic(s) OR Latino(s) OR Mexican(s) OR Asian(s)]). In total, eight studies in patients with stage 1 or 2 hypertension were identified (n = 1,111 black, n = 389 Hispanic/Latino, and n = 3,094 Asian). Results showed that treatment with the combination of amlodipine plus valsartan is a reasonable choice for initial therapy or in patients who fail to respond to monotherapy. These drug classes have complementary mechanisms of action and, when used concomitantly, the magnitude of blood pressure lowering in these non-white populations is generally comparable with that seen in non-Hispanic white patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Ferdinand
- Division of Cardiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, and Association of Black Cardiologists, Inc., 1430 Tulane Ave., SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA,
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23771
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Todoric J, Handisurya A, Leitner K, Harreiter J, Hoermann G, Kautzky-Willer A. Lipoprotein(a) is not related to markers of insulin resistance in pregnancy. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:138. [PMID: 24083682 PMCID: PMC3849879 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is a common finding in patients with type 2 diabetes and among women with gestational diabetes. Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, its relationship with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes is controversial and unproven. Here we aimed to clarify whether Lp(a) levels are associated with insulin sensitivity in pregnancy. METHODS Sixty-four women with gestational diabetes and 165 with normal glucose tolerance were enrolled in the study. Fasting Lp(a) serum levels were measured in all women at 24-28 weeks of gestation. RESULTS In pregnancy, there was no significant difference in serum Lp(a) concentrations between the two groups. Its level did not correlate with markers of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S%), pancreatic beta-cell function (HOMA-B%) and insulin sensitivity in dynamic conditions (OGIS). In addition, fasting glucose and insulin levels and those throughout an oral glucose tolerance test were independent of Lp(a) concentrations in our study group. CONCLUSIONS Lp(a) levels in pregnant women do not differ with respect to the presence or absence of gestational diabetes. Although influenced by some components of the lipid profile, such as triglycerides and HDL-C, insulin resistance in pregnancy is not affected by Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Todoric
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ammon Handisurya
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Leitner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juergen Harreiter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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23772
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Gábriel R. Neuropeptides and diabetic retinopathy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:1189-201. [PMID: 23043302 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, a common complication of diabetes, develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes, progressing to legal blindness in about 5%. In the recent years, considerable efforts have been put into finding treatments for this condition. It has been discovered that peptidergic mechanisms (neuropeptides and their analogues, activating a diverse array of signal transduction pathways through their multiple receptors) are potentially important for consideration in drug development strategies. A considerable amount of knowledge has been accumulated over the last three decades on human retinal neuropeptides and those elements in the pathomechanisms of diabetic retinopathy which might be related to peptidergic signal transduction. Here, human retinal neuropeptides and their receptors are reviewed, along with the theories relevant to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy both in humans and in experimental models. By collating this information, the curative potential of certain neupeptides and their analogues/antagonists can also be discussed, along with the existing clinical treatments of diabetic retinopathy. The most promising peptidergic pathways for which treatment strategies may be developed at present are stimulation of the somatostatin-related pathway and the pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide-related pathway or inhibition of angiotensinergic mechanisms. These approaches may result in the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor production and neuronal apoptosis; therefore, both the optical quality of the image and the processing capability of the neural circuit in the retina may be saved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, H-7621, Pécs, Hungary.
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23773
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Migliaccio S, Greco EA, Fornari R, Donini LM, Di Luigi L, Lenzi A. Skeletal alterations in women affected by obesity. Aging Clin Exp Res 2013; 25 Suppl 1:S35-7. [PMID: 24061852 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-013-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has always been considered a protective factor for the skeleton and for osteoporosis. However, new epidemiologic and clinical data have shown that high level of fat mass might be a risk factor for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Further, increasing evidences seem to indicate that the different components of metabolic syndrome (i.e. hypertension, increased triglycerides, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) are also potential risk factors for the development of low bone mineral density and osteoporosis.
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23774
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Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Doumas M, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Effect of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation on plasma lipoproteins and associated major cardiovascular risk factors: a narrative review. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29:1263-74. [PMID: 23879722 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2013.827566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking, active or passive, kills about 6 million people each year worldwide. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for 40% of all smoking-related deaths, lung cancer accounts for 20% of all smoking-related deaths, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is related to another 20% of deaths. In this narrative review we consider the relationship between cigarette smoking and CVD. We discuss disease states and/or CVD risk factors related to smoking, such as dyslipidaemia, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as their complex interrelations. Smoking cessation can correct abnormalities related to smoking; however, success rates are relatively low. In cases of inability to quit, measures to minimize the adverse effects of smoking specifically related to CVD should be taken. Smokers should receive best practice treatment, according to guidelines, as for non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios G Athyros
- Second Prop. Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
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23775
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of developmental programming suggests that the early life environment influences offspring characteristics in later life, including the propensity to develop diseases such as the metabolic syndrome. There is now growing evidence that the effects of developmental programming may also manifest in further generations without further suboptimal exposure. This review considers the evidence, primarily from rodent models, for effects persisting to subsequent generations, and evaluates the mechanisms by which developmental programming may be transmitted to further generations. In particular, we focus on the potential role of the intrauterine environment in contributing to a developmentally programmed phenotype in subsequent generations. METHODS The literature was systematically searched at http://pubmed.org and http://scholar.google.com to identify published findings regarding transgenerational (F2 and beyond) developmental programming effects in human populations and animal models. RESULTS Transmission of programming effects is often viewed as a form of epigenetic inheritance, either via the maternal or paternal line. Evidence exists for both germline and somatic inheritance of epigenetic modifications which may be responsible for phenotypic changes in further generations. However, there is increasing evidence for the role of both extra-genomic components of the zygote and the interaction of the developing conceptus with the intrauterine environment in propagating programming effects. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of a suboptimal reproductive tract environment or maternal adaptations to pregnancy may be critical to inheritance of programming effects via the maternal line. As the effects of age exacerbate the programmed metabolic phenotype, advancing maternal age may increase the likelihood of developmental programming effects being transmitted to further generations. We suggest that developmental programming effects could be propagated through the maternal line de novo in generations beyond F2 as a consequence of development in a suboptimally developed intrauterine tract and not necessarily though directly transmitted epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Aiken
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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23776
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Protective effects of fufang xueshuantong on diabetic retinopathy in rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:408268. [PMID: 24204392 PMCID: PMC3800603 DOI: 10.1155/2013/408268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Fufang Xueshuantong (FXT) on diabetic retinopathy in rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by a single injection of 60 mg/kg STZ. One week after STZ, FXT 0.525 g/kg or 1.05 g/kg was administrated to the rats by intragastric gavage (ig) once daily consecutively for 24 weeks. The control rats and untreated STZ rats received vehicle the same way. At the end of the experiment, the erythrocyte aggregation and blood viscosity were assayed. The retina vessel morphology was observed in retinal digestive preparations. Expression of occludin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in retina was measured by western blotting. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) in retina was detected by immunohistochemistry. The activity of aldose reductase in retina was investigated with a NADPH oxidation method. The results showed that, in STZ rats, there were distinct lesions in retinal vessel, including decrease of pericytes and increase of acellular capillaries, together with dilatation of retinal veins. The expression of VEGF and ICAM-1 increased, while the expression of PEDF and occludin decreased. The activity of aldose reductase elevated, and the whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, and erythrocyte aggregation also increased after STZ stimulation. FXT 0.525 g/kg and 1.05 g/kg demonstrated significant protective effects against STZ induced microvessel lesion in the retina with increased pericytes and reduced acellular capillaries. FXT also reduced the expression of VEGF and ICAM-1 and enhanced the expression of PEDF and occludin in STZ insulted rats. The activity of aldose reductase, the whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, and erythrocyte aggregation also decreased after FXT treatment. The results demonstrated that FXT has protective effect on STZ induced diabetic retinopathy in rats.
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23777
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyan Sellayah
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program; Diabetes and Obesity Research Center; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; Orlando Florida
| | - Devanjan Sikder
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program; Diabetes and Obesity Research Center; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; Orlando Florida
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23778
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Upregulation of microRNA-146a was not accompanied by downregulation of pro-inflammatory markers in diabetic kidney. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6477-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23779
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Li D, Yang F, Cheng H, Liu C, Sun M, Wu K, Ai M. Protective effects of total flavonoids from Flos Puerariae on retinal neuronal damage in diabetic mice. Mol Vis 2013; 19:1999-2010. [PMID: 24146535 PMCID: PMC3783365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the potential protective effects of total flavonoids from Flos Puerariae (TFF) on retinal neural cells in diabetic mice. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin to generate type I diabetes in a murine model, as indicated by blood glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/l. TFF was administered intragastrically at a dose of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day. After 10 weeks of administration, the mice were euthanized, and the eyes were dissected. Retinal histology was examined, and the thickness of the retina was measured. Ultrastructural changes in the retinal ganglion cells and capillary basement membrane were observed with electron microscopy. Apoptosis of retinal neural cells was determined with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling assay. Bax and Bcl-2 expression in the retinal tissues was determined with immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the diabetic mice, the blood glucose level decreased (p<0.01) and the bodyweight increased (p<0.05) in the 100 and 200 mg/kg TFF-treated groups. The thickness of the retina significantly increased (p<0.01), and the retinal capillary basement membrane (BM) thickness was reduced in the 100 and 200 mg/kg TFF-treated diabetic mice (DM). The 100 and 200 mg/kg TFF treatments also attenuated the diabetes-induced apoptosis of retinal neural cells. Consistent with these effects, TFF treatment decreased the Bax expression level and, concurrently, increased the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax. CONCLUSIONS TFF attenuated diabetes-induced apoptosis in retinal neurons by inhibiting Bax expression and increasing the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax, which suggests that TFF might prevent retinal neuronal damage in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Hubei University of Medicine Affiliated People’s Hospital of Shiyan, Shiyan, China
| | - Hongke Cheng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China,Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Ai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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23780
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Safavi M, Foroumadi A, Abdollahi M. The importance of synthetic drugs for type 2 diabetes drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1339-63. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.837883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23781
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Diagnostic value of the combined measurement of serum hcy, serum cys C, and urinary microalbumin in type 2 diabetes mellitus with early complicating diabetic nephropathy. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 2013:407452. [PMID: 24159393 PMCID: PMC3789395 DOI: 10.1155/2013/407452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of end-stage kidney disease, and therefore early diagnosis and intervention may help reverse renal damage. One hundred and sixty-eight patients with T2DM and 56 healthy volunteers (control group) were enrolled at Shandong University Qilu Hospital between April 2010 and October 2012. All subjects underwent blood sampling for sera homocysteine (Hcy) and cystatin C (Cys C) assays and a urine microalbumin test. The patients were divided into three groups according to the urine microalbumin excretion rate (UMAER): the simple DM group (SDM group, n = 51), the early-stage DN group (EDN group, n = 60), and the clinical DN and renal failure group (CDN group, n = 57). Correlation analysis was performed to examine the association between sera Hcy and Cys C levels with UMAER. Our findings showed that sera Hcy level, Cys C level, and UMAER increased significantly in the SDM group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), the EDN group (P < 0.01), and the CDN group (P < 0.01) as compared with the control group. These three biochemical markers also increased significantly with DN progression (P < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed that sera Hcy and Cys C levels were positively correlated with UMAER (r = 0.702, P < 0.01; r = 0.873, P < 0.01). In conclusion, our results showed that sera Hcy and Cys C levels increased consistently with the development and progression of DN as indicated by UMAER. Sera Hcy and Cys C are sensitive biomarkers for the detection of early-stage DN and monitoring its progression.
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23782
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Declèves AE, Rychak JJ, Smith DJ, Sharma K. Effects of high-fat diet and losartan on renal cortical blood flow using contrast ultrasound imaging. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1343-51. [PMID: 24049144 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00326.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related kidney disease occurs as a result of complex interactions between metabolic and hemodynamic effects. Changes in microvascular perfusion may play a major role in kidney disease; however, these changes are difficult to assess in vivo. Here, we used perfusion ultrasound imaging to evaluate cortical blood flow in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced kidney disease. C57BL/6J mice were randomized to a standard diet (STD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 30 wk and then treated either with losartan or a placebo for an additional 6 wk. Noninvasive ultrasound perfusion imaging of the kidney was performed during infusion of a microbubble contrast agent. Blood flow within the microvasculature of the renal cortex and medulla was derived from imaging data. An increase in the time required to achieve full cortical perfusion was observed for HFD mice relative to STD. This was reversed following treatment with losartan. These data were concurrent with an increased glomerular filtration rate in HFD mice compared with STD- or HFD-losartan-treated mice. Losartan treatment also abrogated fibro-inflammatory disease, assessed by markers at the protein and messenger level. Finally, a reduction in capillary density was found in HFD mice, and this was reversed upon losartan treatment. This suggests that alterations in vascular density may be responsible for the elevated perfusion time observed by imaging. These data demonstrate that ultrasound contrast imaging is a robust and sensitive method for evaluating changes in renal microvascular perfusion and that cortical perfusion time may be a useful parameter for evaluating obesity-related renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Emilie Declèves
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, 405 Stein Clinical Research Bldg., MC 0711, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093.
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23783
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Protective role of low-dose TGF-β1 in early diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:752-8. [PMID: 24055008 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether low-dose TGF-β1 and/or IL-6-receptorα monoclonal antibody (anti-IL-6Rα) can be used to delay renal damage and preserve renal function by rebalancing regulatory T (Treg)/Th17 cells during the course of early diabetic nephropathy (DN) induced by streptozotocin (STZ). METHODS Diabetes was induced in C57BL/6 mice by multiple STZ injection. Low-dose TGF-β1 (0.1 μg/mouse/week) and/or anti-IL-6Rα (10 μg/mouse/week) were administered 6 dozes after STZ injection. After 40 days of diabetes onset, metabolic indices, renal structure, activated Akt and Stat3, Treg/Th17 balance, markers and inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress in glomeruli were assessed. RESULTS Low-dose TGF-β1, instead of causing renal damage, decreased blood glucose, ameliorated kidney hypertrophy, attenuated oxidative stress, maintained activated Stat3, and induced Treg/Th17 balance in early DN. Interestingly, low-dose TGF-β1+anti-IL-6Rα or anti-IL-6Rα alone did not attenuate DN. CONCLUSIONS This study provides convincing experimental evidence of the protective effects of low-dose TGF-β1 in improving metabolic disorder and slowing renal damage in early DN.
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23784
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de Castro UGM, dos Santos RAS, Silva ME, de Lima WG, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Alzamora AC. Age-dependent effect of high-fructose and high-fat diets on lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in liver and kidney of rats. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:136. [PMID: 24044579 PMCID: PMC3849586 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by variable coexistence of metabolic and pathophysiological alterations which are important risk factors for developing of type II diabetes and/or cardiovascular diseases. Increased of MS patients in worldwide has stimulated the development of experimental models. However, it is still challenging to find an dietetic model that most closely approximates human MS and, in addition, is not yet fully established the effect of different diets of MS in lipid metabolism in rats of different ages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different diets of MS in lipid metabolism and ectopic fat deposition and define the most appropriate diet for inducing the characteristic disturbances of the human MS in rats of different ages. Methods Young (4 weeks old) and adult rats (12 weeks old) were given a high-fat (FAT) or high-fructose diet (FRU) for 13 weeks and biochemical, physiological, histological and biometric parameters were evaluated. Results In young rats, the FAT diet induced increased mean blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), body weight after 6 to 10 weeks, and in the 13th week, increased the liver, mesenteric, retroperitoneal and epididymal fat weights, fasting glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and reduced HDL cholesterol; and also induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and renal inflammatory infiltrates. In adult rats, the FRU diet induced transient elevations of MAP and HR in the 6th week, and, at 13 weeks, increased fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, AST and ALT; increased liver, kidneys and retroperitoneal fat weights; and induced macrovesicular and microvesicular NAFLD, the presence of fat cells in the kidney, glomerular sclerosis, and liver and kidney inflammation. Additionally, the FAT and FRU diets induced, respectively, increases in liver glycogen in adults and young rats. Conclusions Our data show that FRU diet in adult rats causes biggest change on metabolism of serum lipids and lipid accumulation in liver and kidney, while the FAT diet in young rats induces elevation of MAP and HR and higher increased visceral lipid stores, constituting the best nutritional interventions to induce MS in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uberdan Guilherme Mendes de Castro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG 35 400-000, Brazil.
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23785
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Anti-Proliferative Effect of an Aqueous Extract of Prunella vulgaris in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:936463. [PMID: 24159354 PMCID: PMC3789443 DOI: 10.1155/2013/936463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in arterial walls is an important pathogenic factor of vascular disorders such as diabetic atherosclerosis. We have reported the anti-inflammatory effect of an aqueous extract from Prunella vulgaris (APV) in vascular endothelial cell. In the present study, APV exhibited inhibitory effects on high glucose-stimulated VSMC proliferation, migration, and invasion activities, inducing G1 cell cycle arrest with downregulation of cyclins and CDKs and upregulation of the CKIs, p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1. Furthermore, APV dose dependently suppressed the high glucose-induced matrix metalloproteinase activity. High glucose-induced phosphorylation of ERK, p38 MAPK, was decreased by the pretreatment of APV. NF-κB activation by high glucose was attenuated by APV, as an antioxidant. APV attenuated the high glucose-induced decrease of nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) translocation and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Intracellular cGMP level was also increased by APV treatment. These results demonstrate that APV may inhibit VSMC proliferation via downregulating ROS/NF-κB /ERK/p38 MAPK pathways. In addition, APV has a beneficial effect by the interaction of Nrf2-mediated NO/cGMP with HO-1, suggesting that Prunella vulgaris may be useful in preventing diabetic atherosclerosis.
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23786
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Wright J, Birk J, Haataja L, Liu M, Ramming T, Weiss MA, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Arvan P. Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin-1α (Ero1α) improves folding and secretion of mutant proinsulin and limits mutant proinsulin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31010-8. [PMID: 24022479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.510065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon chronic up-regulation of proinsulin synthesis, misfolded proinsulin can accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells, promoting ER stress and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Mutant Ins-gene-induced Diabetes of Youth (MIDY), misfolded mutant proinsulin impairs ER exit of co-expressed wild-type proinsulin, limiting insulin production and leading to eventual β-cell death. In this study we have investigated the hypothesis that increased expression of ER oxidoreductin-1α (Ero1α), despite its established role in the generation of H2O2, might nevertheless be beneficial in limiting proinsulin misfolding and its adverse downstream consequences. Increased Ero1α expression is effective in promoting wild-type proinsulin export from cells co-expressing misfolded mutant proinsulin. In addition, we find that upon increased Ero1α expression, some of the MIDY mutants themselves are directly rescued from ER retention. Secretory rescue of proinsulin-G(B23)V is correlated with improved oxidative folding of mutant proinsulin. Indeed, using three different variants of Ero1α, we find that expression of either wild-type or an Ero1α variant lacking regulatory disulfides can rescue mutant proinsulin-G(B23)V, in parallel with its ability to provide an oxidizing environment in the ER lumen, whereas beneficial effects were less apparent for a redox-inactive form of Ero1. Increased expression of protein disulfide isomerase antagonizes the rescue provided by oxidatively active Ero1. Importantly, ER stress induced by misfolded proinsulin was limited by increased expression of Ero1α, suggesting that enhancing the oxidative folding of proinsulin may be a viable therapeutic strategy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wright
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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23787
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Guzmán-Quevedo O, Da Silva Aragão R, Pérez García G, Matos RJB, de Sa Braga Oliveira A, de Castro RM, Bolaños-Jiménez F. Impaired hypothalamic mTOR activation in the adult rat offspring born to mothers fed a low-protein diet. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74990. [PMID: 24040371 PMCID: PMC3767644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological and experimental studies have clearly established that maternal malnutrition induces a high risk of developing obesity and related metabolic diseases in the offspring. To determine if altered nutrient sensing might underlie this enhanced disease susceptibility, here we examined the effects of perinatal protein restriction on the activation of the nutrient sensor mTOR in response to acute variations in the nutritional status of the organism. Female Wistar rats were fed isocaloric diets containing either 17% protein (control) or 8% protein (PR) throughout pregnancy and lactation. At weaning offspring received standard chow and at 4 months of age the effects of fasting or fasting plus re-feeding on the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and its downstream target S6 ribosomal protein (rpS6) in the hypothalamus were assessed by immuno-fluorescence and western blot. Under ad libitum feeding conditions, PR rats exhibited decreased mTOR and rpS6 phosphorylation in the arcuate (ARC) and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei. Moreover, the phosphorylation of mTOR and rpS6 in these hypothalamic nuclei decreased with fasting in control but not in PR animals. Conversely, PR animals exhibited enhanced number of pmTOR imunostained cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and fasting decreased the activation of mTOR in the PVN of malnourished but not of control rats. These alterations occurred at a developmental stage at which perinatally-undernourished animals do not show yet obesity or glucose intolerance. Collectively, our observations suggest that altered hypothalamic nutrient sensing in response to an inadequate foetal and neonatal energetic environment is one of the basic mechanisms of the developmental programming of metabolic disorders and might play a causing role in the development of the metabolic syndrome induced by malnutrition during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Guzmán-Quevedo
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
| | - Raquel Da Silva Aragão
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Georgina Pérez García
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
| | - Rhowena J. B. Matos
- Núcleo de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - André de Sa Braga Oliveira
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães de Castro
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Francisco Bolaños-Jiménez
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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23788
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Hosseini A, Baeeri M, Rahimifard M, Navaei-Nigjeh M, Mohammadirad A, Pourkhalili N, Hassani S, Kamali M, Abdollahi M. Antiapoptotic effects of cerium oxide and yttrium oxide nanoparticles in isolated rat pancreatic islets. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:544-53. [PMID: 23696423 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112468175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Type I diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease caused by the impairment of pancreatic β-cells mainly mediated through oxidative stress and related apoptosis. Islets transplantation seems a promising treatment for these patients, but during islets transplant, various types of stresses related to the isolation and transplantation procedure compromise the function and viability of islets. We recently hypothesized that the combination of cerium oxide (CeO2) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles with a potential free radical scavenger behavior should be useful to make isolated islets survive until transplanted. In the present study, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in isolated rat pancreatic islets exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the protective effects of CeO2 and Y2O3 nanoparticles were investigated. Exposure of islets to H2O2 (50 µm, 2 h) increased intracellular oxidant formation such as reactive oxygen species and subsequently apoptosis and decreased viability, glucose-induced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Pretreatment with CeO2 and/or Y2O3 nanoparticles reduced the oxidant formation and apoptosis and increased viability, glucose-induced ATP production and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These results suggest that this combination may protect β-cell apoptosis by improving the oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hosseini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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23789
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The role of Nrf2: adipocyte differentiation, obesity, and insulin resistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:184598. [PMID: 24194976 PMCID: PMC3781919 DOI: 10.1155/2013/184598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity, are increasing globally, and much work has been performed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of these diseases. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that serves as a primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress. Recent studies have proposed a close relationship between oxidative stress and energy metabolism-associated disease. The Nrf2 pathway, as a master regulator of cellular defense against oxidative stress, has emerged as a critical target of energy metabolism; however, its effects are controversial. This review examines the current state of research on the role of Nrf2 on energy metabolism, specifically with respect to its participation in adipocyte differentiation, obesity, and insulin resistance, and discusses the possibility of using Nrf2 as a therapeutic target in the clinic.
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23790
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Misra M. Obesity pharmacotherapy: current perspectives and future directions. Curr Cardiol Rev 2013; 9:33-54. [PMID: 23092275 PMCID: PMC3584306 DOI: 10.2174/157340313805076322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising tide of obesity and its related disorders is one of the most pressing health concerns worldwide, yet existing medicines to combat the problem are disappointingly limited in number and effectiveness. Recent advances in mechanistic insights into the neuroendocrine regulation of body weight have revealed an expanding list of molecular targets for novel, rationally designed antiobesity pharmaceutical agents. Antiobesity drugs act via any of four mechanisms: 1) decreasing energy intake, 2) increasing energy expenditure or modulating lipid metabolism, 3) modulating fat stores or adipocyte differentiation, and 4) mimicking caloric restriction. Various novel drug candidates and targets directed against obesity are currently being explored. A few of them are also in the later phases of clinical trials. This review discusses the development of novel antiobesity drugs based on current understanding of energy homeostasis
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Misra
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.
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23791
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Capobianco E, Martínez N, Fornes D, Higa R, Di Marco I, Basualdo MN, Faingold MC, Jawerbaum A. PPAR activation as a regulator of lipid metabolism, nitric oxide production and lipid peroxidation in the placenta from type 2 diabetic patients. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 377:7-15. [PMID: 23811234 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand activated transcription factors with crucial functions in lipid homeostasis, anti-inflammatory processes and placental development. Maternal diabetes induces a pro-inflammatory environment and alters placental development. We investigated whether PPARs regulate lipid metabolism and nitric oxide (NO) production in placental explants from healthy and type 2 diabetic (DM2) patients. We found decreased PPARα and PPARγ concentrations, no changes in PPARδ concentrations, and increased lipids, lipoperoxides and NO production in placentas from DM2 patients. PPARα agonists reduced placental concentrations of triglycerides and both PPARα and PPARδ agonists reduced concentrations of phospholipids, cholesteryl esters and cholesterol. PPARγ agonists increased lipid concentrations in placentas from DM2 patients and more markedly in placentas from healthy patients. Endogenous ligands for the three PPAR isotypes reduced NO production and lipoperoxidation in placentas from DM2 patients. We conclude that PPARs play a role in placental NO and lipid homeostasis and can regulate NO production, lipid concentrations and lipoperoxidation in placentas from DM2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Capobianco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23792
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Rahimi Z, Mansouri Zaveleh O, Rahimi Z, Abbasi A. AT2R -1332 G:A polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J Renal Inj Prev 2013; 2:97-101. [PMID: 25340140 PMCID: PMC4206021 DOI: 10.12861/jrip.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a central role in the regulation of sodium metabolism, vascular tone, blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, and vascular modeling and is activated by hyperglycemiaObjectives: In the present study the influence of AT2R -1332 G:A polymorphism on the risk of T2DM and its complications in a population from Western Iran has been investigated.
Patients and Methods: In a case-control study, 70 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) including normo-, micro- and macro-albuminuric patients and 112 healthy subjects from the Kermanshah province were studied to investigate the association between the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) -1332 G:A variants with the risk of T2DM and its complications. The genotypes of the AT2R were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Analysis of AT2R -1332 G:A polymorphism indicated the absence of association between this polymorphism with T2DM and diabetic nephropathy.
Results: Analysis of AT2R -1332 G:A polymorphism indicated the absence of association between this polymorphism with T2DM and diabetic nephropathy. In females with diabetic nephropathy a significantly higher frequency of AA genotype (50%) was detected compared to those without nephropathy (13.3%, p=0.015). The presence of A allele of AT2R was associated with significantly (p=0.029) increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic patients without nephropathy.
Conclusion: Our study indicated an association between the AT2R -1332 G:A polymorphism and the risk of diabetic nephropathy in females only. Also, the A allele was associated with the risk of CAD in those diabetic patients without nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Rahimi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran ; Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Omid Mansouri Zaveleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanandaj Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ziba Rahimi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanandaj Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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23793
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Fedeli D, Carloni M, Nasuti C, Gambini A, Scocco V, Gabbianelli R. Early life permethrin exposure leads to hypervitaminosis D, nitric oxide and catecholamines impairment. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 107:93-7. [PMID: 25149241 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to gain more knowledge on the impact of early life pesticide exposure on premature aging. The effect of a low dose of the insecticide permethrin administered to rats during early life (1/50 LD50, from 6th to 21st day of life) was analyzed by measuring some metabolites in plasma and urine of 500-day-old animals. Significant differences in early life treated rats compared to the control group were found in the plasma levels of Ca(++), Na(+), 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, adrenaline, noradrenaline, nitric oxide, cholesterol and urea while in urine only Na(+) content was different. These results add information on the impact of permethrin during the neonatal period, supporting the evidence that early life environmental exposure to xenobiotics has long-term effects, inducing modifications in adulthood that can be revealed by the analysis of some macroelements, metabolites and catecholamines in plasma, when rats are 500 days old.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Gambini
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, Lancisi, Salesi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vitangelo Scocco
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, Lancisi, Salesi, Ancona, Italy
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23794
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Montagnani A, Gonnelli S. Antidiabetic therapy effects on bone metabolism and fracture risk. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:784-91. [PMID: 23368527 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are at greater risk of fractures mostly due to not only to extraskeletal factors, such as propensity to fall, but also to bone quality alteration, which reduces bone strength. In people with diabetes, insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia seem to play a role in determining bone formation alteration by advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation or AGE/RAGE (receptors for AGE) axis imbalance, which directly influence osteoblast activity. Moreover, hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress are able to negatively influence osteocalcin production and the Wnt signalling pathways with an imbalance of osteoblast/osteoclast activity leading to bone quality reduction as global effect. In addition, other factors such as insulin growth factors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ pathways seem to have an important role in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in diabetes. Although there are conflicting data in literature, adequate glycaemic control with hypoglycaemic treatment may be an important element in preventing bone tissue alterations in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Attention should be paid to the use of thiazolidinediones, especially in older women, because the direct negative effect on bone could exceed the positive effect of glycaemic control. Finally, preliminary data on animals and in humans suggest the hypothesis that incretins and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors could have a positive effect on bone metabolism by a direct effect on bone cells; however, such issue needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Montagnani
- Metabolic Bone Diseases and Osteoporosis Ambulatory, Internal Medicine Unit, Misericordia Hospital, Grosseto, Italy.
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23795
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Tamura Y, Kawao N, Okada K, Yano M, Okumoto K, Matsuo O, Kaji H. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is involved in streptozotocin-induced bone loss in female mice. Diabetes 2013; 62:3170-9. [PMID: 23715621 PMCID: PMC3749344 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In diabetic patients, the risk of fracture is high because of impaired bone formation. However, the details of the mechanisms in the development of diabetic osteoporosis remain unclear. In the current study, we investigated the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetic osteoporosis by using PAI-1-deficient mice. Quantitative computed tomography analysis showed that PAI-1 deficiency protected against streptozotocin-induced bone loss in female mice but not in male mice. PAI-1 deficiency blunted the changes in the levels of Runx2, osterix, and alkaline phosphatase in tibia as well as serum osteocalcin levels suppressed by the diabetic state in female mice only. Furthermore, the osteoclast levels in tibia, suppressed in diabetes, were also blunted by PAI-1 deficiency in female mice. Streptozotocin markedly elevated the levels of PAI-1 mRNA in liver in female mice only. In vitro study demonstrated that treatment with active PAI-1 suppressed the levels of osteogenic genes and mineralization in primary osteoblasts from female mouse calvaria. In conclusion, the current study indicates that PAI-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetic osteoporosis in females. The expression of PAI-1 in the liver and the sensitivity of bone cells to PAI-1 may be an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Tamura
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Yano
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Okumoto
- Life Science Research Institute, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Matsuo
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Corresponding author: Hiroshi Kaji,
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23796
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Rindler PM, Crewe CL, Fernandes J, Kinter M, Szweda LI. Redox regulation of insulin sensitivity due to enhanced fatty acid utilization in the mitochondria. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H634-43. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00799.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Obesity enhances the risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Loss in insulin sensitivity and diminished ability of muscle to take up and use glucose are characteristics of type 2 diabetes. Paradoxically, regulatory mechanisms that promote utilization of fatty acids appear to initiate diet-induced insulin insensitivity. In this review, we discuss recent findings implicating increased mitochondrial production of the prooxidant H2O2 due to enhanced utilization of fatty acids, as a signal to diminish reliance on glucose and its metabolites for energy. In the short term, the ability to preferentially use fatty acids may be beneficial, promoting a metabolic shift that ensures use of available fat by skeletal muscle and heart while preventing intracellular glucose accumulation and toxicity. However, with prolonged consumption of high dietary fat and ensuing obesity, the near exclusive dependence on fatty acid oxidation for production of energy by the mitochondria drives insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Rindler
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Clair L. Crewe
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
| | - Jolyn Fernandes
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
| | - Michael Kinter
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Luke I. Szweda
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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23797
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Li X, Cai S, Yin W, Hu X. Neu-p11 reduces clock/apelin expression in insulin-resistant mouse adipocyte model. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:798-800. [PMID: 23963596 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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23798
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Sato M, Kanikowska D, Iwase S, Shimizu Y, Nishimura N, Inukai Y, Sato M, Sugenoya J. Seasonal differences in melatonin concentrations and heart rates during sleep in obese subjects in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2013; 57:743-748. [PMID: 23111917 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-012-0601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During the past several decades, obesity has been increasing globally. In Japan, obesity is defined by a BMI of 25 kg/m² or over; 28.6 % of men and 20.6 % of women are obese. Obese people have an increased incidence of developing cardiovascular, renal, and hormonal diseases and sleep disorders. Obese people also have shortened sleep durations. We investigated seasonal differences in melatonin concentrations, heart rates, and heart rate variability during sleep in obese subjects in Japan. Five obese (BMI, 32.0 ± 4.9 kg/m²) and five non-obese (BMI, 23.2 ± 2.9 kg/m²) men participated in this study in the summer and winter. Electrocardiograms were measured continuously overnight in a climatic chamber at 26 °C with a relative humidity of 50 %. Saliva samples for melatonin were collected at 2300 hours, 0200 hours, and 0600 hours. We found that melatonin concentrations during sleep in obese subjects were significantly lower than those in non-obese subjects in the winter. Heart rate during sleep in winter was significantly higher than that in summer in both obese and non-obese subjects. Heart rate variability was not significantly different in the summer and winter in both obese and non-obese subjects. Our results show that decreased nocturnal melatonin concentrations during winter in obese men may be related to higher heart rates, and this may suggest that obese men are at an increased risk of a cardiovascular incident during sleep, especially in the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Sato
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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23799
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Sangani R, Naime M, Zakhary I, Ahmad S, Chutkan N, Zhu A, Ha Y, Hamrick M, Isales C, Elsalanty M, Smith S, Liou GI, Fulzele S. Regulation of vitamin C transporter in the type 1 diabetic mouse bone and bone marrow. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:298-306. [PMID: 23999113 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have revealed that Type I diabetes (T1D) is associated with bone loss and an increased risk of fractures. T1D induces oxidative stress in various tissues and organs. Vitamin C plays an important role in the attenuation of oxidative stress; however, little is known about the effect of T1D induced oxidative stress on the regulation of vitamin C transporter in bone and bone marrow cells. To investigate this, T1D was induced in mice by multiple low dose injections of streptozotocin. We have demonstrated that endogenous antioxidants, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are down-regulated in the bone and bone marrow of T1D. The vitamin C transporter isoform SVCT2, the only known transporter expressed in bone and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), is negatively regulated in the bone and bone marrow of T1D. The μCT imaging of the bone showed significantly lower bone quality in the 8 week T1D mouse. The in-vitro study in BMSCS showed that the knockdown of SVCT2 transporter decreases ascorbic acid (AA) uptake, and increases oxidative stress. The significant reversing effect of antioxidant vitamin C is only possible in control cells, not in knockdown cells. This study suggested that T1D induces oxidative stress and decreases SVCT2 expression in the bone and bone marrow environment. Furthermore, this study confirms that T1D increases bone resorption, decreases bone formation and changes the microstructure of bones. This study has provided evidence that the regulation of the SVCT2 transporter plays an important role not only in T1D osteoporosis but also in other oxidative stress-related musculoskeletal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnikumar Sangani
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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23800
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Patrocínio-Silva TL, de Souza AMF, Goulart RL, Pegorari CF, Oliveira JR, Fernandes K, Magri A, Pereira RMR, Araki DR, Nagaoka MR, Parizotto NA, Rennó ACM. The effects of low-level laser irradiation on bone tissue in diabetic rats. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 29:1357-64. [PMID: 23990218 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to a decrease in bone mass and increase the risk of osteoporosis and in this context, many treatments have shown to accelerate bone metabolism. It seems that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is able of stimulating osteoblast activity and produced increased biomechanical properties. However, its effects on bone in diabetic rats are not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LLLT on bone formation, immunoexpression of osteogenic factors, biomechanical properties and densitometric parameters in diabetic rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three experimental groups: control group, diabetic group, and laser-treated diabetic group. DM was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and after 1 week laser treatment started. An 830-nm laser was used, performed for 18 sessions, during 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, animals were euthanized and tibias and femurs were defleshed for analysis. Extensive resorptive areas as a result of osteoclasts activity were noticed in DG when compared to control. Laser-treated animals showed an increased cortical area. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that LLLT produced an increased RUNX-2 expression compared to other groups. Similar RANK-L immunoexpression was observed for all experimental groups. In addition, laser irradiation produced a statistically increase in fracture force, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density compared to DG. The results of this study indicate that the STZ model was efficient in inducing DM 1 and producing a decrease in cortical diameter, biomechanical properties and in densitometric variables. In addition, it seems that LLLT stimulated bone metabolism, decreased resorptive areas, increased RUNX-2 expression, cortical area, fracture force, BMD, and BMC. Further studies should be developed to provide additional information concerning the mechanisms of action of laser therapy in diabetic bone in experimental and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Lopes Patrocínio-Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, 13565-902
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