201
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Panza SB, Vargas R, Balbo SL, Bonfleur ML, Granzotto DCT, Sant'Ana DMG, Nogueira-Melo GA. Perinatal exposure to low doses of glyphosate-based herbicide combined with a high-fat diet in adulthood causes changes in the jejunums of mice. Life Sci 2021; 275:119350. [PMID: 33737081 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Exposure to pesticides and consumption of high-fat diets are widespread in society. Reports have shown that exposure to glyphosate and a high-fat diet can cause gastrointestinal disorders and increase susceptibility to obesity. Thus, this study evaluated the impacts of perinatal exposure to glyphosate followed by consumption of a high-fat diet in adulthood on the histology and morphometry of jejunums and enteric nervous system of C57BL/6 mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS After mating, 20 C57BL/6 female mice were separated into a control group (CG) and a glyphosate group (GLY) that received water with 0.5% glyphosate. After the lactation period, some male offspring were randomly separated into CG-SD and GLY-SD (standard diet) groups or CG-HD and GLY-HD (high-fat diet) groups. After 12 weeks, jejunum samples were collected and submitted to histological analysis. KEY FINDINGS Indirect exposure to glyphosate changed the morphometry of the intestinal wall, increased the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and goblet cells, and altered the area occupied by collagen fibers. The hyperlipidemic diet hypertrophied the jejunal total wall, total muscular and submucosal layers, decreased IELs, and increased the proportion of goblet cells. GLY-HD mice had shallower crypts, shorter villi, and less goblet cells and IELs than mice from GLY-SD group. GLY-HD also showed an increased number of neurons in myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Groups exposed to glyphosate and/or fed a high-fat diet had atrophied submucosal neurons. SIGNIFICANCE This study suggests that perinatal glyphosate exposure combined with a high-fat diet in adulthood increases the risk of jejunum inflammation and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Panza
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - R Vargas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - S L Balbo
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Brazil
| | - M L Bonfleur
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Brazil
| | - D C T Granzotto
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - D M G Sant'Ana
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - G A Nogueira-Melo
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.
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202
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Silvan JM, Gutierrez-Docio A, Guerrero-Hurtado E, Domingo-Serrano L, Blanco-Suarez A, Prodanov M, Alarcon-Cavero T, Martinez-Rodriguez AJ. Pre-Treatment with Grape Seed Extract Reduces Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress Induced by Helicobacter pylori Infection in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060943. [PMID: 34208004 PMCID: PMC8230724 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a pathogenic bacteria identified as a potential risk factor for gastritis, gastric ulcers and gastric cancer. During the stomach colonization, H. pylori triggers a strong inflammatory response and subsequent oxidative stress, which are associated with tissue damage. For this reason, it is of particular interest to develop alternative natural tools that enable modulation of the associated damaging immune response. With this purpose, we obtained grape seed extract (GSE) from sweet (not fermented) food grade seeds. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of GSE and its two enriched procyanidins fractions (OPC and PPC) on the inflammatory process and oxidative stress produced by different H. pylori strains in human gastric epithelial cells (AGS). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion. IL-8 production was significantly reduced in H. pylori-infected human gastric epithelial cells pre-treated with GSE or its enriched fractions when compared with non-pre-treated infected cells (from 21.6% to 87.8%). Pre-treatment with GSE or its fractions significantly decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in AGS cells after infection, depending on the H. pylori strain. Our results also showed that GSE and its fractions demonstrate antibacterial activity against all strains of H. pylori used in the study. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of GSE enriched in procyanidins against the main events associated with H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Silvan
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group (MICROBIO), Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (A.J.M.-R.); Tel.: +34-91-001-7900 (ext. 802) (J.M.S.); +34-91-001-7964 (A.J.M.-R.)
| | - Alba Gutierrez-Docio
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (E.G.-H.); (M.P.)
| | - Esperanza Guerrero-Hurtado
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (E.G.-H.); (M.P.)
| | - Lucia Domingo-Serrano
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group (MICROBIO), Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Blanco-Suarez
- Microbiology Department, Sanitaria Princesa Research Institute, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-S.); (T.A.-C.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marin Prodanov
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (E.G.-H.); (M.P.)
| | - Teresa Alarcon-Cavero
- Microbiology Department, Sanitaria Princesa Research Institute, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-S.); (T.A.-C.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo J. Martinez-Rodriguez
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group (MICROBIO), Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (A.J.M.-R.); Tel.: +34-91-001-7900 (ext. 802) (J.M.S.); +34-91-001-7964 (A.J.M.-R.)
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203
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Christensen LFB, Alijanvand SH, Burdukiewicz M, Herbst FA, Kjeldal H, Dueholm MS, Otzen DE. Identification of amyloidogenic proteins in the microbiomes of a rat Parkinson's disease model and wild-type rats. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1854-1870. [PMID: 34075639 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cross seeding between amyloidogenic proteins in the gut is receiving increasing attention as a possible mechanism for initiation or acceleration of amyloid formation by aggregation-prone proteins such as αSN, which is central in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). This is particularly pertinent in view of the growing number of functional (i.e., benign and useful) amyloid proteins discovered in bacteria. Here we identify two amyloidogenic proteins, Pr12 and Pr17, in fecal matter from PD transgenic rats and their wild type counterparts, based on their stability against dissolution by formic acid (FA). Both proteins show robust aggregation into ThT-positive aggregates that contain higher-order β-sheets and have a fibrillar morphology, indicative of amyloid proteins. In addition, Pr17 aggregates formed in vitro showed significant resistance against FA, suggesting an ability to form highly stable amyloid. Treatment with proteinase K revealed a protected core of approx. 9 kDa. Neither Pr12 nor Pr17, however, affected αSN aggregation in vitro. Thus, amyloidogenicity does not per se lead to an ability to cross-seed fibrillation of αSN. Our results support the use of proteomics and FA to identify amyloidogenic protein in complex mixtures and suggests that there may be numerous functional amyloid proteins in microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Friis Bakmann Christensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Saeid Hadi Alijanvand
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), Department of Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michał Burdukiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Centre for Clinical Research, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Florian-Alexander Herbst
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Kjeldal
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Simonsen Dueholm
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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204
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D’Alessandro G, Lauro C, Quaglio D, Ghirga F, Botta B, Trettel F, Limatola C. Neuro-Signals from Gut Microbiota: Perspectives for Brain Glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2810. [PMID: 34199968 PMCID: PMC8200200 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of glioma tumor in adult brain. Among the numerous factors responsible for GBM cell proliferation and invasion, neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and glutamate can play key roles. Studies performed in mice housed in germ-free (GF) conditions demonstrated the relevance of the gut-brain axis in a number of physiological and pathological conditions. The gut-brain communication is made possible by vagal/nervous and blood/lymphatic routes and pave the way for reciprocal modulation of functions. The gut microbiota produces and consumes a wide range of molecules, including neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], and glutamate) that reach their cellular targets through the bloodstream. Growing evidence in animals suggests that modulation of these neurotransmitters by the microbiota impacts host neurophysiology and behavior, and affects neural cell progenitors and glial cells, along with having effects on tumor cell growth. In this review we propose a new perspective connecting neurotransmitter modulation by gut microbiota to glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (C.L.); (F.T.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Clotilde Lauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (C.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.Q.); (F.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.Q.); (F.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.Q.); (F.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Flavia Trettel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (C.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Cristina Limatola
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, 00185 Rome, Italy
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205
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Sun M, Ma K, Wen J, Wang G, Zhang C, Li Q, Bao X, Wang H. A Review of the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis and the Potential Role of Microbiota in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:849-865. [PMID: 31884474 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative process characterized by loss of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, leading to progressive cognitive decline. Pathologically, the hallmark of AD is accumulation of "senile" plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein surrounding neurons in affected regions. Despite extensive research into AD pathogenesis and therapeutic targets, there remains no breakthroughs in its management. In recent years, there has been a spark of interest in the connection between the brain and gastrointestinal tract, referred to as the brain-gut axis, and its potential implications for both metabolic and neurologic disease. Moreover, the gastrointestinal flora, referred to as the microbiome, appears to exert significant influence over the brain-gut axis. With the need for expanded horizons in understanding and treating AD, many have turned to the brain-gut-microbiome axis for answers. Here we provide a review of the brain-gut-microbiome axis and discuss the evidence supporting alterations of the axis in the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, we highlight the role for the microbiome in disruption of Aβ metabolism/clearance, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier and modulation of the neuroinflammatory response, and inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis. The majority of the above described findings are the result of excellent, albeit basic and pre-clinical studies. Therefore, we conclude with a brief description of documented clinical support for brain-gut-microbiome axis alteration in AD, including potential microbiome-based therapeutics for AD. Collectively, these findings suggest that the brain-gut-microbiome axis may be a "lost link" in understanding and treating AD and call for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Probiotics Australia, Ormeau, QLD, Australia
| | - Jie Wen
- Beijing Allwegene Health, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Qi Li
- Beijing Allwegene Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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206
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Cheng LK, Nagahawatte ND, Avci R, Du P, Liu Z, Paskaranandavadivel N. Strategies to Refine Gastric Stimulation and Pacing Protocols: Experimental and Modeling Approaches. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645472. [PMID: 33967679 PMCID: PMC8100207 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric pacing and stimulation strategies were first proposed in the 1960s to treat motility disorders. However, there has been relatively limited clinical translation of these techniques. Experimental investigations have been critical in advancing our understanding of the control mechanisms that innervate gut function. In this review, we will discuss the use of pacing to modulate the rhythmic slow wave conduction patterns generated by interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastric musculature. In addition, the use of gastric high-frequency stimulation methods that target nerves in the stomach to either inhibit or enhance stomach function will be discussed. Pacing and stimulation protocols to modulate gastric activity, effective parameters and limitations in the existing studies are summarized. Mathematical models are useful to understand complex and dynamic systems. A review of existing mathematical models and techniques that aim to help refine pacing and stimulation protocols are provided. Finally, some future directions and challenges that should be investigated are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo K Cheng
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nipuni D Nagahawatte
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Recep Avci
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhongming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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207
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Person H, Keefer L. Psychological comorbidity in gastrointestinal diseases: Update on the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110209. [PMID: 33326819 PMCID: PMC8382262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high comorbidity of psychological disorders in both functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases suggests the intimate and complex link between the brain and the gut. Termed the brain-gut axis, this bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and enteric nervous system relies on immune, endocrine, neural, and metabolic pathways. There is increasing evidence that the gut microbiome is a key part of this system, and dysregulation of the brain-gut-microbiome axis (BGMA) has been implicated in disorders of brain-gut interaction, including irritable bowel syndrome, and in neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder. Further, alterations in the gut microbiome have been implicated in the pathogenesis of organic gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. The BGMA is an attractive therapeutic target, as using prebiotics, probiotics, or postbiotics to modify the gut microbiome or mimic gut microbial signals could provide novel treatment options to address these debilitating diseases. However, despite significant advancements in our understanding of the BGMA, clinical data is lacking. In this article, we will review current understanding of the comorbidity of gastrointestinal diseases and psychological disorders. We will also review the current evidence supporting the key role of the BGMA in this pathology. Finally, we will discuss the clinical implications of the BGMA in the evaluation and management of psychological and gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannibal Person
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Laurie Keefer
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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208
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McQuade RM, Singleton LM, Wu H, Lee S, Constable R, Di Natale M, Ringuet MT, Berger JP, Kauhausen J, Parish CL, Finkelstein DI, Furness JB, Diwakarla S. The association of enteric neuropathy with gut phenotypes in acute and progressive models of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7934. [PMID: 33846426 PMCID: PMC8041759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with neuronal damage in the brain and gut. This work compares changes in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of commonly used mouse models of PD that exhibit central neuropathy and a gut phenotype. Enteric neuropathy was assessed in five mouse models: peripheral injection of MPTP; intracerebral injection of 6-OHDA; oral rotenone; and mice transgenic for A53T variant human α-synuclein with and without rotenone. Changes in the ENS of the colon were quantified using pan-neuronal marker, Hu, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and were correlated with GI function. MPTP had no effect on the number of Hu+ neurons but was associated with an increase in Hu+ nuclear translocation (P < 0.04). 6-OHDA lesioned mice had significantly fewer Hu+ neurons/ganglion (P < 0.02) and a reduced proportion of nNOS+ neurons in colon (P < 0.001). A53T mice had significantly fewer Hu+ neurons/area (P < 0.001) and exhibited larger soma size (P < 0.03). Treatment with rotenone reduced the number of Hu+ cells/mm2 in WT mice (P < 0.006) and increased the proportion of Hu+ translocated cells in both WT (P < 0.02) and A53T mice (P < 0.04). All PD models exhibited a degree of enteric neuropathy, the extent and type of damage to the ENS, however, was dependent on the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M McQuade
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne University, Sunshine, VIC, 3021, Australia.
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Sunshine, VIC, 3021, Australia.
- Digestive Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Lewis M Singleton
- Digestive Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hongyi Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sophie Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Remy Constable
- Digestive Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Madeleine Di Natale
- Digestive Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mitchell T Ringuet
- Digestive Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Jessica Kauhausen
- Stem Cells and Neural Development Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- Stem Cells and Neural Development Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Parkinson's Disease Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Digestive Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne University, Sunshine, VIC, 3021, Australia
- Digestive Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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209
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Manipulating the Microbiome: An Alternative Treatment for Bile Acid Diarrhoea. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acid diarrhoea (BAD) is a widespread gastrointestinal disease that is often misdiagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome and is estimated to affect 1% of the United Kingdom (UK) population alone. BAD is associated with excessive bile acid synthesis secondary to a gastrointestinal or idiopathic disorder (also known as primary BAD). Current licensed treatment in the UK has undesirable effects and has been the same since BAD was first discovered in the 1960s. Bacteria are essential in transforming primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. The profile of an individual’s bile acid pool is central in bile acid homeostasis as bile acids regulate their own synthesis. Therefore, microbiome dysbiosis incurred through changes in diet, stress levels and the introduction of antibiotics may contribute to or be the cause of primary BAD. This literature review focuses on primary BAD, providing an overview of bile acid metabolism, the role of the human gut microbiome in BAD and the potential options for therapeutic intervention in primary BAD through manipulation of the microbiome.
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210
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Speer AL, Ren X, McNeill EP, Aziz JM, Muir SM, Marino DI, Dadhich P, Sawant K, Ciccocioppo R, Asthana A, Bitar KN, Orlando G. Bioengineering of the digestive tract: approaching the clinic. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:381-389. [PMID: 33840629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine is developing technologies that, in the near future, will offer alternative approaches to either cure diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract or slow their progression by leveraging the intrinsic ability of our tissues and organs to repair after damage. This article will succinctly illustrate the three technologies that are closer to clinical translation-namely, human intestinal organoids, sphincter bioengineering and decellularization, whereby the cellular compartment of a given segment of the digestive tract is removed to obtain a scaffold consisting of the extracellular matrix. The latter will be used as a template for the regeneration of a functional organ, whereby the newly generated cellular compartment will be obtained from the patient's own cells. Although clinical application of this technology is approaching, product development challenges are being tackled to warrant safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Speer
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eoin P McNeill
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justine M Aziz
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean M Muir
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Domenica I Marino
- College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Ketki Sawant
- Cellf Bio LLC, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Giambattista Rossi University Hospital, University Hospital Integrated Trust of Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Amish Asthana
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Khalil N Bitar
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Cellf Bio LLC, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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211
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Yuan PQ, Bellier JP, Li T, Kwaan MR, Kimura H, Taché Y. Intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon revealed using CLARITY, three-dimensional (3D) imaging, and a novel anti-human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14030. [PMID: 33174295 PMCID: PMC8126258 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported the specificity of a novel anti-human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum for immunostaining of cholinergic neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the human colon. In this study, we investigate 3D architecture of intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon and the relationship with nitrergic neurons in the enteric plexus. METHODS We developed a modified CLARITY tissue technique applicable for clearing human sigmoid colon specimens and immunostaining with hpChAT antiserum and co-labeling with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antibody. The Z-stack confocal images were processed for 3D reconstruction/segmentation/digital tracing and computational quantitation by Imaris 9.2 and 9.5. KEY RESULTS In the mucosa, a local micro-neuronal network formed of hpChAT-ir fibers and a few neuronal cell bodies were digitally assembled. Three layers of submucosal plexuses were displayed in 3D structure that were interconnected by hpChAT-ir fiber bundles and hpChAT-ir neurons were rarely co-labeled by nNOS. In the myenteric plexus, 30.1% of hpChAT-ir somas including Dogiel type I and II were co-labeled by nNOS and 3 classes of hpChAT-ir nerve fiber strands were visualized in 3D images and videos. The density and intensity values of hpChAT-ir fibers in 3D structure were significantly higher in the circular than in the longitudinal layer. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon was demonstrated layer by layer for the first time in 3D microstructures. This may open a new venue to assess the structure-function relationships and pathological alterations in colonic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- CLA/Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Bellier
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tao Li
- CLA/Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary R. Kwaan
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yvette Taché
- CLA/Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lomeli N, Lepe J, Gupta K, Bota DA. Cognitive complications of cancer and cancer-related treatments - Novel paradigms. Neurosci Lett 2021; 749:135720. [PMID: 33582187 PMCID: PMC8423125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As advances in diagnostics and therapeutic strategies in oncology have increased the number of cancer survivors, the investigation of the mechanisms associated with long-term cognitive complications of cancer treatment has become an important topic of interest. The neurotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents have been described in pre-clinical and clinical research. In vitro and rodent studies have identified some underlying mechanisms contributing to chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment for various chemotherapy drugs and other cancer treatments. However, investigation of the direct biological effects of cancer and other potential contributing factors in the pathogenesis of cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) has only recently come into focus. This review will highlight evidence from pre-clinical tumor-bearing rodent models suggesting that cancer influences the cognitive and behavioral changes reported in human cancer populations through direct or indirect pathways that alter the normal neuroinflammatory responses, induce structural brain deficits, and decrease neurogenesis. We reflect on human clinical cancer research indicating that cognitive and behavioral changes precede cancer treatment in some malignancies. We also highlight implications for future areas of CRCI research based on novel findings on the interplay between cancer, chemotherapy, inflammation, tau pathology, and dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Lomeli
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Javier Lepe
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Kalpna Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Daniela A Bota
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Sun YL, Gou JJ, Zhang KM, Li WQ, Ma XX, Zhou L, Zhu RT, Li J. Complete resection of the gastric antrum decreased incidence and severity of delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:182-189. [PMID: 33342660 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is the main complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), but the mechanism is still unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of complete resection of the gastric antrum in decreasing incidence and severity of DGE after PD. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: expanded resection (ER group), complete resection (CR group), and incomplete resection (IR group) of the gastric antrum. The tension (g) of remnant stomach contraction was observed. We analyzed the histological morphology of the gastric wall by different excisional methods after distal gastrectomy. Moreover, patients underwent PD at our department between January 2012 and May 2016 were included in the study. These cases were divided into IR group and CR group of the gastric antrum, and the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS The ex vivo remnant stomachs of CR group exhibited much greater contraction tension than others (P < 0.05). The contraction tension of the remnant stomach increased with increasing acetylcholine concentration, while remained stable at the concentration of 10 × 10-5 mol/L. Furthermore, 174 consecutive patients were included and retrospectively analyzed in the study. The incidence of DGE was significantly lower (3.5% vs. 21.3%, P < 0.01) in CR group than in IR group. In addition, hematoxylin-eosin staining analyses of the gastric wall confirmed that the number of transected circular smooth muscle bundles were higher in IR group than in CR group (8.24 ± 0.65 vs. 3.76 ± 0.70, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The complete resection of the gastric antrum is associated with decreased incidence and severity of DGE after PD. Gastric electrophysiological and physiopathological disorders caused by damage to gastric smooth muscles might be the mechanism underlying DGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Sun
- Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Gou
- Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Kai-Ming Zhang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Wen-Qi Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiu-Xian Ma
- Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Digestive, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Rong-Tao Zhu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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214
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Bonaz B, Sinniger V, Pellissier S. Therapeutic Potential of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:650971. [PMID: 33828455 PMCID: PMC8019822 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.650971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve is a mixed nerve, comprising 80% afferent fibers and 20% efferent fibers. It allows a bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the digestive tract. It has a dual anti-inflammatory properties via activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, by its afferents, but also through a vago-vagal inflammatory reflex involving an afferent (vagal) and an efferent (vagal) arm, called the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Indeed, the release of acetylcholine at the end of its efferent fibers is able to inhibit the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha by macrophages via an interneuron of the enteric nervous system synapsing between the efferent vagal endings and the macrophages and releasing acetylcholine. The vagus nerve also synapses with the splenic sympathetic nerve to inhibit the release of TNF-alpha by splenic macrophages. It can also activate the spinal sympathetic system after central integration of its afferents. This anti-TNF-alpha effect of the vagus nerve can be used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, represented by Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis where this cytokine plays a key role. Bioelectronic medicine, via vagus nerve stimulation, may have an interest in this non-drug therapeutic approach as an alternative to conventional anti-TNF-alpha drugs, which are not devoid of side effects feared by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonaz
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Inserm U1216, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Sinniger
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Inserm U1216, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sonia Pellissier
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Psychologie Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social, University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France
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Gastrointestinal dysfunction in neuroinflammatory diseases: Multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, acute autonomic ganglionopathy and related conditions. Auton Neurosci 2021; 232:102795. [PMID: 33740560 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of the nervous system can produce a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions. Among these, lesions in various brain structures can cause appetite loss (hypothalamus), decreased peristalsis (presumably the basal ganglia, pontine defecation center/Barrington's nucleus), decreased abdominal strain (presumably parabrachial nucleus/Kolliker-Fuse nucleus) and hiccupping and vomiting (area postrema/dorsal vagal complex). In addition, decreased peristalsis with/without loss of bowel sensation can be caused by lesions of the spinal long tracts and the intermediolateral nucleus or of the peripheral nerves and myenteric plexus. Recently, neural diseases of inflammatory etiology, particularly those affecting the PNS, are being recognized to contribute to GI dysfunction. Here, we review neuroinflammatory diseases that potentially cause GI dysfunction. Among such CNS diseases are multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated disorder, and autoimmune encephalitis. Peripheral nervous system diseases impacting the gut include Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, acute sensory-autonomic neuropathy/acute motor-sensory-autonomic neuropathy, acute autonomic ganglionopathy, myasthenia gravis and acute autonomic neuropathy with paraneoplastic syndrome. Finally, collagen diseases, such as Sjogren syndrome and systemic sclerosis, and celiac disease affect both CNS and PNS. These neuro-associated GI dysfunctions may predate or present concurrently with brain, spinal cord or peripheral nerve dysfunction. Such patients may visit gastroenterologists or physicians first, before the neurological diagnosis is made. Therefore, awareness of these phenomena among general practitioners and collaboration between gastroenterologists and neurologists are highly recommended in order for their early diagnosis and optimal management, as well as for systematic documentation of their presentations and treatment.
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216
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van Son J, Koekkoek LL, La Fleur SE, Serlie MJ, Nieuwdorp M. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Gut-Brain Axis in Obesity: Mechanisms and Future Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062993. [PMID: 33804250 PMCID: PMC7999163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the gut and the brain is essential for energy homeostasis. In obesity, this homeostasis is disrupted, leading to a positive energy balance and weight gain. Obesity is a global epidemic that affects individual health and strains the socioeconomic system. Microbial dysbiosis has long been reported in obesity and obesity-related disorders. More recent literature has focused on the interaction of the gut microbiota and its metabolites on human brain and behavior. Developing strategies that target the gut microbiota could be a future approach for the treatment of obesity. Here, we review the microbiota–gut–brain axis and possible therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie van Son
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.v.S.); (L.L.K.); (S.E.L.F.); (M.J.S.)
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura L. Koekkoek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.v.S.); (L.L.K.); (S.E.L.F.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Susanne E. La Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.v.S.); (L.L.K.); (S.E.L.F.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Mireille J. Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.v.S.); (L.L.K.); (S.E.L.F.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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217
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Interleukin-6 produced by enteric neurons regulates the number and phenotype of microbe-responsive regulatory T cells in the gut. Immunity 2021; 54:499-513.e5. [PMID: 33691135 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune and enteric nervous (ENS) systems monitor the frontier with commensal and pathogenic microbes in the colon. We investigated whether FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells functionally interact with the ENS. Indeed, microbe-responsive RORγ+ and Helios+ subsets localized in close apposition to nitrergic and peptidergic nerve fibers in the colon lamina propria (LP). Enteric neurons inhibited in vitro Treg (iTreg) differentiation in a cell-contact-independent manner. A screen of neuron-secreted factors revealed a role for interleukin-6 (IL-6) in modulating iTreg formation and their RORγ+ proportion. Colonization of germfree mice with commensals, especially RORγ+ Treg inducers, broadly diminished colon neuronal density. Closing the triangle, conditional ablation of IL-6 in neurons increased total Treg cells but decreased the RORγ+ subset, as did depletion of two ENS neurotransmitters. Our findings suggest a regulatory circuit wherein microbial signals condition neuronal density and activation, thus tuning Treg cell generation and immunological tolerance in the gut.
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218
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Cheng L, Luo QQ, Chen SL. The role of intestinal mast cell infiltration in irritable bowel syndrome. J Dig Dis 2021; 22:143-151. [PMID: 33511763 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As an essential part of the immune system, mast cells (MCs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Accumulating evidence has identified altered MC count and density in intestinal mucosa of patients with IBS; however, conflicting findings yield inconsistent conclusions. Currently, most studies have suggested intestinal MC infiltration in IBS patients. Considering the pivotal role of MCs in IBS, it is necessary to achieve a better understanding about the pathological changes in the intestine. The risk factors for IBS, including dietary habits, psychological factors, infection, and dysbiosis, are implicated to induce intestinal MC infiltration. Mechanistically, food may trigger immune-related allergic reactions and affect the intestinal microbiota activity. Some exogenous pathogens and altered profile of commensal bacteria promote intestinal MC recruitment through promoted release of chemokines from epithelial cells or direct activation of the immune system. In addition, psychological factors may affect the microenvironment where MCs live. MCs have been proven to interact with the enteric neurons and other immunocytes, evidenced by the close proximity of MCs to neurons and regional altered immune system components. A variety of mediators released by the enteric neurons, immunocytes, and MCs per se, such as neurotrophins, neuropeptides, cytokines, and chemokines, may have stimulant effects on MCs by modulating the survival, proliferation, and recruitment process of MCs in the intestine. In this review, the associations between IBS and intestinal MC density and the underlying mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Qing Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liang Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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Banfi D, Moro E, Bosi A, Bistoletti M, Cerantola S, Crema F, Maggi F, Giron MC, Giaroni C, Baj A. Impact of Microbial Metabolites on Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1623. [PMID: 33562721 PMCID: PMC7915037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex bidirectional communication system existing between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain initially termed the "gut-brain axis" and renamed the "microbiota-gut-brain axis", considering the pivotal role of gut microbiota in sustaining local and systemic homeostasis, has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The integration of signals deriving from the host neuronal, immune, and endocrine systems with signals deriving from the microbiota may influence the development of the local inflammatory injury and impacts also more distal brain regions, underlying the psychophysiological vulnerability of IBD patients. Mood disorders and increased response to stress are frequently associated with IBD and may affect the disease recurrence and severity, thus requiring an appropriate therapeutic approach in addition to conventional anti-inflammatory treatments. This review highlights the more recent evidence suggesting that alterations of the microbiota-gut-brain bidirectional communication axis may concur to IBD pathogenesis and sustain the development of both local and CNS symptoms. The participation of the main microbial-derived metabolites, also defined as "postbiotics", such as bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and tryptophan metabolites in the development of IBD-associated gut and brain dysfunction will be discussed. The last section covers a critical evaluation of the main clinical evidence pointing to the microbiome-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of IBD-related gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Silvia Cerantola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
- Centre of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
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Rytel L, Gonkowski I, Grzegorzewski W, Wojtkiewicz J. Chemically-Induced Inflammation Changes the Number of Nitrergic Nervous Structures in the Muscular Layer of the Porcine Descending Colon. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020394. [PMID: 33557027 PMCID: PMC7913632 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the part of the nervous system that is located in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and regulates the majority of the functions of the stomach and intestine. The ENS is characterized by a complex structure and a high degree of independence from the brain. It is known that the ENS changes under the impact of physiological and pathological stimuli. One of the active substances synthetized by enteric neurons is nitric oxide (NO), which is involved in the regulation of intestinal motility, blood flow, secretory activity, and immunological processes in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, the influence of chemically-induced inflammatory process on a number of nitrergic neuronal structures located in the muscular layer of the descending colon is investigated. An increase in the number of structures that nitric oxide takes part in is correlated with the inflammatory processes. Abstract The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the part of the nervous system that is located in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and regulates the majority of the functions of the stomach and intestine. Enteric neurons may contain various active substances that act as neuromediators and/or neuromodulators. One of them is a gaseous substance, namely nitric oxide (NO). It is known that NO in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may possess inhibitory functions; however, many of the aspects connected with the roles of this substance, especially during pathological states, remain not fully understood. An experiment is performed here with 15 pigs divided into 3 groups: C group (without any treatment), C1 group (“sham” operated), and C2 group, in which experimental inflammation was induced. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of inflammation on nitrergic nervous structures in the muscular layer of the porcine descending colon using an immunofluorescence method. The obtained results show that inflammation causes an increase in the percentage of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive neurons in the myenteric plexus of the ENS, as well as the number of nitrergic nerve fibers in the muscular layer of the descending colon. The obtained results suggest that NO is involved in the pathological condition of the large bowel and probably takes part in neuroprotective and/or adaptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Disease with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Street Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (J.W.)
| | - Ignacy Gonkowski
- Students’ Scientific Club of Pathophysiologists, Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Waldemar Grzegorzewski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1 str., 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (J.W.)
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221
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Aquaporins in the nervous structures supplying the digestive organs – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of integral membrane proteins which form pores in cell membranes and take part in the transport of water, contributing to the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance and are widely distributed in various tissues and organs. The high expression of AQPs has been described in the digestive system, where large-scale absorption and secretion of fluids occurs. AQPs are also present in the nervous system, but the majority of studies have involved the central nervous system. This paper is a review of the literature concerning relatively little-known issues, i.e. the distribution and functions of AQPs in nervous structures supplying the digestive organs.
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Medina-Rosales MN, Muñoz-Ortega MH, García-Hernández MH, Talamás-Rohana P, Medina-Ramírez IE, Salas-Morón LG, Martínez-Hernández SL, Ávila-Blanco ME, Medina-Rosales B, Ventura-Juárez J. Acetylcholine Upregulates Entamoeba histolytica Virulence Factors, Enhancing Parasite Pathogenicity in Experimental Liver Amebiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:586354. [PMID: 33585267 PMCID: PMC7876292 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.586354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an invasive enteric protozoan, whose infections are associated to high morbidity and mortality rates. However, only less than 10% of infected patients develop invasive amebiasis. The ability of E. histolytica to adapt to the intestinal microenvironment could be determinant in triggering pathogenic behavior. Indeed, during chronic inflammation, the vagus nerve limits the immune response through the anti-inflammatory reflex, which includes acetylcholine (ACh) as one of the predominant neurotransmitters at the infection site. Consequently, the response of E. histolytica trophozoites to ACh could be implicated in the establishment of invasive disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ACh on E. histolytica virulence. Methods include binding detection of ACh to plasma membrane, quantification of the relative expression of virulence factors by RT-PCR and western blot, evaluation of the effect of ACh in different cellular processes related to E. histolytica pathogenesis, and assessment of the capability of E. histolytica to migrate and form hepatic abscesses in hamsters. Results demonstrated that E. histolytica trophozoites bind ACh on their membrane and show a clear increase of the expression of virulence factors, that were upregulated upon stimulation with the neurotransmitter. ACh treatment increased the expression of L220, Gal/GalNAc lectin heavy subunit (170 kDa), amebapore C, cysteine proteinase 2 (ehcp-a2), and cysteine proteinase 5 (ehcp-a5). Moreover, erythrophagocytosis, cytotoxicity, and actin cytoskeleton remodeling were augmented after ACh treatment. Likewise, by assessing the formation of amebic liver abscess, we found that stimulated trophozoites to develop greater hamster hepatic lesions with multiple granulomas. In conclusion, ACh enhanced parasite pathogenicity by upregulating diverse virulence factors, thereby contributing to disease severity, and could be linked to the establishment of invasive amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nayeli Medina-Rosales
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Martín Humberto Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Larissa Guadalupe Salas-Morón
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Sandra Luz Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Manuel Enrique Ávila-Blanco
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Medina-Rosales
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Łuc M, Misiak B, Pawłowski M, Stańczykiewicz B, Zabłocka A, Szcześniak D, Pałęga A, Rymaszewska J. Gut microbiota in dementia. Critical review of novel findings and their potential application. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110039. [PMID: 32687964 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a great deal of impetus for the comprehensive understanding of the complete pathological function, genetic information, and functional diversity of the gut microbiota that favors the development of dementia. It has been reported that patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease present with several metabolic and immune-inflammatory alterations. The recently highlighted aspects of human health linked to cognitive decline include insulin-resistance, obesity, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Gut microbiota is known to produce neurotransmitters, such as GABA, acetylcholine, dopamine or serotonin, vitamins, intestinal toxins, and modulate nerve signaling - with emphasis on the vagus nerve. Additionally, gut dysbiosis results in impaired synthesis of signaling proteins affecting metabolic processes relevant to the development of Alzheimer's disease. Due to numerous links of gut microbiota to crucial metabolic and inflammatory pathways, attempts aimed at correcting the gut microflora composition may affect dementia pathology in a pleiotropic manner. Taking advantage of the metabolic effects of cold exposure on organisms by the introduction of whole-body cryostimulation in dementia patients could lead to alterations in gut microbiota and, therefore, decrease of an inflammatory response and insulin resistance, which remain one of the critical metabolic features of dementia. Further studies are needed in order to explore the potential application of recent findings and ways of achieving the desired goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Łuc
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Pawłowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Zabłocka
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Szcześniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Pałęga
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Rymaszewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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224
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McCullough RW. Barrier therapies supporting the biology of the mucosal barrier-medical devices for common clinical mucosal disorders. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 33409409 PMCID: PMC7724181 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2020.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently mucosal barrier therapies have been either CE marked or licensed by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as medical devices. A barrier therapy (BT) uses a physical non-drug mode of action as its sole mechanism to manage a clinical syndrome. A BT is verified as technically or biologically safe having efficacy that has been proven by valid clinical trials. However, it remains unclear what anatomical portions of the mucosa are physically engaged by any given BT. Therefore, this article clarifies the physical basis for clinical efficacy of any given mucosal BT's. Current regulatory classification of medical devices is defined. More importantly, the biology of mucosal barrier is detailed by structure, compartmental elements and function. A live-function or cross-sectional anatomical perspective of the mucosa is provided. A cross-sectional anatomical perspective of the mucosa is provided in order to highlight the physical point of contact for any given mucosal BT's. Five traits of an effective mucosal BT are proposed to assess traits of fitness for any given BT. A BT is either classical, possessing four to five traits, or non-classical, possessing three or fewer traits. Among 16 commercially available mucosal BT's which share nine distinct formulations, most are non-classical BT while two (alginate and polymeric sucralfate) are classical mucosal BT's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky W McCullough
- Translational Medicine Clinic and Research Center at Storrs, Storrs, CT, USA
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225
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The Emerging Role of Nerves and Glia in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13010152. [PMID: 33466373 PMCID: PMC7796331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The influence of nerves on different types of cancers, including colorectal cancer, is increasingly recognized. The intestines are highly innervated, both from outside the intestines (extrinsic innervation) and by a nervous system of their own; the enteric nervous system (intrinsic innervation). Nerves and cancer cells have been described to communicate with each other, although the exact mechanism in colorectal cancer is not yet explored. Nerves can enhance cancer progression by secreting signaling molecules, and cancer cells are capable of stimulating nerve growth. This review summarizes the innervation of the intestines and current knowledge on the role of the nervous system in colorectal cancer. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of these new insights is discussed. Abstract The role of the nervous system as a contributor in the tumor microenvironment has been recognized in different cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). The gastrointestinal tract is a highly innervated organ system, which is not only innervated by the autonomic nervous system, but also contains an extensive nervous system of its own; the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is important for gut function and homeostasis by regulating processes such as fluid absorption, blood flow, and gut motility. Dysfunction of the ENS has been linked with multiple gastrointestinal diseases, such as Hirschsprung disease and inflammatory bowel disease, and even with neurodegenerative disorders. How the extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the gut contributes to CRC is not fully understood, although a mutual relationship between cancer cells and nerves has been described. Nerves enhance cancer progression through the secretion of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, and cancer cells are capable of stimulating nerve growth. This review summarizes and discusses the nervous system innervation of the gastrointestinal tract and how it can influence carcinogenesis, and vice versa. Lastly, the therapeutic potential of these novel insights is discussed.
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Fouad A, Matsumoto K, Amagase K, Yasuda H, Tominaga M, Kato S. Protective Effect of TRPM8 against Indomethacin-Induced Small Intestinal Injury via the Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:947-957. [PMID: 34193690 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a non-selective cation channel activated by mild cooling and chemical agents including menthol. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have antipyretic, analgesic effects, and they can cause stomach and small intestinal injury. The current study investigated the role of TRPM8 in the pathogenesis of indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury. In male TRPM8-deficient (TRPM8KO) and wild-type (WT) mice, intestinal injury was induced via the subcutaneous administration of indomethacin. In addition, the effect of WS-12, a specific TRPM8 agonist, was examined in TRPM8KO and WT mice with indomethacin-induced intestinal injury. TRPM8KO mice had a significantly higher intestinal ulcerogenic response to indomethacin than WT mice. The repeated administration of WS-12 significantly attenuated the severity of intestinal injury in WT mice. However, this response was abrogated in TRPM8KO mice. Furthermore, in TRPM8-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice, which express EGFP under the direction of TRPM8 promoter, the EGFP signals in the indomethacin-treated intestinal mucosa were upregulated. Further, the EGFP signals were commonly found in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive sensory afferent neurons and partly colocalized with substance P (SP)-positive neurons in the small intestine. The intestinal CGRP-positive neurons were significantly upregulated after the administration of indomethacin in WT mice. Nevertheless, this response was abrogated in TRPM8KO mice. In contrast, indomethacin increased the expression of intestinal SP-positive neurons in not only WT mice but also TRPM8KO mice. Thus, TRPM8 has a protective effect against indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury. This response may be mediated by the upregulation of CGRP, rather than SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa Fouad
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kenjiro Matsumoto
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kikuko Amagase
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences)
| | - Shinichi Kato
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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227
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DiRenzo D, Russell J, Bingham CO, McMahan Z. The Relationship Between Autonomic Dysfunction of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Emotional Distress in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis. J Clin Rheumatol 2021; 27:11-17. [PMID: 31524844 PMCID: PMC7065966 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that emotional distress in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients with moderate to severe gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is associated with dysautonomia. We sought to determine (1) the clinical characteristics associated with emotional distress in SSc, (2) the odds of having dysautonomia in those with emotional distress, and (3) whether GI dysautonomia, as measured by the Survey of Autonomic Symptoms (SAS), correlates with GI dysautonomia on the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score-31 (COMPASS-31). METHODS Clinical and demographic features from our prospective cohort study were compared among SSc patients with and without GI-associated emotional distress (University of California at Los Angeles Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract 2.0 well-being subscale >0.5 or ≤0.5) in cross-sectional analysis. Covariates/confounders independently associated with emotional distress were used to construct multivariable logistic regression models. The COMPASS-31 and SAS GI subdomains were compared with Spearman correlation. RESULTS Forty-six patients with SSc were enrolled in the study. In univariate analyses, age (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; p = 0.026), severity of GI dysautonomia (COMPASS-31: OR, 1.41; p = 0.003), anti-centromere (A/B) antibodies (OR, 3.60; p = 0.044), and anti-PM-Scl (75/100) antibodies (OR, 0.15; p = 0.035) were associated with emotional distress. In the adjusted model, those with more severe GI dysautonomia remained more likely to have emotional distress (OR, 1.85; p = 0.026); those with anti-PM-Scl (75/100) antibodies were less likely to have emotional distress (OR, 0.03; p = 0.031). The SAS and COMPASS-31 GI subdomains moderately correlated (ρ = 0.68, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In SSc, increased symptom burden related to GI dysautonomia is associated with emotional distress. Multidisciplinary approaches addressing both the physical and emotional needs of the SSc patient may be warranted to optimize patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana DiRenzo
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology
| | | | | | - Zsuzsanna McMahan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology
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228
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Kalifi M, Walter T, Milot L, Hervieu V, Millot I, Gibert B, Roche C, Forestier J, Lombard-Bohas C, Pasquer A, Poncet G. Unifocal versus Multiple Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumors Location: An Embryological Origin. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:786-793. [PMID: 32998140 DOI: 10.1159/000511849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small-intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NET) are situated preferentially within the ileum. The aim was to describe a potential difference in location between unifocal and multiple ileal-NET. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between December 2010 and December 2019, all consecutive patients who underwent resection in our European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Center of Excellence, of at least 1 non-duodenal SI-NET, were retrospectively included. The main objective was to prove that multiple ileal-NET were mostly located on the left side of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) axis (defined as 40 cm from the ileocecal valve), and unifocal ones on the right side. RESULTS Ninety-four patients were included, 6 with unifocal jejunal-NET located 35 cm (range, 10-60) from the duodenojejunal angle (DJA), 44 (47%) with unifocal ileal-NET and 44 (47%) with multiple ileal-NET. The median number of tumors in multiple ileal-NET was 7 (range, 2-95), within a median small bowel segment of 105 cm (10-240). The median length between the proximal tumor and the DJA was 428 cm (300-635) and 540 cm (350-725) for the distal one; 40 (91%) of them were located on the left side of the SMA axis. In contrast, unifocal ileal-NET were located at a median distance of 577 cm (305-820) from the DJA (p < 0.001, compared to multiple ileal-NET); 30 (68%) of them were on the right side of the SMA axis (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Multiple ileal-NET are mostly located on the left side of the SMA axis. Further studies are warranted to explore the embryological origin of unifocal versus multiple ileal-NET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroin Kalifi
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Chirurgie Digestive, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Walter
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de Gastroentérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive, Lyon, France,
- INSERM, UMR 1052-UMR5286, UMR 1032 Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, Lyon, France,
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France,
| | - Laurent Milot
- INSERM, UMR 1052-UMR5286, UMR 1032 Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Radiologie, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Hervieu
- INSERM, UMR 1052-UMR5286, UMR 1032 Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service Central d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Lyon, France
| | - Ingrid Millot
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Édouard Herriot, Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Gibert
- INSERM, UMR 1052-UMR5286, UMR 1032 Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, Lyon, France
- CNRS Rhône Auvergne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Colette Roche
- INSERM, UMR 1052-UMR5286, UMR 1032 Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Forestier
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de Gastroentérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Lombard-Bohas
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de Gastroentérologie et d'Oncologie Digestive, Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Pasquer
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Chirurgie Digestive, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Poncet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Chirurgie Digestive, Lyon, France
- INSERM, UMR 1052-UMR5286, UMR 1032 Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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229
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Gonkowski I, Gonkowski S, Dzika E, Wojtkiewicz J. Changes in the Population Size of Calbindin D-28k-Immunoreactive Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Caecum under the Influence of Bisphenol A: A Preliminary Study. TOXICS 2020; 9:toxics9010001. [PMID: 33379192 PMCID: PMC7824670 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calbindin D-28k (CB) is a calcium-binding protein widely distributed in living organisms that may act as a calcium buffer and sensory protein. CB is present in the enteric nervous system (ENS) situated in the gastrointestinal tract, which controls the majority of activities of the stomach and intestine. The influence of various doses of bisphenol A (BPA)—a chemical compound widely used in plastics production—on the number and distribution of CB-positive enteric neuronal cells in the porcine caecum was investigated with an immunofluorescence technique. The obtained results showed that low dosages of BPA resulted in an increase in the number of CB-positive neuronal cells in the myenteric (MP) and inner submucous (ISP) plexuses, whereas it did not alter the number of such neuronal cells in the outer submucous plexus (OSP). High dosages of BPA caused the increase in the amount of CB-positive perikarya in all the above-mentioned kinds of the caecal neuronal plexuses. These observations strongly suggest that CB in the ENS participates in the processes connected with the toxic activity of BPA. Most likely, the changes noted in this experiment result from the adaptive and protective properties of CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Gonkowski
- Students’ Scientific Club of Pathophysiologists, Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Ewa Dzika
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Żołnierska 14C Str., 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (J.W.)
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230
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Chen Z, Maqbool J, Sajid F, Hussain G, Sun T. Human gut microbiota and its association with pathogenesis and treatments of neurodegenerative diseases. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104675. [PMID: 33352217 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota consists of various microorganisms whose numbers are similar to those of human cells. Human gut microbes and the brain form bidirectional communications through the brain-gut-axis, and play a central role in normal physiological processes and in pathogenesis of many human diseases. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the crucial effect of gut microbes in proper brain functions and under disease conditions. Here we first focus on revealing current knowledge of the role of gut microbes in neural development and functions. We then summarize mutual relationships between gut microbes and human diseases, in particular neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Multiple sclerosis. Finally, we highlight ongoing studies in exploring gut microbes in treatments of human diseases. Applying gut microbes as a means in treatment of human diseases is becoming a promising research direction, and has a great potential in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Javeria Maqbool
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiqa Sajid
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China.
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231
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Ye L, Bae M, Cassilly CD, Jabba SV, Thorpe DW, Martin AM, Lu HY, Wang J, Thompson JD, Lickwar CR, Poss KD, Keating DJ, Jordt SE, Clardy J, Liddle RA, Rawls JF. Enteroendocrine cells sense bacterial tryptophan catabolites to activate enteric and vagal neuronal pathways. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 29:179-196.e9. [PMID: 33352109 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium senses nutritional and microbial stimuli using epithelial sensory enteroendocrine cells (EEC). EECs communicate nutritional information to the nervous system, but whether they also relay signals from intestinal microbes remains unknown. Using in vivo real-time measurements of EEC and nervous system activity in zebrafish, we discovered that the bacteria Edwardsiella tarda activate EECs through the receptor transient receptor potential ankyrin A1 (Trpa1) and increase intestinal motility. Microbial, pharmacological, or optogenetic activation of Trpa1+EECs directly stimulates vagal sensory ganglia and activates cholinergic enteric neurons by secreting the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). A subset of indole derivatives of tryptophan catabolism produced by E. tarda and other gut microbes activates zebrafish EEC Trpa1 signaling. These catabolites also directly stimulate human and mouse Trpa1 and intestinal 5-HT secretion. These results establish a molecular pathway by which EECs regulate enteric and vagal neuronal pathways in response to microbial signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Munhyung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chelsi D Cassilly
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sairam V Jabba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel W Thorpe
- Flinders Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hsiu-Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Colin R Lickwar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rodger A Liddle
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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232
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Makowska K, Gonkowski S. Bisphenol A (BPA) Affects the Enteric Nervous System in the Porcine Stomach. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122445. [PMID: 33419365 PMCID: PMC7765808 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely utilized in plastic production process all over the world. Previous studies have shown that BPA, with its similarity to estrogen, may negatively affect living organisms. It is acknowledged that BPA distorts the activity of multiple internal systems, including the nervous, reproductive, urinary, and endocrine systems. BPA also affects the gastrointestinal tract and enteric nervous system (ENS), which is placed throughout the wall from the esophagus to the rectum. Contrary to the intestine, the influence of BPA on the ENS in the stomach is still little known. This study, performed using the double immunofluorescence method, has revealed that BPA affects the number of nervous structures in the porcine gastric wall immunoreactive to vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT, a marker of cholinergic neurons), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin (GAL) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART). The character and severity of noted alterations depended on the part of the ENS, the BPA dose, and the type of neuronal substance. Administration of BPA resulted in an increase in the number of nervous structures containing SP, GAL, and/or CART, and a decrease in the number of cholinergic neurons in all parts of the gastric wall. The number of VIP-positive nervous structures increased in the enteric myenteric ganglia, along with the muscular and mucosal layers, whilst it decreased in the submucous ganglia. The exact mechanism of noted changes was not absolutely obvious, but they were probably related to the neuroprotective and adaptive processes constituting the response to the impact of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-952-344-60
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Effect of Acrylamide Supplementation on the Population of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)-Like Immunoreactive Neurons in the Porcine Small Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249691. [PMID: 33353157 PMCID: PMC7765847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide is one of the harmful substances present in food. The present study aimed to establish the effect of acrylamide supplementation in tolerable daily intake (TDI) dose (0.5 µg/kg b.w./day) and a dose ten times higher than TDI (5 µg/kg b.w./day) on the population of vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) neurons in the porcine small intestine and the degree of the co-localization of VIP with other neuroactive substances (neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), substance P (SP), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART)). In our work, 15 Danish landrace gilts (5 in each experimental group) received capsules (empty or with low or high doses of acrylamide) for a period of 28 days with their morning feeding. Using double immunofluorescence staining, we established that acrylamide supplementation increased the number of neurons showing immunoreactivity towards VIP in all types of enteric nervous system (ENS) plexuses and fragments of the small intestine studied. Moreover, both doses of acrylamide led to changes in the degree of co-localization of VIP with nNOS, SP, and CART in intramural neurons. The observed changes may be the adaptation of neurons to local inflammation, oxidative stress, or the direct toxic effects of acrylamide on intestinal neurons, also referred to as neuronal plasticity.
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Yaghoubfar R, Behrouzi A, Ashrafian F, Shahryari A, Moradi HR, Choopani S, Hadifar S, Vaziri F, Nojoumi SA, Fateh A, Khatami S, Siadat SD. Modulation of serotonin signaling/metabolism by Akkermansia muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles through the gut-brain axis in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22119. [PMID: 33335202 PMCID: PMC7747642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported that the host-microbe interactions in the gut modulate the host serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system. Here, we evaluated the effects of Akkermansia muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles (EVs) on genes pertaining to the serotonergic system in the colon and hippocampus of mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were administered viable A. muciniphila and its EVs for 4 weeks. The serotonin levels in the colon, hippocampus, and serum of mice, as well as the human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2), were measured by ELISA assays. Also, the effects of A. muciniphila and its EVs on the expression of serotonin system genes in the colon and hippocampus were examined. A. muciniphila and its EVs may have a biological effect on the induction of serotonin levels in the colon and hippocampus of mice. Also, EVs increased the serotonin level in the Caco-2 cell line. In contrast, both treatments decreased the serotonin level in the serum. Both the bacterium and its EVs had significant effects on the mRNA expression of genes, involved in serotonin signaling/metabolism in the colon and hippocampus of mice. Moreover, A. muciniphila and its EVs affected the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (Il-10 and Tnf-α) in the colon, however, there is no significant difference in inflammatory cell infiltrate in the histopathology of the colon. The presence of A. muciniphila and its EVs in the gut promotes serotonin concentration, they also affect serotonin signaling/metabolism through the gut-brain axis and may be considered in new therapeutic strategies to ameliorate serotonin-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Yaghoubfar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Behrouzi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ashrafian
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Shahryari
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moradi
- Department of Basic sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Choopani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Nojoumi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. .,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shohreh Khatami
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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235
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Jing Y, Bai F, Yu Y. Spinal cord injury and gut microbiota: A review. Life Sci 2020; 266:118865. [PMID: 33301807 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), intestinal dysfunction has a serious impact on physical and mental health, quality of life, and social participation. Recent data from rodent and human studies indicated that SCI causes gut dysbiosis. Remodeling gut microbiota could be beneficial for the recovery of intestinal function and motor function after SCI. However, few studies have explored SCI with focus on the gut microbiota and "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. In this review, the complications following SCI, including intestinal dysfunction, anxiety and depression, metabolic disorders, and neuropathic pain, are directly or indirectly related to gut dysbiosis, which may be mediated by "gut-brain" interactions. Furthermore, we discuss the research strategies that can be beneficial in this regard, including germ-free animals, fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, phages, and brain imaging techniques. The current microbial research has shifted from descriptive to mechanismal perspective, and future research using new technologies may further demonstrate the pathophysiological mechanism of association of SCI with gut microbiota, elucidate the mode of interaction of gut microbiota and hosts, and help develop personalized microbiota-targeted therapies and drugs based on microbiota or corresponding metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Jing
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing 100068, China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Fan Bai
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing 100068, China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Yan Yu
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing 100068, China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China.
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236
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Okada M, Taniguchi S, Takeshima C, Taniguchi H, Kitakoji H, Itoh K, Takahashi T, Imai K. Using a radiopaque marker with radiography for evaluating colonic transit by geometric center in conscious rats: A novel method. Auton Neurosci 2020; 230:102760. [PMID: 33340814 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a new method using radiopaque markers under X-ray to measure rat colonic transit by geometric center repeatedly and/or over a time series in the same individually. Additionally, the utility of this method was shown by elucidating the innervation of the autonomic nerve on colonic transit in detail with a pharmacological technique in conscious rats. An in-dwelling silastic cannula was inserted into the cecum and the proximal part was moved through the abdominal wall, where it was fixed to the posterior neck skin. Twenty markers were administered from the cannula to the proximal colon with saline on the fifth day after surgery. The markers were observed with soft X-ray before required repeated short anesthesia. Experimentation 1: Rats were measured colonic transit twice over 2 days with no administration. Experimentation 2: Rats were administered saline on the first day and pharmacology on the second day intraperitoneally before measurement. Experimentation 1: The markers administrated from the cannula and transited from proximal colon to distal colon over a time series. It showed no significant difference in complication rates between 2 days. Experimentation 2: The colonic transit was increasingly accelerated by neostigmine and phentolamine but not propranolol. Significant changes in 1.0 mg/kg atropine were noted although no differences were found between control and 0.05 mg/kg atropine and between each other's. We have presented the method using radiopaque markers under X-ray with short anesthesia for evaluating the colonic transit. The methods could show rat colonic transit changes in detail with a pharmacological technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Okada
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Honoda, Hiyoshi-cho, Nantan-shi, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan
| | - Sazu Taniguchi
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Honoda, Hiyoshi-cho, Nantan-shi, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan; The Japan School of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Physiotherapy, 20-1 Sakuragaoka-cho, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0031, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takeshima
- Graduate School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Honoda, Hiyoshi-cho, Nantan-shi, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Taniguchi
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Honoda, Hiyoshi-cho, Nantan-shi, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan; Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Sciences, 2-9-1 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitakoji
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Honoda, Hiyoshi-cho, Nantan-shi, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan; Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, 1 Hanayashikimidorigaoka, Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo 666-0162, Japan
| | - Kazunori Itoh
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Honoda, Hiyoshi-cho, Nantan-shi, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan
| | - Toku Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kenji Imai
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Honoda, Hiyoshi-cho, Nantan-shi, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan; Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Faculty of Health Science, Teikyo Heisei University, 2-51-4 Higashi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8445, Japan.
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237
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Tyagi A, Daliri EBM, Kwami Ofosu F, Yeon SJ, Oh DH. Food-Derived Opioid Peptides in Human Health: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8825. [PMID: 33233481 PMCID: PMC7700510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization data suggest that stress, depression, and anxiety have a noticeable prevalence and are becoming some of the most common causes of disability in the Western world. Stress-related disorders are considered to be a challenge for the healthcare system with their great economic and social impact. The knowledge on these conditions is not very clear among many people, as a high proportion of patients do not respond to the currently available medications for targeting the monoaminergic system. In addition, the use of clinical drugs is also associated with various side effects such as vomiting, dizziness, sedation, nausea, constipation, and many more, which prevents their effective use. Therefore, opioid peptides derived from food sources are becoming one of the safe and natural alternatives because of their production from natural sources such as animals and plant proteins. The requirement for screening and considering dietary proteins as a source of bioactive peptides is highlighted to understand their potential roles in stress-related disorders as a part of a diet or as a drug complementing therapeutic prescription. In this review, we discussed current knowledge on opioid endogenous and exogenous peptides concentrating on their production, purification, and related studies. To fully understand their potential in stress-related conditions, either as a drug or as a therapeutic part of a diet prescription, the need to screen more dietary proteins as a source of novel opioid peptides is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; (A.T.); (E.B.-M.D.); (F.K.O.); (S.-J.Y.)
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238
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Dehhaghi M, Kazemi Shariat Panahi H, Heng B, Guillemin GJ. The Gut Microbiota, Kynurenine Pathway, and Immune System Interaction in the Development of Brain Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:562812. [PMID: 33330446 PMCID: PMC7710763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.562812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut microbiota contains a large, complex, dynamic microbial community of approximately 1014 microbes from more than 1,000 microbial species, i.e., equivalent to 4 × 106 genes. Numerous evidence links gut microbiota with human health and diseases. Importantly, gut microbiota is involved in the development and function of the brain through a bidirectional pathway termed as the gut-brain axis. Interaction between gut microbiota and immune responses can modulate the development of neuroinflammation and cancer diseases in the brain. With respect of brain cancer, gut microbiota could modify the levels of antioxidants, amyloid protein and lipopolysaccharides, arginase 1, arginine, cytochrome C, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling (GM-CSF), IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17A, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (e.g., nitric oxide and peroxynitrite), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan, and tumor necrosis factor-β (TGF-β). Through these modifications, gut microbiota can modulate apoptosis, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), autophagy, caspases activation, DNA integrity, microglia dysbiosis, mitochondria permeability, T-cell proliferation and functions, the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, and tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. The outcome of such interventions could be either oncolytic or oncogenic. This review scrutinizes the oncogenic and oncolytic effects of gut microbiota by classifying the modification mechanisms into (i) amino acid deprivation (arginine and tryptophan); (ii) kynurenine pathway; (iii) microglia dysbiosis; and (iv) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). By delineating the complexity of the gut-microbiota-brain-cancer axis, this review aims to help the research on the development of novel therapeutic strategies that may aid the efficient eradication of brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Pandis Community, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Pandis Community, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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239
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Szymańska K, Makowska K, Całka J, Gonkowski S. The Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA) Affects the Enteric Neurons Immunoreactive to Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) in the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Large Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8743. [PMID: 33228092 PMCID: PMC7699376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is characterized by complex organization and a high degree of neurochemical diversity of neurons. One of the less known active neuronal substances found in the enteric neurons is neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a factor known to be involved in the assurance of normal development of the nervous system. During the study, made up using the double immunofluorescence technique, the presence of NRG1 in the ENS of the selected segment of porcine large intestine (caecum, ascending and descending colon) was observed in physiological conditions, as well as under the impact of low and high doses of bisphenol A (BPA) which is commonly used in the production of plastics. In control animals in all types of the enteric plexuses, the percentage of NRG1-positive neurons oscillated around 20% of all neurons. The administration of BPA caused an increase in the number of NRG1-positive neurons in all types of the enteric plexuses and in all segments of the large intestine studied. The most visible changes were noted in the inner submucous plexus of the ascending colon, where in animals treated with high doses of BPA, the percentage of NRG1-positive neurons amounted to above 45% of all neuronal cells. The mechanisms of observed changes are not entirely clear, but probably result from neurotoxic, neurodegenerative and/or proinflammatory activity of BPA and are protective and adaptive in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Szymańska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska Str. 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.C.); (S.G.)
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[Brain death criterion and organ donation: current neuroscientific perspective]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63:1519-1530. [PMID: 33180159 PMCID: PMC7686223 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In der akademischen und öffentlichen Debatte wird der irreversible Hirnfunktionsausfall als Kriterium des Todes (Hirntodkriterium) immer wieder hinterfragt. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden 6 prototypische Thesen gegen das Hirntodkriterium diskutiert: 1) Nichtsuperiorität des Gehirns gegenüber anderen Organen, 2) Unsicherheit der Hirntoddiagnostik, 3) erhaltene Schmerzempfindung Hirntoter, 4) (spontane) sexuelle Reifung und erhaltene Reproduktionsfunktion Hirntoter, 5) Symmetrie von Hirntod und Embryonalphase, 6) Gleichsetzung des intensivmedizinisch erhaltenen Restorganismus Hirntoter mit dem lebenden Menschen. Keine dieser Thesen hält einer kritischen Analyse stand. In Deutschland wird das Ganzhirntodkriterium angewendet. Der Hirntod geht mit dem völligen Ausfall jeglicher Empfindung, Bewusstheit, Mimik, Augen‑, Zungen- und Schlundmotorik, Willkürmotorik und Sexualfunktion einher (funktionelle „Enthauptung“). Medizinisch-technisch können andere Organe bzw. ihre Primitivsteuerung ersetzt werden, nicht aber das Gehirn. Das Gehirn, nicht der Körper, ist bestimmend für das menschliche Individuum. Die Gleichsetzung des künstlich erhaltenen Restorganismus, naturphilosophisch als lebendiges System interpretierbar, mit dem Organismus desselben lebenden Menschen wird durch die beliebige Reduzierbarkeit der Anzahl beteiligter Organe ad absurdum geführt. Der irreversible Hirnfunktionsausfall führt unausweichlich zum Herzstillstand, unbehandelt innerhalb von Minuten, unter Intensivtherapie i. d. R. innerhalb von Tagen. Auch beim Embryo/Fötus führt die Fehlanlage des gesamten Gehirns zum (vorgeburtlichen) Tod. Die in Deutschland gesetzliche Richtlinie zur Hirntodfeststellung hat eine im internationalen Vergleich hohe Diagnosesicherheit, es sind damit keine bestätigten Fehldiagnosen aufgetreten.
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241
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Aktar R, Parkar N, Stentz R, Baumard L, Parker A, Goldson A, Brion A, Carding S, Blackshaw A, Peiris M. Human resident gut microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron regulates colonic neuronal innervation and neurogenic function. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1745-1757. [PMID: 32515657 PMCID: PMC7524364 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1766936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS As the importance of gut-brain interactions increases, understanding how specific gut microbes interact with the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is the first point of neuronal exposure becomes critical. Our aim was to understand how the dominant human gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) regulates anatomical and functional characteristics of the ENS. METHODS Neuronal cell populations, as well as enteroendocrine cells, were assessed in proximal colonic sections using fluorescent immunohistochemistry in specific pathogen-free (SPF), germ-free (GF) and Bt conventionalized-germ-free mice (Bt-CONV). RNA expression of tight junction proteins and toll-like receptors (TLR) were measured using qPCR. Colonic motility was analyzed using in vitro colonic manometry. RESULTS Decreased neuronal and vagal afferent innervation observed in GF mice was normalized by Bt-CONV with increased neuronal staining in mucosa and myenteric plexus. Bt-CONV also restored expression of nitric oxide synthase expressing inhibitory neurons and of choline acetyltransferase and substance P expressing excitatory motor neurons comparable to those of SPF mice. Neurite outgrowth and glial cells were upregulated by Bt-CONV. RNA expression of tight junction protein claudin 3 was downregulated while TLR2 was upregulated by Bt-CONV. The enteroendocrine cell subtypes L-cells and enterochromaffin cells were reduced in GF mice, with Bt-CONV restoring L-cell numbers. Motility as measured by colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) increased in GF and Bt-CONV. CONCLUSION Bt, common gut bacteria, is critical in regulating enteric neuronal and enteroendocrine cell populations, and neurogenic colonic activity. This highlights the potential use of this resident gut bacteria for maintaining healthy gut function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Aktar
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nabil Parkar
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Lucas Baumard
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon Carding
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Madusha Peiris
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK,CONTACT Madusha Peiris Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London,LondonE1 2AT, UK
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Fung C, Vanden Berghe P. Functional circuits and signal processing in the enteric nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4505-4522. [PMID: 32424438 PMCID: PMC7599184 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an extensive network comprising millions of neurons and glial cells contained within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The major functions of the ENS that have been most studied include the regulation of local gut motility, secretion, and blood flow. Other areas that have been gaining increased attention include its interaction with the immune system, with the gut microbiota and its involvement in the gut-brain axis, and neuro-epithelial interactions. Thus, the enteric circuitry plays a central role in intestinal homeostasis, and this becomes particularly evident when there are faults in its wiring such as in neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we first focus on the current knowledge on the cellular composition of enteric circuits. We then further discuss how enteric circuits detect and process external information, how these signals may be modulated by physiological and pathophysiological factors, and finally, how outputs are generated for integrated gut function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Fung
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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243
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Tan M, Yang T, Liu H, Xiao L, Li C, Zhu J, Chen J, Li T. Maternal vitamin A deficiency impairs cholinergic and nitrergic neurons, leading to gastrointestinal dysfunction in rat offspring via RARβ. Life Sci 2020; 264:118688. [PMID: 33130074 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Many gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are developmental in origin and are caused by abnormal enteric nervous system (ENS) formation. Maternal vitamin A deficiency (VAD) during pregnancy affects multiple central nervous system developmental processes during embryogenesis and fetal life. Here, we evaluated whether maternal diet-induced VAD during pregnancy alone can cause changes in the ENS that lead to GI dysfunction in rat offspring. MAIN METHODS Rats were selected to construct animal models of normal VA, VA deficiency and VA supplementation. The fecal water content, total gastrointestinal transmission time and colonic motility were measured to evaluate gastrointestinal function of eight-week-old offspring rats. The expression levels of RARβ, SOX10, cholinergic (ChAT) and nitrergic (nNOS) enteric neurons in colon tissues were detected through western blot and immunofluorescence. Primary enteric neurospheres were treated with retinoic acid (RA), infection with Ad-RARβ and siRARβ adenovirus, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Our data revealed marked reductions in the mean densities of cholinergic and nitrergic enteric neurons in the colon and GI dysfunction evidenced by mild intestinal flatulence, increased fecal water content, prolonged total GI transit time and reduced colon motility in adult offspring of the VAD group. Interestingly, maternal VA supplementation (VAS) during pregnancy rescued these changes. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure to appropriate doses of RA promoted enteric neurosphere differentiation into cholinergic and nitrergic neurons, possibly by upregulating RARβ expression, leading to enhanced SOX10 expression. SIGNIFICANCE Maternal VAD during pregnancy is an environmental risk factor for GI dysfunction in rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tan
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, China.
| | - Tingyu Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, China.
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244
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Gut microbial molecules in behavioural and neurodegenerative conditions. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:717-731. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-00381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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245
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Walrath T, Dyamenahalli KU, Hulsebus HJ, McCullough RL, Idrovo JP, Boe DM, McMahan RH, Kovacs EJ. Age-related changes in intestinal immunity and the microbiome. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:1045-1061. [PMID: 33020981 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0620-405rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vitally important site for the adsorption of nutrients as well as the education of immune cells. Homeostasis of the gut is maintained by the interplay of the intestinal epithelium, immune cells, luminal Ags, and the intestinal microbiota. The well-being of the gut is intrinsically linked to the overall health of the host, and perturbations to this homeostasis can have severe impacts on local and systemic health. One factor that causes disruptions in gut homeostasis is age, and recent research has elucidated how critical systems within the gut are altered during the aging process. Intestinal stem cell proliferation, epithelial barrier function, the gut microbiota, and the composition of innate and adaptive immune responses are all altered in advanced age. The aging population continues to expand worldwide, a phenomenon referred to as the "Silver Tsunami," and every effort must be made to understand how best to prevent and treat age-related maladies. Here, recent research about changes observed in the intestinal epithelium, the intestinal immune system, the microbiota, and how the aging gut interacts with and influences other organs such as the liver, lung, and brain are reviewed. Better understanding of these age-related changes and their impact on multi-organ interactions will aid the development of therapies to increase the quality of life for all aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Walrath
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kiran U Dyamenahalli
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Holly J Hulsebus
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Juan-Pablo Idrovo
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Devin M Boe
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel H McMahan
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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246
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Diviccaro S, Giatti S, Borgo F, Falvo E, Caruso D, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Steroidogenic machinery in the adult rat colon. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 203:105732. [PMID: 32777355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal function is known to be regulated by steroid molecules produced by the gonads, the adrenal glands and the gut microbiota. However, we have a limited knowledge on the functional significance of local steroid production by gastrointestinal tract tissue. On this basis, we have here evaluated, as a first methodological approach, the expression of steroidogenic molecules and the local levels of key steroids in the male rat colon. Our findings indicate that the colon tissue expresses molecules involved in the early steps of steroidogenesis and in the consecutive synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones, such as progesterone, testosterone and 17β-estradiol. In addition, the levels of the steroid hormone precursor pregnenolone and the levels of active metabolites of progesterone and testosterone, such as dihydroprogesterone, tetrahydroprogesterone, dihydrotestosterone and 17β-estradiol, were higher in colon than in plasma. Higher levels of the androgen metabolite 3α-diol were detected in the colon in comparison with another non-classical steroidogenic tissue, such as the cerebral cortex. These findings suggest the existence of local steroid synthesis and metabolism in the colon, with the production of active steroid metabolites that may impact on the activity of the enteric nervous system and on the composition of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Borgo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - E Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - D Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R C Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,.
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247
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Gut Microbiota in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis: A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102982. [PMID: 33003455 PMCID: PMC7601560 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and its metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) impact cardiovascular health. In this review, we discuss how gut microbiota and gut metabolites can affect hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hypertensive patients were shown to have lower alpha diversity, lower abundance of SCFA-producing microbiota, and higher abundance of gram-negative bacteria, which are a source of LPS. Animal studies point towards a direct role for SCFAs in blood pressure regulation and show that LPS has pro-inflammatory effects. Translocation of LPS into the systemic circulation is a consequence of increased gut permeability. Atherosclerosis, a multifactorial disease, is influenced by the gut microbiota through multiple pathways. Many studies have focused on the pro-atherogenic role of TMAO, however, it is not clear if this is a causal factor. In addition, gut microbiota play a key role in bile acid metabolism and some interventions targeting bile acid receptors tend to decrease atherosclerosis. Concluding, gut microbiota affect hypertension and atherosclerosis through many pathways, providing a wide range of potential therapeutic targets. Challenges ahead include translation of findings and mechanisms to humans and development of therapeutic interventions that target cardiovascular risk by modulation of gut microbes and metabolites.
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248
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Mazzoni M, Caremoli F, Cabanillas L, de Los Santos J, Million M, Larauche M, Clavenzani P, De Giorgio R, Sternini C. Quantitative analysis of enteric neurons containing choline acetyltransferase and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivities in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the porcine colon. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:645-654. [PMID: 32965550 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls gastrointestinal functions. In large mammals' intestine, it comprises an inner (ISP) and outer (OSP) submucous plexus and a myenteric plexus (MP). This study quantifies enteric neurons in the ISP, OSP, and MP of the pig ascending (AC) and descending colon (DC) using the HuC/D, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) neuronal markers in whole mount preparations with multiple labeling immunofluorescence. We established that the ISP contains the highest number of HuC/D neurons/mm2, which were more abundant in AC vs. DC, followed by OSP and MP with similar density in AC and DC. In the ISP, the density of ChAT immunoreactive (IR) neurons was very similar in AC and DC (31% and 35%), nNOS-IR neurons were less abundant in AC than DC (15% vs. 42%, P < 0.001), and ChAT/nNOS-IR neurons were 5% and 10%, respectively. In the OSP, 39-44% of neurons were ChAT-IR in AC and DC, while 45% and 38% were nNOS-IR and 10-12% were ChAT/nNOS-IR (AC vs. DC P < 0.05). In the MP, ChAT-IR neurons were 44% in AC and 54% in DC (P < 0.05), nNOS-IR neurons were 50% in both, and ChAT/nNOS-IR neurons were 12 and 18%, respectively. The ENS architecture with multilayered submucosal plexuses and the distribution of functionally distinct groups of neurons in the pig colon are similar to humans, supporting the suitability of the pig as a model and providing the platform for investigating the mechanisms underlying human colonic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Caremoli
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Luis Cabanillas
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Janira de Los Santos
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mulugeta Million
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Muriel Larauche
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Paolo Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Catia Sternini
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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249
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Czajkowska M, Całka J. Neurochemistry of Enteric Neurons Following Prolonged Indomethacin Administration in the Porcine Duodenum. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:564457. [PMID: 33013401 PMCID: PMC7506041 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.564457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal inflammation resulting from prolonged NSAID drugs treatment constitutes a worldwide medical problem. The role of enteric neuroactive substances involved in this process has recently gained attention and neuropeptides produced by the enteric nervous system may play an important role in the modulation of gastrointestinal inflammation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of inflammation caused by indomethacin supplementation on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), galanin (GAL), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) expression in enteric duodenal neurons in domestic pigs. Eight immature pigs of the Pietrain × Duroc race (20 kg of body weight) were used. Control animals (n=4) received empty gelatine capsules. Experimental pigs (n=4) were given indomethacin for 4 weeks, orally 10 mg/kg daily, approximately 1 h before feeding. The animals from both groups were then euthanized. Frozen sections were prepared from the collected duodenum and subjected to double immunofluorescence staining. Primary antibodies against neuronal marker PGP 9.5 and VIP, nNOS, SP, GAL, CART, and PACAP were visualized with Alexa Fluor 488 and 546. Sections were analyzed under an Olympus BX51 fluorescence microscope. Microscopic analysis showed significant increases in the number of nNOS-, VIP-, SP-, GAL-, PACAP-, and CART-immunoreactive ganglionic neurons, in both the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the porcine duodenum. The obtained results show the participation of enteric neurotransmitters in the neuronal duodenal response to indomethacin-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Czajkowska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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250
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Fleming MA, Ehsan L, Moore SR, Levin DE. The Enteric Nervous System and Its Emerging Role as a Therapeutic Target. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:8024171. [PMID: 32963521 PMCID: PMC7495222 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8024171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is innervated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), an extensive neuronal network that traverses along its walls. Due to local reflex circuits, the ENS is capable of functioning with and without input from the central nervous system. The functions of the ENS range from the propulsion of food to nutrient handling, blood flow regulation, and immunological defense. Records of it first being studied emerged in the early 19th century when the submucosal and myenteric plexuses were discovered. This was followed by extensive research and further delineation of its development, anatomy, and function during the next two centuries. The morbidity and mortality associated with the underdevelopment, infection, or inflammation of the ENS highlight its importance and the need for us to completely understand its normal function. This review will provide a general overview of the ENS to date and connect specific GI diseases including short bowel syndrome with neuronal pathophysiology and current therapies. Exciting opportunities in which the ENS could be used as a therapeutic target for common GI diseases will also be highlighted, as the further unlocking of such mechanisms could open the door to more therapy-related advances and ultimately change our treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Fleming
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lubaina Ehsan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sean R. Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Daniel E. Levin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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