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Adaptation and validation of a German version of the Dickman impulsivity inventory for the assessment of functional and dysfunctional impulsivity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23310. [PMID: 34857852 PMCID: PMC8639757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsive behavior tends to have a negative connotation in the sense that it is usually associated with detrimental or dysfunctional outcomes. However, under certain circumstances, impulsive behaviors may also have beneficial or functional outcomes. Dickman's Impulsivity Inventory (DII) measures these two distinct aspects of impulsivity, namely, dysfunctional impulsivity (the tendency to act with less forethought than do most people which leads to difficulties) and functional impulsivity (the tendency to act with little forethought when the situation is optimal). In the present study, we translated the DII into German and validated the German version in a sample of 543 adults. The original 23-item model was considered unsuitable for the German version as suggested by fit indices of a confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analyses rather supported a 16-item version. Further psychometric analyses and inferential statistical analyses on the final German DII indicated its appropriateness for use in German-speaking populations and support a two-factor solution of the DII. Finally, exploratory analyses on the German DII suggest differential relationships between dysfunctional and functional impulsivity and self-reported lifestyle-related variables (smoking, alcohol usage, and sports behavior).
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202
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Loganathan K. Value-based cognition and drug dependency. Addict Behav 2021; 123:107070. [PMID: 34359016 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Value-based decision-making is thought to play an important role in drug dependency. Achieving elevated levels of euphoria or ameliorating dysphoria/pain may motivate goal-directed drug consumption in both drug-naïve and long-time users. In other words, drugs become viewed as the preferred means of attaining a desired internal state. The bias towards choosing drugs may affect one's cognition. Observed biases in learning, attention and memory systems within the brain gradually focus one's cognitive functions towards drugs and related cues to the exclusion of other stimuli. In this narrative review, the effects of drug use on learning, attention and memory are discussed with a particular focus on changes across brain-wide functional networks and the subsequent impact on behaviour. These cognitive changes are then incorporated into the cycle of addiction, an established model outlining the transition from casual drug use to chronic dependency. If drug use results in the elevated salience of drugs and their cues, the studies highlighted in this review strongly suggest that this salience biases cognitive systems towards the motivated pursuit of addictive drugs. This bias is observed throughout the cycle of addiction, possibly contributing to the persistent hold that addictive drugs have over the dependent. Taken together, the excessive valuation of drugs as the preferred means of achieving a desired internal state affects more than just decision-making, but also learning, attentional and mnemonic systems. This eventually narrows the focus of one's thoughts towards the pursuit and consumption of addictive drugs.
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203
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Anderson EM, Demis S, Wrucke B, Engelhardt A, Hearing MC. Infralimbic cortex pyramidal neuron GIRK signaling contributes to regulation of cognitive flexibility but not affect-related behavior in male mice. Physiol Behav 2021; 242:113597. [PMID: 34536435 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the infralimbic cortical (ILC) region of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is thought to be an underlying factor in both affect- and cognition-related behavioral deficits that co-occur across neuropsychiatric disorders. Increasing evidence highlights pathological imbalances in prefrontal pyramidal neuron excitability and associated aberrant firing as an underlying factor in this dysfunction. G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK/Kir3) channels mediate excitability of mPFC pyramidal neurons, however the functional role of these channels in ILC-dependent regulation of behavior and pyramidal neuron excitation is unknown. The present study used a viral-cre approach in male mice harboring a 'floxed' version of the kcnj3 (Girk1) gene, to disrupt GIRK1-containing channel expression in pyramidal neurons within the ILC. Loss of GIRK1-dependent signaling increased excitability and spike firing of pyramidal neurons but did not alter affective behavior measured in an elevated plus maze, forced swim test, or progressive ratio test of motivation. Alternatively, ablation of GIRK1 impaired performance in an operant-based attentional set-shifting task designed to assess cognitive flexibility. These data highlight a unique role for GIRK1 signaling in ILC pyramidal neurons in the regulation of strategy shifting but not affect and suggest that these channels may represent a therapeutic target for treatment of cognitive deficits in neuropsychiatric disease.
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204
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Luzi L, Gandini S, Massarini S, Bellerba F, Terruzzi I, Senesi P, Macrì C, Ferrulli A. Reduction of impulsivity in patients receiving deep transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for obesity. Endocrine 2021; 74:559-570. [PMID: 34173157 PMCID: PMC8571225 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aims of the present study were to investigate a wide array of psychological symptoms through validated psychometric tests, before and after 5 weeks of deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) in individuals with obesity, and to identify possible relationships with neuroendocrine parameters. METHODS Forty-five patients with obesity (33 F, 12 M; age 48.8 ± 9.9 years; body wt 97.6 ± 14.2 Kg; BMI 36.2 ± 4.2) were randomized into two groups: 26 received high frequency (HF) dTMS and 19 Sham stimulation for 5 weeks. At baseline and after the 5-week treatment, all patients underwent the following psychometric evaluations: Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T) and its subscales, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-y1 and STAI-y2), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Hormonal and neuroendocrine markers were assessed at the first and last dTMS session. RESULTS By adjusting for baseline variables and treatment arms, a significant decrease in body wt and BMI was found in HF group, both with univariate (p = 0.019) and multivariate analyses (p = 0.012). Impulsivity significantly decreased in HF group, both with univariate (p = 0.031) and multivariate analyses (p = 0.011). A positive association between the impulsivity score change and the leptin level variation (p = 0.031) was found. CONCLUSION The decrease of impulsivity together with the BMI reduction in individuals with obesity, treated with real stimulation, suggests that impulsivity may be a risk factor for obesity. Treatment with dTMS revealed to be effective in reducing both BMI and impulsivity by enhancing inhibitory capacity of Pre-Frontal Cortex (PFC), and modulating neuroendocrine system, especially leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Gandini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Massarini
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Bellerba
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Senesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Concetta Macrì
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
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205
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Ofoe LC, Anderson JD. Complex nonverbal response inhibition and stopping impulsivity in childhood stuttering. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2021; 70:105877. [PMID: 34534900 PMCID: PMC8629930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary purpose of this study was to examine complex nonverbal response inhibition and stopping impulsivity in children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS). METHOD A total of 30 CWS and 30 CWNS between the ages of 3;1 and 6;0 (years; months) performed the Peg-Tapping Task (PTT; Diamond & Taylor, 1996; Luria, 1966), in which children were required to tap a dowel once when an examiner taps twice and vice versa. The main dependent variables were the number of practice trials, response accuracy, response latency for accurate responses, and the number of extra taps (i.e., tapping more than two times). RESULTS The CWS were less accurate and slower on the PTT than the CWNS, with no differences in the number of practice trials. Furthermore, the CWS, especially boys, produced more extra taps than the CWNS. CONCLUSIONS Findings revealed that preschool CWS have weaknesses in complex response inhibition and stopping impulsivity in the nonverbal domain compared to CWNS. Taken together, these findings along with those of previous studies indicate that CWS may have weaknesses in inhibition and impulsivity in the nonverbal domain as well as the verbal domain, suggesting a domain-general weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi C Ofoe
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States.
| | - Julie D Anderson
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
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206
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Valentina S, Blasio A, Ferragud A, Quadir SG, Iyer MR, Rice KC, Cottone P. Characterization of a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task in non-deprived male and female rats: Role of Sigma-1 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2021; 200:108786. [PMID: 34516984 PMCID: PMC9869339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Impulsive action can be defined as the inability to withhold a response and represents one of the dimensions of the broad construct impulsivity. Here, we characterized a modified differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) task developed in our laboratory, in which impulsive action is measured in ad libitum fed/watered subjects. Specifically, we first determined the effects of both sex and estrous cycle on impulsive action by systematically comparing male and estrous-synchronized female subjects. In addition, we evaluated the convergent validity of this modified DRL task by testing the effects of the D2R/5HT2AR antagonist, aripiprazole, and the noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist, MK-801. Finally, we tested the effects of the selective antagonist BD-1063 and agonist PRE-084 of Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) on impulsive action using this modified DRL task. We found that female rats showed and increased inability to withhold a response when compared to males, and this effect was driven by the metestrus/diestrus phase of the estrous cycle. In addition, aripiprazole and MK-801 fully retained their capability to reduce and increase impulsive action, respectively. Finally, the selective Sig-1R antagonist, BD-1063 dose-dependently reduced the inability to withhold a response in both sexes, though more potently in female rats. In summary, we show that impulsive action, as measured in a modified DRL task which minimizes energy-homeostatic influences, is a function of both sex and estrous cycle. Furthermore, we validate the convergent validity of the task and provide evidence that Sig-1R antagonism may represent a novel pharmacological strategy to reduce impulsive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Valentina
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Angelo Blasio
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Ferragud
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sema G Quadir
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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207
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Tolomeo S, Davey F, Steele JD, Baldacchino A. Compulsivity and impulsivity in opioid dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109018. [PMID: 34715479 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic exposure to illicit opioid drugs can cause serious health and social problems. However, less is known about the differential effect of various opioid treatments, such as methadone and buprenorphine, on neurocognitive domains such as compulsivity and impulsivity, despite their relevance to the treatment of opioid dependence. METHODS A total of 186 participants were recruited with a cross-sectional design: i) illicit heroin users (n = 27), ii) former heroin users stabilized on methadone MMT (n = 48), iii) a buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) group (n = 18), iv) an abstinent (ABS) group with a history of opioid dependence who were previously stabilized on MMT or BMT (n = 29) and v) healthy controls (HC) (n = 64). We used the Intra-Extra Dimensional Shift (IED) and Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT) paradigms for measuring compulsivity and impulsivity constructs respectively. RESULTS Heightened compulsivity persisted in the heroin, buprenorphine and abstinent groups. Heroin, methadone and buprenorphine groups exhibited impaired behavioral responses to feedback, consisting of increased deliberation time and poorer risk adjustment. Higher compulsivity measures were negatively associated with opioid dose which may reflect sedation effects. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that compulsivity and impulsivity are core neurocognitive dimensions for opioid dependence which differ in their presentation according to the stage of treatment. Participants taking higher morphine equivalent doses performed better in compulsivity measures. These findings have implications for the treatment of opioid dependence and longitudinal studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tolomeo
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - F Davey
- NHS Fife Research and Development Department, Queen Margaret Hospital, Dunfermline, UK
| | - J Douglas Steele
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - A Baldacchino
- Division of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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208
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Dekkers TJ, de Water E, Scheres A. Impulsive and risky decision-making in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The need for a developmental perspective. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 44:330-336. [PMID: 34953445 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Impulsive and risky decision-making peaks in adolescence, and is consistently associated with the neurodevelopmental disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), regardless of age. In this brief review, we demonstrate the similarity of theoretical models explaining impulsive and risky decision-making that originate in two relatively distinct literatures (i.e., on adolescence and on ADHD). We summarize research thus far and conclude that the presence of ADHD during adolescence further exacerbates the tendency that is already present in adolescents to make impulsive and risky decisions. We also conclude that much is still unknown about the developmental trajectories of individuals with ADHD with regard to impulsive and risky decision making, and we therefore provide several hypotheses that warrant further longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J Dekkers
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry en Specialized Youthcare, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands; Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik de Water
- Great Lakes Neurobehavioral Center, Edina, MN, United States
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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209
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Lhost J, More S, Watabe I, Louber D, Ouagazzal AM, Liberge M, Amalric M. Interplay Between Inhibitory Control and Behavioural Flexibility: Impact of Dorsomedial Striatal Dopamine Denervation in Mice. Neuroscience 2021; 477:25-39. [PMID: 34634423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) degeneration is commonly associated with motor symptomatology. However, non-motor symptoms affecting cognitive function, such as behavioural flexibility and inhibitory control may also appear early in the disease. Here we addressed the role of DA innervation of the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) in mediating these functions in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned mice using instrumental conditioning in various tasks. Behavioural flexibility was studied in a simple reversal task (nose-poke discrimination) or in reversal of a two-step sequence of actions (central followed by lateral nose-poke). Our results show that mild DA lesions of the DMS induces behavioural flexibility deficits in the sequential reversal learning only. In the first sessions following reversal of contingency, lesioned mice enhanced perseverative sequence of actions to the initial rewarded side then produced premature responses directly to the correct side omitting the central response, thus disrupting the two-step sequence of actions. These deficits may be linked to increased impulsivity as 6-OHDA-lesioned mice were unable to inhibit a previously learned motor response in a cued response inhibition task assessing proactive inhibitory control. Our findings show that partial DA denervation restricted to DMS impairs behavioural flexibility and proactive response inhibition in mice. Such striatal DA lesion may thus represent a valuable animal model for exploring deficits in executive control documented in early stage of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon More
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Marseille, France
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210
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Trofimova I. Contingent Tunes of Neurochemical Ensembles in the Norm and Pathology: Can We See the Patterns? Neuropsychobiology 2021; 80:101-133. [PMID: 33721867 DOI: 10.1159/000513688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Progress in the development of DSM/ICD taxonomies has revealed limitations of both label-based and dimensionality approaches. These approaches fail to address the contingent, nonlinear, context-dependent, and transient nature of those biomarkers linked to specific symptoms of psychopathology or to specific biobehavioural traits of healthy people (temperament). The present review aims to highlight the benefits of a functional constructivism approach in the analysis of neurochemical biomarkers underlying temperament and psychopathology. METHOD A review was performed. RESULTS Eight systems are identified, and 7 neurochemical ensembles are described in detail. None of these systems is represented by a single neurotransmitter; all of them work in ensembles with each other. The functionality and relationships of these systems are presented here in association with their roles in action construction, with brief examples of psychopathology. The review introduces formal symbols for these systems to facilitate their more compact analysis in the future. CONCLUSION This analysis demonstrates the possibility of constructivism-based unifying taxonomies of temperament (in the framework of the neurochemical model functional ensemble of temperament) and classifications of psychiatric disorders. Such taxonomies would present the biobehavioural individual differences as consistent behavioural patterns generated within a formally structured space of parameters related to the generation of behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Trofimova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,
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211
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Si R, Rowe JB, Zhang J. Functional localization and categorization of intentional decisions in humans: A meta-analysis of brain imaging studies. Neuroimage 2021; 242:118468. [PMID: 34390878 PMCID: PMC8463837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-imaging research on intentional decision-making often employs a "free-choice" paradigm, in which participants choose among options with identical values or outcomes. Although the medial prefrontal cortex has commonly been associated with choices, there is no consensus on the wider network that underlies diverse intentional decisions and behaviours. Our systematic literature search identified 35 fMRI/PET experiments using various free-choice paradigms, with appropriate control conditions using external instructions. An Activation Likelihood Estimate (ALE) meta-analysis showed that, compared with external instructions, intentional decisions consistently activate the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the left insula and the inferior parietal lobule. We then categorized the studies into four different types according to their experimental designs: reactive motor intention, perceptual intention, inhibitory intention, and cognitive intention. We conducted conjunction and contrast meta-analyses to identify consistent and selective spatial convergence of brain activation within each specific category of intentional decision. Finally, we used meta-analytic decoding to probe cognitive processes underlying free choices. Our findings suggest that the neurocognitive process underlying intentional decision incorporates anatomically separated components subserving distinct cognitive and computational roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoguang Si
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
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212
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Liu X, Turel O, Xiao Z, He J, He Q. Impulsivity and neural mechanisms that mediate preference for immediate food rewards in people with vs without excess weight. Appetite 2021; 169:105798. [PMID: 34774966 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
People with excess weight (overweight or obese; body mass index [BMI]>25) are generally characterized as impulsive with regards to food. However, the underlying brain mechanisms of this impulsivity are not fully understood. As such, this study aims at understanding the neural mechanisms underlying impulsivity toward food rewards, as well as differences in delay discounting patterns for hypothetical food between people with vs without excess weight. To this end, participants (79 college students, 33 with excess weight and 46 without) performed a food delay discounting task and completed questionnaires related to food addiction and impulsivity. In the task, we manipulated the magnitude of immediate and delayed rewards and employed event-related fMRI design to measure brain activity. The results showed that people with excess weight, compared to those without, were more impulsive and presented a lower probability of choosing delayed rewards. The higher the BMI was, the lower the probability of choosing delayed rewards was. People with excess weight also had higher impulsivity scores than people with no excess weight. Moreover, people with excess weight had less activation in executive function areas such as the anterior cingulate gyrus, the frontal pole, and the inferior frontal gyrus in both difficult and easy decision-making conditions. These results suggest that hypo-activation of executive function areas may contribute to the progression of decision impulsivity in relation to food, which in turn is associated with excess weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Ofir Turel
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhibing Xiao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinbo He
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Chongqing, China.
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213
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Vandaele Y, Ottenheimer DJ, Janak PH. Dorsomedial Striatal Activity Tracks Completion of Behavioral Sequences in Rats. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0279-21.2021. [PMID: 34725103 PMCID: PMC8607909 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0279-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For proper execution of goal-directed behaviors, individuals require both a general representation of the goal and an ability to monitor their own progress toward that goal. Here, we examine how dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a region pivotal for forming associations among stimuli, actions, and outcomes, encodes the execution of goal-directed action sequences that require self-monitoring of behavior. We trained rats to complete a sequence of at least five consecutive lever presses (without visiting the reward port) to obtain a reward and recorded the activity of individual cells in DMS while rats performed the task. We found that the pattern of DMS activity gradually changed during the execution of the sequence, permitting accurate decoding of sequence progress from neural activity at a population level. Moreover, this sequence-related activity was blunted on trials where rats did not complete a sufficient number of presses. Overall, these data suggest a link between DMS activity and the execution of behavioral sequences that require monitoring of ongoing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youna Vandaele
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - David J Ottenheimer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Patricia H Janak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
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214
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Bailey LS, Bagley JR, Dodd R, Olson A, Bolduc M, Philip VM, Reinholdt LG, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Tarantino L, Gagnon L, Chesler EJ, Jentsch JD. Heritable variation in locomotion, reward sensitivity and impulsive behaviors in a genetically diverse inbred mouse panel. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12773. [PMID: 34672075 PMCID: PMC9044817 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse, including alcohol and stimulants like cocaine, produce effects that are subject to individual variability, and genetic variation accounts for at least a portion of those differences. Notably, research in both animal models and human subjects point toward reward sensitivity and impulsivity as being trait characteristics that predict relatively greater positive subjective responses to stimulant drugs. Here we describe use of the eight collaborative cross (CC) founder strains and 38 (reversal learning) or 10 (all other tests) CC strains to examine the heritability of reward sensitivity and impulsivity traits, as well as genetic correlations between these measures and existing addiction-related phenotypes. Strains were all tested for activity in an open field and reward sensitivity (intake of chocolate BOOST®). Mice were then divided into two counterbalanced groups and underwent reversal learning (impulsive action and waiting impulsivity) or delay discounting (impulsive choice). CC and founder mice show significant heritability for impulsive action, impulsive choice, waiting impulsivity, locomotor activity, and reward sensitivity, with each impulsive phenotype determined to be non-correlating, independent traits. This research was conducted within the broader, inter-laboratory effort of the Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction (CSNA) to characterize CC and DO mice for multiple, cocaine abuse related traits. These data will facilitate the discovery of genetic correlations between predictive traits, which will then guide discovery of genes and genetic variants that contribute to addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Bailey
- State University of New York - Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Jared R Bagley
- State University of New York - Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Rainy Dodd
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stacey J Sukoff Rizzo
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa Tarantino
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - James David Jentsch
- State University of New York - Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
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Ghosh D, Mukhopadhyay P, Chatterjee I, Roy PK. Arousability, Personality, and Decision-Making Ability in Dissociative Disorder. Indian J Psychol Med 2021; 43:485-491. [PMID: 35210676 PMCID: PMC8826191 DOI: 10.1177/0253717620981555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a gap in understanding the pathogenesis of dissociative conversion disorder (DCD), despite the disorder having a strong historical root. The role of personality and neurocognitive factors are now highlighted; however, inconsistencies are reported. This study explores the personality disposition, arousability, and decision-making ability of patients with DCD, in reference to a healthy control group (HCG). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the sample comprised ten adult psychiatric patients with DCD. Ten participants of the HCG were matched according to age, gender, education, economic status, domicile, religious background, and handedness. The study assessed personality disposition with Temperament and Character Inventory, arousability with reaction time task, and decision-making ability with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT PEBL version). RESULTS The DCD group differed significantly on personality disposition related to both temperament and character. There was also evidence of easy arousability and frustration along with deficit in executive function related to decision-making ability. CONCLUSION This study highlights the presence of both temperamental and characterological factors associated with DCD. Moreover, this study identifies the role of cognitive arousability and decision-making or feedback utilization ability in the psychopathology of DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyel Ghosh
- Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Institute
of Psychiatry-COE, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Ishani Chatterjee
- Dept. of Psychology, University of
Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Roy
- Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Institute
of Psychiatry-COE, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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216
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Gros A, Lavenu L, Morel JL, De Deurwaerdère P. Simulated Microgravity Subtlety Changes Monoamine Function across the Rat Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111759. [PMID: 34769189 PMCID: PMC8584220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity, one of the conditions faced by astronauts during spaceflights, triggers brain adaptive responses that could have noxious consequences on behaviors. Although monoaminergic systems, which include noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT), are widespread neuromodulatory systems involved in adaptive behaviors, the influence of microgravity on these systems is poorly documented. Using a model of simulated microgravity (SMG) during a short period in Long Evans male rats, we studied the distribution of monoamines in thirty brain regions belonging to vegetative, mood, motor, and cognitive networks. SMG modified NA and/or DA tissue contents along some brain regions belonging to the vestibular/motor systems (inferior olive, red nucleus, cerebellum, somatosensorily cortex, substantia nigra, and shell of the nucleus accumbens). DA and 5-HT contents were reduced in the prelimbic cortex, the only brain area exhibiting changes for 5-HT content. However, the number of correlations of one index of the 5-HT metabolism (ratio of metabolite and 5-HT) alone or in interaction with the DA metabolism was dramatically increased between brain regions. It is suggested that SMG, by mobilizing vestibular/motor systems, promotes in these systems early, restricted changes of NA and DA functions that are associated with a high reorganization of monoaminergic systems, notably 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gros
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (A.G.); (L.L.)
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, F-75001 Paris, France
| | - Léandre Lavenu
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (A.G.); (L.L.)
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, F-75001 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Morel
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (A.G.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.-L.M.); (P.D.D.)
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR5287, University Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: (J.-L.M.); (P.D.D.)
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217
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Trofimova I. Functional Constructivism Approach to Multilevel Nature of Bio-Behavioral Diversity. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:641286. [PMID: 34777031 PMCID: PMC8578849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to revise the existing classifications of psychiatric disorders (DSM and ICD) continue and highlight a crucial need for the identification of biomarkers underlying symptoms of psychopathology. The present review highlights the benefits of using a Functional Constructivism approach in the analysis of the functionality of the main neurotransmitters. This approach explores the idea that behavior is neither reactive nor pro-active, but constructive and generative, being a transient selection of multiple degrees of freedom in perception and actions. This review briefly describes main consensus points in neuroscience related to the functionality of eight neurochemical ensembles, summarized as a part of the neurochemical model Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET). None of the FET components is represented by a single neurotransmitter; all neurochemical teams have specific functionality in selection of behavioral degrees of freedom and stages of action construction. The review demonstrates the possibility of unifying taxonomies of temperament and classifications of psychiatric disorders and presenting these taxonomies formally and systematically. The paper also highlights the multi-level nature of regulation of consistent bio-behavioral individual differences, in line with the concepts of diagonal evolution (proposed earlier) and Specialized Extended Phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Trofimova
- Laboratory of Collective Intelligence, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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218
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Gated feedforward inhibition in the frontal cortex releases goal-directed action. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1452-1464. [PMID: 34413512 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cortical circuits process both sensory and motor information in animals performing perceptual tasks. However, it is still unclear how sensory inputs are transformed into motor signals in the cortex to initiate goal-directed actions. In this study, we found that a visual-to-motor inhibitory circuit in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) triggers precise action in mice performing visual Go/No-go tasks. Three distinct features of ACC neurons-visual amplitudes of sensory neurons, suppression times of motor neurons and network activity from other neurons-predicted response times of the mice. Moreover, optogenetic activation of visual inputs in the ACC, which drives fast-spiking sensory neurons, prompted task-relevant actions in mice by suppressing ACC motor neurons and disinhibiting downstream striatal neurons. Notably, when mice terminated actions in response to stop signals, both motor neuron and network activity increased. Collectively, our data demonstrate that visual inputs to the frontal cortex trigger gated feedforward inhibition to initiate goal-directed actions.
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219
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Liang Q, Wang Y, Wang F, Li Z, Li D, Wang F. Prioritization of personally relevant stimuli in male abstinent heroin users. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 142:132-139. [PMID: 34352558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prioritization of the processing of highly relevant personal stimuli pervades various cognitive domains and is vital to our survival and normal functioning. However, the extent to which this process is altered by drug addiction remains to be elucidated. The present study examined the self-prioritization effect in abstinent heroin users (AHUs) using the perceptual matching task, which controls for the confounding effect of familiarity, and further modified it to revalidate the drug-prioritization effect (DPE). Eighty male AHUs and forty healthy control (HC) participants were recruited for this study. Participants filled in the questionnaire and completed two perceptual matching tasks. The questionnaire included demographic information (e.g., age, education) and characteristics of drug use, whereas the HC participants only completed the demographic information. AHUs exhibited a robust self-advantage in the self-perceptual matching task, and that the magnitude of the self-prioritization effect (MSPE) was comparable to that in HCs. Only AHUs prioritized the processing of drug-related stimuli in the drug-perceptual matching task, and showed similar prioritization effects during self- and drug-related processing. The MSPE and magnitude of the drug-prioritization effect (MDPE) were correlated with the heroin consumption behavior in AHUs. The process of self-prioritization is intact in drug users, and they uniquely prioritize the processing of drug cues. The similar pattern between the self- and drug-related processing provided behavioral evidence to support that drug cues are likely to be associated with heightened personal relevance in drug users. These prioritization processes may play critical roles in addiction and provide a promising route for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongdan Liang
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- The Fifth Compulsory Detoxification Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650211, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- The Fifth Compulsory Detoxification Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650211, China.
| | - Zhiwen Li
- The Fifth Compulsory Detoxification Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650211, China.
| | - Denghe Li
- The Fourth Compulsory Detoxification Center of Yunnan Province, Lijiang, 674100, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100083, China; Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100083, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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220
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Meng HR, Suenaga T, Edamura M, Fukuda A, Ishida Y, Nakahara D, Murakami G. Functional MHCI deficiency induces ADHD-like symptoms with increased dopamine D1 receptor expression. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:22-31. [PMID: 34022373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate synaptic development has been proposed as a potential mechanism of neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI), an immunity-associated molecule expressed by neurons in the brain, regulates synaptic development; however, the involvement of MHCI in these disorders remains elusive. We evaluated whether functional MHCI deficiency induced by β2m-/-Tap1-/- double-knockout in mice leads to abnormalities akin to those seen in neurodevelopmental disorders. We found that functional MHCI deficiency induced locomotor hyperactivity, motor impulsivity, and attention deficits, three major symptoms of ADHD. In contrast, these mice showed normal spatial learning, behavioral flexibility, social behavior, and sensorimotor integration. In the analysis of the dopamine system, upregulation of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) expression in the nucleus accumbens and a greater locomotor response to D1R agonist SKF 81297 were found in the functional MHCI-deficient mice. Low-dose methylphenidate, used for the treatment of ADHD patients, alleviated the three behavioral symptoms and suppressed c-Fos expression in the D1R-expressing medium spiny neurons of the mice. These findings reveal an unexpected role of MHCI in three major symptoms of ADHD and may provide a novel landmark in the pathogenesis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Rui Meng
- Division of Psychology, Department of Integrated Human Sciences, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Toshiko Suenaga
- Division of Psychology, Department of Integrated Human Sciences, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; School of Psychology, Tokyo University of Social Welfare, Tokyo 114-0004, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Edamura
- Division of Psychology, Department of Integrated Human Sciences, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Atsuo Fukuda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; Advanced Research Facilities and Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishida
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-16, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Nakahara
- Division of Psychology, Department of Integrated Human Sciences, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-16, Japan.
| | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Psychology, Department of Integrated Human Sciences, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; Department of Liberal Arts, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
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221
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A Translation from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control: the Striatum in Drug Addiction. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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222
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Wismans A, Letina S, Wennberg K, Thurik R, Baptista R, Burke A, Dejardin M, Janssen F, Santarelli E, Torrès O, Franken I. The role of impulsivity and delay discounting in student compliance with COVID-19 protective measures. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 179:110925. [PMID: 34866724 PMCID: PMC8631574 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, governments set recommendations and restrictions that have given rise to new situations that require residents to deliberate and respond nonautomatically. For highly impulsive individuals, dealing with these situations may be harder, as they tend to deliberate less about the consequences of their behaviors. In this study, we investigate the relationship between impulsivity and delay discounting on the one hand and compliance with COVID-19 restrictions on the other hand. We distinguish between compliance with social distancing measures and compliance with hygiene measures. Regression analyses of an international sample of 6759 students from seven European countries reveal that the self-reported personality construct of impulsivity is negatively related to both types of compliance behavior. However, and unexpectedly, we also find a weak positive association between the discount rate-as measured by a behavioral task-and compliance. Our study highlights the importance of individual differences in impulsivity in regard to compliance with public health measures during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelot Wismans
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute for Behavior and Biology (EURIBEB), the Netherlands
| | - Srebrenka Letina
- University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute for Analytical Sociology (IAS), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Karl Wennberg
- Department of Management and Organization, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden
- Institute for Analytical Sociology (IAS), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Roy Thurik
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute for Behavior and Biology (EURIBEB), the Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, France
| | - Rui Baptista
- Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andrew Burke
- Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcus Dejardin
- Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
- Université de Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | - Olivier Torrès
- Montpellier Business School, France
- University of Montpellier, France
| | - Ingmar Franken
- The Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute for Behavior and Biology (EURIBEB), the Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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223
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Toschi C, Hervig MES, Moazen P, Parker MG, Dalley JW, Gether U, Robbins TW. Adaptive aspects of impulsivity and interactions with effects of catecholaminergic agents in the 5-choice serial reaction time task: implications for ADHD. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2601-2615. [PMID: 34104987 PMCID: PMC8373759 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work in humans has shown that impulsivity can be advantageous in certain settings. However, evidence for so-called functional impulsivity is lacking in experimental animals. AIMS This study investigated the contexts in which high impulsive (HI) rats show an advantage in performance compared with mid- (MI) and low impulsive (LI) rats. We also assessed the effects of dopaminergic and noradrenergic agents to investigate underlying neurotransmitter mechanisms. METHODS We tested rats on a variable inter-trial interval (ITI) version of the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT). Rats received systemic injections of methylphenidate (MPH, 1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg), atomoxetine (ATO, 0.3 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg), amphetamine (AMPH, 0.2 mg/kg), the alpha-2a adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole (ATI, 0.3 mg/kg) and the alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PHEN, 1 mg/kg) prior to behavioural testing. RESULTS Unlike LI rats, HI rats exhibited superior performance, earning more reinforcers, on short ITI trials, when the task required rapid responding. MPH, AMPH and ATI improved performance on short ITI trials and increased impulsivity in long ITI trials, recapitulating the behavioural profile of HI. In contrast, ATO and PHEN impaired performance on short ITI trials and decreased impulsivity, thus mimicking the behavioural profile of LI rats. The effects of ATO were greater on MI rats and LI rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that impulsivity can be advantageous when rapid focusing and actions are required, an effect that may depend on increased dopamine neurotransmission. Conversely, activation of the noradrenergic system, with ATO and PHEN, led to a general inhibition of responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Toschi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St., CB2 3EB, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Mona El-Sayed Hervig
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St., CB2 3EB, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Parisa Moazen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St., CB2 3EB, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maximilian G Parker
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St., CB2 3EB, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St., CB2 3EB, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St., CB2 3EB, Cambridge, UK
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Bocchetta M, Malpetti M, Todd EG, Rowe JB, Rohrer JD. Looking beneath the surface: the importance of subcortical structures in frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab158. [PMID: 34458729 PMCID: PMC8390477 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst initial anatomical studies of frontotemporal dementia focussed on cortical involvement, the relevance of subcortical structures to the pathophysiology of frontotemporal dementia has been increasingly recognized over recent years. Key structures affected include the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and globus pallidus within the basal ganglia, the hippocampus and amygdala within the medial temporal lobe, the basal forebrain, and the diencephalon structures of the thalamus, hypothalamus and habenula. At the most posterior aspect of the brain, focal involvement of brainstem and cerebellum has recently also been shown in certain subtypes of frontotemporal dementia. Many of the neuroimaging studies on subcortical structures in frontotemporal dementia have been performed in clinically defined sporadic cases. However, investigations of genetically- and pathologically-confirmed forms of frontotemporal dementia are increasingly common and provide molecular specificity to the changes observed. Furthermore, detailed analyses of sub-nuclei and subregions within each subcortical structure are being added to the literature, allowing refinement of the patterns of subcortical involvement. This review focuses on the existing literature on structural imaging and neuropathological studies of subcortical anatomy across the spectrum of frontotemporal dementia, along with investigations of brain–behaviour correlates that examine the cognitive sequelae of specific subcortical involvement: it aims to ‘look beneath the surface’ and summarize the patterns of subcortical involvement have been described in frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maura Malpetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily G Todd
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Chai Y, Chimelis-Santiago JR, Bixler KA, Aalsma M, Yu M, Hulvershorn LA. Sex-specific frontal-striatal connectivity differences among adolescents with externalizing disorders. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102789. [PMID: 34469847 PMCID: PMC8405840 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-specific neurobiological underpinnings of impulsivity in youth with externalizing disorders have not been well studied. The only report of functional connectivity (FC) findings in this area demonstrated sex differences in fronto-subcortical connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) to examine sex differences in resting-state seed-based FC, self-rated impulsivity, and their interactions in 11-12-year-old boys (n = 43) and girls (n = 43) with externalizing disorders. Generalized linear models controlling for pubertal development were used. Seeds were chosen in the ventral striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, middle frontal gyrus and amygdala. RESULTS Impulsivity scores were greater in boys than girls (p < 0.05). Boys showed greater positive connectivity within a ventromedial prefrontal-ventral striatal network. In addition, boys demonstrated weaker connectivity than girls within two medial-lateral prefrontal cortical networks. However, only boys showed greater medial-lateral prefrontal connectivity correlated with greater impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide evidence supporting sex differences in both ventral striatal-ventromedial prefrontal and medial-lateral prefrontal functional networks in youth with externalizing disorders. These important networks are thought to be implicated in impulse control. Medial-lateral prefrontal connectivity may represent a male-specific biomarker of impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chai
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Kristy A Bixler
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Meichen Yu
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Kantak KM, Stots C, Mathieson E, Bryant CD. Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat substrains show differences in model traits for addiction risk and cocaine self-administration: Implications for a novel rat reduced complexity cross. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113406. [PMID: 34097899 PMCID: PMC8265396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Forward genetic mapping of F2 crosses between closely related substrains of inbred rodents - referred to as a reduced complexity cross (RCC) - is a relatively new strategy for accelerating the pace of gene discovery for complex traits, such as drug addiction. RCCs to date were generated in mice, but rats are thought to be optimal for addiction genetic studies. Based on past literature, one inbred Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat substrain, SHR/NCrl, is predicted to exhibit a distinct behavioral profile as it relates to cocaine self-administration traits relative to another substrain, SHR/NHsd. Direct substrain comparisons are a necessary first step before implementing an RCC. We evaluated model traits for cocaine addiction risk and cocaine self-administration behaviors using a longitudinal within-subjects design. Impulsive-like and compulsive-like traits were greater in SHR/NCrl than SHR/NHsd, as were reactivity to sucrose reward, sensitivity to acute psychostimulant effects of cocaine, and cocaine use studied under fixed-ratio and tandem schedules of cocaine self-administration. Compulsive-like behavior correlated with the acute psychostimulant effects of cocaine, which in turn correlated with cocaine taking under the tandem schedule. Compulsive-like behavior also was the best predictor of cocaine seeking responses. Heritability estimates indicated that 22 %-40 % of the variances for the above phenotypes can be explained by additive genetic factors, providing sufficient genetic variance to conduct genetic mapping in F2 crosses of SHR/NCrl and SHR/NHsd. These results provide compelling support for using an RCC approach in SHR substrains to uncover candidate genes and variants that are of relevance to cocaine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Kantak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Carissa Stots
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elon Mathieson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camron D Bryant
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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227
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Francoeur MJ, Tang T, Fakhraei L, Wu X, Hulyalkar S, Cramer J, Buscher N, Ramanathan DR. Chronic, Multi-Site Recordings Supported by Two Low-Cost, Stationary Probe Designs Optimized to Capture Either Single Unit or Local Field Potential Activity in Behaving Rats. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:678103. [PMID: 34421671 PMCID: PMC8374626 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.678103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent models of cognitive behavior have greatly contributed to our understanding of human neuropsychiatric disorders. However, to elucidate the neurobiological underpinnings of such disorders or impairments, animal models are more useful when paired with methods for measuring brain function in awake, behaving animals. Standard tools used for systems-neuroscience level investigations are not optimized for large-scale and high-throughput behavioral battery testing due to various factors including cost, time, poor longevity, and selective targeting limited to measuring only a few brain regions at a time. Here we describe two different "user-friendly" methods for building extracellular electrophysiological probes that can be used to measure either single units or local field potentials in rats performing cognitive tasks. Both probe designs leverage several readily available, yet affordable, commercial products to facilitate ease of production and offer maximum flexibility in terms of brain-target locations that can be scalable (32-64 channels) based on experimental needs. Our approach allows neural activity to be recorded simultaneously with behavior and compared between micro (single unit) and more macro (local field potentials) levels of brain activity in order to gain a better understanding of how local brain regions and their connected networks support cognitive functions in rats. We believe our novel probe designs make collecting electrophysiology data easier and will begin to fill the gap in knowledge between basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J. Francoeur
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tianzhi Tang
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Leila Fakhraei
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Xuanyu Wu
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sidharth Hulyalkar
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Cramer
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nathalie Buscher
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Dhakshin R. Ramanathan
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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228
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Ryding S, Garnham LC, Abbey-Lee RN, Petkova I, Kreshchenko A, Løvlie H. Impulsivity is affected by cognitive enrichment and links to brain gene expression in red junglefowl chicks. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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229
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Morein-Zamir S, Anholt G. Stopping a Response When You Really Care about the Action: Considerations from a Clinical Perspective. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11080979. [PMID: 34439598 PMCID: PMC8393705 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11080979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition, whether reactive or proactive, is mostly investigated in a narrow cognitive framework. We argue that it be viewed within a broader frame than the action being inhibited, i.e., in the context of emotion and motivation of the individual at large. This is particularly important in the clinical domain, where the motivational strength of an action can be driven by threat avoidance or reward seeking. The cognitive response inhibition literature has focused on stopping reactively with responses in anticipation of clearly delineated external signals, or proactively in limited contexts, largely independent of clinical phenomena. Moreover, the focus has often been on stopping efficiency and its correlates rather than on inhibition failures. Currently, the cognitive and clinical perspectives are incommensurable. A broader context may explain the apparent paradox where individuals with disorders characterised by maladaptive action control have difficulty inhibiting their actions only in specific circumstances. Using Obsessive Compulsive Disorder as a case study, clinical theorising has focused largely on compulsions as failures of inhibition in relation to specific internal or external triggers. We propose that the concept of action tendencies may constitute a useful common denominator bridging research into motor, emotional, motivational, and contextual aspects of action control failure. The success of action control may depend on the interaction between the strength of action tendencies, the ability to withhold urges, and contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Morein-Zamir
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Gideon Anholt
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
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230
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Amaral IM, Hofer A, El Rawas R. Is It Possible to Shift from Down to Top Rank? A Focus on the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System and Cocaine Abuse. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080877. [PMID: 34440081 PMCID: PMC8389638 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired social behavior is a common feature of many psychiatric disorders, in particular with substance abuse disorders. Switching the preference of the substance-dependent individual toward social interaction activities remains one of the major challenges in drug dependence therapy. However, social interactions yield to the emergence of social ranking. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies that examined how social status can influence the dopaminergic mesolimbic system and how drug-seeking behavior is affected. Generally, social dominance is associated with an increase in dopamine D2/3 receptor binding in the striatum and a reduced behavioral response to drugs of abuse. However, it is not clear whether higher D2 receptor availability is a result of increased D2 receptor density and/or reduced dopamine release in the striatum. Here, we discuss the possibility of a potential shift from down to top rank via manipulation of the mesolimbic system. Identifying the neurobiology underlying a potential rank switch to a resilient phenotype is of particular interest in order to promote a positive coping behavior toward long-term abstinence from drugs of abuse and a protection against relapse to drugs. Such a shift may contribute to a more successful therapeutic approach to cocaine addiction.
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231
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Evaluation of miRNA as Biomarkers of Emotional Valence in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072054. [PMID: 34359180 PMCID: PMC8300371 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It is widely recognized that the assessment of animal welfare should include measures of positive emotional (affective) state. Existing behavioral and physiological indicators of a positive affective state frequently lack sensitivity, objectivity or are unsuitable in a production environment. Therefore, there is a need to develop new approaches to accurately and objectively measure a positive emotional state in animals, including novel molecular markers such a miRNA. These biomarkers must be measurable in the peripheral circulation and provide an accurate account of the physiological and molecular activity in regions of the brain associated with emotional processing. Further, such markers require validation against established behavioral and physiological indices. Here we investigated the efficacy of circulating miRNA as biomarkers of emotional state in the pig. Abstract The ability to assess the welfare of animals is dependent on our ability to accurately determine their emotional (affective) state, with particular emphasis being placed on the identification of positive emotions. The challenge remains that current physiological and behavioral indices are either unable to distinguish between positive and negative emotional states, or they are simply not suitable for a production environment. Therefore, the development of novel measures of animal emotion is a necessity. Here we investigated the efficacy of microRNA (miRNA) in the brain and blood as biomarkers of emotional state in the pig. Female Large White × Landrace pigs (n = 24) were selected at weaning and trained to perform a judgment bias test (JBT), before being exposed for 5 weeks to either enriched (n = 12) or barren housing (n = 12) conditions. Pigs were tested on the JBT once prior to treatment, and immediately following treatment. MiRNA and neurotransmitters were analyzed in blood and brain tissue after euthanasia. Treatment had no effect on the outcomes of the JBT. There was also no effect of treatment on miRNA expression in blood or the brain (FDR p > 0.05). However, pigs exposed to enriched housing had elevated dopamine within the striatum compared to pigs in barren housing (p = 0.02). The results imply that either (a) miRNAs are not likely to be valid biomarkers of a positive affective state, at least under the type of conditions employed in this study, or (b) that the study design used to modify affective state was not able to create differential affective states, and therefore establish the validity of miRNA as biomarkers.
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232
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Poulton A, Hester R. Transition to substance use disorders: impulsivity for reward and learning from reward. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:1182-1191. [PMID: 31848627 PMCID: PMC7657456 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance dependence constitutes a profound societal burden. Although large numbers of individuals use licit or illicit substances, few transition to dependence. The specific factors influencing this transition are not well understood. Substance-dependent individuals tend to be swayed by the immediate rewards of drug taking, but are often insensitive to delayed negative consequences of their behavior. Dependence is consequently associated with impulsivity for reward and atypical learning from feedback. Behavioral impulsivity is indexed using tasks measuring spontaneous decision-making and capacity to control impulses. While evidence indicates drug taking exacerbates behavioral impulsivity for reward, animal and human studies of drug naïve populations demonstrate it might precede any drug-related problems. Research suggests dependent individuals are also more likely to learn from rewarding (relative to punishing) feedback. This may partly explain why substance-dependent individuals fail to modify their behavior in response to negative outcomes. This enhanced learning from reward may constitute a further pre-existing risk factor for substance dependence. Although impulsivity for reward and preferential learning from rewarding feedback are both underpinned by a compromised dopaminergic system, few studies have examined the relationship between these two mechanisms. The interplay of these processes may help enrich understanding of why some individuals transition to substance dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Poulton
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Hester
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
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233
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Valuation system connectivity is correlated with poly-drug use in young adults. Neurosci Res 2021; 173:114-120. [PMID: 34214618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly-drug consumption contributes to fatal overdose in more than half of all poly-drug users. Analyzing decision-making networks may give insight into the motivations behind poly-drug use. We correlated average functional connectivity of the valuation system (VS), executive control system (ECS) and valuation-control complex (VCC) in a large population sample (n = 992) with drug use behaviour. VS connectivity is correlated with sedative use, ECS connectivity is separately correlated with hallucinogens and opiates. Network connectivity is also correlated with drug use via two-way interactions with other substances including alcohol and tobacco. These preliminary findings can contribute to our understanding of the common combinations of substance co-use and associated neural patterns.
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234
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Decoding the Role of Gut-Microbiome in the Food Addiction Paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136825. [PMID: 34202073 PMCID: PMC8297196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eating behaviour is characterised by a solid balance between homeostatic and hedonic regulatory mechanisms at the central level and highly influenced by peripheral signals. Among these signals, those generated by the gut microbiota have achieved relevance in recent years. Despite this complex regulation, under certain circumstances eating behaviour can be deregulated becoming addictive. Although there is still an ongoing debate about the food addiction concept, studies agree that patients with eating addictive behaviour present similar symptoms to those experienced by drug addicts, by affecting central areas involved in the control of motivated behaviour. In this context, this review tries to summarise the main data regarding the role of the gut microbiome in eating behaviour and how a gut dysbiosis can be responsible for a maladaptive behaviour such as “food addiction”.
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235
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Sjoberg EA, Ramos S, López-Tolsa GE, Johansen EB, Pellón R. The irrelevancy of the inter-trial interval in delay-discounting experiments on an animal model of ADHD. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113236. [PMID: 33727048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Delay discounting involves choosing between a small, immediate reward, and a larger but delayed one. As the delay between choice and large reward gets longer, people with ADHD tend to become impulsive faster than controls, indicated by a switch in preference from the large to the smaller reward. Choosing the smaller reward when the larger is considered reward maximizing is labeled impulsive behaviour. It is well documented that increased delays between choice and reward affects choice preference in both humans and other animals. Other variables such as the inter-trial interval or trial length are observed to have an effect on human discounting, but their effect on discounting in other animals is largely assumed rather than tested. In the current experiment, we tested this assumption. One group of rats was exposed to increasing delays between choosing the large reward and receiving it, while another group experienced longer inter-trial intervals that were equal in length to the delays in the other group. This ensured that trial length was controlled for in delay discounting, but that the delay function and inter-trial intervals could be manipulated and measured separately. Results showed that while the delay between choice and reward caused impulsive behaviour in rats, the length of the inter-trial interval (and by extension trial length) had no impact on choice behaviour. A follow-up experiment found this to be the case even if the length of the inter-trial interval was signaled with audio cues. These results suggest that rats, and possibly animals in general, are insensitive to time between trials, and therefore cannot easily represent human counterparts on the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen A Sjoberg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs Plass, P.O. Box 4, Oslo, 0130, Norway; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Chr. Krohgs Gate 32A, Oslo, 0186, Norway
| | - Sergio Ramos
- Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 10, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Gabriela E López-Tolsa
- Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 10, Madrid, 28040, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Espen Borgå Johansen
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs Plass, P.O. Box 4, Oslo, 0130, Norway
| | - Ricardo Pellón
- Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 10, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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236
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Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson's Disease and Their Modeling in Rodents. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060684. [PMID: 34204380 PMCID: PMC8234051 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with a large burden of non-motor symptoms including olfactory and autonomic dysfunction, as well as neuropsychiatric (depression, anxiety, apathy) and cognitive disorders (executive dysfunctions, memory and learning impairments). Some of these non-motor symptoms may precede the onset of motor symptoms by several years, and they significantly worsen during the course of the disease. The lack of systematic improvement of these non-motor features by dopamine replacement therapy underlines their multifactorial origin, with an involvement of monoaminergic and cholinergic systems, as well as alpha-synuclein pathology in frontal and limbic cortical circuits. Here we describe mood and neuropsychiatric disorders in PD and review their occurrence in rodent models of PD. Altogether, toxin-based rodent models of PD indicate a significant but non-exclusive contribution of mesencephalic dopaminergic loss in anxiety, apathy, and depressive-like behaviors, as well as in learning and memory deficits. Gene-based models display significant deficits in learning and memory, as well as executive functions, highlighting the contribution of alpha-synuclein pathology to these non-motor deficits. Collectively, neuropsychiatric and cognitive deficits are recapitulated to some extent in rodent models, providing partial but nevertheless useful options to understand the pathophysiology of non-motor symptoms and develop therapeutic options for these debilitating symptoms of PD.
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237
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Sketriene D, Battista D, Perry CJ, Sumithran P, Lawrence AJ, Brown RM. N-acetylcysteine reduces addiction-like behaviour towards high-fat high-sugar food in diet-induced obese rats. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4877-4887. [PMID: 34028895 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Compulsive forms of eating displayed by some obese individuals share similarities with compulsive drug-taking behaviour, a hallmark feature of substance use disorder. This raises the possibility that drug addiction treatments may show utility in the treatment of compulsive overeating. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine pro-drug which has experienced some success in clinical trials, reducing cocaine, marijuana and cigarette use, as well as compulsive behaviours such as gambling and trichotillomania. We assessed the impact of NAC on addiction-like behaviour towards highly palatable food in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a high-fat high-sugar diet for 8 weeks and then assigned to diet-induced obesity-prone (DIO) or diet-induced obesity-resistant (DR) groups based on weight gain. DIO and DR rats were subjected to an operant conditioning paradigm whereby rats could lever press for high-fat high-sugar food pellets. This alternated with periods of signalled reward unavailability. Before treatment DIO rats ate more in their home cage, earned more food pellets in operant sessions, and responded more during periods that signalled reward unavailability (suggestive of compulsive-like food seeking) compared with DR rats. This persistent responding in the absence of reward displayed by DIO rats was ameliorated by daily injections of NAC (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days. By the end of the treatment period, lever-pressing by NAC-treated DIO rats resembled that of DR rats. These findings suggest that NAC reduces addiction-like behaviour towards food in rats and supports the potential use of this compound in compulsive overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sketriene
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville/Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville/Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien Battista
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville/Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina J Perry
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville/Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (Austin), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville/Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn M Brown
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville/Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville/Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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238
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Jones JA, Zuhlsdorff K, Dalley JW. Neurochemical substrates linked to impulsive and compulsive phenotypes in addiction: A preclinical perspective. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1525-1546. [PMID: 33931861 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug compulsion manifests in some but not all individuals and implicates multifaceted processes including failures in top-down cognitive control as drivers for the hazardous pursuit of drug use in some individuals. As a closely related construct, impulsivity encompasses rash or risky behaviour without foresight and underlies most forms of drug taking behaviour, including drug use during adverse emotional states (i.e., negative urgency). While impulsive behavioural dimensions emerge from drug-induced brain plasticity, burgeoning evidence suggests that impulsivity also predates the emergence of compulsive drug use. Although the neural substrates underlying the apparently causal relationship between trait impulsivity and drug compulsion are poorly understood, significant advances have come from the interrogation of defined limbic cortico-striatal circuits involved in motivated behaviour and response inhibition, together with chemical neuromodulatory influences from the ascending neurotransmitter systems. We review what is presently known about the neurochemical mediation of impulsivity, in its various forms, and ask whether commonalities exist in the neurochemistry of compulsive drug-motivated behaviours that might explain individual risk for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyon A Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Hershel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge, UK
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239
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Zhai T, Salmeron BJ, Gu H, Adinoff B, Stein EA, Yang Y. Functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predicts cocaine relapse: implications for neuromodulation treatment. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab120. [PMID: 34189458 PMCID: PMC8226190 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse is one of the most perplexing problems of addiction. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is crucially involved in numerous cognitive and affective processes that are implicated in the phenotypes of both substance use disorders and other neuropsychiatric diseases and has become the principal site to deliver transcranial magnetic stimulation for their treatment. However, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is an anatomically large and functionally heterogeneous region, and the specific dorsolateral prefrontal cortex locus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-based functional circuits that contribute to drug relapse and/or treatment outcome remain unknown. We systematically investigated the relationship of cocaine relapse with functional circuits from 98 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regions-of-interest defined by evenly sampling the entire surface of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a cohort of cocaine dependent patients (n = 43, 5 Fr) following a psychosocial treatment intervention. Cox regression models were utilized to predict relapse likelihood based on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity strength. Functional connectivity from only 3 of the 98 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex loci, one in the left and two in the right hemisphere, significantly predicted cocaine relapse with an accuracy of 83.9%, 84.6% and 85.4%, respectively. Combining all three loci significantly improved prediction validity to 87.5%. Protective and risk circuits related to these dorsolateral prefrontal cortex loci were identified that have previously been implicated to support 'bottom up' drive to use drug and 'top down' control over behaviour together with social emotional, learning and memory processing. Three dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-centric circuits were identified that predict relapse to cocaine use with high accuracy. These functionally distinct dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-based circuits provide insights into the multiple roles played by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitive and affective functioning that affects treatment outcome. The identified dorsolateral prefrontal cortex loci may serve as potential neuromodulation targets to be tested in subsequent clinical studies for addiction treatment and as clinically relevant biomarkers of its efficacy. Zhai et al. identify three dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)-centric circuits that predict cocaine relapse with high accuracy, providing insights into the multiple roles of the dlPFC in brain functioning that affects treatment outcome and suggesting the dlPFC loci as potential neuromodulation targets for addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Zhai
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hong Gu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bryon Adinoff
- Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Psychiatry-Residency, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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van der Veen B, Kapanaiah SKT, Kilonzo K, Steele-Perkins P, Jendryka MM, Schulz S, Tasic B, Yao Z, Zeng H, Akam T, Nicholson JR, Liss B, Nissen W, Pekcec A, Kätzel D. Control of impulsivity by G i-protein signalling in layer-5 pyramidal neurons of the anterior cingulate cortex. Commun Biol 2021; 4:662. [PMID: 34079054 PMCID: PMC8172539 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological impulsivity is a debilitating symptom of multiple psychiatric diseases with few effective treatment options. To identify druggable receptors with anti-impulsive action we developed a systematic target discovery approach combining behavioural chemogenetics and gene expression analysis. Spatially restricted inhibition of three subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex of mice revealed that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) regulates premature responding, a form of motor impulsivity. Probing three G-protein cascades with designer receptors, we found that the activation of Gi-signalling in layer-5 pyramidal cells (L5-PCs) of the ACC strongly, reproducibly, and selectively decreased challenge-induced impulsivity. Differential gene expression analysis across murine ACC cell-types and 402 GPCRs revealed that - among Gi-coupled receptor-encoding genes - Grm2 is the most selectively expressed in L5-PCs while alternative targets were scarce. Validating our approach, we confirmed that mGluR2 activation reduced premature responding. These results suggest Gi-coupled receptors in ACC L5-PCs as therapeutic targets for impulse control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kasyoka Kilonzo
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefanie Schulz
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas Akam
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janet R Nicholson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Linacre College and New College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wiebke Nissen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dennis Kätzel
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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241
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Davis-Reyes BD, Smith AE, Xu J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J, Anastasio NC. Subanesthetic ketamine with an AMPAkine attenuates motor impulsivity in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:335-344. [PMID: 33595955 PMCID: PMC8119302 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The concept of 'impulse control' has its roots in early psychiatry and today has progressed into a well-described, although poorly understood, multidimensional endophenotype underlying many neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, substance use disorders). There is mounting evidence suggesting that the cognitive and/or behavioral dimensions underlying impulsivity are driven by dysfunctional glutamate (Glu) neurotransmission via targeted ionotropic Glu receptor (GluR) [e.g., N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)] mechanisms and associated synaptic alterations within key brain nodes. Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist and FDA-approved for treatment-resistant depression, induces a 'glutamate burst' that drives resculpting of the synaptic milieu, which lasts for several days to a week. Thus, we hypothesized that single and repeated treatment with a subanesthetic ketamine dose would normalize motor impulsivity. Next, we hypothesized that AMPAR positive allosteric modulation, alone or in combination with ketamine, would attenuate impulsivity and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying GluR dysfunction relevant to motor impulsivity. To measure motor impulsivity, outbred male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on the one-choice serial reaction time task. Rats pretreated with single or repeated (3 days) administration of ketamine (10 mg/kg; i.p.; 24-h pretreatment) or with the AMPAkine HJC0122 (1 or 10 mg/kg; i.p.; 30-min pretreatment) exhibited lower levels of motor impulsivity vs. control. Combination of single or repeated ketamine plus HJC0122 also attenuated motor impulsivity vs. control. We conclude that ligands designed to promote GluR signaling represent an effective pharmacological approach to normalize impulsivity and subsequently, neuropsychiatric disorders marked by aberrant impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brionna D Davis-Reyes
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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242
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Towards a Functional Neuromarker of Impulsivity: Feedback-Related Brain Potential during Risky Decision-Making Associated with Self-Reported Impulsivity in a Non-Clinical Sample. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060671. [PMID: 34063798 PMCID: PMC8224100 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk-taking is part of the multidimensional nature of impulsivity, consisting of an active engagement in behaviors or choices with potentially undesirable results, with probability as the cost for an expected reward. In order to understand the neurophysiological activity during risky behavior and its relationship with other dimensions of impulsivity, we have acquired event-related-potential (ERP) data and self-reported impulsivity scores from 17 non-clinical volunteers. They underwent high-resolution electroencephalography (HR-EEG) combined with an adapted version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), and completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-10) and the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS). The ERP components were sensitive to valence (FRN, P300) and risk/reward magnitude (SPN, RewP). Our main finding evidenced a positive correlation between the amplitude of the P300 component following positive feedback and both the global UPPS score and the (lack of) perseverance UPPS subscale, significant for several adjacent electrodes. This finding might suggest an adaptive form of impulsive behavior, which could be associated to the reduction on the difference of the P300 amplitude following negative and positive feedback. However, further investigation with both larger clinical and non-clinical samples is required.
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243
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Replicable effect of cortical-paired associative stimulation on response inhibition as a function of age. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:788-789. [PMID: 33965618 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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244
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Liu Y, Liu N, Shen W, Li L, Zhou W, Xu L. The Abuse Characteristics of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants in Patients Receiving Methadone Maintenance Treatment and Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2109-2116. [PMID: 34040349 PMCID: PMC8140901 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s305226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the abuse characteristics of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT). Methods A total of 58 MMT and 51 BMT patients abusing ATS were recruited from the drug maintenance treatment clinic of Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center from January 2018 to December 2019. They were assessed using the amphetamine abuse questionnaire (AAQ), addiction severity index (ASI) and Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS). Moreover, 40 MMT control patients, 40 BMT control patients and 20 healthy controls were also assessed using the BIS. All information was collected using the amphetamine abuse questionnaire (AAQ), Chinese version of addiction severity index (ASI-C) and Chinese version of Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS-C) conducted by qualified psychologists. Results The interval of amphetamine use in the MMT group was shorter than the BMT group (P < 0.05). The drug use subscale score of ASI was higher in the MMT group than the BMT group (P < 0.05). The respective and total scores of attentional impulsiveness, motor impulsiveness and non-planning impulsiveness in BIS in the MMT group were all higher than the MMT control group (P < 0.05). The scores of motor impulsiveness and non-planning impulsiveness in the BMT group were higher than the BMT control group (P < 0.05). The respective and total scores in BIS in the MMT control group and the BMT control group were all higher than those in the healthy controls. Conclusion The patients showing amphetamine abuse in maintenance therapy had a greater impulsiveness than those having other simple maintenance treatments, and patients under MMT may be more addicted to amphetamines in comparison with those having BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Academic Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Nina Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Shen
- Department of Academic Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhui Li
- Department of Academic Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Department of Academic Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiting Xu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
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245
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Zapata A, Lupica CR. Lateral habenula cannabinoid CB1 receptor involvement in drug-associated impulsive behavior. Neuropharmacology 2021; 192:108604. [PMID: 33965396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal and human studies show that cannabis or its derivatives can increase relapse to cocaine seeking following withdrawal. Moreover, cannabis use in humans is associated with impulse control deficits and animal studies implicate endogenous cannabinoids (eCB) in several impulsivity constructs. However, the brain areas where cannabinoids might control impulsivity or cocaine seeking are largely unknown. Here, we assess Lateral Habenula (LHb) involvement on performance in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) in rats and investigate whether LHb cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) are involved in these effects. Systemic cocaine increased premature responding, a measure of impulsivity, at a dose (5 mg/kg) that did not alter other measures of task performance. Intra-LHb infusion of the CB1R antagonist AM251 blocked this effect. Systemic injection of the psychoactive constituent of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC, 1 mg/kg), also increased 5CSRTT premature responding at a dose that did not otherwise disrupt task performance. This was blocked by intra-LHb infusion of AM251 in a subgroup of rats showing the largest increases in Δ9-THC-evoked premature responses. Systemic Δ9-THC also prompted impulsive cocaine seeking in a Go/NoGo cocaine self-administration task and this was blocked by intra-LHb AM251. These data show that LHb CB1Rs are involved in deficits in impulse control initiated by cocaine and Δ9-THC, as assessed by the 5CSRTT, and play a role in impulsive cocaine seeking during cocaine self-administration. This suggests that the LHb eCB system contributes to the control of impulsive behavior, and thus represents a potential target for therapeutic treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Zapata
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carl R Lupica
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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246
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The Role of Social Stress in the Development of Inhibitory Control Deficit: A Systematic Review in Preclinical Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094953. [PMID: 34066570 PMCID: PMC8124175 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control deficit and impulsivity and compulsivity behaviours are present in different psychopathological disorders such as addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorders and schizophrenia, among others. Social relationships in humans and animals are governed by social organization rules, which modulate inhibitory control and coping strategies against stress. Social stress is associated with compulsive alcohol and drug use, pointing towards a determining factor in an increased vulnerability to inhibitory control deficit. The goal of the present review is to assess the implication of social stress and dominance on the vulnerability to develop impulsive and/or compulsive spectrum disorders, with the aid of the information provided by animal models. A systematic search strategy was carried out on the PubMed and Web of Science databases, and the most relevant information was structured in the text and tables. A total of 34 studies were recruited in the qualitative synthesis. The results show the role of social stress and dominance in increased drug and alcohol use, aggressive and impulsive behaviour. Moreover, the revised studies support the role of Dopaminergic (DA) activity and the alterations in the dopaminergic D1/D2 receptors as key factors in the development of inhibitory control deficit by social stress.
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247
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Tsai TY, Wang TY, Liu YC, Lee PW, Chang WH, Lu TH, Tseng HH, Lee SY, Chang YH, Yang Y, Chen PS, Chen KC, Yang YK, Lu RB. Add-on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with opioid use disorder undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2021; 47:330-343. [PMID: 33426970 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1849247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) shows potential therapeutic effects for individuals with addiction, but few studies have examined individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD).Objectives: We conducted an add-on double-blinded, sham-controlled rTMS feasibility pilot trial to examine OUD participants undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). The current report focused on the effects of rTMS on (1) craving and heroin use behavior and (2) depression, impulsivity, and attention.Methods: Active or sham rTMS treatment was applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) over a total of 11 sessions in 4 weeks (15-Hz frequency, 4 seconds per train, intertrain interval of 26 seconds, 40 trains per session) in OUD participants (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT03229642). Craving, heroin use severity, urine morphine tests, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and the Continuous Performance Tests (CPTs) were measured.Results: Twenty-two OUD participants were enrolled, of which eleven (8 males) were undergoing active rTMS and nine (8 males) were in the sham rTMS group. After 12 weeks of follow-up, the active rTMS group did not show significantly greater improvements than the sham group with respect to craving, heroin use, or urine morphine test results. However, HDRS scores, BIS-11 attentional subscales, and CPTs commission T-scores (C-TS) were significantly lower in the active rTMS group (P = .003, 0.04, and 0.02, respectively) than in the sham group.Conclusion: Add-on rTMS did not appear to improve heroin use behavior but may have benefitted depressive symptoms, impulse control and attention in OUD participants undergoing MMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Chia Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hua Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Hsuan Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kao Chin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Yanjiao Furen Hospital, Hebei, China
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248
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Shin Y, Kim H, Kim S, Kim J. A neural mechanism of the relationship between impulsivity and emotion dysregulation in patients with Internet gaming disorder. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12916. [PMID: 32365424 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity and emotion dysregulation have been known to be risk factors for Internet gaming disorder (IGD), but their underlying neural mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Given that the prefrontal cortex has a key role in higher order cognition and addiction, the present study aimed to investigate emotional influences on response inhibition in situations with different cognitive demands. A total of 41 young male adults (20 with and 21 without IGD) were scanned while performing two versions of an emotional go/no-go task with demands on low and high working memory load. Patients with IGD showed a failure in response inhibition and increased activation of widespread brain regions, including prefrontal, motor-sensory, parietal, occipital, insula, and striatal regions across tasks. Among these regions, involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum was observed only during the task with high demands on working memory. Moreover, it was also only during the high-load task that interaction between response inhibition and emotional states was observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, with observations revealing that its alteration in patients with IGD was associated with number of hours spent on Internet gaming. Our findings highlight a failure of response inhibition and dysfunction within the inhibitory control network. The special significance of our study is that dysfunctional dorsomedial prefrontal cortex may mediate abnormal emotional influences on response inhibition in patients with IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Bin Shin
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Soo‐Jeong Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital Seoul Republic of Korea
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249
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Akhrif A, Roy A, Peters K, Lesch KP, Romanos M, Schmitt-Böhrer A, Neufang S. REVERSE phenotyping-Can the phenotype following constitutive Tph2 gene inactivation in mice be transferred to children and adolescents with and without adhd? Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02054. [PMID: 33523602 PMCID: PMC8119824 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental models of neuropsychiatric disorders, for example, ADHD, are used to mimic specific phenotypic traits of a complex human disorder. However, it remains unresolved to what extent the animal phenotype reflects the specific human trait. The null mutant mouse of the serotonin-synthesizing tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2-/- ) gene has been proposed as experimental model for ADHD with high face validity for impulsive, aggressive, and anxious behaviors. To validate this ADHD-like model, we examined the Tph2-/- phenotype in humans when considering allelic variation of TPH2 function ("reverse phenotyping"). METHODS 58 participants (6 females, 8-18 years) were examined, of whom 32 were diagnosed with ADHD. All participants were phenotyped for impulsivity, aggression, and anxiety using questionnaires, behavioral tests, and MRI scanning while performing the 4-choice serial reaction time task. Additionally, participants were genotyped for the TPH2 G-703T (rs4570625) polymorphism. To analyze the relation between TPH2 G-703T variants and the impulsive/aggressive/anxious phenotype, mediation analyses were performed using behavioral and MRI data as potential mediators. RESULTS We found that the relation between TPH2 G-703T and aggression as part of the reverse Tph2- /- phenotype was mediated by structure and function of the right middle and inferior frontal gyrus. CONCLUSION At the example of trait aggression, our results support the assumption that the Tph2 null mutant mouse reflects the TPH2 G-703T-dependent phenotype in humans. Additionally, we conclude that "reverse phenotyping" is a promising method to validate experimental models and human findings for refined analysis of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atae Akhrif
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comparative Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arunima Roy
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Katharina Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Schmitt-Böhrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Neufang
- Comparative Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Heinrich, Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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250
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Loganathan K, Ho ETW. Value, drug addiction and the brain. Addict Behav 2021; 116:106816. [PMID: 33453587 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, various models have been proposed to explain the psychology and biology of drug addiction, built primarily around the habit and compulsion models. Recent research indicates drug addiction may be goal-directed, motivated by excessive valuation of drugs. Drug consumption may initially occur for the sake of pleasure but may transition to a means of escaping withdrawal, stress and negative emotions. In this hypothetical paper, we propose a value-based neurobiological model for drug addiction. We posit that during dependency, the value-based decision-making system in the brain is not inactive but has instead prioritized drugs as the reward of choice. In support of this model, we consider the role of valuation in choice, its influence on pleasure and punishment, and how valuation is contrasted in impulsive and compulsive behaviours. We then discuss the neurobiology of value, beginning with the dopaminergic system and its relationship with incentive salience before moving to brain-wide networks involved in valuation, control and prospection. These value-based neurobiological components are then integrated into the cycle of addiction as we consider the development of drug dependency from a valuation perspective. We conclude with a discussion of cognitive interventions utilizing value-based decision-making, highlighting not just advances in recalibrating the valuation system to focus on non-drug rewards, but also areas for improvement in refining this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavinash Loganathan
- Centre for Intelligent Signal & Imaging, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Eric Tatt Wei Ho
- Centre for Intelligent Signal & Imaging, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia; Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia
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