201
|
Riva A, Patel V, Kurioka A, Jeffery HC, Wright G, Tarff S, Shawcross D, Ryan JM, Evans A, Azarian S, Bajaj JS, Fagan A, Patel V, Mehta K, Lopez C, Simonova M, Katzarov K, Hadzhiolova T, Pavlova S, Wendon JA, Oo YH, Klenerman P, Williams R, Chokshi S. Mucosa-associated invariant T cells link intestinal immunity with antibacterial immune defects in alcoholic liver disease. Gut 2018; 67:918-930. [PMID: 29097439 PMCID: PMC5890654 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Intestinal permeability with systemic distribution of bacterial products are central in the immunopathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), yet links with intestinal immunity remain elusive. Mucosa-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are found in liver, blood and intestinal mucosa and are a key component of antibacterial host defences. Their role in ALD is unknown. METHODS/DESIGN We analysed frequency, phenotype, transcriptional regulation and function of blood MAIT cells in severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH), alcohol-related cirrhosis (ARC) and healthy controls (HC). We also examined direct impact of ethanol, bacterial products from faecal extracts and antigenic hyperstimulation on MAIT cell functionality. Presence of MAIT cells in colon and liver was assessed by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry/gene expression respectively. RESULTS In ARC and SAH, blood MAIT cells were dramatically depleted, hyperactivated and displayed defective antibacterial cytokine/cytotoxic responses. These correlated with suppression of lineage-specific transcription factors and hyperexpression of homing receptors in the liver with intrahepatic preservation of MAIT cells in ALD. These alterations were stronger in SAH, where surrogate markers of bacterial infection and microbial translocation were higher than ARC. Ethanol exposure in vitro, in vivo alcohol withdrawal and treatment with Escherichia coli had no effect on MAIT cell frequencies, whereas exposure to faecal bacteria/antigens induced functional impairments comparable with blood MAIT cells from ALD and significant MAIT cell depletion, which was not observed in other T cell compartments. CONCLUSIONS In ALD, the antibacterial potency of MAIT cells is compromised as a consequence of contact with microbial products and microbiota, suggesting that the 'leaky' gut observed in ALD drives MAIT cell dysfunction and susceptibility to infection in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Riva
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK,Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Vishal Patel
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK,Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK,Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah C Jeffery
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR BRU in Liver Disease, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gavin Wright
- Department of Gastroenterology, Basildon University Hospital, Basildon, UK
| | - Sarah Tarff
- Department of Gastroenterology, Basildon University Hospital, Basildon, UK
| | - Debbie Shawcross
- Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK,Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Ryan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Evans
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - Sarah Azarian
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Vinood Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Kosha Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Carlos Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Marieta Simonova
- Department of Gastroenterology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krum Katzarov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Hadzhiolova
- Department of Gastroenterology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slava Pavlova
- Department of Gastroenterology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Julia A Wendon
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR BRU in Liver Disease, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK,Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK,Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Koay HF, Godfrey DI, Pellicci DG. Development of mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:598-606. [PMID: 29569752 PMCID: PMC6446805 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells develop in the thymus and migrate into the periphery to become the largest antigen‐specific αβ T‐cell population in the human immune system. However, the frequency of MAIT cells varies widely between human individuals, and the basis for this is unclear. While MAIT cells are highly conserved through evolution and are phenotypically similar between humans and mice, they represent a much smaller proportion of total T cells in mice. In this review, we discuss how MAIT cells transition through a three‐stage development pathway in both mouse and human thymus, and continue to mature and expand after they leave the thymus. Moreover, we will explore and speculate on how specific factors regulate different stages of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Provine NM, Binder B, FitzPatrick MEB, Schuch A, Garner LC, Williamson KD, van Wilgenburg B, Thimme R, Klenerman P, Hofmann M. Unique and Common Features of Innate-Like Human Vδ2 + γδT Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:756. [PMID: 29740432 PMCID: PMC5924964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells abundant in humans that can be activated in a TCR-independent manner by inflammatory and antiviral cytokines. In humans, the capacity for TCR-independent activation is functionally linked to a transcriptional program that can be identified by the expression of the C-type lectin receptor, CD161. In addition to MAIT cells, it has been demonstrated that a subset of γδT cells expresses CD161 and can be activated by TCR-independent cytokine stimulation. In this study, we sought to clarify the nature of cytokine-responsive human γδT cells. We could link CD161 expression on Vδ2+ versus Vδ1+ γδT cells to the observation that Vδ2+ γδT cells, but not Vδ1+ γδT cells, robustly produced IFN-γ upon stimulation with a variety of cytokine combinations. Interestingly, both CD161+ and CD161- Vδ2+ γδT cells responded to these stimuli, with increased functionality within the CD161+ subset. This innate-like responsiveness corresponded to high expression of PLZF and IL-18Rα, analogous to MAIT cells. Vδ2+ γδT cells in human duodenum and liver maintained a CD161+ IL-18Rα+ phenotype and produced IFN-γ in response to IL-12 and IL-18 stimulation. In contrast to MAIT cells, we could not detect IL-17A production but observed higher steady-state expression of Granzyme B by Vδ2+ γδT cells. Finally, we investigated the frequency and functionality of γδT cells in the context of chronic hepatitis C virus infection, as MAIT cells are reduced in frequency in this disease. By contrast, Vδ2+ γδT cells were maintained in frequency and displayed unimpaired IFN-γ production in response to cytokine stimulation. In sum, human Vδ2+ γδT cells are a functionally distinct population of cytokine-responsive innate-like T cells that is abundant in blood and tissues with similarities to human MAIT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt Binder
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael E B FitzPatrick
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Schuch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucy C Garner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate D Williamson
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie van Wilgenburg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Rudak PT, Choi J, Haeryfar SMM. MAIT cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Roles in host defense and therapeutic potentials in infectious diseases and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:473-486. [PMID: 29668066 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0118-023r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional, innate-like T lymphocytes that sense the presence of MHC-related protein 1 (MR1)-restricted ligands and select inflammatory cues. Consequently, they release potent immunomodulatory mediators, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-17. MAIT cells can also be viewed as killer cells. They display several NK cell-associated receptors, carry granules containing cytotoxic effector molecules, and swiftly upregulate perforin and granzymes upon activation. Accordingly, MAIT cells are capable of lysing MR1-expressing cells infected with a variety of pathogenic bacteria in in vitro settings and may also mount cytotoxic responses during microbial infections in vivo. Of note, MAIT cell hyperactivation during certain infections may impede their ability to elicit inflammatory and/or cytotoxic responses to secondary stimuli. In addition, MAIT cells isolated from within and from the margin of tumor masses exhibit diminished functions. We propose that MAIT cell-mediated cytotoxicity can be induced, bolstered, or restored to assist in clearing infections and potentially in reducing tumor loads. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of MAIT cells' lytic functions and highlight the pressing questions that need to be addressed in future investigations. We also offer a picture, however hypothetical at this point, of how harnessing the full cytotoxic potentials of MAIT cells may be a valuable approach in the immunotherapy of infectious and malignant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Shey MS, Balfour A, Wilkinson KA, Meintjes G. Contribution of APCs to mucosal-associated invariant T cell activation in infectious disease and cancer. Innate Immun 2018; 24:192-202. [PMID: 29631470 PMCID: PMC6139754 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918768695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
APCs such as monocytes and dendritic cells are among the first cells to recognize
invading pathogens and initiate an immune response. The innate response can
either eliminate the pathogen directly, or through presentation of Ags to T
cells, which can help to clear the infection. Mucosal-associated invariant T
(MAIT) cells are among the unconventional T cells whose activation does not
involve the classical co-stimulation during Ag presentation. MAIT cells can be
activated either via presentation of unconventional Ags (such as riboflavin
metabolites) through the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility class
I-like molecule, MR1, or directly by cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-18. Given
that APCs produce cytokines and can express MR1, these cells can play an
important role in both pathways of MAIT cell activation. In this review, we
summarize evidence on the role of APCs in MAIT cell activation in infectious
disease and cancer. A better understanding of the interactions between APCs and
MAIT cells is important in further elucidating the role of MAIT cells in
infectious diseases, which may facilitate the design of novel interventions such
as vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muki Shehu Shey
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Avuyonke Balfour
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Katalin Andrea Wilkinson
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,3 The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 2AT
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Yong YK, Saeidi A, Tan HY, Rosmawati M, Enström PF, Batran RA, Vasuki V, Chattopadhyay I, Murugesan A, Vignesh R, Kamarulzaman A, Rajarajeswaran J, Ansari AW, Vadivelu J, Ussher JE, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Hyper-Expression of PD-1 Is Associated with the Levels of Exhausted and Dysfunctional Phenotypes of Circulating CD161 ++TCR iVα7.2 + Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:472. [PMID: 29616020 PMCID: PMC5868455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, defined as CD161++TCR iVα7.2+ T cells, play an important role in the innate defense against bacterial infections, and their functionality is impaired in chronic viral infections. Here, we investigated the frequency and functional role of MAIT cells in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The peripheral CD3+CD161++TCR iVα7.2+ MAIT cells in chronic HBV-infected patients and healthy controls were phenotypically characterized based on CD57, PD-1, TIM-3, and CTLA-4, as well as HLA-DR and CD38 expression. The frequency of MAIT cells was significantly decreased among chronic HBV-infected individuals as compared to controls. Expression of CD57, PD-1, CTLA-4, as well as HLA-DR and CD38 on MAIT cells was significantly elevated in chronic HBV-infected individuals relative to controls. The percentage of T cell receptor (TCR) iVα7.2+ CD161+ MAIT cells did not correlate with HBV viral load but inversely with HLA-DR on CD4+ T cells and MAIT cells and with CD57 on CD8+ T cells suggesting that decrease of MAIT cells may not be attributed to direct infection by HBV but driven by HBV-induced chronic immune activation. The percentage and expression levels of PD-1 as well as CTLA-4 on MAIT cells inversely correlated with plasma HBV-DNA levels, which may suggest either a role for MAIT cells in the control of HBV infection or the effect of HBV replication in the liver on MAIT cell phenotype. We report that decrease of TCR iVα7.2+ MAIT cells in the peripheral blood and their functions were seemingly impaired in chronic HBV-infected patients likely because of the increased expression of PD-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,China-ASEAN Institute of Marine Science (CAMS), Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Saeidi
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,China-ASEAN Institute of Marine Science (CAMS), Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Rosmawati
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Philip F Enström
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rami Al Batran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - V Vasuki
- Department of Microbiology, The Government Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Indranil Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | | | | | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdul W Ansari
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Division of Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India.,Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Kurioka A, Klenerman P, Willberg CB. Innate-like CD8+ T-cells and NK cells: converging functions and phenotypes. Immunology 2018; 154:547-556. [PMID: 29542114 PMCID: PMC6050209 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New data in the worlds of both innate-like CD8+ T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells have, in parallel, clarified some of the phenotypes of these cells and also their associated functions. While these cells are typically viewed entirely separately, the emerging innate functions of T-cells and, similarly, the adaptive functions of NK cells suggest that many behaviours can be considered in parallel. In this review we compare the innate functions of CD8+ T-cells (especially mucosal-associated invariant T-cells) and those of NK cells, and how these relate to expression of phenotypic markers, especially CD161 and CD56.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of MedicinePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreTranslational Gastroenterology UnitJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of MedicinePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreTranslational Gastroenterology UnitJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Christian B. Willberg
- Nuffield Department of MedicinePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreTranslational Gastroenterology UnitJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Zinser ME, Highton AJ, Kurioka A, Kronsteiner B, Hagel J, Leng T, Marchi E, Phetsouphanh C, Willberg CB, Dunachie SJ, Klenerman P. Human MAIT cells show metabolic quiescence with rapid glucose-dependent upregulation of granzyme B upon stimulation. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:666-674. [PMID: 29423939 PMCID: PMC6055666 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a well‐characterized innate‐like T cell population abundant in the human liver, peripheral tissues and blood. MAIT cells serve in the first line of defense against infections, through engagement of their T cell receptor, which recognizes microbial metabolites presented on MR1, and through cytokine‐mediated triggering. Typically, they show a quiescent memory phenotype but can undergo rapid upregulation of effector functions including cytolysis upon stimulation. T cells profoundly change their cellular metabolism during their maturation and activation. We sought to determine how MAIT cell metabolism may facilitate both the long‐term memory phase in tissue and the transition to rapid effector function. Here, we show, by flow cytometric metabolism assays and extracellular flux analysis that, despite an effector‐memory profile, human MAIT cells are metabolically quiescent in a resting state comparable to naïve and central memory T cells. Upon stimulation, they rapidly increase uptake of glucose and show a concomitant upregulation of the effector molecules notably granzyme B, which is impaired by inhibition of glycolysis with 2‐deoxyglucose. These findings suggest that MAIT cells share some metabolic characteristics of both resting and effector T cell subsets, with a rapid transition upon triggering. Metabolic programming of this cell type may be of interest in understanding and modulating their function in infectious diseases and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Zinser
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Highton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Hagel
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tianqi Leng
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Marchi
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Gherardin NA, Loh L, Admojo L, Davenport AJ, Richardson K, Rogers A, Darcy PK, Jenkins MR, Prince HM, Harrison SJ, Quach H, Fairlie DP, Kedzierska K, McCluskey J, Uldrich AP, Neeson PJ, Ritchie DS, Godfrey DI. Enumeration, functional responses and cytotoxic capacity of MAIT cells in newly diagnosed and relapsed multiple myeloma. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29515123 PMCID: PMC5841305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are T cells that recognise vitamin-B derivative Ag presented by the MHC-related-protein 1 (MR1) antigen-presenting molecule. While MAIT cells are highly abundant in humans, their role in tumour immunity remains unknown. Here we have analysed the frequency and function of MAIT cells in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. We show that MAIT cell frequency in blood is reduced compared to healthy adult donors, but comparable to elderly healthy control donors. Furthermore, there was no evidence that MAIT cells accumulated at the disease site (bone marrow) of these patients. Newly diagnosed MM patient MAIT cells had reduced IFNγ production and CD27 expression, suggesting an exhausted phenotype, although IFNγ-producing capacity is restored in relapsed/refractory patient samples. Moreover, immunomodulatory drugs Lenalidomide and Pomalidomide, indirectly inhibited MAIT cell activation. We further show that cell lines can be pulsed with vitamin-B derivative Ags and that these can be presented via MR1 to MAIT cells in vitro, to induce cytotoxic activity comparable to that of natural killer (NK) cells. Thus, MAIT cells are reduced in MM patients, which may contribute to disease in these individuals, and moreover, MAIT cells may represent new immunotherapeutic targets for treatment of MM and other malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Lorenztino Admojo
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Alexander J Davenport
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Kelden Richardson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Amy Rogers
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - H Miles Prince
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3002, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Simon J Harrison
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3002, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Hang Quach
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry & Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3002, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Rouxel O, Lehuen A. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:618-629. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Rouxel
- INSERM U1016; Institut Cochin; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR8104; Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX; Sorbonne Paris Cité France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- INSERM U1016; Institut Cochin; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR8104; Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX; Sorbonne Paris Cité France
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Awad W, Le Nours J, Kjer-Nielsen L, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. Mucosal-associated invariant T cell receptor recognition of small molecules presented by MR1. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:588-597. [PMID: 29393543 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I related molecule MR1 is a monomorphic and evolutionary conserved antigen (Ag)-presenting molecule that shares the overall architecture of MHC-I and CD1 proteins. However, in contrast to MHC-I and the CD1 family that present peptides and lipids, respectively, MR1 specifically presents small organic molecules. During microbial infection of mammalian cells, MR1 captures and presents vitamin B precursors, derived from the microbial biosynthesis of riboflavin, on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. These MR1-Ag complexes are recognized by the mucosal-associated invariant T cell receptor (MAIT TCR), which subsequently leads to MAIT cell activation. Recently, MR1 was shown to trap chemical scaffolds including drug and drug-like molecules. Here, we review this metabolite Ag-presenting molecule and further define the key molecular interactions underlying the recognition and reactivity of MAIT TCRs to MR1 in an Ag-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Hartl D, Tirouvanziam R, Laval J, Greene CM, Habiel D, Sharma L, Yildirim AÖ, Dela Cruz CS, Hogaboam CM. Innate Immunity of the Lung: From Basic Mechanisms to Translational Medicine. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:487-501. [PMID: 29439264 DOI: 10.1159/000487057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is faced daily with 10,000 L of inhaled air. While the majority of air contains harmless environmental components, the pulmonary immune system also has to cope with harmful microbial or sterile threats and react rapidly to protect the host at this intimate barrier zone. The airways are endowed with a broad armamentarium of cellular and humoral host defense mechanisms, most of which belong to the innate arm of the immune system. The complex interplay between resident and infiltrating immune cells and secreted innate immune proteins shapes the outcome of host-pathogen, host-allergen, and host-particle interactions within the mucosal airway compartment. Here, we summarize and discuss recent findings on pulmonary innate immunity and highlight key pathways relevant for biomarker and therapeutic targeting strategies for acute and chronic diseases of the respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, .,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (I3) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel,
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julie Laval
- Department of Pediatrics I, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Habiel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Ussher JE, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. MAIT cells and viruses. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:630-641. [PMID: 29350807 PMCID: PMC6055725 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) bear a T cell receptor (TCR) that specifically targets microbially derived metabolites. Functionally, they respond to bacteria and yeasts, which possess the riboflavin pathway, essential for production of such metabolites and which are presented on MR1. Viruses cannot generate these ligands, so a priori, they should not be recognized by MAIT cells and indeed this is true when considering recognition through the TCR. However, MAIT cells are distinctive in another respect, since they respond quite sensitively to non‐TCR signals, especially in the form of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, a number of groups have shown that virus infection can be “sensed” by MAIT cells and a functional response invoked. Since MAIT cells are abundant in humans, especially in tissues such as the liver, the question has arisen as to whether this TCR‐independent MAIT cell triggering by viruses plays any role in vivo. In this review, we will discuss the evidence for this phenomenon and some common features which emerge across different recent studies in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Ussher
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Clinical relevance of circulating mucosal-associated invariant T cell levels and their anti-cancer activity in patients with mucosal-associated cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76274-76290. [PMID: 27517754 PMCID: PMC5342813 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an antimicrobial MR1-restricted T cell subset and play an important role in immune defense response to bacteria. However, little is known about the role of MAIT cells in cancer. The aims of this study were to examine the level and function of MAIT cells in cancer patients and to evaluate the clinical relevance of MAIT cell levels. Ninety-nine patients with cancer and 20 healthy controls were included in this study. Circulating MAIT cell levels were significantly reduced in patients with mucosal-associated cancers (MACs), such as gastric, colon and lung cancers, but their capacities for IFN-γ, IL-17, or TNF-α production were preserved. This MAIT cell deficiency was significantly correlated with N staging and carcinoembryonic antigen level. Percentages of MAIT cells were significantly higher in cancer tissue than in peripheral blood and immunofluorescent labeling showed MAIT cell infiltration into colon cancer tissues. Circulating MAIT cells exhibited high levels of CCR6 and CXCR6, and their corresponding chemokines, such as CCL20 and CXCL16, were strongly expressed in colon cancer tissues. Activated MAIT cells not only had lymphokine-activated killer activity, but they also had direct cytotoxicity on K562 cells via degranulation of granzyme B and perforin. This study primarily demonstrates that circulating MAIT cells are reduced in MAC patients due to migration to mucosal cancer tissues and they have the potential to kill cancer cells. In addition, this circulating MAIT cell deficiency is related to the degree of cancer progression in mucosal tissues.
Collapse
|
215
|
Li K, Vorkas CK, Chaudhry A, Bell DL, Willis RA, Rudensky A, Altman JD, Glickman MS, Aubé J. Synthesis, stabilization, and characterization of the MR1 ligand precursor 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191837. [PMID: 29401462 PMCID: PMC5798775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant class of innate T cells restricted by the MHC I-related molecule MR1. MAIT cells can recognize bacterially-derived metabolic intermediates from the riboflavin pathway presented by MR1 and are postulated to play a role in innate antibacterial immunity through production of cytokines and direct bacterial killing. MR1 tetramers, typically stabilized by the adduct of 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU) and methylglyoxal (MeG), are important tools for the study of MAIT cells. A long-standing problem with 5-A-RU is that it is unstable upon storage. Herein we report an efficient synthetic approach to the HCl salt of this ligand, which has improved stability during storage. We also show that synthetic 5-A-RU•HCl produced by this method may be used in protocols for the stimulation of human MAIT cells and production of both human and mouse MR1 tetramers for MAIT cell identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles K. Vorkas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh Chaudhry
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Donielle L. Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Willis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander Rudensky
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John D. Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Glickman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Abstract
The broadening field of microbiome research has led to a substantial reappraisal of the gut-liver axis and its role in chronic liver disease. The liver is a central immunologic organ that is continuously exposed to food and microbial-derived antigens from the gastrointestinal tract. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are enriched in the human liver and can be activated by inflammatory cytokines and microbial antigens. In chronic inflammatory liver disease, MAIT cells are depleted suggesting an impaired MAIT cell-dependent protection against bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian J. Bolte
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Howson LJ, Napolitani G, Shepherd D, Ghadbane H, Kurupati P, Preciado-Llanes L, Rei M, Dobinson HC, Gibani MM, Teng KWW, Newell EW, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Pollard AJ, Cerundolo V. MAIT cell clonal expansion and TCR repertoire shaping in human volunteers challenged with Salmonella Paratyphi A. Nat Commun 2018; 9:253. [PMID: 29343684 PMCID: PMC5772558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that can detect bacteria-derived metabolites presented on MR1. Here we show, using a controlled infection of humans with live Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, that MAIT cells are activated during infection, an effect maintained even after antibiotic treatment. At the peak of infection MAIT cell T-cell receptor (TCR)β clonotypes that are over-represented prior to infection transiently contract. Select MAIT cell TCRβ clonotypes that expand after infection have stronger TCR-dependent activation than do contracted clonotypes. Our results demonstrate that host exposure to antigen may drive clonal expansion of MAIT cells with increased functional avidity, suggesting a role for specific vaccination strategies to increase the frequency and potency of MAIT cells to optimize effector function.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Clone Cells/microbiology
- Healthy Volunteers
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Middle Aged
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/immunology
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/metabolism
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/microbiology
- Paratyphoid Fever/immunology
- Paratyphoid Fever/metabolism
- Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Salmonella paratyphi A/immunology
- Salmonella paratyphi A/physiology
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Howson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Dawn Shepherd
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Hemza Ghadbane
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Immunocore Ltd, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, UK
| | - Prathiba Kurupati
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Lorena Preciado-Llanes
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Margarida Rei
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Hazel C Dobinson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Malick M Gibani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Karen Wei Weng Teng
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Evan W Newell
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Ben Youssef G, Tourret M, Salou M, Ghazarian L, Houdouin V, Mondot S, Mburu Y, Lambert M, Azarnoush S, Diana JS, Virlouvet AL, Peuchmaur M, Schmitz T, Dalle JH, Lantz O, Biran V, Caillat-Zucman S. Ontogeny of human mucosal-associated invariant T cells and related T cell subsets. J Exp Med 2018; 215:459-479. [PMID: 29339446 PMCID: PMC5789419 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are very few human MAIT cells in cord blood. Ben Youssef et al. show that they slowly expand during childhood and point to a critical role of the TCRαβ repertoire in determining their unique ability to recognize MR1-restricted microbial antigens. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are semi-invariant Vα7.2+ CD161highCD4− T cells that recognize microbial riboflavin precursor derivatives such as 5-OP-RU presented by MR1. Human MAIT cells are abundant in adult blood, but there are very few in cord blood. We longitudinally studied Vα7.2+ CD161high T cell and related subset levels in infancy and after cord blood transplantation. We show that Vα7.2+ and Vα7.2− CD161high T cells are generated early during gestation and likely share a common prenatal developmental program. Among cord blood Vα7.2+ CD161high T cells, the minority recognizing MR1:5-OP-RU display a TRAV/TRBV repertoire very similar to adult MAIT cells. Within a few weeks of life, only the MR1:5-OP-RU reactive Vα7.2+ CD161high T cells acquire a memory phenotype. Only these cells expand to form the adult MAIT pool, diluting out other Vα7.2+ CD161high and Vα7.2− CD161high populations, in a process requiring at least 6 years to reach adult levels. Thus, the high clonal size of adult MAIT cells is antigen-driven and likely due to the fine specificity of the TCRαβ chains recognizing MR1-restricted microbial antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Ben Youssef
- Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Marie Tourret
- Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Marion Salou
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Liana Ghazarian
- Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Houdouin
- Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.,Service de Gastroentérologie et Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Mondot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Yvonne Mburu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Marion Lambert
- Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Saba Azarnoush
- Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Diana
- Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Virlouvet
- Service de Pédiatrie et Réanimation Néonatale, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michel Peuchmaur
- Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.,Service de Pathologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Schmitz
- Service d'Obstétrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Hugues Dalle
- Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigations Cliniques CIC-BT1428 IGR/Curie, Paris, France.,Equipe labellisée de la Ligue de Lutte contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Département de Biopathologie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Biran
- Service de Pédiatrie et Réanimation Néonatale, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Solders M, Erkers T, Gorchs L, Poiret T, Remberger M, Magalhaes I, Kaipe H. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Display a Poor Reconstitution and Altered Phenotype after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1861. [PMID: 29312341 PMCID: PMC5742569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells which are important in the defense against certain bacteria and yeast. The reconstitution of MAIT cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is not known. We investigated MAIT cell phenotype and function in 17 patients devoid of relapse and severe graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in paired samples collected 1-2, 3-6, 12, and 24 months after transplantation. Data were compared to 17 healthy controls (HC), as well as 22 patients with acute GvHD grade 2-3. The frequency of MAIT cells within CD3+ cells was approximately 10-fold lower than in HC and did not increase over the 2 years following HSCT. MAIT cells in HSCT patients displayed an elevated expression of CD69 and intracellular granzyme B and were predominantly composed of CD4/CD8 double-negative cells. The expression of PD-1 on MAIT cells was low and did not change during the observational time, whereas the CD3+CD161dim/negTCRVα7.2dim/neg cells (non-MAIT T cells) displayed a high expression early after HSCT that decreased to normal levels at 24 months. MAIT cells collected 2-6 months post-HSCT showed an impaired IFN-γ and perforin response after bacterial stimulation, but the response was restored at 24 months. Patients with acute GvHD had similar proportions of MAIT cells as patients with grade 0-1, but consisted mainly of CD8+ cells. Finally, MAIT cells were more sensitive to cyclosporine A and sirolimus than non-MAIT T cells. To conclude, MAIT cell reconstitution following HSCT is deficient compared to non-MAIT T cells and GvHD grade ≥2 is not correlated with MAIT cell frequency. MAIT cell functionality was impaired early after HSCT, but restored at 24 months post-HSCT. MAIT cells have an increased sensibility to common immunosuppressive drugs, which maybe could explain their hampered reconstitution after HSCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Solders
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Erkers
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Laia Gorchs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Poiret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Remberger
- Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Magalhaes
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Kaipe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Ghazarian L, Caillat-Zucman S, Houdouin V. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Interactions with Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria: Potential Role in Antimicrobial Immunity in the Child. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1837. [PMID: 29326714 PMCID: PMC5736530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional CD3+CD161high T lymphocytes that recognize vitamin B2 (riboflavin) biosynthesis precursor derivatives presented by the MHC-I related protein, MR1. In humans, their T cell receptor is composed of a Vα7.2-Jα33/20/12 chain, combined with a restricted set of Vβ chains. MAIT cells are very abundant in the liver (up to 40% of resident T cells) and in mucosal tissues, such as the lung and gut. In adult peripheral blood, they represent up to 10% of circulating T cells, whereas they are very few in cord blood. This large number of MAIT cells in the adult likely results from their gradual expansion with age following repeated encounters with riboflavin-producing microbes. Upon recognition of MR1 ligands, MAIT cells have the capacity to rapidly eliminate bacterially infected cells through the production of inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-17) and cytotoxic effector molecules (perforin and granzyme B). Thus, MAIT cells may play a crucial role in antimicrobial defense, in particular at mucosal sites. In addition, MAIT cells have been implicated in diseases of non-microbial etiology, including autoimmunity and other inflammatory diseases. Although their participation in various clinical settings has received increased attention in adults, data in children are scarce. Due to their innate-like characteristics, MAIT cells might be particularly important to control microbial infections in the young age, when long-term protective adaptive immunity is not fully developed. Herein, we review the data showing how MAIT cells may control microbial infections and how they discriminate pathogens from commensals, with a focus on models relevant for childhood infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Ghazarian
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Houdouin
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Service des Maladies Digestives et Respiratoires de l'Enfant, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Shaler CR, Tun-Abraham ME, Skaro AI, Khazaie K, Corbett AJ, Mele T, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Haeryfar SMM. Mucosa-associated invariant T cells infiltrate hepatic metastases in patients with colorectal carcinoma but are rendered dysfunctional within and adjacent to tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1563-1575. [PMID: 28798979 PMCID: PMC11029177 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that are unusually abundant in the human liver, a common site of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) metastasis. However, whether they contribute to immune surveillance against colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is essentially unexplored. In addition, whether MAIT cell functions can be impacted by chemotherapy is unclear. These are important questions given MAIT cells' potent immunomodulatory and inflammatory properties. Herein, we examined the frequencies and functions of peripheral blood, healthy liver tissue, tumor-margin and tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells in 21 CRLM patients who received no chemotherapy, FOLFOX, or a combination of FOLFOX and Avastin before they underwent liver resection. We found that MAIT cells, defined as CD3ε+Vα7.2+CD161++ or CD3ε+MR1 tetramer+ cells, were present within both healthy and tumor-afflicted hepatic tissues. Paired and grouped analyses of samples revealed the physical proximity of MAIT cells to metastatic lesions to drastically influence their functional competence. Accordingly, unlike those residing in the healthy liver compartment, tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells failed to produce IFN-γ in response to a panel of TCR and cytokine receptor ligands, and tumor-margin MAIT cells were only partially active. Furthermore, chemotherapy did not account for intratumoral MAIT cell insufficiencies. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that CRLM-penetrating MAIT cells exhibit wide-ranging functional impairments, which are dictated by their physical location but not by preoperative chemotherapy. Therefore, we propose that MAIT cells may provide an attractive therapeutic target in CRC and that their ligands may be combined with chemotherapeutic agents to treat CRLM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Shaler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | | | - Anton I Skaro
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Khashayarsha Khazaie
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tina Mele
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Alejandro
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Xiao X, Cai J. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells: New Insights into Antigen Recognition and Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1540. [PMID: 29176983 PMCID: PMC5686390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel subpopulation of innate-like T cells that express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR)α chain and a diverse TCRβ chain, can recognize a distinct set of small molecules, vitamin B metabolites, derived from some bacteria, fungi but not viruses, in the context of an evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex-related molecule 1 (MR1). This implies that MAIT cells may play unique and important roles in host immunity. Although viral antigens are not recognized by this limited TCR repertoire, MAIT cells are known to be activated in a TCR-independent mechanism during some viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus and influenza virus. In this article, we will review recent works in MAIT cell antigen recognition, activation and the role MAIT cells may play in the process of bacterial and viral infections and pathogenesis of non-infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Kumar V, Ahmad A. Role of MAIT cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: New players in old game. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:90-110. [PMID: 29106304 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1380199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Current advances in immunology have led to the identification of a population of novel innate immune T cells, called mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The cells in humans express an invariant TCRα chain (Vα7.2-Jα33) paired with a limited subset of TCRβ chains (Vβ2, 13 and 22), are restricted by the MHC class I (MH1)-related (MR)-1, and recognize molecules that are produced in the bacterial riboflavin (vitamin B2) biosynthetic pathway. They are present in the circulation, liver and at various mucosal sites (i.e. intestine, lungs and female reproductive tract, etc.). They kill host cells infected with bacteria and yeast, and secrete soluble mediators such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, etc. The cells regulate immune responses and inflammation associated with a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases in humans. Since their discovery in 1993, significant advances have been made in understanding biology of MAIT cells and the potential role of these cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, inflammatory and infectious diseases as well as cancer in humans. The purpose of this review is to provide a current state of our knowledge about MAIT cell biology and delineate their role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (sterile or caused by infectious agents) and cancer in humans. A better understanding of the role of MAIT cells in human diseases may lead to novel ways of immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- a Department of Paediatrics and Child Care , Children's Health Queensland Clinical unit School of Medicine, Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , ST Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Ali Ahmad
- b Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine/Department of Microbiology , Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Cytotoxic and regulatory roles of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in type 1 diabetes. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1321-1331. [PMID: 28991267 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of pancreatic β-cells by the immune system that involves innate and adaptive immune cells. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are innate-like T-cells that recognize derivatives of precursors of bacterial riboflavin presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule MR1. Since T1D is associated with modification of the gut microbiota, we investigated MAIT cells in this pathology. In patients with T1D and mice of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) strain, we detected alterations in MAIT cells, including increased production of granzyme B, which occurred before the onset of diabetes. Analysis of NOD mice that were deficient in MR1, and therefore lacked MAIT cells, revealed a loss of gut integrity and increased anti-islet responses associated with exacerbated diabetes. Together our data highlight the role of MAIT cells in the maintenance of gut integrity and the control of anti-islet autoimmune responses. Monitoring of MAIT cells might represent a new biomarker of T1D, while manipulation of these cells might open new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
225
|
Salou M, Franciszkiewicz K, Lantz O. MAIT cells in infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 48:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
226
|
Salio M, Gasser O, Gonzalez-Lopez C, Martens A, Veerapen N, Gileadi U, Verter JG, Napolitani G, Anderson R, Painter G, Besra GS, Hermans IF, Cerundolo V. Activation of Human Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Induces CD40L-Dependent Maturation of Monocyte-Derived and Primary Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2631-2638. [PMID: 28877992 PMCID: PMC5632842 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate T cells that recognize intermediates of the vitamin B2 biosynthetic pathway presented by the monomorphic MR1 molecule. It remains unclear whether, in addition to their cytolytic activity that is important in antimicrobial defense, MAIT cells have immune-modulatory functions that could enhance dendritic cell (DC) maturation. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms dictating the interactions between human MAIT cells and DCs and demonstrate that human MAIT cells mature monocyte-derived and primary DCs in an MR1- and CD40L-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that MAIT cell–derived signals synergize with microbial stimuli to induce secretion of bioactive IL-12 by DCs. Activation of human MAIT cells in whole blood leads to MR1- and cytokine-dependent NK cell transactivation. Our results underscore an important property of MAIT cells, which can be of translational relevance to rapidly orchestrate adaptive immunity through DC maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom;
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Lopez
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Martens
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B11 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob G Verter
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Regan Anderson
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5046, New Zealand; and
| | - Gavin Painter
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5046, New Zealand; and
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B11 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
IL-12 and IL-7 synergize to control mucosal-associated invariant T-cell cytotoxic responses to bacterial infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:2182-2195.e6. [PMID: 28870466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial respiratory tract infections and exacerbations of chronic lung diseases are commonly caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Cell-mediated cytotoxicity might be key to controlling infection, but the responses of NTHi-specific T-cell populations are not well understood. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently discovered, innate-like subset of T cells with cytotoxic function, the role of which in lung immunity is unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms behind conventional T-cell and MAIT cell cytotoxic responses to NTHi. METHODS Human ex vivo lung explants were infected with a clinical strain of NTHi. Monocyte-derived macrophages were also infected with NTHi in vitro and cocultured with autologous T cells. Cytotoxic responses of T-cell subsets were measured by using flow cytometry. RESULTS We found significant upregulation of the cytotoxic markers CD107a and granzyme B in lung CD4+, CD8+, and MAIT cell populations. We show that MAIT cell cytotoxic responses were upregulated by a combination of both time-dependent antigen presentation and a novel mechanism through which IL-12 and IL-7 synergistically control granzyme B through upregulation of the IL-12 receptor. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data provide evidence for a cytotoxic role of MAIT cells in the lung and highlight important differences in the control of adaptive and innate-like T-cell responses. Understanding these mechanisms might lead to new therapeutic opportunities to modulate the antibacterial response and improve clinical outcome.
Collapse
|
228
|
Maximal exercise increases mucosal associated invariant T cell frequency and number in healthy young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2159-2169. [PMID: 28864849 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have properties of the innate and acquired immune systems. While the response to vigorous exercise has been established for most leukocytes, MAIT cells have not been investigated. Therefore, the purpose was to determine if MAIT cell lymphocytosis occurs with acute maximal aerobic exercise and if this response is influenced by exercise duration, cardiovascular fitness, or body composition. METHODS Twenty healthy young males with moderate fitness levels performed an extended graded exercise test until volitional fatigue. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from venous blood obtained prior and immediately after exercise and were labeled to identify specific T cell populations using flow cytometry. RESULTS The percentage of MAIT cells relative to total T cells significantly increased from 3.0 to 3.8% and absolute MAIT cell counts increased by 2.2-fold following maximal exercise. MAIT cell subpopulation proportions were unchanged with exercise. Within cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), MAIT cells consisted of 8% of these cells and this remained constant after exercise. MAIT cell counts and changes with exercise were not affected by body composition, VO2peak, or exercise duration. CONCLUSIONS Maximal exercise doubled MAIT cell numbers and showed preferential mobilization within total T cells but the response was not influenced by fitness levels, exercise duration, or body composition. These results suggest that acute exercise could be used to offset MAIT cell deficiencies observed with certain pathologies. MAIT cells also make up a substantial proportion of CTLs, which may have implications for cytotoxicity assays using these cells.
Collapse
|
229
|
Kurioka A, Jahun AS, Hannaway RF, Walker LJ, Fergusson JR, Sverremark-Ekström E, Corbett AJ, Ussher JE, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. Shared and Distinct Phenotypes and Functions of Human CD161++ Vα7.2+ T Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1031. [PMID: 28912775 PMCID: PMC5582200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an important T cell subset that are enriched in tissues and possess potent effector functions. Typically such cells are marked by their expression of Vα7.2-Jα33/Jα20/Jα12 T cell receptors, and functionally they are major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein 1 (MR1)-restricted, responding to bacterially derived riboflavin synthesis intermediates. MAIT cells are contained within the CD161++ Vα7.2+ T cell population, the majority of which express the CD8 receptor (CD8+), while a smaller fraction expresses neither CD8 or CD4 coreceptor (double negative; DN) and a further minority are CD4+. Whether these cells have distinct homing patterns, phenotype and functions have not been examined in detail. We used a combination of phenotypic staining and functional assays to address the similarities and differences between these CD161++ Vα7.2+ T cell subsets. We find that most features are shared between CD8+ and DN CD161++ Vα7.2+ T cells, with a small but detectable role evident for CD8 binding in tuning functional responsiveness. By contrast, the CD4+ CD161++ Vα7.2+ T cell population, although showing MR1-dependent responsiveness to bacterial stimuli, display reduced T helper 1 effector functions, including cytolytic machinery, while retaining the capacity to secrete interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13. This was consistent with underlying changes in transcription factor (TF) expression. Although we found that only a proportion of CD4+ CD161++ Vα7.2+ T cells stained for the MR1-tetramer, explaining some of the heterogeneity of CD4+ CD161++ Vα7.2+ T cells, these differences in TF expression were shared with CD4+ CD161++ MR1-tetramer+ cells. These data reveal the functional diversity of human CD161++ Vα7.2+ T cells and indicate potentially distinct roles for the different subsets in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aminu S Jahun
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel F Hannaway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lucy J Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Joannah R Fergusson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Freeman ML, Morris SR, Lederman MM. CD161 Expression on Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cells is Reduced in HIV-Infected Subjects Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy Who Do Not Recover CD4 + T Cells. Pathog Immun 2017; 2:335-351. [PMID: 28868514 PMCID: PMC5578469 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v2i3.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently identified class of innate-like T cells that are involved in the mucosal immune response. MAIT cells are characterized by expression of TCR Vα7.2 and CD161. In HIV infection, there is a profound early loss of MAIT cells from the circulation that never fully recovers, even after prolonged viral control with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: We analyzed PBMCs from fresh whole blood from HIV-negative or ART-treated HIV-positive donors with full (Immune Success) or impaired (Immune Failure) CD4+ T- cell recovery by flow cytometry for T-cell markers, TCR Vα7.2, and CD161. The PBMCs were cultured with or without TCR-mediated stimulation, and CD161 expression was assessed on Vα7.2+ T cells. Interferon-γ (IFNγ) production was assessed by intracellular cytokine staining. Results: We found a decrease in the percentage of CD3+ T cells that expressed CD161 and the percentage of Vα7.2+ T cells that expressed CD161, in HIV-infected individuals. We also found a significant increase in the percentage of T cells that were Vα7.2+CD161- in immune failure compared to controls, accompanied by an increase in the percentage of Vα7.2+CD161- T cells that express CD8+ in donors with immune failure, but not immune success. After TCR stimulation in vitro, Vα7.2+ T cells reduced expression of CD161, yet Vα7.2+ CD161- cells from immune failure donors retained the ability to express IFNγ on stimulation. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in immune failure patients, the reduction in peripheral MAIT cells is due, at least in part, to a loss in CD161 expression, and is not merely the result of trafficking into mucosal tissues or cell death. These CD161- cells retain their function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Freeman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Michael M Lederman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Solders M, Gorchs L, Erkers T, Lundell AC, Nava S, Gidlöf S, Tiblad E, Magalhaes I, Kaipe H. MAIT cells accumulate in placental intervillous space and display a highly cytotoxic phenotype upon bacterial stimulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6123. [PMID: 28733576 PMCID: PMC5522401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the maternal immune system must tolerate the developing foetus, and yet retain a potent antimicrobial response to prevent infections. Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize microbial-derived vitamin B metabolites presented on the MR1 molecule, but their presence and function at the foetal-maternal interface is not known. We here isolated mononuclear cells from paired samples of peripheral blood (PB), intervillous blood (IVB), and decidua parietalis (DP) following uncomplicated term pregnancies. Interestingly, MAIT cells were highly enriched in IVB compared to PB and DP. The activation status of IVB MAIT cells was similar to that of PB MAIT cells, except for a lower expression of PD-1. Both IVB MAIT cells and conventional T cells were more dominated by an effector memory phenotype compared to PB MAIT cells and T cells. IVB MAIT cells also responded more vigorously with expression of IFN-γ, granzyme B, and perforin in response to Escherichia coli stimulation compared to PB. MR1 was not expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts, but in placental villous and decidual macrophages. These data indicate that maternal MAIT cells accumulate in the intervillous space of the placenta and that they are highly armed to quickly respond if bacteria are encountered at the foetal-maternal interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Solders
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laia Gorchs
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Erkers
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Lundell
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Silvia Nava
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Gidlöf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleonor Tiblad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Magalhaes
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Kaipe
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Franciszkiewicz K, Salou M, Legoux F, Zhou Q, Cui Y, Bessoles S, Lantz O. MHC class I-related molecule, MR1, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:120-38. [PMID: 27319347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The MHC-related 1, MR1, molecule presents a new class of microbial antigens (derivatives of the riboflavin [Vitamin B2] biosynthesis pathway) to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. This raises many questions regarding antigens loading and intracellular trafficking of the MR1/ligand complexes. The MR1/MAIT field is also important because MAIT cells are very abundant in humans and their frequency is modified in many infectious and non-infectious diseases. Both MR1 and the invariant TCRα chain expressed by MAIT cells are strikingly conserved among species, indicating important functions. Riboflavin is synthesized by plants and most bacteria and yeasts but not animals, and its precursor derivatives activating MAIT cells are short-lived unless bound to MR1. The recognition of MR1 loaded with these compounds is therefore an exquisite manner to detect invasive bacteria. Herein, we provide an historical perspective of the field before describing the main characteristics of MR1, its ligands, and the few available data regarding its cellular biology. We then summarize the current knowledge of MAIT cell differentiation and discuss the definition of MAIT cells in comparison to related subsets. Finally, we describe the phenotype and effector activities of MAIT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qian Zhou
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
| | - Yue Cui
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations, CICBT1428 IGR/Curie, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Contribution of innate immune cells to pathogenesis of severe influenza virus infection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:269-283. [PMID: 28108632 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause respiratory illness of varying severity based on the virus strains, host predisposition and pre-existing immunity. Ultimately, outcome and recovery from infection rely on an effective immune response comprising both innate and adaptive components. The innate immune response provides the first line of defence and is crucial to the outcome of infection. Airway epithelial cells are the first cell type to encounter the virus in the lungs, providing antiviral and chemotactic molecules that shape the ensuing immune response by rapidly recruiting innate effector cells such as NK cells, monocytes and neutrophils. Each cell type has unique mechanisms to combat virus-infected cells and limit viral replication, however their actions may also lead to pathology. This review focuses how innate cells contribute to protection and pathology, and provides evidence for their involvement in immune pathology in IAV infections.
Collapse
|
234
|
Shaler CR, Choi J, Rudak PT, Memarnejadian A, Szabo PA, Tun-Abraham ME, Rossjohn J, Corbett AJ, McCluskey J, McCormick JK, Lantz O, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Haeryfar SM. MAIT cells launch a rapid, robust and distinct hyperinflammatory response to bacterial superantigens and quickly acquire an anergic phenotype that impedes their cognate antimicrobial function: Defining a novel mechanism of superantigen-induced immunopathology and immunosuppression. PLoS Biol 2017. [PMID: 28632753 PMCID: PMC5478099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) are potent exotoxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. They target a large fraction of T cell pools to set in motion a "cytokine storm" with severe and sometimes life-threatening consequences typically encountered in toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Given the rapidity with which TSS develops, designing timely and truly targeted therapies for this syndrome requires identification of key mediators of the cytokine storm's initial wave. Equally important, early host responses to SAgs can be accompanied or followed by a state of immunosuppression, which in turn jeopardizes the host's ability to combat and clear infections. Unlike in mouse models, the mechanisms underlying SAg-associated immunosuppression in humans are ill-defined. In this work, we have identified a population of innate-like T cells, called mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, as the most powerful source of pro-inflammatory cytokines after exposure to SAgs. We have utilized primary human peripheral blood and hepatic mononuclear cells, mouse MAIT hybridoma lines, HLA-DR4-transgenic mice, MAIThighHLA-DR4+ bone marrow chimeras, and humanized NOD-scid IL-2Rγnull mice to demonstrate for the first time that: i) mouse and human MAIT cells are hyperresponsive to SAgs, typified by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB); ii) the human MAIT cell response to SEB is rapid and far greater in magnitude than that launched by unfractionated conventional T, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) or γδ T cells, and is characterized by production of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-2, but not IL-17A; iii) high-affinity MHC class II interaction with SAgs, but not MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) participation, is required for MAIT cell activation; iv) MAIT cell responses to SEB can occur in a T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ-specific manner but are largely contributed by IL-12 and IL-18; v) as MAIT cells are primed by SAgs, they also begin to develop a molecular signature consistent with exhaustion and failure to participate in antimicrobial defense. Accordingly, they upregulate lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-3 (TIM-3), and/or programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), and acquire an anergic phenotype that interferes with their cognate function against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli; vi) MAIT cell hyperactivation and anergy co-utilize a signaling pathway that is governed by p38 and MEK1/2. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a pathogenic, rather than protective, role for MAIT cells during infection. Furthermore, we propose a novel mechanism of SAg-associated immunosuppression in humans. MAIT cells may therefore provide an attractive therapeutic target for the management of both early and late phases of severe SAg-mediated illnesses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, Bacterial/toxicity
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/drug effects
- Crosses, Genetic
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Enterotoxins/toxicity
- Female
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Immunity, Innate
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/cytology
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/drug effects
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/immunology
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/metabolism
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
- Streptococcus pyogenes/metabolism
- Superantigens/metabolism
- Superantigens/toxicity
- Transplantation Chimera/blood
- Transplantation Chimera/immunology
- Transplantation Chimera/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Shaler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick T. Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arash Memarnejadian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter A. Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mauro E. Tun-Abraham
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie and INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Alejandro
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - S.M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Multiple layers of heterogeneity and subset diversity in human MAIT cell responses to distinct microorganisms and to innate cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28630305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705759114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a large innate-like T-cell subset in humans defined by invariant TCR Vα7.2 use and expression of CD161. MAIT cells recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites of bacterial or fungal origin presented by the monomorphic MR1 molecule. The extraordinary level of evolutionary conservation of MR1 and the limited known diversity of riboflavin metabolite antigens have suggested that MAIT cells are relatively homogeneous and uniform in responses against diverse microbes carrying the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. The ability of MAIT cells to exhibit microbe-specific functional specialization has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we found that MAIT cell responses against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans displayed microbe-specific polyfunctional response profiles, antigen sensitivity, and response magnitudes. MAIT cell effector responses against E. coli and C. albicans displayed differential MR1 dependency and TCR β-chain bias, consistent with possible divergent antigen subspecificities between these bacterial and fungal organisms. Finally, although the MAIT cell immunoproteome was overall relatively homogenous and consistent with an effector memory-like profile, it still revealed diversity in a set of natural killer cell-associated receptors. Among these, CD56, CD84, and CD94 defined a subset with higher expression of the transcription factors promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), eomesodermin, and T-bet and enhanced capacity to respond to IL-12 and IL-18 stimulation. Thus, the conserved and innate-like MAIT cells harbor multiple layers of functional heterogeneity as they respond to bacterial or fungal organisms or innate cytokines and adapt their antimicrobial response patterns in a stimulus-specific manner.
Collapse
|
236
|
Keller AN, Corbett AJ, Wubben JM, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. MAIT cells and MR1-antigen recognition. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
237
|
Lepore M, Kalinichenko A, Calogero S, Kumar P, Paleja B, Schmaler M, Narang V, Zolezzi F, Poidinger M, Mori L, De Libero G. Functionally diverse human T cells recognize non-microbial antigens presented by MR1. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28518056 PMCID: PMC5459576 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I-related molecule MR1 presents riboflavin- and folate-related metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T cells, but it is unknown whether MR1 can present alternative antigens to other T cell lineages. In healthy individuals we identified MR1-restricted T cells (named MR1T cells) displaying diverse TCRs and reacting to MR1-expressing cells in the absence of microbial ligands. Analysis of MR1T cell clones revealed specificity for distinct cell-derived antigens and alternative transcriptional strategies for metabolic programming, cell cycle control and functional polarization following antigen stimulation. Phenotypic and functional characterization of MR1T cell clones showed multiple chemokine receptor expression profiles and secretion of diverse effector molecules, suggesting functional heterogeneity. Accordingly, MR1T cells exhibited distinct T helper-like capacities upon MR1-dependent recognition of target cells expressing physiological levels of surface MR1. These data extend the role of MR1 beyond microbial antigen presentation and indicate MR1T cells are a normal part of the human T cell repertoire. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24476.001 White blood cells called T cells recognize germs and infected cells, and get rid of other cells in the body that look different to healthy cells – for example, tumor cells. These activities all depend on a molecule called the T cell receptor (or TCR for short), which is found on the surface of the T cells. Each TCR interacts with a specific complex on the surface of the target cell. One of the molecules recognized by the TCR is known as MHC class I-related (shortened to MR1). This molecule attracts TCRs to infected cells, but it was not know if the MR1 molecule could attract TCRs to cancer cells too. Lepore et al. now show that there are indeed T cells in humans that recognize cancer cells through interaction with the MR1 molecules produced by the cancer cells. This new group of T cells has been named MR1T, and the cells can be easily detected in the blood of healthy individuals. The cells can be classified as a new cell population based on their capacity to recognize MR1 and how they react with different types of cancer cells. Importantly, the MR1 that attracts these TCRs is the same in all people, and so the same TCR may recognize MR1-expressing cancer cells from different patients. The next challenge is to identify MR1T cells that recognize and kill cancer cells from different tissues. These studies will hopefully pave the way for new and broader strategies to combat cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24476.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lepore
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Artem Kalinichenko
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Calogero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pavanish Kumar
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhairav Paleja
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mathias Schmaler
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vipin Narang
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lucia Mori
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells respond to mycobacterial vaccination and infection in nonhuman primates. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:802-813. [PMID: 27759023 PMCID: PMC5397382 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) in nonhuman primates (NHP), a physiologically relevant model of human immunity, are handicapped due to a lack of macaque MAIT-specific reagents. Here we show that while MR1 ligand-contact residues are conserved between human and multiple NHP species, three T-cell receptor contact-residue mutations in NHP MR1 diminish binding of human MR1 tetramers to macaque MAITs. Construction of naturally loaded macaque MR1 tetramers facilitated identification and characterization of macaque MR1-binding ligands and MAITs, both of which mirrored their human counterparts. Using the macaque MR1 tetramer we show that NHP MAITs activated in vivo in response to both Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. These results demonstrate that NHP and human MR1 and MAITs function analogously, and establish a preclinical animal model to test MAIT-targeted vaccines and therapeutics for human infectious and autoimmune disease.
Collapse
|
239
|
Drugs and drug-like molecules can modulate the function of mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:402-411. [PMID: 28166217 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The major-histocompatibility-complex-(MHC)-class-I-related molecule MR1 can present activating and non-activating vitamin-B-based ligands to mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells). Whether MR1 binds other ligands is unknown. Here we identified a range of small organic molecules, drugs, drug metabolites and drug-like molecules, including salicylates and diclofenac, as MR1-binding ligands. Some of these ligands inhibited MAIT cells ex vivo and in vivo, while others, including diclofenac metabolites, were agonists. Crystal structures of a T cell antigen receptor (TCR) from a MAIT cell in complex with MR1 bound to the non-stimulatory and stimulatory compounds showed distinct ligand orientations and contacts within MR1, which highlighted the versatility of the MR1 binding pocket. The findings demonstrated that MR1 was able to capture chemically diverse structures, spanning mono- and bicyclic compounds, that either inhibited or activated MAIT cells. This indicated that drugs and drug-like molecules can modulate MAIT cell function in mammals.
Collapse
|
240
|
Mucosal-associated invariant T-cell activation and accumulation after in vivo infection depends on microbial riboflavin synthesis and co-stimulatory signals. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:58-68. [PMID: 27143301 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent breakthroughs in identifying mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell antigens (Ags), the precise requirements for in vivo MAIT cell responses to infection remain unclear. Using major histocompatibility complex-related protein 1 (MR1) tetramers, the MAIT cell response was investigated in a model of bacterial lung infection employing riboflavin gene-competent and -deficient bacteria. MAIT cells were rapidly enriched in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice infected with Salmonella Typhimurium, comprising up to 50% of αβ-T cells after 1 week. MAIT cell accumulation was MR1-dependent, required Ag derived from the microbial riboflavin synthesis pathway, and did not occur in response to synthetic Ag, unless accompanied by a Toll-like receptor agonist or by co-infection with riboflavin pathway-deficient S. Typhimurium. The MAIT cell response was associated with their long-term accumulation in the lungs, draining lymph nodes and spleen. Lung MAIT cells from infected mice displayed an activated/memory phenotype, and most expressed the transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt. T-bet expression increased following infection. The majority produced interleukin-17 while smaller subsets produced interferon-γ or tumor necrosis factor, detected directly ex vivo. Thus the activation and expansion of MAIT cells coupled with their pro-inflammatory cytokine production occurred in response to Ags derived from microbial riboflavin synthesis and was augmented by co-stimulatory signals.
Collapse
|
241
|
Dias J, Sandberg JK, Leeansyah E. Extensive Phenotypic Analysis, Transcription Factor Profiling, and Effector Cytokine Production of Human MAIT Cells by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1514:241-256. [PMID: 27787804 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6548-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a large and relatively recently described innate-like antimicrobial T cell subset in humans. The study of human MAIT cells is still in its infancy, and many aspects of MAIT cell immunobiology in health and disease remain unexplored. Here, we describe methodological approaches and protocols to investigate the expression of a broad spectrum of surface receptors on human MAIT cells, and to examine their unique transcription factor profile, as well as their antimicrobial effector function using multicolor flow cytometry-based techniques. We provide specific guidance on protocols and describe potential pitfalls for each of the presented methodologies. Finally, we discuss future prospects and current limitations of multicolor flow cytometry-based approaches to the study of human MAIT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Dias
- Department of Medicine, F59, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, F59, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Department of Medicine, F59, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden.
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Gibbs A, Leeansyah E, Introini A, Paquin-Proulx D, Hasselrot K, Andersson E, Broliden K, Sandberg JK, Tjernlund A. MAIT cells reside in the female genital mucosa and are biased towards IL-17 and IL-22 production in response to bacterial stimulation. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:35-45. [PMID: 27049062 PMCID: PMC5053908 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The female genital tract (FGT) mucosa is a critically important site for immune defense against microbes. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T-cell population that recognizes microbial riboflavin metabolite antigens in an MR1-dependent manner. The role of MAIT cells in the FGT mucosa is unknown. Here, we found that MAIT cells and MR1+ antigen-presenting cells were present in the upper and lower FGT, with distinct tissue localization of MAIT cells in endometrium vs. cervix. The MAIT cells from the FGT and blood displayed a distinct phenotype with expression of interleukin (IL)-18Rα, CD127, α4β7, PD-1, as well as the transcription factors promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), RORγt, Helios, Eomes, and T-bet. Their expression levels of PLZF and Eomes were lower in the FGT compared with blood. When stimulated with Escherichia coli, MAIT cells from the FGT displayed a bias towards IL-17 and IL-22 expression, whereas blood MAIT cells produced primarily IFN-γ, TNF, and Granzyme B. Furthermore, both FGT- and blood-derived MAIT cells were polyfunctional and contributed to the T-cell-mediated response to E. coli. Thus, MAIT cells in the genital mucosa have a distinct IL-17/IL-22 profile and may have an important role in the immunological homeostasis and control of microbes at this site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gibbs
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Introini
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Hasselrot
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Danderyd Hospital, 182 88 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilia Andersson
- Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Capio St. Göran Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Broliden
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Tjernlund
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Meierovics AI, Cowley SC. MAIT cells promote inflammatory monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells during pulmonary intracellular infection. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2793-2809. [PMID: 27799620 PMCID: PMC5110023 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowley and Meierovics show that mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells promote the differentiation of monocytes into monocyte-derived dendritic cells during Francisella tularensis LVS pulmonary infection. Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a unique innate T cell subset that is necessary for rapid recruitment of activated CD4+ T cells to the lungs after pulmonary F. tularensis LVS infection. Here, we investigated the mechanisms behind this effect. We provide evidence to show that MAIT cells promote early differentiation of CCR2-dependent monocytes into monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) in the lungs after F. tularensis LVS pulmonary infection. Adoptive transfer of Mo-DCs to MAIT cell–deficient mice (MR1−/− mice) rescued their defect in the recruitment of activated CD4+ T cells to the lungs. We further demonstrate that MAIT cell–dependent GM-CSF production stimulated monocyte differentiation in vitro, and that in vivo production of GM-CSF was delayed in the lungs of MR1−/− mice. Finally, GM-CSF–deficient mice exhibited a defect in monocyte differentiation into Mo-DCs that was phenotypically similar to MR1−/− mice. Overall, our data demonstrate that MAIT cells promote early pulmonary GM-CSF production, which drives the differentiation of inflammatory monocytes into Mo-DCs. Further, this delayed differentiation of Mo-DCs in MR1−/− mice was responsible for the delayed recruitment of activated CD4+ T cells to the lungs. These findings establish a novel mechanism by which MAIT cells function to promote both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anda I Meierovics
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Siobhán C Cowley
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Wong EB, Ndung'u T, Kasprowicz VO. The role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in infectious diseases. Immunology 2016; 150:45-54. [PMID: 27633333 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are donor-unrestricted lymphocytes that are surprisingly abundant in humans, representing 1-10% of circulating T cells and further enriched in mucosal tissues. MAIT cells recognize and are activated by small molecule ligands produced by microbes and presented by MR1, a highly conserved MHC-related antigen-presenting protein that is ubiquitously expressed in human cells. Increasing evidence suggests that MAIT cells play a protective role in anti-bacterial immunity at mucosal interfaces. Some fungi are known to produce MAIT-activating ligands, but the role of MAIT cells in fungal infections has not yet been investigated. In viral infections, specifically HIV, which has received the most study, MAIT cell biology is clearly altered, but the mechanisms explaining these alterations and their clinical significance are not yet understood. Many questions remain unanswered about the potential of MAIT cells for protection or pathogenesis in infectious diseases. Because they interact with the universal, donor-unrestricted ligand-presenting MR1 molecule, MAIT cells may be attractive immunotherapy or vaccine targets. New tools, including the development of MR1-ligand tetramers and next-generation T-cell receptor sequencing, have the potential to accelerate MAIT cell research and lead to new insights into the role of this unique set of lymphocytes in infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Wong
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria O Kasprowicz
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Cruz-Adalia A, Veiga E. Close Encounters of Lymphoid Cells and Bacteria. Front Immunol 2016; 7:405. [PMID: 27774092 PMCID: PMC5053978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During infections, the first reaction of the host against microbial pathogens is carried out by innate immune cells, which recognize conserved structures on pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Afterward, some of these innate cells can phagocytose and destroy the pathogens, secreting cytokines that would modulate the immune response to the challenge. This rapid response is normally followed by the adaptive immunity, more specific and essential for a complete pathogen clearance in many cases. Some innate immune cells, usually named antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, are able to process internalized invaders and present their antigens to lymphocytes, triggering the adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the traditional boundary of separated roles between innate and adaptive immunity has been blurred by several studies, showing that very specialized populations of lymphocytes (cells of the adaptive immunity) behave similarly to cells of the innate immunity. These “innate-like” lymphocytes include γδ T cells, invariant NKT cells, B-1 cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, marginal zone B cells, and innate response activator cells, and together with the newly described innate lymphoid cells are able to rapidly respond to bacterial infections. Strikingly, our recent data suggest that conventional CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of cells of the adaptive immunity, also present innate-like behavior, capturing bacteria in a process called transinfection. Transinfected CD4+ T cells digest internalized bacteria like professional phagocytes and secrete large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, protecting for further bacterial challenges. In the present review, we will focus on the data showing such innate-like behavior of lymphocytes following bacteria encounter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Esteban Veiga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Jiang J, Chen X, An H, Yang B, Zhang F, Cheng X. Enhanced immune response of MAIT cells in tuberculous pleural effusions depends on cytokine signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32320. [PMID: 27586092 PMCID: PMC5009363 DOI: 10.1038/srep32320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of MAIT cells at the site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans are still largely unknown. In this study, the phenotypes and immune response of MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions and peripheral blood were investigated. MAIT cells in tuberculous pleural effusions had greatly enhanced IFN-γ, IL-17F and granzyme B response compared with those in peripheral blood. The level of IFN-γ response in MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions was inversely correlated with the extent of tuberculosis infection (p = 0.0006). To determine whether cytokines drive the immune responses of MAIT cells at the site of tuberculosis infection, the role of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 was investigated. Blockade of IL-2, IL-12 or IL-18 led to significantly reduced production of IFN-γ and/or granzyme B in MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions. Majority of IL-2-producing cells (94.50%) in tuberculous pleural effusions had phenotype of CD3+CD4+, and most IL-12p40-producing cells (91.39%) were CD14+ cells. MAIT cells had significantly elevated expression of γc receptor which correlated with enhanced immune responses of MAIT cells. It is concluded that MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions exhibited highly elevated immune response to Mtb antigens, which are controlled by cytokines produced by innate/adaptive immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongjuan An
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingfen Yang
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Khaitan A, Kilberg M, Kravietz A, Ilmet T, Tastan C, Mwamzuka M, Marshed F, Liu M, Ahmed A, Borkowsky W, Unutmaz D. HIV-Infected Children Have Lower Frequencies of CD8+ Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells that Correlate with Innate, Th17 and Th22 Cell Subsets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161786. [PMID: 27560150 PMCID: PMC4999196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are innate T cells restricted by major histocompatibility related molecule 1 (MR1) presenting riboflavin metabolite ligands derived from microbes. Specificity to riboflavin metabolites confers MAIT cells a broad array of host-protective activity against gram-negative and -positive bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungal pathogens. MAIT cells are present at low levels in the peripheral blood of neonates and gradually expand to relatively abundant levels during childhood. Despite no anti-viral activity, MAIT cells are depleted early and irreversibly in HIV infected adults. Such loss or impaired expansion of MAIT cells in HIV-positive children may render them more susceptible to common childhood illnesses and opportunistic infections. In this study we evaluated the frequency of MAIT cells in perinatally HIV-infected children, their response to antiretroviral treatment and their associations with HIV clinical status and related innate and adaptive immune cell subsets with potent antibacterial effector functions. We found HIV+ children between ages 3 to 18 years have significantly decreased CD8+ MAIT cell frequencies compared to uninfected healthy children. Remarkably, CD8 MAIT levels gradually increased with antiretroviral therapy, with greater recovery when treatment is initiated at a young age. Moreover, diminished CD8+ MAIT cell frequencies are associated with low CD4:CD8 ratios and elevated sCD14, suggesting a link with HIV disease progression. Last, CD8+ MAIT cell levels tightly correlate with other antibacterial and mucosa-protective immune subsets, namely, neutrophils, innate-like T cells, and Th17 and Th22 cells. Together these findings suggest that low frequencies of MAIT cells in HIV positive children are part of a concerted disruption to the innate and adaptive immune compartments specialized in sensing and responding to pathogenic or commensal bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Khaitan
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Max Kilberg
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Adam Kravietz
- New York University, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Tiina Ilmet
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Cihan Tastan
- New York University, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | | | | | - Mengling Liu
- New York University, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - William Borkowsky
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- New York University, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Human mucosal-associated invariant T cells contribute to antiviral influenza immunity via IL-18-dependent activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10133-8. [PMID: 27543331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610750113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes known to elicit potent immunity to a broad range of bacteria, mainly via the rapid production of inflammatory cytokines. Whether MAIT cells contribute to antiviral immunity is less clear. Here we asked whether MAIT cells produce cytokines/chemokines during severe human influenza virus infection. Our analysis in patients hospitalized with avian H7N9 influenza pneumonia showed that individuals who recovered had higher numbers of CD161(+)Vα7.2(+) MAIT cells in peripheral blood compared with those who succumbed, suggesting a possible protective role for this lymphocyte population. To understand the mechanism underlying MAIT cell activation during influenza, we cocultured influenza A virus (IAV)-infected human lung epithelial cells (A549) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro, then assayed them by intracellular cytokine staining. Comparison of influenza-induced MAIT cell activation with the profile for natural killer cells (CD56(+)CD3(-)) showed robust up-regulation of IFNγ for both cell populations and granzyme B in MAIT cells, although the individual responses varied among healthy donors. However, in contrast to the requirement for cell-associated factors to promote NK cell activation, the induction of MAIT cell cytokine production was dependent on IL-18 (but not IL-12) production by IAV-exposed CD14(+) monocytes. Overall, this evidence for IAV activation via an indirect, IL-18-dependent mechanism indicates that MAIT cells are protective in influenza, and also possibly in any human disease process in which inflammation and IL-18 production occur.
Collapse
|
249
|
Integron-Mediated Multidrug and Quinolone Resistance in Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.36616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
250
|
Kurioka A, Walker LJ, Klenerman P, Willberg CB. MAIT cells: new guardians of the liver. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e98. [PMID: 27588203 PMCID: PMC5007630 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is an important immunological organ that remains sterile and tolerogenic in homeostasis, despite continual exposure to non-self food and microbial-derived products from the gut. However, where intestinal mucosal defenses are breached or in the presence of a systemic infection, the liver acts as a second 'firewall', because of its enrichment with innate effector cells able to rapidly respond to infections or tissue dysregulation. One of the largest populations of T cells within the human liver are mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel innate-like T-cell population that can recognize a highly conserved antigen derived from the microbial riboflavin synthesis pathway. MAIT cells are emerging as significant players in the human immune system, associated with an increasing number of clinical diseases of bacterial, viral, autoimmune and cancerous origin. As reviewed here, we are only beginning to investigate the potential role of this dominant T-cell subset in the liver, but the reactivity of MAIT cells to both inflammatory cytokines and riboflavin derivatives suggests that MAIT cells may have an important role in first line of defense as part of the liver firewall. As such, MAIT cells are promising targets for modulating the host defense and inflammation in both acute and chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy J Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|