201
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Kremoser C. FXR agonists for NASH: How are they different and what difference do they make? J Hepatol 2021; 75:12-15. [PMID: 33985820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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202
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Wang B, Wang L, Wang H, Dai H, Lu X, Lee YK, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Wang G. Targeting the Gut Microbiota for Remediating Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. J Nutr 2021; 151:1703-1716. [PMID: 33982127 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of obesity is rapidly increasing and has become a health and economic burden worldwide. As recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota is closely linked to obesity, researchers have used various approaches to modulate the gut microbiota to treat the condition. Dietary composition and energy intake strongly affect the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Intestinal microbial changes alter the composition of bile acids and fatty acids and regulate bacterial lipopolysaccharide production, all of which influence energy metabolism and immunity. Evidence also suggests that remodeling the gut microbiota through intake of probiotics, prebiotics, fermented foods, and dietary plants, as well as by fecal microbiota transplantation, are feasible methods to remediate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Haojue Wang
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Dai
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xianyi Lu
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,(Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,(Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,(Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
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203
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Decoding the Role of Gut-Microbiome in the Food Addiction Paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136825. [PMID: 34202073 PMCID: PMC8297196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eating behaviour is characterised by a solid balance between homeostatic and hedonic regulatory mechanisms at the central level and highly influenced by peripheral signals. Among these signals, those generated by the gut microbiota have achieved relevance in recent years. Despite this complex regulation, under certain circumstances eating behaviour can be deregulated becoming addictive. Although there is still an ongoing debate about the food addiction concept, studies agree that patients with eating addictive behaviour present similar symptoms to those experienced by drug addicts, by affecting central areas involved in the control of motivated behaviour. In this context, this review tries to summarise the main data regarding the role of the gut microbiome in eating behaviour and how a gut dysbiosis can be responsible for a maladaptive behaviour such as “food addiction”.
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204
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Vertical sleeve gastrectomy confers metabolic improvements by reducing intestinal bile acids and lipid absorption in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019388118. [PMID: 33526687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019388118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is one of the most effective and durable therapies for morbid obesity and its related complications. Although bile acids (BAs) have been implicated as downstream mediators of VSG, the specific mechanisms through which BA changes contribute to the metabolic effects of VSG remain poorly understood. Here, we confirm that high fat diet-fed global farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) knockout mice are resistant to the beneficial metabolic effects of VSG. However, the beneficial effects of VSG were retained in high fat diet-fed intestine- or liver-specific Fxr knockouts, and VSG did not result in Fxr activation in the liver or intestine of control mice. Instead, VSG decreased expression of positive hepatic Fxr target genes, including the bile salt export pump (Bsep) that delivers BAs to the biliary pathway. This reduced small intestine BA levels in mice, leading to lower intestinal fat absorption. These findings were verified in sterol 27-hydroxylase (Cyp27a1) knockout mice, which exhibited low intestinal BAs and fat absorption and did not show metabolic improvements following VSG. In addition, restoring small intestinal BA levels by dietary supplementation with taurocholic acid (TCA) partially blocked the beneficial effects of VSG. Altogether, these findings suggest that reductions in intestinal BAs and lipid absorption contribute to the metabolic benefits of VSG.
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205
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Xiong F, Zheng Z, Xiao L, Su C, Chen J, Gu X, Tang J, Zhao Y, Luo H, Zha L. Soyasaponin A 2 Alleviates Steatohepatitis Possibly through Regulating Bile Acids and Gut Microbiota in the Methionine and Choline-Deficient (MCD) Diet-induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100067. [PMID: 34047448 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic progressive disease with complex pathogenesis of which the bile acids (BAs) and gut microbiota are involved. Soyasaponins (SS) exhibits many health-promoting effects including hepatoprotection, but its prevention against NASH is unclear. This study aims to investigate the preventive bioactivities of SS monomer (SS-A2 ) against NASH and further clarify its mechanism by targeting the BAs and gut microbiota. METHODS AND RESULTS The methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet-fed male C57BL/6 mice were intervened with obeticholic acid or SS-A2 for 16 weeks. Hepatic pathology is assessed by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. BAs in serum, liver, and colon are measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQMS). Gut microbiota in caecum are determined by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. In the MCD diet-induced NASH mice, SS-A2 significantly reduces hepatic steatosis, lobular inflammation, ballooning, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) scores, and fibrosis, decreases Erysipelotrichaceae (Faecalibaculum) and Lactobacillaceae (Lactobacillus) and increases Desulfovibrionaceae (Desulfovibrio). Moreover, SS-A2 reduces serum BAs accumulation and promotes fecal BAs excretion. SS-A2 changes the BAs profiles in both liver and serum and specifically increases the taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) level. Faecalibaculum is negatively correlated with serum THDCA. CONCLUSION SS-A2 alleviates steatohepatitis possibly through regulating BAs and gut microbiota in the MCD diet-induced NASH mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Zhongdaixi Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Lingyu Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Chuhong Su
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Junbin Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfu Gu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Huiyu Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Longying Zha
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
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206
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Sun R, Xu C, Feng B, Gao X, Liu Z. Critical roles of bile acids in regulating intestinal mucosal immune responses. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211018098. [PMID: 34104213 PMCID: PMC8165529 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211018098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are a class of cholesterol derivatives that have been known for a long time for their critical roles in facilitating the digestion and absorption of lipid from the daily diet. The transformation of primary bile acids produced by the liver to secondary bile acids appears under the action of microbiota in the intestine, greatly expanding the molecular diversity of the intestinal environment. With the discovery of several new receptors of bile acids and signaling pathways, bile acids are considered as a family of important metabolites that play pleiotropic roles in regulating many aspects of human overall health, especially in the maintenance of the microbiota homeostasis and the balance of the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Accordingly, disruption of the process involved in the metabolism or circulation of bile acids is implicated in many disorders that mainly affect the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. In this review, we discuss the different metabolism profiles in diseases associated with the intestinal mucosa and the diverse roles of bile acids in regulating the intestinal immune system. Furthermore, we also summarize recent advances in the field of new drugs that target bile acid signaling and highlight the importance of bile acids as a new target for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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207
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Zhang Z, Zhou H, Guan M, Zhou X, Liang X, Lv Y, Bai L, Zhang J, Gong P, Liu T, Yi H, Wang J, Zhang L. Lactobacillus casei YRL577 combined with plant extracts reduce markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Br J Nutr 2021; 125:1081-1091. [PMID: 32718364 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics and plant extracts are considered to prevent the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study explores the effects of using both probiotics and plant extracts on NAFLD. The present study evaluated the effects of plant extracts on lipid droplet accumulation and the growth of probiotics in vitro. A C57BL/6 mouse model was used to examine the effects of probiotics and plant extracts on NAFLD. Body weight and food intake were measured. The levels of serum lipids, oxidative stress and the liver injury index were determined using commercial kits. Haematoxylin and eosin staining, GC and real-time PCR were also used for analysis. The results revealed that administration of Lactobacillus casei YRL577 and L. paracasei X11 with resveratrol (RES) or tea polyphenols (TP) significantly reduced the levels of total cholesterol, TAG and LDL-cholesterol and increased the level of the HDL-cholesterol. The groups of L. casei YRL577 with RES and TP also regulated the liver structure, oxidative stress and injury. Furthermore, L. casei YRL577 with TP exhibited a more positive effect towards improving the NAFLD and increased the concentrations of the butyric acid than other three combined groups. L. casei YRL577 with TP up-regulated the mRNA levels of the farnesoid X receptor and fibroblast growth factor 15 and decreased the mRNA levels of the apical Na-dependent bile acid transporter. These findings showed that L. casei YRL577 + TP-modified genes in the intestinal bile acid pathway improved markers of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyu Guan
- Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyou Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxue Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pimin Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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208
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Liu TC, Kern JT, Jain U, Sonnek NM, Xiong S, Simpson KF, VanDussen KL, Winkler ES, Haritunians T, Malique A, Lu Q, Sasaki Y, Storer C, Diamond MS, Head RD, McGovern DPB, Stappenbeck TS. Western diet induces Paneth cell defects through microbiome alterations and farnesoid X receptor and type I interferon activation. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:988-1001.e6. [PMID: 34010595 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal Paneth cells modulate innate immunity and infection. In Crohn's disease, genetic mutations together with environmental triggers can disable Paneth cell function. Here, we find that a western diet (WD) similarly leads to Paneth cell dysfunction through mechanisms dependent on the microbiome and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Analysis of multiple human cohorts suggests that obesity is associated with Paneth cell dysfunction. In mouse models, consumption of a WD for as little as 4 weeks led to Paneth cell dysfunction. WD consumption in conjunction with Clostridium spp. increased the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid levels in the ileum, which in turn inhibited Paneth cell function. The process required excess signaling of both FXR and IFN within intestinal epithelial cells. Our findings provide a mechanistic link between poor diet and inhibition of gut innate immunity and uncover an effect of FXR activation in gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Justin T Kern
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Umang Jain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Naomi M Sonnek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shanshan Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine F Simpson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Talin Haritunians
- The F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Atika Malique
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiuhe Lu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chad Storer
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Richard D Head
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- The F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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209
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Loomba R, Friedman SL, Shulman GI. Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell 2021; 184:2537-2564. [PMID: 33989548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 858] [Impact Index Per Article: 286.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. Its more advanced subtype, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), connotes progressive liver injury that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we provide an in-depth discussion of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to progressive liver injury, including the metabolic origins of NAFLD, the effect of NAFLD on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, bile acid toxicity, macrophage dysfunction, and hepatic stellate cell activation, and consider the role of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that promote fibrosis progression and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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210
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Khan S, Luck H, Winer S, Winer DA. Emerging concepts in intestinal immune control of obesity-related metabolic disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2598. [PMID: 33972511 PMCID: PMC8110751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is an important modulator of glucose homeostasis and obesity-associated insulin resistance. Dietary factors, the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites shape intestinal immunity during obesity. The intestinal immune system in turn affects processes such as intestinal permeability, immune cell trafficking, and intestinal hormone availability, impacting systemic insulin resistance. Understanding these pathways might identify mechanisms underlying treatments for insulin resistance, such as metformin and bariatric surgery, or aid in developing new therapies and vaccination approaches. Here, we highlight evolving concepts centered on intestinal immunity, diet, and the microbiota to provide a working model of obesity-related metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Helen Luck
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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211
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Fiorucci S, Biagioli M, Baldoni M, Ricci P, Sepe V, Zampella A, Distrutti E. The identification of farnesoid X receptor modulators as treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1193-1208. [PMID: 33849361 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1916465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear receptor selectively activated by primary bile acids. AREA COVERED FXR is a validated pharmacological target. Herein, the authors review preclinical and clinical data supporting the development of FXR agonists in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. EXPERT OPINION Development of systemic FXR agonists to treat the metabolic liver disease has been proven challenging because the side effects associated with these agents including increased levels of cholesterol and LDL-c and reduced HDL-c raising concerns over their long-term cardiovascular safety. Additionally, pruritus has emerged as a common, although poorly explained, dose-related side effect with all FXR ligands, but is especially common with OCA. FXR agonists that are currently undergoing phase 2/3 trials are cilofexor, tropifexor, nidufexor and MET409. Some of these agents are currently being developed as combination therapies with other agents including cenicriviroc, a CCR2/CCR5 inhibitor, or firsocostat an acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor. Additional investigations are needed to evaluate the beneficial effects of combination of these agents with statins. It is expected that in the coming years, FXR agonists will be developed as a combination therapy to minimize side effects and increase likelihood of success by targeting different metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monia Baldoni
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC Di Gastroenterologia Ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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212
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McNeill BT, Suchacki KJ, Stimson RH. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Human brown adipose tissue as a therapeutic target: warming up or cooling down? Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:R243-R259. [PMID: 33729178 PMCID: PMC8111330 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue leads to obesity and its associated metabolic health consequences such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Several approaches to treat or prevent obesity including public health interventions, surgical weight loss, and pharmacological approaches to reduce caloric intake have failed to substantially modify the increasing prevalence of obesity. The (re-)discovery of active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans approximately 15 years ago led to a resurgence in research into whether BAT activation could be a novel therapy for the treatment of obesity. Upon cold stimulus, BAT activates and generates heat to maintain body temperature, thus increasing energy expenditure. Activation of BAT may provide a unique opportunity to increase energy expenditure without the need for exercise. However, much of the underlying mechanisms surrounding BAT activation are still being elucidated and the effectiveness of BAT as a therapeutic target has not been realised. Research is ongoing to determine how best to expand BAT mass and activate existing BAT; approaches include cold exposure, pharmacological stimulation using sympathomimetics, browning agents that induce formation of thermogenic beige adipocytes in white adipose depots, and the identification of factors secreted by BAT with therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the caloric capacity and other metabolic benefits from BAT activation in humans and the role of metabolic tissues such as skeletal muscle in increasing energy expenditure. We discuss the potential of current approaches and the challenges of BAT activation as a novel strategy to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T McNeill
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karla J Suchacki
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to R H Stimson Email
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213
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The role of farnesoid X receptor in metabolic diseases, and gastrointestinal and liver cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:335-347. [PMID: 33568795 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in the control of bile acid (BA) synthesis and enterohepatic circulation. FXR can influence glucose and lipid homeostasis. Hepatic FXR activation by obeticholic acid is currently used to treat primary biliary cholangitis. Late-stage clinical trials investigating the use of obeticholic acid in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are underway. Mouse models of metabolic disease have demonstrated that inhibition of intestinal FXR signalling reduces obesity, insulin resistance and fatty liver disease by modulation of hepatic and gut bacteria-mediated BA metabolism, and intestinal ceramide synthesis. FXR also has a role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and liver cancers. Studies using tissue-specific and global Fxr-null mice have revealed that FXR acts as a suppressor of hepatocellular carcinoma, mainly through regulating BA homeostasis. Loss of whole-body FXR potentiates progression of spontaneous colorectal cancer, and obesity-induced BA imbalance promotes intestinal stem cell proliferation by suppressing intestinal FXR in Apcmin/+ mice. Owing to altered gut microbiota and FXR signalling, changes in overall BA levels and specific BA metabolites probably contribute to enterohepatic tumorigenesis. Modulating intestinal FXR signalling and altering BA metabolites are potential strategies for gastrointestinal and liver cancer prevention and treatment. In this Review, studies on the role of FXR in metabolic diseases and gastrointestinal and liver cancer are discussed, and the potential for development of targeted drugs are summarized.
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Miyata S, Kawashima Y, Sakai M, Matsubayashi M, Motoki K, Miyajima Y, Watanabe Y, Chikamatsu N, Taniguchi T, Tokuyama R. Discovery, optimization, and evaluation of non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9196. [PMID: 33911126 PMCID: PMC8080777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several potent bile acid Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5, GPBAR1) dual agonists such as INT-767 have been reported, no non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonist has been investigated to date. Therefore, we attempted to discover potent non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists and identified some non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonists, such as isonicotinamide derivatives in vitro assay. Compound 20p was evaluated in C57BL/6J mice, that were administered a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) consisting of 60 kcal% fat and 0.1% methionine by weight for one week. Compound 20p dose-dependently induced small heterodimer partner (SHP) mRNA and decreased cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) in the liver at 10 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, which were used as FXR agonist markers. Compound 20p significantly increased the plasma levels of GLP-1 as a TGR5 agonist, and a high concentration of GLP-1 lowered blood glucose levels. We confirmed that compound 20p was a non-bile acid FXR/TGR5 dual agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiho Miyata
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kawashima
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miku Sakai
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Keisuke Motoki
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Yui Miyajima
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yousuke Watanabe
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Noriko Chikamatsu
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taniguchi
- Research Laboratory 2, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, Nishi-ku, Iida-Shinden, Saitama City, Saitama, 636-1, Japan
| | - Ryukou Tokuyama
- Research Laboratory 1, FUJI YAKUHIN. CO., LTD, 1-32-3, Nishi-Omiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan.
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215
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The pathophysiological function of non-gastrointestinal farnesoid X receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107867. [PMID: 33895191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) influences bile acid homeostasis and the progression of various diseases. While the roles of hepatic and intestinal FXR in enterohepatic transport of bile acids and metabolic diseases were reviewed previously, the pathophysiological functions of FXR in non-gastrointestinal cells and tissues have received little attention. Thus, the roles of FXR in the liver, immune system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidney, and pancreas beyond the gastrointestinal system are reviewed herein. Gain of FXR function studies in non-gastrointestinal tissues reveal that FXR signaling improves various experimentally-induced metabolic and immune diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, primary biliary cholangitis, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, and diabetic nephropathy, while loss of FXR promotes regulatory T cells production, protects the brain against ischemic injury, atherosclerosis, and inhibits pancreatic tumor progression. The downstream pathways regulated by FXR are diverse and tissue/cell-specific, and FXR has both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activities, all of which may explain why activation and inhibition of FXR signaling could produce paradoxical or even opposite effects in some experimental disease models. FXR signaling is frequently compromised by diseases, especially during the progressive stage, and rescuing FXR expression may provide a promising strategy for boosting the therapeutic effect of FXR agonists. Tissue/cell-specific modulation of non-gastrointestinal FXR could influence the treatment of various diseases. This review provides a guide for drug discovery and clinical use of FXR modulators.
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216
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Drug Discovery Inspired from Nuclear Receptor Sensing of Microbial Signals. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:624-626. [PMID: 33865719 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Host-microbiota interactions are vital for diverse pathophysiological events and may be targeted for innovative therapeutics. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are versatile host sensors of microbial signals that coordinate diverse environmental cues with local and remote adaptions. Harnessing NR-mediated sensory machinery could provide an alternative lynchpin for gut microbiota-oriented drug discovery strategy.
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217
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Huda MN, Kim M, Bennett BJ. Modulating the Microbiota as a Therapeutic Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:632335. [PMID: 33897618 PMCID: PMC8060771 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.632335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggested that the gut microbiota has a significant role in the metabolism and disease status of the host. In particular, Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), which has a complex etiology that includes obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation, is modulated by the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Current literature supports that unbalanced gut microbial composition (dysbiosis) is a risk factor for T2D. In this review, we critically summarize the recent findings regarding the role of gut microbiota in T2D. Beyond these associative studies, we focus on the causal relationship between microbiota and T2D established using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) or probiotic supplementation, and the potential underlying mechanisms such as byproducts of microbial metabolism. These microbial metabolites are small molecules that establish communication between microbiota and host cells. We critically summarize the associations between T2D and microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO). Additionally, we comment on how host genetic architecture and the epigenome influence the microbial composition and thus how the gut microbiota may explain part of the missing heritability of T2D found by GWAS analysis. We also discuss future directions in this field and how approaches such as FMT, prebiotics, and probiotics supplementation are being considered as potential therapeutics for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nazmul Huda
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Myungsuk Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian J. Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
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218
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Han SY, Song HK, Cha JJ, Han JY, Kang YS, Cha DR. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist ameliorates systemic insulin resistance, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, and alterations of various organs in a type 2 diabetic kidney animal model. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:495-503. [PMID: 33399988 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a role in homeostasis of bile acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. However, the systemic effects of FXR in diabetic nephropathy are controversial. We aimed to clarify the systemic effects of FXR on various organs in a type 2 diabetic animal model. METHODS We treated db/db mice with the FXR agonist GW4064 for 3 months and evaluated insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, renal functional changes, and structural changes in organs including those of the kidney, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, aorta, and heart. RESULTS The FXR agonist significantly improved plasma lipid profiles and insulin resistance and showed beneficial systemic effects on several organs. In the kidney, the FXR agonist ameliorated albuminuria, pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory changes and improved renal lipid metabolism. These changes were also associated with a decrease in lipid hydroperoxide in the kidney. Similar beneficial effects were shown in other organs, including restoration of pancreatic beta cell hypertrophy, hepatic steatosis and aortic medial hypertrophy, more differentiated phenotypic changes in adipose tissue, and improvement of cardiomyocyte disarray and left ventricular mass index. CONCLUSIONS The FXR agonist improves insulin resistance, renal lipid metabolism, and functional and structural changes in the kidney and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Youb Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye Kyoung Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Jin Joo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Jee Young Han
- Department of Pathology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea.
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219
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Xie C, Huang W, Young RL, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Wu T. Role of Bile Acids in the Regulation of Food Intake, and Their Dysregulation in Metabolic Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041104. [PMID: 33800566 PMCID: PMC8066182 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are cholesterol-derived metabolites with a well-established role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fat. More recently, the discovery of bile acids as natural ligands for the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and membrane Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), and the recognition of the effects of FXR and TGR5 signaling have led to a paradigm shift in knowledge regarding bile acid physiology and metabolic health. Bile acids are now recognized as signaling molecules that orchestrate blood glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Changes in FXR and/or TGR5 signaling modulates the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, energy expenditure, and the composition of the gut microbiome. These effects may contribute to the metabolic benefits of bile acid sequestrants, metformin, and bariatric surgery. This review focuses on the role of bile acids in energy intake and body weight, particularly their effects on gastrointestinal hormone secretion, the changes in obesity and T2D, and their potential relevance to the management of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Adelaide Medical School, Center of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (C.X.); (W.H.); (R.L.Y.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (C.K.R.)
| | - Weikun Huang
- Adelaide Medical School, Center of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (C.X.); (W.H.); (R.L.Y.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (C.K.R.)
- The ARC Center of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Richard L. Young
- Adelaide Medical School, Center of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (C.X.); (W.H.); (R.L.Y.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (C.K.R.)
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Karen L. Jones
- Adelaide Medical School, Center of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (C.X.); (W.H.); (R.L.Y.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (C.K.R.)
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School, Center of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (C.X.); (W.H.); (R.L.Y.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (C.K.R.)
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher K. Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School, Center of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (C.X.); (W.H.); (R.L.Y.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (C.K.R.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School, Center of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (C.X.); (W.H.); (R.L.Y.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (C.K.R.)
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence:
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220
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FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166133. [PMID: 33771667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic hub which coordinates nutritional inputs and metabolic outputs. Food intake releases bile acids which can be sensed by the bile acid receptor FXR in the liver and the intestine. Hepatic and intestinal FXR coordinately regulate postprandial nutrient disposal in a network of interacting metabolic nuclear receptors. In this review we summarize and update the "classical roles" of FXR as a central integrator of the feeding state response, which orchestrates the metabolic processing of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and bile acids. We also discuss more recent and less well studied FXR effects on amino acid, protein metabolism, autophagic turnover and inflammation. In addition, we summarize the recent understanding of how FXR signaling is affected by posttranslational modifications and by different FXR isoforms. These modifications and variations in FXR signaling might be considered when FXR is targeted pharmaceutically in clinical applications.
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221
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Bifidobacterium adolescentis Isolated from Different Hosts Modifies the Intestinal Microbiota and Displays Differential Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Properties in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13031017. [PMID: 33801119 PMCID: PMC8004121 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of obesity, which is closely associated with the gut microbiota and chronic inflammation, has rapidly increased in the past 40 years. Therefore, the probiotic-based modification of the intestinal microbiota composition has been developed as a strategy for the treatment of obesity. In this study, we selected four Bifidobacterium adolescentis strains isolated from the feces of newborn and elderly humans to investigate whether supplementation with B. adolescentis of various origins could alleviate obesity in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% energy as fat) received one of the following 14-week interventions: (i) B. adolescentis N4_N3, (ii) B. adolescentis Z25, (iii) B. adolescentis 17_3, (iv) B. adolescentis 2016_7_2, and (v) phosphate-buffered saline. The metabolic parameters, thermogenesis, and immunity of all treated mice were measured. Cecal and colonic microbial profiles were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Intestinal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The B. adolescentis strains isolated from the feces of elderly humans (B. adolescentis Z25, 17_3, and 2016_7_2) decreased the body weight or weight gain of mice, whilst the strain isolated from the newborn (B. adolescentis N4_N3) increased the body weight of mice. The B. adolescentis strains isolated from the elderly also increased serum leptin concentrations and induced the expression of thermogenesis- and lipid metabolism-related genes in brown adipose tissue. All the B. adolescentis strains alleviated inflammations in the spleen and brain and modified the cecal and colonic microbiota. Particularly, all strains reversed the HFD-induced depletion of Bifidobacterium and reduced the development of beta-lactam resistance. In addition, the B. adolescentis strains isolated from the elderly increased the relative abundances of potentially beneficial genera, such as Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Faecalibaculum. We speculate that such increased abundance of commensal bacteria may have mediated the alleviation of obesity, as B. adolescentis supplementation decreased the intestinal production of SCFAs, thereby reducing energy delivery to the host mice. Our results revealed that certain strains of B. adolescentis can alleviate obesity and modify the gut microbiota of mice. The tested strains of B. adolescentis showed different effects on lipid metabolism and immunity regulation, with these effects related to whether they had been isolated from the feces of newborn or elderly humans. This indicates that B. adolescentis from different sources may have disparate effects on host health possibly due to the transmission of origin-specific functions to the host.
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222
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Fiorucci S, Distrutti E, Carino A, Zampella A, Biagioli M. Bile acids and their receptors in metabolic disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101094. [PMID: 33636214 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are a large family of atypical steroids which exert their functions by binding to a family of ubiquitous cell membrane and nuclear receptors. There are two main bile acid activated receptors, FXR and GPBAR1, that are exclusively activated by bile acids, while other receptors CAR, LXRs, PXR, RORγT, S1PR2and VDR are activated by bile acids in addition to other more selective endogenous ligands. In the intestine, activation of FXR and GPBAR1 promotes the release of FGF15/19 and GLP1 which integrate their signaling with direct effects exerted by theother receptors in target tissues. This network is tuned in a time ordered manner by circadian rhythm and is critical for the regulation of metabolic process including autophagy, fast-to-feed transition, lipid and glucose metabolism, energy balance and immune responses. In the last decade FXR ligands have entered clinical trials but development of systemic FXR agonists has been proven challenging because their side effects including increased levels of cholesterol and Low Density Lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-c) and reduced High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). In addition, pruritus has emerged as a common, dose related, side effect of FXR ligands. Intestinal-restricted FXR and GPBAR1 agonists and dual FXR/GPBAR1 agonists have been developed. Here we review the last decade in bile acids physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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223
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Lefort C, Cani PD. The Liver under the Spotlight: Bile Acids and Oxysterols as Pivotal Actors Controlling Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020400. [PMID: 33669184 PMCID: PMC7919658 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the myriad of molecules produced by the liver, both bile acids and their precursors, the oxysterols are becoming pivotal bioactive lipids which have been underestimated for a long time. Their actions are ranging from regulation of energy homeostasis (i.e., glucose and lipid metabolism) to inflammation and immunity, thereby opening the avenue to new treatments to tackle metabolic disorders associated with obesity (e.g., type 2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis) and inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the biosynthesis of these endocrine factors including their interconnection with the gut microbiota and their impact on host homeostasis as well as their attractive potential for the development of therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders.
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224
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Yin Y, Wang M, Gu W, Chen L. Intestine-specific FXR agonists as potential therapeutic agents for colorectal cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114430. [PMID: 33556338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most malignant cancers in the world. A major cause of death in CRC patients is the limited therapeutic options in its advanced stages. The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear superfamily, which is effective in slowing the progression of colorectal cancer in addition to its extraordinary role in regulating metabolic disorders. Due to the systemic side-effects caused by non-selective agonists, the intestine-restricted FXR agonists can induce a whole-body benefit without activating the hepatic FXR, suggesting intestinal FXR activation as a potentially safer therapy in the treatment of CRC. This review highlights the effects of FXR on the disturbed bile acid circulation and the carcinogenesis of CRC and with a specific emphasis on listing the functions of several intestinal-restricted FXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjie Gu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China.
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225
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Cariello M, Piccinin E, Moschetta A. Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic Pathways via Lipid-Sensing Nuclear Receptors PPARs, FXR, and LXR in NASH. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1519-1539. [PMID: 33545430 PMCID: PMC8042405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease comprises a wide spectrum of liver injuries from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is defined when liver steatosis is associated with inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and fibrosis. A genetic predisposition and environmental insults (ie, dietary habits, obesity) are putatively responsible for NASH progression. Here, we present the impact of the lipid-sensing nuclear receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of NASH. In detail, we discuss the pros and cons of the putative transcriptional action of the fatty acid sensors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), the bile acid sensor (farnesoid X receptor), and the oxysterol sensor (liver X receptors) in the pathogenesis and bona fide treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Piccinin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy; National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy; Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
Historically, the focus of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) research has been on host metabolism and hormone action. However, emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiome, commensal microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract, also play a significant role in T2DM pathogenesis. Specifically, gut microbes metabolize what is available to them through the host diet to produce small molecule metabolites that can have endocrine-like effects on human cells. In fact, the meta-organismal crosstalk between gut microbe-generated metabolites and host receptor systems may represent an untapped therapeutic target for those at risk for or suffering from T2DM. Recent evidence suggests that gut microbe-derived metabolites can impact host adiposity, insulin resistance, and hormone secretion to collectively impact T2DM progression. Here we review the current evidence that structurally diverse gut microbe-derived metabolites, including short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, aromatic metabolites, trimethylamine-N-oxide, polyamines, and N-acyl amides, that can engage with host receptors in an endocrine-like manner to promote host metabolic disturbance associated with T2DM. Although these microbe-host signaling circuits are not as well understood as host hormonal signaling, they hold untapped potential as new druggable targets to improve T2DM complications. Whether drugs that selectively target meta-organismal endocrinology will be safe and efficacious in treating T2DM is a key new question in the field of endocrinology. Here we discuss the opportunities and challenges in targeting the gut microbial endocrine organ for the treatment of diabetes and potentially many other diseases where diet-microbe-host interactions play a contributory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Massey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Correspondence: J. Mark Brown, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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227
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Tiwari D, Gupta P. Nuclear Receptors in Asthma: Empowering Classical Molecules Against a Contemporary Ailment. Front Immunol 2021; 11:594433. [PMID: 33574813 PMCID: PMC7870687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalation in living standards and adoption of 'Western lifestyle' has an allied effect on the increased allergy and asthma burden in both developed and developing countries. Current scientific reports bespeak an association between allergic diseases and metabolic dysfunction; hinting toward the critical requirement of organized lifestyle and dietary habits. The ubiquitous nuclear receptors (NRs) translate metabolic stimuli into gene regulatory signals, integrating diet inflences to overall developmental and physiological processes. As a consequence of such promising attributes, nuclear receptors have historically been at the cutting edge of pharmacy world. This review discusses the recent findings that feature the cardinal importance of nuclear receptors and how they can be instrumental in modulating current asthma pharmacology. Further, it highlights a possible future employment of therapy involving dietary supplements and synthetic ligands that would engage NRs and aid in eliminating both asthma and linked comorbidities. Therefore, uncovering new and evolving roles through analysis of genomic changes would represent a feasible approach in both prevention and alleviation of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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228
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RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis of ileum in Taiping chicken supplemented with the dietary probiotic. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:131. [PMID: 33462736 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Taiping chicken is indigenous chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), which was one of China's excellent poultry species. As the problems caused by the overuse of antibiotics become more and more concern, people begin to look for ways to replace them. Among them, probiotics and their preparations are the research hotspot to replace antibiotics. Probiotics can promote the absorption of nutrients, improve the ratio of meat to meat, resist and prevent diseases, and improve the intestinal tissue morphology. Here, we performed transcriptome profiling of Taiping chicken ileum which was given probiotics by using the Hiseq™ 2500 sequencing platform. A total of 18 genes were differentially expressed in the ileum under control group and probiotics group. Thirteen genes were upregulated with a range of fold change from 1.02 to 8.61, and 5 were downregulated with a range of fold change from - 1.06 to - 2.29. Ten of the differently expressed genes were further validated by qRT-PCR. In addition, Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses revealed that these differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched to bile secretion, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism. This study will help us to understand the role of probiotics in indigenous chicken production and provide theoretical basis for the genetic development of indigenous chickens.
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229
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Hild B, Heinzow HS, Schmidt HH, Maschmeier M. Bile Acids in Control of the Gut-Liver-Axis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2021; 59:63-68. [PMID: 33429452 DOI: 10.1055/a-1330-9644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver and gut share an intimate relationship whose communication relies heavily on metabolites, among which bile acids play a major role. Beyond their function as emulsifiers, bile acids have been recognized for their influence on metabolism of glucose and lipids as well as for their impact on immune responses. Therefore, changes to the composition of the bile acid pool can be consequential to liver and to gut physiology. By metabolizing primary bile acids to secondary bile acids, the bacterial gut microbiome modifies how bile acids exert influence. An altered ratio of secondary to primary bile acids is found to be substantial in many studies. Thus, disease pathogenesis and progression could be changed by gut microbiome modification which influences the bile acid pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hild
- Medizinische Klinik B (Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie, Klinische Infektiologie), Universitätsklinikum Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Hauke S Heinzow
- Medizinische Klinik B (Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie, Klinische Infektiologie), Universitätsklinikum Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Hartmut H Schmidt
- Medizinische Klinik B (Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie, Klinische Infektiologie), Universitätsklinikum Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Miriam Maschmeier
- Medizinische Klinik B (Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie, Klinische Infektiologie), Universitätsklinikum Münster, Munster, Germany
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230
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Shen H, Ding L, Baig M, Tian J, Wang Y, Huang W. Improving glucose and lipids metabolism: drug development based on bile acid related targets. Cell Stress 2021; 5:1-18. [PMID: 33447732 PMCID: PMC7784708 DOI: 10.15698/cst2021.01.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is one of the most effective treatment options for severe obesity and its comorbidities. However, it is a major surgery that poses several side effects and risks which impede its clinical use. Therefore, it is urgent to develop alternative safer pharmacological approaches to mimic bariatric surgery. Recent studies suggest that bile acids are key players in mediating the metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery. Bile acids can function as signaling molecules by targeting bile acid nuclear receptors and membrane receptors, like FXR and TGR5 respectively. In addition, the composition of bile acids is regulated by either the hepatic sterol enzymes such as CYP8B1 or the gut microbiome. These bile acid related targets all play important roles in regulating metabolism. Drug development based on these targets could provide new hope for patients without the risks of surgery and at a lower cost. In this review, we summarize the most updated progress on bile acid related targets and development of small molecules as drug candidates based on these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mehdi Baig
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jingyan Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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231
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Hartmann P, Schnabl B. New Developments in Microbiome in Alcohol-Associated and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:87-102. [PMID: 33957682 PMCID: PMC8163568 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The intestinal microbiota is involved in the development and progression of both ALD and NAFLD. Here we describe associated changes in the intestinal microbiota, and we detail randomized clinical trials in ALD and NAFLD which evaluate treatments modulating the intestinal microbiome including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics. Finally, we discuss precision medicine approaches targeting the intestinal microbiome to ameliorate ALD and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.,Corresponding Author: Bernd Schnabl, MD, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Biomedical Research Facility 2 (BRF2), Room 4A22, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, Phone: +1 858-822-5311, Fax: +1 858-822-5370,
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232
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Xiang J, Zhang Z, Xie H, Zhang C, Bai Y, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. Effect of different bile acids on the intestine through enterohepatic circulation based on FXR. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1949095. [PMID: 34313539 PMCID: PMC8346203 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1949095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor for bile acids (BAs) that is widely expressed in the intestine, liver and kidney. FXR has important regulatory impacts on a wide variety of metabolic pathways (such as glucose, lipid, and sterol metabolism) and has been recognized to ameliorate obesity, liver damage, cholestasis and chronic inflammatory diseases. The types of BAs are complex and diverse. BAs link the intestine with the liver through the enterohepatic circulation. BAs derivatives have entered clinical trials for liver disease. In addition to the liver, the intestine is also targeted by BAs. This article reviews the effects of different BAs on the intestinal tract through the enterohepatic circulation from the perspective of FXR, aiming to elucidate the effects of different BAs on the intestinal tract and lay a foundation for new treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Xiang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyan Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Xie
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Cao
- Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Board of Directors, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Zhengquan Su ; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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233
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Kuefner MS. Secretory Phospholipase A2s in Insulin Resistance and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:732726. [PMID: 34512555 PMCID: PMC8429832 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.732726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The phospholipases A2 (PLA2) superfamily encompasses enzymes commonly found in mammalian tissues and snake venom. Many of these enzymes have unique tissue distribution, function, and substrate specificity suggesting distinct biological roles. In the past, much of the research on secretory PLA2s has analyzed their roles in inflammation, anti-bacterial actions, and atherosclerosis. In recent studies utilizing a variety of mouse models, pancreatic islets, and clinical trials, a role for many of these enzymes in the control of metabolism and insulin action has been revealed. In this review, this research, and the unique contributions of the PLA2 enzymes in insulin resistance and metabolism.
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234
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Chen MJ, Liu C, Wan Y, Yang L, Jiang S, Qian DW, Duan JA. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and their emerging roles on glucolipid metabolism. Steroids 2021; 165:108757. [PMID: 33161055 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are amphiphilic molecules with a nonpolar steroid carbon skeleton and a polar carboxylate side chain. Recently, BAs have aroused the attention of scholars due to their potential roles on metabolic diseases. As important endogenous ligands, BAs are wildly active in the enterohepatic circulation, during which microbiota play a significant role in promoting the hydrolysis and dehydroxylation of BAs. Besides, many pathways initiated by BAs including glucolipid metabolism and inflammation signaling pathways have been reported to regulate the host metabolism and maintain immune homeostasis. Herein, the characteristics on the enterohepatic circulation and metabolism of BAs are systematically summarized. Moreover, the regulation mechanism of the glucolipid metabolism by BAs is intensively discussed. Worthily, FXR and TGR5, which are involved in glucolipid metabolism, are the prime candidates for targeted therapies of chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jun Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yue Wan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Da-Wei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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235
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Hankir MK, Langseder T, Bankoglu EE, Ghoreishi Y, Dischinger U, Kurlbaum M, Kroiss M, Otto C, le Roux CW, Arora T, Seyfried F, Schlegel N. Simulating the Post-gastric Bypass Intestinal Microenvironment Uncovers a Barrier-Stabilizing Role for FXR. iScience 2020; 23:101777. [PMID: 33294786 PMCID: PMC7689555 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regional changes to the intestinal microenvironment brought about by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery may contribute to some of its potent systemic metabolic benefits through favorably regulating various local cellular processes. Here, we show that the intestinal contents of RYGB-operated compared with sham-operated rats region-dependently confer superior glycemic control to recipient germ-free mice in association with suppression of endotoxemia. Correspondingly, they had direct barrier-stabilizing effects on an intestinal epithelial cell line which, bile-exposed intestinal contents, were partly farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-dependent. Further, circulating fibroblast growth factor 19 levels, a readout of intestinal FXR activation, negatively correlated with endotoxemia severity in longitudinal cohort of RYGB patients. These findings suggest that various host- and/or microbiota-derived luminal factors region-specifically and synergistically stabilize the intestinal epithelial barrier following RYGB through FXR signaling, which could potentially be leveraged to better treat endotoxemia-induced insulin resistance in obesity in a non-invasive and more targeted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K. Hankir
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Center of Operative Medicine, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Theresa Langseder
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Center of Operative Medicine, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Yalda Ghoreishi
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Center of Operative Medicine, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dischinger
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Max Kurlbaum
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Christoph Otto
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Center of Operative Medicine, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Carel W. le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tulika Arora
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Center of Operative Medicine, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Center of Operative Medicine, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
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236
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Liu C, Gao J, Liu J, Wang X, He J, Sun J, Liu X, Liao S. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1574. [PMID: 33437773 PMCID: PMC7791254 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is associated with an increased incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes, and this supports the contention that ICP is associated with increased risk for both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia. The purpose of this study was to review adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes of ICP in the Chinese population, and to investigate the association between ICP and GDM, as well as between ICP and preeclampsia. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study in which we compared pregnancies affected by ICP with all other deliveries during the study period. Data from women with singleton pregnancies who delivered in 14 representative hospitals in China between October 1, 2016 and September 30, 2017 were collected from our database system. We then performed logistic regression analysis to determine the odds ratios (OR) and 95%CIs of the adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with or without ICP. Results A total of 95,728 singleton births were included in the study, and among these, 911 pregnancies were diagnosed as having ICP, resulting in an incidence of 0.95%. Women with ICP were more likely to have GDM [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.406; 95% CI, 1.179-1.677; P<0.001] and preeclampsia (aOR, 2.241; 95% CI, 1.678-2.992; P<0.001) compared with those who did not have ICP. Women in the ICP group exhibited higher rates of scheduled cesarean deliveries (aOR, 3.527; 95% CI, 2.981-4.173; P<0.001) and cesarean deliveries during labor (aOR, 4.388; 95% CI, 1.815-10.612; P=0.027). Women with ICP were also more likely to have iatrogenic preterm delivery (aOR, 2.449; 95% CI, 1.92-3.122; P<0.001) and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (aOR, 1.572; 95% CI, 1.318-1.874; P<0.001). There was no increased risk of stillbirth in the cohort of ICP cases (aOR, 0.430; 95% CI, 0.049-3.767; P=0.259). Conclusions ICP was associated with an increased risk of GDM and preeclampsia in singleton pregnancies. Pregnancies with ICP therefore have significantly increased risks of adverse perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xietong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingxia Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Clinical Hospital affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiu Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Abstract
Obesity is a health condition that has reached pandemic levels and is implicated in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer and heart failure. A key characteristic of obesity is the activation of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), such as the p38 and JNK stress kinases, in several organs, including adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, immune organs and the central nervous system. The correct timing, intensity and duration of SAPK activation contributes to cellular metabolic adaptation. By contrast, uncontrolled SAPK activation has been proposed to contribute to the complications of obesity. The stress kinase signalling pathways have therefore been identified as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for metabolic syndrome. The past few decades have seen intense research efforts to determine how these kinases are regulated in a cell-specific manner and to define their contribution to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Several studies have uncovered new and unexpected functions of the non-classical members of both pathways. Here, we provide an overview of the role of SAPKs in metabolic control and highlight important discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Nikolic
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Leiva
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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238
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Herrema H, Niess JH. Intestinal microbial metabolites in human metabolism and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2533-2547. [PMID: 32880688 PMCID: PMC7641949 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Humans with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes have an altered gut microbiome. Emerging evidence indicates that it is not only the microorganisms and their structural components, but also their metabolites that influences the host and contributes to the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Here, we discuss some of the mechanisms underlying how microbial metabolites are recognised by the host or are further processed endogenously in the context of type 2 diabetes. We discuss the possibility that gut-derived microbial metabolites fuel the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Herrema
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Hendrik Niess
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.
- University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St Clara Hospital and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Jia W, Wei M, Rajani C, Zheng X. Targeting the alternative bile acid synthetic pathway for metabolic diseases. Protein Cell 2020; 12:411-425. [PMID: 33252713 PMCID: PMC8106556 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is profoundly involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, in part by regulating bile acid (BA) metabolism and affecting multiple BA-receptor signaling pathways. BAs are synthesized in the liver by multi-step reactions catalyzed via two distinct routes, the classical pathway (producing the 12α-hydroxylated primary BA, cholic acid), and the alternative pathway (producing the non-12α-hydroxylated primary BA, chenodeoxycholic acid). BA synthesis and excretion is a major pathway of cholesterol and lipid catabolism, and thus, is implicated in a variety of metabolic diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, both oxysterols and BAs function as signaling molecules that activate multiple nuclear and membrane receptor-mediated signaling pathways in various tissues, regulating glucose, lipid homeostasis, inflammation, and energy expenditure. Modulating BA synthesis and composition to regulate BA signaling is an interesting and novel direction for developing therapies for metabolic disease. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on the role of BA synthetic pathways, with a focus on the role of the alternative pathway, which has been under-investigated, in treating hyperglycemia and fatty liver disease. We also discuss future perspectives to develop promising pharmacological strategies targeting the alternative BA synthetic pathway for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China. .,School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Meilin Wei
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Cynthia Rajani
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Xiaojiao Zheng
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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240
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Small intestinal taurochenodeoxycholic acid-FXR axis alters local nutrient-sensing glucoregulatory pathways in rats. Mol Metab 2020; 44:101132. [PMID: 33264656 PMCID: PMC7753965 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The mechanism of nutrient sensing in the upper small intestine (USI) and ileum that regulates glucose homeostasis remains elusive. Short-term high-fat (HF) feeding increases taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA; an agonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)) in the USI and ileum of rats, and the increase of TCDCA is prevented by transplantation of microbiota obtained from the USI of healthy donors into the USI of HF rats. However, whether changes of TCDCA-FXR axis in the USI and ileum alter nutrient sensing remains unknown. Methods Intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed in rats that received USI or ileal infusion of nutrients (i.e., oleic acids or glucose) via catheters placed toward the lumen of USI and/or ileum, while mechanistic gain- and loss-of-function studies targeting the TCDCA-FXR axis or bile salt hydrolase activity in USI and ileum were performed. Results USI or ileum infusion of nutrients increased glucose tolerance in healthy but not HF rats. Transplantation of healthy microbiome obtained from USI into the USI of HF rats restored nutrient sensing and inhibited FXR via a reduction of TCDCA in the USI and ileum. Further, inhibition of USI and ileal FXR enhanced nutrient sensing in HF rats, while inhibiting USI (but not ileal) bile salt hydrolase of HF rats transplanted with healthy microbiome activated FXR and disrupted nutrient sensing in the USI and ileum. Conclusions We reveal a TCDCA-FXR axis in both the USI and ileum that is necessary for the upper small intestinal microbiome to govern local nutrient-sensing glucoregulatory pathways in rats. Upper small intestinal infusion of oleic acid or glucose increases glucose tolerance in healthy but not HF-fed rats. Ileal infusion of oleic acid or glucose increases glucose tolerance in healthy but not HF-fed rats. Upper small intestinal healthy microbiome transplant enhances nutrient sensing and inhibits FXR via reduced TCDCA levels. Inhibition of FXR in the upper small intestine or ileum enhances oleic acid sensing to increase glucose tolerance. Inhibition of upper small intestinal bile salt hydrolase negates oleic acid sensing and activates FXR in the small intestine.
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241
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Fan X, Yao H, Liu X, Shi Q, Lv L, Li P, Wang R, Tang T, Qi K. High-Fat Diet Alters the Expression of Reference Genes in Male Mice. Front Nutr 2020; 7:589771. [PMID: 33330591 PMCID: PMC7732482 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.589771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR), the most accurate and sensitive technique for quantifying mRNA expression, and choice of appropriate reference genes for internal error controlling in qPCR are essential to understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive the obesity epidemic and its comorbidities. In this study, using the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model, we assessed the expression of 10 commonly used reference genes to validate gene-expression stability in adipose tissue, liver, and muscle across different time points (4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after HFD feeding) during the process of obesity. The data were analyzed by the GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta-Ct method, and the results showed that the most stable reference genes were different for a specific organ or tissue in a specific time point; however, PPIA, RPLP0, and YWHAZ were the top three most stable reference genes in qPCR experiments on adipose, hepatic tissues, and muscles of mice in diet-induced obesity. In addition, the mostly used genes ACTB and GAPDH were more unstable in the fat and liver, the ACTB mRNA levels were increased in four adipose tissues, and the GAPDH mRNA levels were decreased in four adipose tissues and liver after HFD feeding. These results suggest that PPIA, RPLP0, or YWHAZ may be more appropriate to be used as reference gene than ACTB and GAPDH in the adipose tissue and liver of mice during the process of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Fan
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyang Yao
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanyi Liu
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Shi
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ping Li
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Tang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Kemin Qi
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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242
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Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228729. [PMID: 33227973 PMCID: PMC7699263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis.
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243
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The bile acid induced hepatokine orosomucoid suppresses adipocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:864-870. [PMID: 33168190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids have recently emerged as key metabolic hormones with beneficial impacts in multiple metabolic diseases. We previously discovered that hepatic bile acid overload distally modulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissues to exert anti-obesity effects. However, the detailed mechanisms that explain the salutary effects of serum bile acid elevation remain unclear. Here, proteomic profiling identified a new hepatokine, Orosomucoid (ORM) that governs liver-adipose tissue crosstalk. Hepatic ORMs were highly induced by both genetic and dietary bile acid overload. To address the direct metabolic effects of ORM, purified ORM proteins were administered during adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and mouse stromal vascular fibroblasts. ORM suppressed adipocyte differentiation and strongly inhibited gene expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as C/EBPβ, KLF5, C/EBPα, and PPARγ. Taken together, our data clearly suggest that bile acid-induced ORM secretion from the liver blocks adipocyte differentiation, potentially linked to anti-obesity effect of bile acids.
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244
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Gu M, Song H, Li Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Ji G, Huang C. Extract of Schisandra chinensis fruit protects against metabolic dysfunction in high-fat diet induced obese mice via FXR activation. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3063-3077. [PMID: 32583938 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis fruit has been shown to restore carbohydrate- and lipid-metabolic disorders and has anti-hepatotoxicity and anti-hepatitis activities. However, the molecular targets mediating the pharmacological properties of S. chinensis fruit have not been clarified. Here, we assayed the effects of S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract (SCE) on farnesoid X receptor (FXR) transactivity. The pharmacological effects of SCE (1 g/100 g diet) were assessed in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6 mice and ob/ob mice. The FXR and Fgf15 signalling pathways were evaluated by FXR silencing, ELISA, Western blot and RT-PCR analyses. The results showed that SCE treatment increased FXR transcription activity and improved obesity, hypercholesteremia and fatty liver in HFD-fed mice, while it had limited effects on ob/ob mice. Our study suggests that SCE treatment may improve HFD-induced metabolic disorders through pharmacological activation of FXR/Fgf15 signalling, and such beneficial effects of SCE may require leptin participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Tang
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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245
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Gupta A, Osadchiy V, Mayer EA. Brain-gut-microbiome interactions in obesity and food addiction. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:655-672. [PMID: 32855515 PMCID: PMC7841622 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Normal eating behaviour is coordinated by the tightly regulated balance between intestinal and extra-intestinal homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms. By contrast, food addiction is a complex, maladaptive eating behaviour that reflects alterations in brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) interactions and a shift of this balance towards hedonic mechanisms. Each component of the BGM axis has been implicated in the development of food addiction, with both brain to gut and gut to brain signalling playing a role. Early-life influences can prime the infant gut microbiome and brain for food addiction, which might be further reinforced by increased antibiotic usage and dietary patterns throughout adulthood. The ubiquitous availability and marketing of inexpensive, highly palatable and calorie-dense food can further shift this balance towards hedonic eating through both central (disruptions in dopaminergic signalling) and intestinal (vagal afferent function, metabolic endotoxaemia, systemic immune activation, changes to gut microbiome and metabolome) mechanisms. In this Review, we propose a systems biology model of BGM interactions, which incorporates published reports on food addiction, and provides novel insights into treatment targets aimed at each level of the BGM axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Gupta
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vadim Osadchiy
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center at University of California Los Angeles, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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246
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Wren SN, Donovan MG, Selmin OI, Doetschman TC, Romagnolo DF. A Villin-Driven Fxr Transgene Modulates Enterohepatic Bile Acid Homeostasis and Response to an n-6-Enriched High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217829. [PMID: 33105708 PMCID: PMC7659968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A diet high in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may contribute to inflammation and tissue damage associated with obesity and pathologies of the colon and liver. One contributing factor may be dysregulation by n-6 fatty acids of enterohepatic bile acid (BA) metabolism. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates BA homeostasis in the liver and intestine. This study aims to compare the effects on FXR regulation and BA metabolism of a palm oil-based diet providing 28% energy (28%E) from fat and low n-6 linoleic acid (LA, 2.5%E) (CNTL) with those of a soybean oil-based diet providing 50%E from fat and high (28%E) in LA (n-6HFD). Wild-type (WT) littermates and a transgenic mouse line overexpressing the Fxrα1 isoform under the control of the intestine-specific Villin promoter (Fxrα1TG) were fed the CNTL or n-6HFD starting at weaning through 16 weeks of age. Compared to the CNTL diet, the n-6HFD supports higher weight gain in both WT and FxrαTG littermates; increases the expression of Fxrα1/2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ1 (Pparγ1) in the small intestine, Fxrα1/2 in the colon, and cytochrome P4507A1 (Cyp7a1) and small heterodimer protein (Shp) in the liver; and augments the levels of total BA in the liver, and primary chenodeoxycholic (CDCA), cholic (CA), and β-muricholic (βMCA) acid in the cecum. Intestinal overexpression of the Fxra1TG augments expression of Shp and ileal bile acid-binding protein (Ibabp) in the small intestine and Ibabp in the proximal colon. Conversely, it antagonizes n-6HFD-dependent accumulation of intestinal and hepatic CDCA and CA; hepatic levels of Cyp7a1; and expression of Pparγ in the small intestine. We conclude that intestinal Fxrα1 overexpression represses hepatic de novo BA synthesis and protects against n-6HFD-induced accumulation of human-specific primary bile acids in the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer N. Wren
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.N.W.); (O.I.S.)
| | - Micah G. Donovan
- Interdisciplinary Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Ornella I. Selmin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.N.W.); (O.I.S.)
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Tom C. Doetschman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Donato F. Romagnolo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.N.W.); (O.I.S.)
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-520-626-9108
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247
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Wang B, Kong Q, Li X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Wang G. A High-Fat Diet Increases Gut Microbiota Biodiversity and Energy Expenditure Due to Nutrient Difference. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3197. [PMID: 33092019 PMCID: PMC7589760 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) can easily induce obesity and change the gut microbiota and its metabolites. However, studies on the effects of high-fat diets on the host have drawn inconsistent results. In this study, the unexpected results showed that the refined HFD increased gut microbiota diversity and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), causing an increase in energy metabolism. Further analysis revealed these changes were caused by the different fiber content in these two diets. Male C57BL/6J mice (4-5 weeks old) were fed either HFD or refined low-fat diet (LFD) for 14 weeks. The metabolic rates, thermogenesis, gut microbiome, and intestinal SCFAs were tested. The HFD triggered obesity and disturbed glucose homeostasis. Mice fed HFD ingested more fiber than mice fed LFD (p < 0.0001), causing higher intestinal SCFA concentrations related to the increased abundances of specific bacteria in the HFD group. Also, the HFD increased metabolic heat and up-regulated thermogenesis genes uncoupling protein 1(Ucp-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (Pgc-1α) expression in the brown adipose tissue (BAT). It was revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing that the HFD increased gut microbial diversity, which enriched Desulfovibrionaceae, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Mucispirillum, meanwhile, reduced the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Faecalibaculum, and Blautia. The predicted metabolic pathways indicated HFD increased the gene expression of non-absorbed carbohydrate metabolism pathways, as well as the risks of colonization of intestinal pathogens and inflammation. In conclusion, the HFD was obesogenic in male C57BL/6J mice, and increased fiber intake from the HFD drove an increase in gut microbiota diversity, SCFAs, and energy expenditure. Meanwhile, the differences in specific nutrient intake can dissociate broad changes in energy expenditure, gut microbiota, and its metabolites from obesity, raising doubts in the previous studies. Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether differences in specific nutrient intake will interfere with the results of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (B.W.); (Q.K.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingmin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (B.W.); (Q.K.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (B.W.); (Q.K.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (B.W.); (Q.K.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (B.W.); (Q.K.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China
- National Engineering Center of Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (B.W.); (Q.K.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Center of Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 102488, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (B.W.); (Q.K.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China
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248
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Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Lipid Mediators. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103039. [PMID: 33023000 PMCID: PMC7600362 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an inflammatory clinical entity with different mechanisms involved in its physiopathology. Among these, the dysfunction of the gut microbiota stands out. Currently, it is understood that lipid products derived from the gut microbiota are capable of interacting with cells from the immune system and have an immunomodulatory effect. In the presence of dysbiosis, the concentration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) increases, favoring damage to the intestinal barrier. Furthermore, a pro-inflammatory environment prevails, and a state of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia is present. Conversely, during eubiosis, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) is fundamental for the maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal barrier as well as for immunogenic tolerance and appetite/satiety perception, leading to a protective effect. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that alterations or dysregulation of the gut microbiota can be reversed by modifying the eating habits of the patients or with the administration of prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics. Similarly, different studies have demonstrated that drugs like Metformin are capable of modifying the composition of the gut microbiota, promoting changes in the biosynthesis of LPS, and the metabolism of SCFA.
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249
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Intestinal microbiota-farnesoid X receptor axis in metabolic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:167-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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250
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Recent advances in the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of bariatric and metabolic surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 17:231-238. [PMID: 33036939 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) is the most effective treatment for obesity, type 2 diabetes and co-morbidities, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The beneficial effects of BMS are beyond the primary goal of gastric restriction and nutrients malabsorption. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical sleeve gastrectomy are the 2 most commonly performed procedures of BMS. Both surgeries lead to physiologic changes in gastrointestinal tract; subsequently alter bile acids pool and composition, gut microbial activities, gut hormones, and circulating exosomes; and ultimately contribute to the improved glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and weight loss. The mechanisms underlying the benefits of BMS likely involve the bile acid-signaling pathway mediated mainly by nuclear farnesoid X receptor and the membrane Takeda G protein-coupled receptor, bile acids-gut microbiota interaction, and exosomes. In this review, we focus on recent advances in potential mechanisms and aim to learn novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic disorders.
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