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Diabesity and mood disorders: Multiple links through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 66:80-93. [PMID: 30513310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabesity is on the rise, and the clinical, social and economic health burden arising from this epidemic is aggravated by a significant co-morbidity of diabesity with neuropsychiatric disease, particularly depression. Importantly, not only is the prevalence of mood disorders elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes, depressed patients are also more prone to develop diabetes. This reciprocal relationship calls for a molecular and systemic analysis of diabesity-brain interactions to guide preventive and therapeutic strategies. The analysis we are presenting in this review is modelled on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which provides the brain with information from the gut not only via the nervous system, but also via a continuous stream of microbial, endocrine, metabolic and immune messages. This communication network offers important clues as to how obesity and diabetes could target the brain to provoke neuropsychiatric disease. There is emerging evidence that the gut microbiota is orchestrating a multiplicity of bodily functions that are intimately related to the immune, metabolic and nervous systems and that gut dysbiosis spoils the homeostasis between these systems. In our article we highlight two groups of molecular links that seem to have a significant bearing on the impact of diabesity on the brain. On the one hand, we focus on microbiota-related metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, immune stimulants and endocannabinoids that are likely to play a mediator role. On the other hand, we discuss signalling molecules that operate primarily in the brain, specifically neuropeptide Y, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and γ-amino butyric acid, that are disturbed by microbial factors, obesity and diabetes and are relevant to mental illness. Finally, we address the usefulness of diet-related interventions to suspend the deleterious relationship between diabesity and mood disorders.
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202
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Bekhbat M, Chu K, Le NA, Woolwine BJ, Haroon E, Miller AH, Felger JC. Glucose and lipid-related biomarkers and the antidepressant response to infliximab in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 98:222-229. [PMID: 30249443 PMCID: PMC6214671 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist infliximab was previously found to reduce depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant major depression (TRD) who exhibited high baseline inflammation, as reflected by plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) >5 mg/L. Further predictors of antidepressant response to infliximab included differential expression of peripheral blood gene transcripts that were related not only to inflammation but also to glucose and lipid metabolism. To determine whether plasma biomarkers of glucose and lipid metabolism were similarly associated with antidepressant response to infliximab and with relevant gene transcripts, we measured concentrations of glucose, insulin, and protein hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis and metabolism (leptin, resistin, and adiponectin), as well as cholesterols, triglycerides, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), in medically-stable TRD outpatients at baseline and 2 weeks after the first infusion of infliximab (n = 26) or placebo (n = 26). Treatment response was defined as 50% reduction in depressive symptoms at any point during the 12-week trial. We found that baseline cholesterol (total, low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and non-high-density lipoprotein [non-HDL]), triglycerides and NEFA were elevated in patients who exhibited an antidepressant response to infliximab (all p < 0.05) but not placebo (all p > 0.299). HDL and non-HDL cholesterol concentrations also correlated with two lipid-related gene transcripts that were predictive of antidepressant response (r = 0.33 to 0.39, p < 0.05). Although not associated with response to infliximab, resistin correlated with numerous glucose-related transcripts (r = -0.32 to 0.37, p < 0.05) and was higher at 2 weeks post-infusion in patients treated with infliximab compared to placebo (p = 0.028). Concentrations of cholesterol (total, LDL, HDL, non-HDL) were also lower at 2 weeks in patients treated with infliximab compared to placebo, but only in those patients with CRP >5 mg/L at baseline (all p < 0.05). These results are consistent with previous work showing that high inflammation in patients with depression is associated with metabolic alterations, which together predict response to both traditional and experimental antidepressant therapies. Additionally, our findings suggest a causal relationship between increased inflammation and high cholesterol in depression, as a single infusion of infliximab reduced cholesterol in TRD patients with high CRP compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandakh Bekhbat
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Karen Chu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Ngoc-Anh Le
- Biomarker Core Laboratory, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, 30033, United States
| | - Bobbi J Woolwine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Jennifer C Felger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States.
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203
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Del Olmo N, Ruiz-Gayo M. Influence of High-Fat Diets Consumed During the Juvenile Period on Hippocampal Morphology and Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:439. [PMID: 30515083 PMCID: PMC6255817 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative impact of obesity on neurocognitive functioning is an issue of increasing clinical interest. Over the last decade, a number of studies have analyzed the influence of high-fat diets (HFDs) on cognitive performance, particularly in adolescent individuals. Different approaches, including behavioral, neurochemical, electrophysiological and morphological studies, have been developed to address the effect of HFDs on neural processes interfering with learning and memory skills in rodents. Many of the studies have focused on learning and memory related to the hippocampus and the mechanisms underlying these processes. The goal of the current review article is to highlight the relationship between hippocampal learning/memory deficits and nutritional/endocrine inputs derived from HFDs consumption, with a special emphasis on research showing the effect of HFDs intake during the juvenile period. We have also reviewed recent research regarding the effect of HFDs on hippocampal neurotransmission. An overview of research suggesting the involvement of fatty acid (FA) receptor-mediated signaling pathways in memory deficits triggered by HFDs is also provided. Finally, the role of leptin and HFD-evoked hyperleptinemia is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Ruiz-Gayo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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204
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Kato T, Fogaça MV, Deyama S, Li XY, Fukumoto K, Duman RS. BDNF release and signaling are required for the antidepressant actions of GLYX-13. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2007-2017. [PMID: 29203848 PMCID: PMC5988860 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Conventional antidepressant medications, which act on monoaminergic systems, display significant limitations, including a time lag of weeks to months and low rates of therapeutic efficacy. GLYX-13 is a novel glutamatergic compound that acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) modulator with glycine-like partial agonist properties; like the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine GLYX-13 produces rapid antidepressant actions in depressed patients and in preclinical rodent models. However, the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of GLYX-13 have not been characterized. Here we use a combination of neutralizing antibody (nAb), mutant mouse and pharmacological approaches to test the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin-related kinase B (BDNF-TrkB) signaling in the actions of GLYX-13. The results demonstrate that the antidepressant effects of GLYX-13 are blocked by intra-medial prefrontal cortex (intra-mPFC) infusion of an anti-BDNF nAb or in mice with a knock-in of the BDNF Val66Met allele, which blocks the processing and activity-dependent release of BDNF. We also demonstrate that pharmacological inhibitors of BDNF-TrkB signaling or of L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) block the antidepressant behavioral actions of GLYX-13. Finally, we examined the role of the Rho GTPase proteins by injecting a selective inhibitor into the mPFC and found that activation of Rac1 but not RhoA is involved in the antidepressant effects of GLYX-13. Together, these findings indicate that enhanced release of BDNF through exocytosis caused by activation of VDCCs and subsequent TrkB-Rac1 signaling is required for the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of GLYX-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Drug Development Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M V Fogaça
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Deyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - X-Y Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - K Fukumoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Tavares MK, dos Reis S, Platt N, Heinrich IA, Wolin IA, Leal RB, Kaster MP, Rodrigues ALS, Freitas AE. Agmatine potentiates neuroprotective effects of subthreshold concentrations of ketamine via mTOR/S6 kinase signaling pathway. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:275-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gomes JAS, Oliveira MC, Gobira PH, Silva GC, Marçal AP, Gomes GF, Ferrari CZ, Lemos VS, Oliveira ACPD, Vieira LB, Ferreira AVM, Aguiar DC. A high-refined carbohydrate diet facilitates compulsive-like behavior in mice through the nitric oxide pathway. Nitric Oxide 2018; 80:61-69. [PMID: 30125695 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by abnormal adipose tissue expansion and is associated with chronic inflammation. Obesity itself may induce several comorbidities, including psychiatric disorders. It has been previously demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines are able to up-regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) release, which both have a role in compulsive related behaviors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether acute or chronic consumption of a high-refined carbohydrate-containing (HC) diet will modify burying-behavior in the Marble Burying Test (MBT) through augmentation of NO signaling in the striatum, a brain region related to the reward system. Further, we also verified the effects of chronic consumption of a HC diet on the reinforcing effects induced by cocaine in the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) test. METHODS Male BALB/c mice received a standard diet (control diet) or a HC diet for 3 days or 12 weeks. RESULTS An increase in burying behavior occurred in the MBT after chronic consumption of a HC diet that was associated with an increase of nitrite levels in the striatum. The pre-treatment with Aminoguanidine (50 mg/kg), a preferential inhibitor of iNOS, prevented such alterations. Additionally, a chronic HC diet also induced a higher expression of iNOS in this region and higher glutamate release from striatal synaptosomes. Neither statistical differences were observed in the expression levels of the neuronal isoform of NOS nor in microglia number and activation. Finally, the reinforcing effects induced by cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) during the expression of the conditioned response in the CPP test were not different between the chronically HC diet fed mice and the control group. However, HC diet-feeding mice presented impairment of cocaine-preference extinction. CONCLUSION Altogether, our results suggest that the chronic consumption of a HC diet induces compulsive-like behavior through a mechanism possibly associated with NO activation in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Ariana Souza Gomes
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina C Oliveira
- Departmento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Gobira
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Grazielle C Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anna Paula Marçal
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Freitas Gomes
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departmento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolina Zaniboni Ferrari
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departmento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Virginia Soares Lemos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bruno Vieira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departmento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adaliene V M Ferreira
- Departmento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Aguiar
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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207
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Lee JC, Park SM, Kim IY, Sung H, Seong JK, Moon MH. High-fat diet-induced lipidome perturbations in the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb of mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:980-990. [PMID: 29787912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given their important role in neuronal function, there has been an increasing focus on altered lipid levels in brain disorders. The effect of a high-fat (HF) diet on the lipid profiles of the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb of the mouse brain was investigated using nanoflow ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in the current study. For 8 weeks, two groups of 5-week-old mice were fed either an HF or normal diet (6 mice from each group analyzed as the F and N groups, respectively). The remaining mice in both groups then received a 4-week normal diet. Each group was then subdivided into two groups for another 4-week HF or normal diet. Quantitative analysis of 270 of the 359 lipids identified from brain tissue revealed that an HF diet significantly affected the brain lipidome in all brain regions that were analyzed. The HF diet significantly increased diacylglycerols, which play a role in insulin resistance in all regions that were analyzed. Although the HF diet increased most lipid species, the majority of phosphatidylserine species were decreased, while lysophosphatidylserine species, with the same acyl chain, were substantially increased. This result can be attributed to increased oxidative stress due to the HF diet. Further, weight-cycling (yo-yo effect) was found more critical for the perturbation of brain lipid profiles than weight gain without a preliminary experience of an HF diet. The present study reveals systematic alterations in brain lipid levels upon HF diet analyzed either by lipid class and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Mi Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Sung
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Hassan AM, Mancano G, Kashofer K, Fröhlich EE, Matak A, Mayerhofer R, Reichmann F, Olivares M, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, Claus SP, Holzer P. High-fat diet induces depression-like behaviour in mice associated with changes in microbiome, neuropeptide Y, and brain metabolome. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 22:877-893. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1465713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Hassan
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giulia Mancano
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Karl Kashofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Esther E. Fröhlich
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrija Matak
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Raphaela Mayerhofer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marta Olivares
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M. Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine P. Claus
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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209
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Zameer S, Najmi AK, Vohora D, Akhtar M. Bisphosphonates: Future perspective for neurological disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:900-907. [PMID: 30096489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders and osteoporosis share some common underlying pathological features including calcium overload, accumulation of toxic chemicals, inflammation and impaired protein prenylation by isoprenoids (farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate) appear later stage of life. Substantial number of pre-clinical and clinical reports as well as in vitro data univocally acknowledged the negative impact of altered post-translational modification (prenylation) of proteins like small GTPases (Rffhes, Rho, Rac etc.) and cholesterol levels in both serum and brain on CNS integrity. Bisphosphonates (BPs), referred to as gold standard for osteoporosis treatment, have well established role in attenuation of bone resorption and osteoclast apoptosis by inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase enzyme (FPPS) in mevalonate pathway. BPs mainly nitrogen containing BPs (NBPs) have potential to offer new therapeutic targets for neurological disorders and received increasing attention in recent years. A year back clinical and pre-clinical studies revealed that NBPs have the potential to alleviate the symptoms of neurological disorders like brain calcification, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease by targeting mevalonate pathway. Though these drugs have well developed role in inhibition of isoprenoids synthesis, these were demonstrated to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme and cholesterol synthesis in brain that are considered as the critical factors for impairment of cognitive functions which is the hallmark of several neurological disorders. Still the current understanding of BPs' effect in CNS is limited due to lack of studies focusing the molecular and cellular mechanism. The present review aims to reveal the updated discussion on the mechanism contributing BPs' effect in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zameer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly: Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly: Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly: Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly: Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India.
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210
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Schachter J, Martel J, Lin CS, Chang CJ, Wu TR, Lu CC, Ko YF, Lai HC, Ojcius DM, Young JD. Effects of obesity on depression: A role for inflammation and the gut microbiota. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:1-8. [PMID: 28888668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a mental disorder associated with environmental, genetic and psychological factors. Recent studies indicate that chronic neuro-inflammation may affect brain physiology and alter mood and behavior. Consumption of a high-fat diet leads to obesity and chronic systemic inflammation. The gut microbiota mediates many effects of a high-fat diet on human physiology and may also influence the mood and behavior of the host. We review here recent studies suggesting the existence of a link between obesity, the gut microbiota and depression, focusing on the mechanisms underlying the effects of a high-fat diet on chronic inflammation and brain physiology. This body of research suggests that modulating the composition of the gut microbiota using prebiotics and probiotics may produce beneficial effects on anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Schachter
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, 373 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Sheng Lin
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Chang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ru Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhong-Zheng Street, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, 201 Tung-Hua North Road, Taipei 10508, Taiwan; Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Road, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Health Industry and Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, 155 Fifth Street, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - John D Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, 201 Tung-Hua North Road, Taipei 10508, Taiwan; Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Road, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan; Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Leigh SJ, Lee F, Morris MJ. Hyperpalatability and the Generation of Obesity: Roles of Environment, Stress Exposure and Individual Difference. Curr Obes Rep 2018; 7:6-18. [PMID: 29435959 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-018-0292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review investigates how exposure to palatable food and its associated cues alters appetite regulation and feeding behaviour to drive overeating and weight gain. RECENT FINDINGS Both supraphysiological and physiological feeding systems are affected by exposure to palatable foods and its associated cues. Preclinical research, largely using rodents, has demonstrated that palatable food modulates feeding-related neural systems and food-seeking behaviour by recruiting the mesolimbic reward pathway. This is supported by studies in adolescents which have shown that mesolimbic activity in response to palatable food cues and consumption predicts future weight gain. Additionally, stress exposure, environmental factors and individual susceptibility have been shown to modulate the effects of highly palatable foods on behaviour. Further preclinical research using free-choice diets modelling the modern obesogenic environment is needed to identify how palatable foods drive overeating. Moreover, future clinical research would benefit from more appropriate quantification of palatability, making use of rating systems and surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Leigh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Frances Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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212
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress/autophagy pathway is involved in diabetes-induced neuronal apoptosis and cognitive decline in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:111-125. [PMID: 29212786 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a significant global public health problem depicting a rising prevalence worldwide. As a serious complication of diabetes, diabetes-associated cognitive decline is attracting increasing attention. However, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully determined. Both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy have been reported to modulate neuronal survival and death and be associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Here, a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model and primary cultured mouse hippocampal neurons were employed to investigate the possible role of ER stress and autophagy in diabetes-induced neuronal apoptosis and cognitive impairments, and further explore the potential molecular mechanisms. ER stress markers GRP78 and CHOP were both enhanced in diabetic mice, as was phosphorylation of PERK, IRE1α, and JNK. In addition, the results indicated an elevated level of autophagy in diabetic mice, as demonstrated by up-regulated expressions of autophagy markers LC3-II, beclin 1 and down-regulated level of p62, and increased formation of autophagic vacuoles and LC3-II aggregates. Meanwhile, we found that these effects could be abolished by ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate or JNK inhibitor SP600125 in vitro. Furthermore, neuronal apoptosis of diabetic mice was attenuated by pretreatment with 4-phenylbutyrate, while aggravated by application of inhibitor of autophagy bafilomycin A1 in vitro. These results suggest that ER stress pathway may be involved in diabetes-mediated neurotoxicity and promote the following cognitive impairments. More important, autophagy was induced by diabetes possibly through ER stress-mediated JNK pathway, which may protect neurons against ER stress-associated cell damages.
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213
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Xu L, Xu S, Lin L, Gu X, Fu C, Fang Y, Li X, Wang X. High-fat Diet Mediates Anxiolytic-like Behaviors in a Time-dependent Manner Through the Regulation of SIRT1 in the Brain. Neuroscience 2018; 372:237-245. [PMID: 29331532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) and obesity have been associated not only with metabolic diseases but also with neuropsychiatric diseases, such as depression and anxiety. However, results on the effects of an HFD on anxiety are controversial, since both anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects have been reported. In this study, we evaluated the effects of both short- and long-term intake of an HFD on anxiety-like behaviors. To explore the impact of time on the association between an HFD and anxiety, mice were fed with an HFD for 4 weeks or 12 weeks. Compared with control-diet mice, mice given an HFD for 4 weeks displayed anxiolytic-like behaviors. At the same time, we observed decreased SIRT1 expression in the mPFC and the amygdala of HFD-fed mice. Moreover, resveratrol, an activator of SIRT1, reversed the anxiolytic-like behaviors in HFD-fed mice. However, after 12 weeks of consuming a high-fat diet, mice did not exhibit any anti-anxiety behavior or further decreases in SIRT1 expression in the aforementioned brain regions compared with CD-fed mice. When EX-527, a SIRT1 inhibitor, was intraperitoneally injected, we observed anxiolytic effects in the CD-fed mice but not in the 12-week HFD-fed mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that exposure to a short-term HFD can induce anxiolytic behaviors, which may be associated with decreased SIRT1 in the mPFC and the amygdala. However, this effect is abolished when the high-fat diet is extended to 12 weeks. Together, these results demonstrate that SIRT1 plays an essential role in regulating mood-related behaviors in HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Fang
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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214
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Kong FJ, Wu JH, Sun SY, Ma LL, Zhou JQ. Liraglutide ameliorates cognitive decline by promoting autophagy via the AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetes. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:316-325. [PMID: 29305122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cognitive dysfunction has gained widespread attention for its deleterious impact on individuals with diabetes. However, few clinical interventions are available to prevent the disorder. The glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide exerts neuroprotective effects in several models of neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the effect of liraglutide pretreatment on diabetes-induced cognitive decline and explored the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Liraglutide pretreatment prevented diabetes-induced cognitive impairment as assessed by the Morris Water Maze test, and alleviated neuronal injuries and ultrastructural damage to synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region. Furthermore, liraglutide promoted autophagy as indicated by enhanced expression of the autophagy markers Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II and Beclin 1, decreased expression of p62, and increased formation of autophagic vacuoles and LC3-II aggregates. In vitro, liraglutide treatment elevated phosphorylated (p)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels and reduced p-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) expression. Additionally, the AMPK inhibitor Compound C exhibited an inhibitory effect on liraglutide-induced increased LC3-II expression and p62 degradation. Liraglutide exhibits neuroprotective effects against diabetes-induced hippocampal neuronal injuries and cognitive impairment by promoting autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Juan Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Hua Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shui-Ya Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei-Lei Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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215
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Baker KD, Loughman A, Spencer SJ, Reichelt AC. The impact of obesity and hypercaloric diet consumption on anxiety and emotional behavior across the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:173-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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216
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Su WJ, Peng W, Gong H, Liu YZ, Zhang Y, Lian YJ, Cao ZY, Wu R, Liu LL, Wang B, Wang YX, Jiang CL. Antidiabetic drug glyburide modulates depressive-like behavior comorbid with insulin resistance. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:210. [PMID: 29084550 PMCID: PMC5663104 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abundant reports indicated that depression was often comorbid with type 2 diabetes and even metabolic syndrome. Considering they might share common biological origins, it was tentatively attributed to the chronic cytokine-mediated inflammatory response which was induced by dysregulation of HPA axis and overactivation of innate immunity. However, the exact mechanisms remain obscure. Herein, we mainly focused on the function of the NLRP3 inflammasome to investigate this issue. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 12 weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), some of which were injected with glyburide or fluoxetine. After CUMS procedure, behavioral and metabolic tests were carried out. In order to evaluate the systemic inflammation associated with inflammasome activation, IL-1β and inflammasome components in hippocampi and pancreases, as well as corticosterone and IL-1β in serum were detected separately. Moreover, immunostaining was performed to assess morphologic characteristics of pancreases. Results In the present study, we found that 12 weeks’ chronic stress resulted in depressive-like behavior comorbid with insulin resistance. Furthermore, antidiabetic drug glyburide, an inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome, was discovered to be effective in preventing the experimental comorbidity. In brief, it improved behavioral performance, ameliorated insulin intolerance as well as insulin signaling in the hippocampus possibly through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation by suppressing the expression of TXNIP. Conclusions All these evidence supported our hypothesis that chronic stress led to comorbidity of depressive-like behavior and insulin resistance via long-term mild inflammation. More importantly, based on the beneficial effects of blocking the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, we provided a potential therapeutic target for clinical comorbidity and a new strategy for management of both diabetes and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Su
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Gong
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Zi Liu
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jie Lian
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Cao
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The 102nd Hospital of PLA, 55 North Heping Road, Changzhou, China
| | - Ran Wu
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China.
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217
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Kaur T, Kaur G. Withania somnifera as a potential candidate to ameliorate high fat diet-induced anxiety and neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:201. [PMID: 29025435 PMCID: PMC5639730 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemic of obesity has reached alarming levels in both developing and developed nations. Excessive calorie intake and sedentary lifestyle due to technological advancements are the main causal factors for overweight and obesity among the human population. Obesity has been associated with a number of co-morbidities such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration and dementia. The progression of neurological disorders in obese subjects has been mainly attributed to neuroinflammation. Withania somnifera has been used in numerous Ayurvedic formulations owing to its wide array of health-promoting properties. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis whether dry leaf powder of W. somnifera has anxiolytic and anti-neuroinflammatory potential in diet-induced obesity. Methods Young adult female rats were divided into four groups: low fat diet group (LFD) fed with regular chow feed, high fat diet group (HFD) fed with diet containing 30% fat by weight, low fat diet plus extract group (LFDE) fed with regular chow feed supplemented with dry leaf powder of W. somnifera 1 mg/g of body weight (ASH), and high fat diet plus extract group (HFDE) fed with diet containing 30% fat by weight and supplemented with ASH. All the animals were kept on respective feeding regimen for 12 weeks; following which, the animals were tested for their anxiety-like behavior using elevated plus maze test. The animals were sacrificed and used to study various inflammatory markers such as GFAP, Iba1, PPARγ, iNOS, MCP-1, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and various markers of NF-κB pathway by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Serum levels of leptin, insulin and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also assayed. Results ASH treated rats showed less anxiety levels as compared to HFD animals. At molecular level, ASH ameliorated the HFD-induced reactive gliosis and microgliosis and suppressed the expression of inflammatory markers such as PPARγ, iNOS, MCP-1, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6. Further, ASH ameliorated leptin and insulin resistance and prevented HFD-induced apoptosis. Conclusions Dry leaf powder of W. somnifera may prove to be a potential therapeutic agent to attenuate neuroinflammation associated with obesity and may prevent its co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranjeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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218
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Calarco CA, Lee S, Picciotto MR. Access to nicotine in drinking water reduces weight gain without changing caloric intake on high fat diet in male C57BL/6J mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:210-220. [PMID: 28623168 PMCID: PMC5544033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine and tobacco use is associated with lower body weight, and many smokers report concerns about weight. In animal studies, nicotine reduces weight gain, reduces food consumption, and alters energy expenditure, but these effects vary with duration and route of nicotine administration. Previous studies have used standardized nicotine doses, however, in this study, male and female mice had free access to nicotine drinking water for 30 days while fed either a high fat diet (HFD) or chow, allowing animals to titrate their nicotine intake. In male mice, HFD increased body weight and caloric intake. Nicotine attenuated this effect and decreased weight gain per calorie consumed without affecting overall caloric intake or acute locomotion, suggesting metabolic changes. Nicotine did not decrease weight in chow-fed animals. In contrast, the same paradigm did not result in significant differences in weight gain in female animals, but did alter corticosterone levels and locomotion, indicating sex differences in the response to HFD and nicotine. We measured levels of mRNAs encoding nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, uncoupling proteins (UCP) 1-3, and neuropeptides involved in energy balance in adipose tissues and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). HFD and nicotine regulated UCP levels in adipose tissues and ARC from female, but not male, mice. Regulation of agouti-related peptide, neuropeptide-Y, melanin-concentrating hormone, and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in ARC varied with diet and nicotine in a sex-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that chronic consumption of nicotine moderates the effect of HFD in male mice by changing metabolism rather than food intake, and identify a differential effect on female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cali A Calarco
- Department of Psychiatry and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, United States
| | - Somin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, United States
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, United States.
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Effects of high-intensity interval versus mild-intensity endurance training on metabolic phenotype and corticosterone response in rats fed a high-fat or control diet. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181684. [PMID: 28727846 PMCID: PMC5519214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HI) to mild-intensity endurance training (ME), combined with a high-fat diet (HFD) or control diet (CD) on metabolic phenotype and corticosterone levels in rats. Fifty-three rats were randomized to 6 groups according to diet and training regimen as follows: CD and sedentary (CS, n = 11), CD and ME (CME, n = 8), CD and HI (CHI, n = 8), HFD and sedentary (HS, n = 10), HFD and ME (HME, n = 8), and HFD and HI (HHI, n = 8). All exercise groups were trained for 10 weeks and had matched running distances. Dietary intake, body composition, blood metabolites, and corticosterone levels were measured. Histological lipid droplets were observed in the livers. The HFD led to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and higher body fat (all, P < 0.01, η2 > 0.06), as well as higher corticosterone levels (P < 0.01, η2 = 0.09) compared with the CD groups. Exercise training improved fat weight, glucose, and lipid profiles, and reduced corticosterone levels (P < 0.01, η2 = 0.123). Furthermore, body and fat weight, serum glucose and triglycerides, lipid content in the liver, and corticosterone levels (P < 0.05) were lower with HI training compared to ME training. Reductions in HFD-induced body weight gain, blood glucose and lipid profiles, and corticosterone levels, as well as improvements in QUICKI were better with HHI compared to HME. Correlation analyses revealed that corticosterone levels were significantly associated with phenotype variables (P < 0.01). Corticosterone level was inversely correlated with QUICKI (r = −0.38, P < 0.01). Altogether, these results indicate that HFD may elicit an exacerbated basal serum corticosterone level and thus producing a metabolic imbalance. Compared with ME training, HI training contributes to greater improvements in metabolic and corticosterone responses, leading to a greater reduction in susceptibility to HFD-induced disorders.
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220
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Gelineau RR, Arruda NL, Hicks JA, Monteiro De Pina I, Hatzidis A, Seggio JA. The behavioral and physiological effects of high-fat diet and alcohol consumption: Sex differences in C57BL6/J mice. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00708. [PMID: 28638713 PMCID: PMC5474711 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Animal studies can be a great tool to investigate sex differences in a variety of different ways, including behavioral and physiological responses to drug treatments and different "lifestyle variables" such as diets. Consumption of both high-fat diets and alcohol is known to affect anxiety behaviors and overall health. This project investigated how high-fat diet and alcohol access and its combination affected the behavior and physiology of male and female C57BL/6J mice. METHOD Mice were separated into three food groups: high-fat diet, 10% fat diet, and regular chow, and each group was paired with either water or 10% alcohol. Behavioral assays included diet and alcohol preference, light-dark box, open field, and feeding and drinking measurements. Physiological measures included glucose tolerance tests and measurement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin, and leptin levels. RESULTS Females and males differed in the open field, as male mice decreased activity, while females increased activity when consuming high-fat diet. While females consumed more ethanol than males, alcohol consumption was able to improve glucose tolerance and increase anxiety in both sexes. Lastly, females were more resistant to the physiological changes caused by high-fat diet than males, as females consuming high-fat diet exhibited decreased insulin secretion, less change to brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and better glucose tolerance than males consuming high-fat diet. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the response to high-fat diet and alcohol consumption is sex dependent and that males are more affected both behaviorally and physiologically by high-fat diet compared to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Gelineau
- Department of Biological Sciences Bridgewater State University Bridgewater MA USA
| | - Nicole L Arruda
- Department of Biological Sciences Bridgewater State University Bridgewater MA USA
| | - Jasmin A Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences Bridgewater State University Bridgewater MA USA
| | | | - Aikaterini Hatzidis
- Department of Biological Sciences Bridgewater State University Bridgewater MA USA
| | - Joseph A Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences Bridgewater State University Bridgewater MA USA
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221
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Ganji A, Salehi I, Sarihi A, Shahidi S, Komaki A. Effects of Hypericum Scabrum extract on anxiety and oxidative stress biomarkers in rats fed a long-term high-fat diet. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:503-511. [PMID: 27981406 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The continuous and long-term consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) leads to weight gain and obesity. A HFD and obesity increase the risks of psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In this study, we investigated the effects of a Hypericum Scabrum (H. scabrum) extract, which is an antioxidant, on anxiety in rats fed a long-term HFD. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into the following six groups: (1) Control (standard diet), (2) Ext100 [standard diet supplemented with extract (100 mg/kg once/day)], (3) Ext300 [standard diet supplemented with extract (300 mg/kg once/day)], (4) HFD, (HFD), (5) HFD + Ext100, and (6) HFD + Ext300. The groups were fed their diet for 3 months. Anxiety was measured with the elevated plus-maze test. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken, and biochemical parameters and oxidative stress biomarker levels were determined in the plasma. Compared to the control group, the HFD group exhibited significant decreases in both the time in the open arms and number of entries into the open arms. H. scabrum extract supplementation significantly increased these parameters in the HFD-fed groups. The HFD significantly increased serum malondialdehyde levels and significantly decreased total glutathione levels, while H. scabrum extract supplementation significantly reversed these parameters. In conclusion, these results showed that a HFD increased anxiety behavior. In contrast, H. scabrum extract supplementation had anxiolytic effects and reversed the effects of the HFD, which suggested that the effects of H. scabrum extract supplementation were due to its strong antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ganji
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Siamak Shahidi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, Iran, 65178/518.
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Chen Z, Xu YY, Wu R, Han YX, Yu Y, Ge JF, Chen FH. Impaired learning and memory in rats induced by a high-fat diet: Involvement with the imbalance of nesfatin-1 abundance and copine 6 expression. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28211103 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease, resulting not only in liver dysfunction, glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, but also in neuropsychiatric damage. In the present study, a NAFLD rat model was established via feeding of a high-fat diet, and behaviour was observed via the open field test (OFT), the sucrose preference test (SPT), the elevated plus maze (EPM), the forced swimming test (FST) and the Morris water maze (MWM). The plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, free fatty acid (FFA), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were detected using chemiluminescence technique. The plasma levels of nesfatin-1, leptin and insulin were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the protein expressions of p-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), GSK-3β, p-β-catenin, β-catenin, cyclinD and copine 6 in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were detected using western blotting. After 4 consecutive weeks of feeding with a high-fat diet, the rats showed obesity; increased plasma concentrations of ALT, glucose, FFA, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C; decreased plasma levels of leptin and insulin; and inflammation and mild hepatocyte steatosis in the liver. Although there was no significant difference between groups with regard to performance in the OFT, EPM or FST, the NAFLD rats showed a decreased sucrose preference index in the SPT and impaired learning and memory in the MWM task. Moreover, the present study provides the first evidence of an increased plasma nesfatin-1 concentration in NAFLD rats, which was significantly correlated with plasma lipid concentrations and behavioural performance. Furthermore, copine 6 and p-β-catenin protein expression decreased and p-GSK-3β increased in the hippocampus and PFC of NAFLD rats. These results suggest that consuming of a high-fat diet for 4 consecutive weeks could successfully induce a NAFLD rat model. More importantly, these results provide the first evidence that impaired learning and memory in NAFLD rats was, at least partly, associated with increased plasma nesfatin-1 concentration and decreased copine 6 expression in the hippocampus and PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Y-Y Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth People's Hospital in Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - R Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Huangshan, Huangshan, China
| | - Y-X Han
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Y Yu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - J-F Ge
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - F-H Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Obesity-Induced Neuroinflammation: Beyond the Hypothalamus. Trends Neurosci 2017; 40:237-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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224
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Morin JP, Rodríguez-Durán LF, Guzmán-Ramos K, Perez-Cruz C, Ferreira G, Diaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-López G. Palatable Hyper-Caloric Foods Impact on Neuronal Plasticity. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:19. [PMID: 28261067 PMCID: PMC5306218 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity is an intrinsic and essential characteristic of the nervous system that allows animals “self-tuning” to adapt to their environment over their lifetime. Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system is a form of neural plasticity that underlies learning and memory formation, as well as long-lasting, environmentally-induced maladaptive behaviors, such as drug addiction and overeating of palatable hyper-caloric (PHc) food. In western societies, the abundance of PHc foods has caused a dramatic increase in the incidence of overweight/obesity and related disorders. To this regard, it has been suggested that increased adiposity may be caused at least in part by behavioral changes in the affected individuals that are induced by the chronic consumption of PHc foods; some authors have even drawn attention to the similarity that exists between over-indulgent eating and drug addiction. Long-term misuse of certain dietary components has also been linked to chronic neuroimmune maladaptation that may predispose individuals to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. In this review article, we discuss recent evidence that shows how consumption of PHc food can cause maladaptive neural plasticity that converts short-term ingestive drives into compulsive behaviors. We also discuss the neural mechanisms of how chronic consumption of PHc foods may alter brain function and lead to cognitive impairments, focusing on prenatal, childhood and adolescence as vulnerable neurodevelopmental stages to dietary environmental insults. Finally, we outline a societal agenda for harnessing permissive obesogenic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Morin
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)Lerma, Mexico; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | - Luis F Rodríguez-Durán
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)Lerma, Mexico; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Division of Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kioko Guzmán-Ramos
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM) Lerma, Mexico
| | - Claudia Perez-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Research and Advance Studies (CINVESTAV) Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Sofia Diaz-Cintra
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)Lerma, Mexico; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichSchwerzenbach, Switzerland
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225
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Tefera TW, Borges K. Metabolic Dysfunctions in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Potential Metabolic Treatments. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:611. [PMID: 28119559 PMCID: PMC5222822 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease primarily characterized by loss of motor neurons in brain and spinal cord. The death of motor neurons leads to denervation of muscle which in turn causes muscle weakness and paralysis, decreased respiratory function and eventually death. Growing evidence indicates disturbances in energy metabolism in patients with ALS and animal models of ALS, which are likely to contribute to disease progression. Particularly, defects in glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction limit the availability of ATP to CNS tissues and muscle. Several metabolic approaches improving mitochondrial function have been investigated in vitro and in vivo and showed varying effects in ALS. The effects of metabolic approaches in ALS models encompass delays in onset of motor symptoms, protection of motor neurons and extension of survival, which signifies an important role of metabolism in the pathogenesis of the disease. There is now an urgent need to test metabolic approaches in controlled clinical trials. In addition, more detailed studies to better characterize the abnormalities in energy metabolism in patients with ALS and ALS models are necessary to develop metabolically targeted effective therapies that can slow the progression of the disease and prolong life for patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Borges
- Laboratory for Neurological Disorders and Metabolism, School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
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226
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Impaired fear extinction retention and increased anxiety-like behaviours induced by limited daily access to a high-fat/high-sugar diet in male rats: Implications for diet-induced prefrontal cortex dysregulation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 136:127-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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227
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Carlin JL, Grissom N, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F, Reyes TM. Voluntary exercise blocks Western diet-induced gene expression of the chemokines CXCL10 and CCL2 in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:82-90. [PMID: 27492632 PMCID: PMC5352157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases inflammation, both peripherally and centrally, and exercise can ameliorate some of the negative health outcomes associated with obesity. Within the brain, the effect of obesity on inflammation has been well characterized in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, but has been relatively understudied in other brain regions. The current study was designed to address two primary questions; (1) whether western diet (high fat/high sucrose) consumption would increase markers of inflammation in the prefrontal cortex and (2) whether concurrent voluntary wheel running would ameliorate any inflammation. Adult male mice were exposed to a western diet or a control diet for 8weeks. Concurrently, half the animals were given running wheels in their home cages, while half did not have access to wheels. At the conclusion of the study, prefrontal cortex was removed and expression of 18 proinflammatory genes was assayed. Expression of a number of proinflammatory molecules was upregulated by consumption of the western diet. For two chemokines, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), voluntary exercise blocked the increase in the expression of these genes. Cluster analysis confirmed that the majority of the tested genes were upregulated by western diet, and identified another small cluster of genes that were downregulated by either diet or exercise. These data identify a proinflammatory phenotype within the prefrontal cortex of mice fed a western diet, and indicate that chemokine induction can be blocked by voluntary exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L. Carlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nicola Grissom
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States
| | - Zhe Ying
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Teresa M. Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States,Corresponding author at: University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 2120 East Galbraith Road, A-129 Cincinnati, OH 45237-1625, United States. (T.M. Reyes)
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228
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The Effects of High-fat-diet Combined with Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress on Depression-like Behavior and Leptin/LepRb in Male Rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35239. [PMID: 27739518 PMCID: PMC5064321 DOI: 10.1038/srep35239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin plays a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity and depression via the long form of leptin receptor (LepRb). An animal model of comorbid obesity and depression induced by high-fat diet (HFD) combined with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was developed to study the relationship between depression/anxiety-like behavior, levels of plasma leptin and LepRb in the brains between four groups of rats, the combined obesity and CUMS (Co) group, the obese (Ob) group, the CUMS group and controls. Our results revealed that the Co group exhibited most severe depression-like behavior in the open field test (OFT), anxiety-like behavior in elevated plus maze test (EMT) and cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze (MWM). The Ob group had the highest weight and plasma leptin levels while the Co group had the lowest levels of protein of LepRb in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Furthermore, depressive and anxiety-like behaviors as well as cognitive impairment were positively correlated with levels of LepRb protein and mRNA in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. The down-regulation of leptin/LepRb signaling might be associated with depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment in obese rats facing chronic mild stress.
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229
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Gainey SJ, Kwakwa KA, Bray JK, Pillote MM, Tir VL, Towers AE, Freund GG. Short-Term High-Fat Diet (HFD) Induced Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Cognitive Impairment Are Improved with Treatment by Glyburide. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:156. [PMID: 27563288 PMCID: PMC4980396 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated comorbidities such as cognitive impairment and anxiety are increasing public health burdens that have gained prevalence in children. To better understand the impact of childhood obesity on brain function, mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) from weaning for 1, 3 or 6 weeks. When compared to low-fat diet (LFD)-fed mice (LFD-mice), HFD-fed mice (HFD-mice) had impaired novel object recognition (NOR) after 1 week. After 3 weeks, HFD-mice had impaired NOR and object location recognition (OLR). Additionally, these mice displayed anxiety-like behavior by measure of both the open-field and elevated zero maze (EZM) testing. At 6 weeks, HFD-mice were comparable to LFD-mice in NOR, open-field and EZM performance but they remained impaired during OLR testing. Glyburide, a second-generation sulfonylurea for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, was chosen as a countermeasure based on previous data exhibiting its potential as an anxiolytic. Interestingly, a single dose of glyburide corrected deficiencies in NOR and mitigated anxiety-like behaviors in mice fed with HFD-diet for 3-weeks. Taken together these results indicate that a HFD negatively impacts a subset of hippocampal-independent behaviors relatively rapidly, but such behaviors normalize with age. In contrast, impairment of hippocampal-sensitive memory takes longer to develop but persists. Since single-dose glyburide restores brain function in 3-week-old HFD-mice, drugs that block ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channels may be of clinical relevance in the treatment of obesity-associated childhood cognitive issues and psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gainey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of MedicineUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Kristin A Kwakwa
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Julie K Bray
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Melissa M Pillote
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Vincent L Tir
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Albert E Towers
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of MedicineUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Gregory G Freund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of MedicineUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
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230
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Santos CJ, Ferreira AVM, Oliveira AL, Oliveira MC, Gomes JS, Aguiar DC. Carbohydrate-enriched diet predispose to anxiety and depression-like behavior after stress in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:33-39. [PMID: 27472404 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1213529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity is a chronic disease frequently associated with serious co-morbidities, such as diabetes type II, metabolic syndrome, and psychiatric disorders. Little is known, however, regarding the behavioral consequences of modified diet constituents and the propensity to development of stress related disorders. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify whether chronic exposure to a normocaloric/high-carbohydrate diet will modify the animal's behavior after different stressful stimuli. METHODS BALB/c mice were fed for 12 weeks with a standard chow diet or high refined carbohydrate-containing diet (HC). Following this period, independent groups of animals were exposed to different stress paradigms: 1 - two hours of restraint stress followed by exposure to the Elevated Plus Maze test (EPM) 24 hours later; 2 - The contextual fear conditioning (CFC) test and 3 - the tail suspension test (TST). RESULTS Despite no change on total body weight, animals fed with HC diet showed increase in serum leptin levels and higher adiposity compared to diet control group. In behavioral tests, animals from HC diet group displayed reduction in the percentage of entries into the open arms of the EPM, evaluated 24 hours after restraint stress, suggesting an anxiogenic-like effect. It is also observed increase in aversive memory in the CFC test and depressive-like behavior in TST. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that a moderate obesity, induced by high refined carbohydrate diet, may facilitate the development of anxiety and depressive-like behaviors after the stress. The mechanisms responsible for such effects remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Santos
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Adaliene V M Ferreira
- b Department of Nutrition , Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Ana L Oliveira
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Marina C Oliveira
- b Department of Nutrition , Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Julia S Gomes
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Daniele C Aguiar
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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231
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Wohleb ES, Wu M, Gerhard DM, Taylor SR, Picciotto MR, Alreja M, Duman RS. GABA interneurons mediate the rapid antidepressant-like effects of scopolamine. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2482-94. [PMID: 27270172 DOI: 10.1172/jci85033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurring psychiatric illness that causes substantial health and socioeconomic burdens. Clinical reports have revealed that scopolamine, a nonselective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, produces rapid antidepressant effects in individuals with MDD. Preclinical models suggest that these rapid antidepressant effects can be recapitulated with blockade of M1-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1-AChR); however, the cellular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent synaptic and behavioral responses to scopolamine have not been determined. Here, we demonstrate that the antidepressant-like effects of scopolamine are mediated by GABA interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Both GABAergic (GAD67+) interneurons and glutamatergic (CaMKII+) interneurons in the mPFC expressed M1-AChR. In mice, viral-mediated knockdown of M1-AChR specifically in GABAergic neurons, but not glutamatergic neurons, in the mPFC attenuated the antidepressant-like effects of scopolamine. Immunohistology and electrophysiology showed that somatostatin (SST) interneurons in the mPFC express M1-AChR at higher levels than parvalbumin interneurons. Moreover, knockdown of M1-AChR in SST interneurons in the mPFC demonstrated that M1-AChR expression in these neurons is required for the rapid antidepressant-like effects of scopolamine. These data indicate that SST interneurons in the mPFC are a promising pharmacological target for developing rapid-acting antidepressant therapies.
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