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Södersten P, Bergh C, Zandian M, Ioakimidis I. Homeostasis in anorexia nervosa. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:234. [PMID: 25147496 PMCID: PMC4123620 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brainstem and hypothalamic “orexigenic/anorexigenic” networks are thought to maintain body weight homeostasis in response to hormonal and metabolic feedback from peripheral sites. This approach has not been successful in managing over- and underweight patients. It is suggested that concept of homeostasis has been misinterpreted; rather than exerting control, the brain permits eating in proportion to the amount of physical activity necessary to obtain food. In support, animal experiments have shown that while a hypothalamic “orexigen” excites eating when food is abundant, it inhibits eating and stimulates foraging when food is in short supply. As the physical price of food approaches zero, eating and body weight increase without constraints. Conversely, in anorexia nervosa body weight is homeostatically regulated, the high level of physical activity in anorexia is displaced hoarding for food that keeps body weight constantly low. A treatment based on this point of view, providing patients with computerized mealtime support to re-establish normal eating behavior, has brought 75% of patients with eating disorders into remission, reduced the rate of relapse to 10%, and eliminated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Södersten
- Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Karolinska Institutet Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Bergh
- Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Karolinska Institutet Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Modjtaba Zandian
- Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Karolinska Institutet Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Ioakimidis
- Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Karolinska Institutet Huddinge, Sweden
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Meule A, Heckel D, Jurowich CF, Vögele C, Kübler A. Correlates of food addiction in obese individuals seeking bariatric surgery. Clin Obes 2014; 4:228-36. [PMID: 25826794 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that palatable, high-calorie foods may have an addictive potential. Accordingly, obesity and overconsumption of such foods have been associated with addiction-like eating behaviour. The present study investigated whether individuals with obesity can be classified as food-addicted and which factors would differentiate between food-addicted and non-addicted individuals. We administered the German version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale and other questionnaires to obese individuals seeking bariatric surgery (N = 96). Results showed that 40% of the sample could be diagnosed as food-addicted. Food-addicted individuals reported more frequent food cravings, higher eating disorder psychopathology and more depressive symptoms than the non-addicted group. Age, body mass and gender distribution did not differ between groups. The food addiction group had higher attentional but similar motor and non-planning impulsivity, and had lower scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) compared with the non-addicted group. Scores on the AUDIT were associated with impulsivity in the non-addicted group only. We conclude that the prevalence of food addiction is higher in candidates for bariatric surgery compared with the general population and obese individuals not seeking bariatric surgery. A diagnosis of food addiction is associated with higher eating pathology and depression. Moreover, only attentional impulsivity, but not other dimensions of impulsivity, is associated with addictive eating. Finally, food addiction and impulsivity interactively predicted alcohol use, suggesting a crucial role of psychological variables and eating style in determining alcohol consumption in pre-bariatric patients, independent of body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meule
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impulsive personality traits have been robustly associated with alcohol and drug misuse, but have received little attention in the context of food addiction. The goal of the current study was to examine the interrelationships between impulsive personality traits, food addiction, and Body Mass Index (BMI), including indirect pathways of influence. METHOD Participants (N = 233) completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) to assess patterns of addictive consumption of food, the upps-p impulsivity scale to assess impulsive personality traits, and provided weight and height to generate BMI. RESULTS Significant positive associations were found between facets of impulsivity, food addiction symptoms, and BMI. Impulsivity was found to be indirectly associated with BMI by way of associations with addictive consumption of food. In particular, an inclination toward behaving irrationally while experiencing negative mood states (Negative Urgency) and low levels of task persistence (lack of Perseverance) were significantly associated with food addiction directly and that relationship was responsible for their relationship to BMI. CONCLUSIONS Dispositional impulsivity, routinely associated with high-risk behaviors including addictive consumption of alcohol and drugs, may be an important risk factor when considering tendency to engage in addictive consumption of food. Monitoring food addiction symptoms early may help reduce the likelihood that compulsive food consumption patterns result in weight gain and obesity. Methodological considerations are discussed.
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Meule A, von Rezori V, Blechert J. Food Addiction and Bulimia Nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2014; 22:331-7. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Psychology I; University of Würzburg; Germany
- Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; LWL University Hospital Hamm of the Ruhr University Bochum; Germany
| | - Vittoria von Rezori
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology; University of Salzburg; Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology; University of Salzburg; Austria
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Scholtz S, Miras AD, Chhina N, Prechtl CG, Sleeth ML, Daud NM, Ismail NA, Durighel G, Ahmed AR, Olbers T, Vincent RP, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Ghatei MA, Waldman AD, Frost GS, Bell JD, le Roux CW, Goldstone AP. Obese patients after gastric bypass surgery have lower brain-hedonic responses to food than after gastric banding. Gut 2014; 63:891-902. [PMID: 23964100 PMCID: PMC4033279 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has greater efficacy for weight loss in obese patients than gastric banding (BAND) surgery. We hypothesise that this may result from different effects on food hedonics via physiological changes secondary to distinct gut anatomy manipulations. DESIGN We used functional MRI, eating behaviour and hormonal phenotyping to compare body mass index (BMI)-matched unoperated controls and patients after RYGB and BAND surgery for obesity. RESULTS Obese patients after RYGB had lower brain-hedonic responses to food than patients after BAND surgery. RYGB patients had lower activation than BAND patients in brain reward systems, particularly to high-calorie foods, including the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. This was associated with lower palatability and appeal of high-calorie foods and healthier eating behaviour, including less fat intake, in RYGB compared with BAND patients and/or BMI-matched unoperated controls. These differences were not explicable by differences in hunger or psychological traits between the surgical groups, but anorexigenic plasma gut hormones (GLP-1 and PYY), plasma bile acids and symptoms of dumping syndrome were increased in RYGB patients. CONCLUSIONS The identification of these differences in food hedonic responses as a result of altered gut anatomy/physiology provides a novel explanation for the more favourable long-term weight loss seen after RYGB than after BAND surgery, highlighting the importance of the gut-brain axis in the control of reward-based eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Scholtz
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alexander D Miras
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Navpreet Chhina
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christina G Prechtl
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michelle L Sleeth
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Norlida M Daud
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nurhafzan A Ismail
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Giuliana Durighel
- Robert Steiner MRI Unit, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ahmed R Ahmed
- Department of General Surgery, Imperial Weight Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Torsten Olbers
- Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Royce P Vincent
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Mohammad A Ghatei
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam D Waldman
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gary S Frost
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK,Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK,Department of Experimental Pathology, UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anthony P Goldstone
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Goldstone AP, Prechtl CG, Scholtz S, Miras AD, Chhina N, Durighel G, Deliran SS, Beckmann C, Ghatei MA, Ashby DR, Waldman AD, Gaylinn BD, Thorner MO, Frost GS, Bloom SR, Bell JD. Ghrelin mimics fasting to enhance human hedonic, orbitofrontal cortex, and hippocampal responses to food. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:1319-30. [PMID: 24760977 PMCID: PMC6410902 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.075291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin, which is a stomach-derived hormone, increases with fasting and energy restriction and may influence eating behaviors through brain hedonic reward-cognitive systems. Therefore, changes in plasma ghrelin might mediate counter-regulatory responses to a negative energy balance through changes in food hedonics. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether ghrelin administration (exogenous hyperghrelinemia) mimics effects of fasting (endogenous hyperghrelinemia) on the hedonic response and activation of brain-reward systems to food. DESIGN In a crossover design, 22 healthy, nonobese adults (17 men) underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) food-picture evaluation task after a 16-h overnight fast (Fasted-Saline) or after eating breakfast 95 min before scanning (730 kcal, 14% protein, 31% fat, and 55% carbohydrate) and receiving a saline (Fed-Saline) or acyl ghrelin (Fed-Ghrelin) subcutaneous injection before scanning. One male subject was excluded from the fMRI analysis because of excess head motion, which left 21 subjects with brain-activation data. RESULTS Compared with the Fed-Saline visit, both ghrelin administration to fed subjects (Fed-Ghrelin) and fasting (Fasted-Saline) significantly increased the appeal of high-energy foods and associated orbitofrontal cortex activation. Both fasting and ghrelin administration also increased hippocampus activation to high-energy- and low-energy-food pictures. These similar effects of endogenous and exogenous hyperghrelinemia were not explicable by consistent changes in glucose, insulin, peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide-1. Neither ghrelin administration nor fasting had any significant effect on nucleus accumbens, caudate, anterior insula, or amygdala activation during the food-evaluation task or on auditory, motor, or visual cortex activation during a control task. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin administration and fasting have similar acute stimulatory effects on hedonic responses and the activation of corticolimbic reward-cognitive systems during food evaluations. Similar effects of recurrent or chronic hyperghrelinemia on an anticipatory food reward may contribute to the negative impact of skipping breakfast on dietary habits and body weight and the long-term failure of energy restriction for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Goldstone
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Christina G Prechtl
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Samantha Scholtz
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Alexander D Miras
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Navpreet Chhina
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Giuliana Durighel
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Seyedeh S Deliran
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Christian Beckmann
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Mohammad A Ghatei
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Damien R Ashby
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Adam D Waldman
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Bruce D Gaylinn
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Michael O Thorner
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Gary S Frost
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- From the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT)
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Hone-Blanchet A, Fecteau S. Overlap of food addiction and substance use disorders definitions: analysis of animal and human studies. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:81-90. [PMID: 24863044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Food has both homeostatic and hedonic components, which makes it a potent natural reward. Food related reward could therefore promote an escalation of intake and trigger symptoms associated to withdrawal, suggesting a behavioral parallel with substance abuse. Animal and human theoretical models of food reward and addiction have emerged, raising further interrogations on the validity of a bond between Substance Use Disorders, as clinically categorized in the DSM 5, and food reward. These models propose that highly palatable food items, rich in sugar and/or fat, are overly stimulating to the brain's reward pathways. Moreover, studies have also investigated the possibility of causal link between food reward and the contemporary obesity epidemic, with obesity being potentiated and maintained due to this overwhelming food reward. Although natural rewards are a hot topic in the definition and categorization of Substance Use Disorders, proofs of concept and definite evidence are still inconclusive. This review focuses on available results from experimental studies in animal and human models exploring the concept of food addiction, in an effort to determine if it depicts a specific phenotype and if there is truly a neurobiological similarity between food addiction and Substance Use Disorders. It describes results from sugar, fat and sweet-fat bingeing in rodent models, and behavioral and neurobiological assessments in different human populations. Although pieces of behavioral and neurobiological evidence supporting a food addiction phenotype in animals and humans are interesting, it seems premature to conclude on its validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hone-Blanchet
- Laboratory of Canada Research Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Medical School, Laval University, Canada
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Laboratory of Canada Research Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Medical School, Laval University, Canada; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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209
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Binge-like consumption of a palatable food accelerates habitual control of behavior and is dependent on activation of the dorsolateral striatum. J Neurosci 2014; 34:5012-22. [PMID: 24695718 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3707-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Access to highly palatable and calorically dense foods contributes to increasing rates of obesity worldwide. Some have made the controversial argument that consumption of such foods can lead to "food addiction," yet little is known about how long-term access to highly palatable foods might alter goal-directed learning and decision making. In the following experiments, rats were given 5 weeks of continuous or restricted daily access to sweetened condensed milk (SCM) before instrumental training for food reward. Subsequently we examined whether goal-directed performance was impaired in these groups using the outcome-devaluation task. Control rats reduced responding following devaluation of the earned outcome as did those with previous continuous access to SCM. Of interest, rats with previous restricted access to SCM responded similarly under the devalued and nondevalued conditions, indicating loss of goal-directed control of responding. To identify whether the loss of goal-directed control was accompanied by differences in neuronal activity, we used c-Fos immunohistochemistry to examine the patterns of activation during devaluation testing. We observed greater c-Fos immunoreactivity in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) and associated cortical regions in the group that received previous restricted access to SCM and demonstrated a lack of sensitivity to outcome devaluation. Infusion of the AMPA-receptor antagonist CNQX or dopamine D1-receptor antagonist SCH-23390 into the DLS before testing restored goal-directed performance in the restricted SCM group, confirming that this region is essential for habit-based performance. These results indicate that previous diet can alter subsequent learning and activity in the neural circuits that support performance.
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Wallace DL, Aarts E, Dang LC, Greer SM, Jagust WJ, D′Esposito M. Dorsal striatal dopamine, food preference and health perception in humans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96319. [PMID: 24806534 PMCID: PMC4012945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, few studies have explored the neurochemical mechanisms supporting individual differences in food preference in humans. Here we investigate how dorsal striatal dopamine, as measured by the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [18F]fluorometatyrosine (FMT), correlates with food-related decision-making, as well as body mass index (BMI) in 16 healthy-weight to moderately obese individuals. We find that lower PET FMT dopamine synthesis binding potential correlates with higher BMI, greater preference for perceived “healthy” foods, but also greater healthiness ratings for food items. These findings further substantiate the role of dorsal striatal dopamine in food-related behaviors and shed light on the complexity of individual differences in food preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L. Wallace
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
| | - Esther Aarts
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Linh C. Dang
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Greer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mark D′Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Kendig MD. Cognitive and behavioural effects of sugar consumption in rodents. A review. Appetite 2014; 80:41-54. [PMID: 24816323 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pronounced global rise in sugar consumption in recent years has been driven largely by increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Although high sugar intakes are recognised to increase the risk of obesity and related metabolic disturbances, less is known about how sugar might also impair cognition and learned behaviour. This review considers the effects of sugar in rodents on measures of learning and memory, reward processing, anxiety and mood. The parallels between sugar consumption and addictive behaviours are also discussed. The available evidence clearly indicates that sugar consumption can induce cognitive dysfunction. Deficits have been found most consistently on tasks measuring spatial learning and memory. Younger animals appear to be particularly sensitive to the effects of sugar on reward processing, yet results vary according to what reward-related behaviour is assessed. Sugar does not appear to produce long-term effects on anxiety or mood. Importantly, cognitive impairments have been found when intake approximates levels of sugar consumption in people and without changes to weight gain. There remain several caveats when extrapolating from animal models to putative effects of sugar on cognitive function in people. These issues are discussed in conjunction with potential underlying neural mechanisms and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kendig
- School of Psychology (A18), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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213
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Harb MR, Almeida OFX. Pavlovian conditioning and cross-sensitization studies raise challenges to the hypothesis that overeating is an addictive behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e387. [PMID: 24780921 PMCID: PMC4012290 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated glucocorticoid levels and sign tracking (ST) in Pavlovian conditioning are potential biomarkers of compulsive behaviors such as addiction. As overeating is sometimes viewed as a form of addictive behavior, we hypothesized that murine Pavlovian sign trackers would have a greater propensity to overeat and develop obesity. Using a food reward in the classical conditioning paradigm, we show that ST behavior is a robust conditioned response but not a predictor of eating and growth trajectories in mice, thus challenging the view that the development of obesity and drug addiction depend on identical mechanisms. This interpretation was supported by experiments which showed that overweight mice do not display cross-sensitization to an addictive drug (morphine), and conversely, that overweight morphine-sensitized animals do not overconsume a highly rewarding food. Although the rewarding/motivational effects of both food and drugs of abuse are mediated by similar neurochemical mechanisms, obesity and drug addiction represent a summation of other dysfunctional input and output pathways that lead to the emergence of two distinct disorders, each of which would deserve a specific pharmacotherapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Harb
- NeuroAdaptations Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany,Institute of Life & Health Sciences (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - O F X Almeida
- NeuroAdaptations Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2–10, 80804 Munich, Germany. E-mail:
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214
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Latner JD, Puhl RM, Murakami JM, O'Brien KS. Food addiction as a causal model of obesity. Effects on stigma, blame, and perceived psychopathology. Appetite 2014; 77:77-82. [PMID: 24630939 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the impact of the food-addiction model of obesity on weight stigma directed at obese people. Participants (n = 625) were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions. They were asked to read either a food-addiction explanatory model of obesity or a nonaddiction model, and subsequently read a vignette describing a target person who met the characteristics of one of these models and was either obese or of normal weight. Questionnaires assessed participants' stigmatization and blame of targets and their attribution of psychopathology toward targets. Additional questionnaires assessed stigma and blame directed toward obese people generally, and personal fear of fat. A manipulation check revealed that the food-addiction experimental condition did significantly increase belief in the food-addiction model. Significant main effects for addiction showed that the food-addiction model produced less stigma, less blame, and lower perceived psychopathology attributed to the target described in vignettes, regardless of the target's weight. The food-addiction model also produced less blame toward obese people in general and less fear of fat. The present findings suggest that presenting obesity as an addiction does not increase weight bias and could even be helpful in reducing the widespread prejudice against obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Latner
- Psychology Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Rebecca M Puhl
- The Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Kerry S O'Brien
- Behavioural Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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215
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Weltens N, Zhao D, Van Oudenhove L. Where is the comfort in comfort foods? Mechanisms linking fat signaling, reward, and emotion. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:303-15. [PMID: 24548257 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food in general, and fatty foods in particular, have obtained intrinsic reward value throughout evolution. This reward value results from an interaction between exteroceptive signals from different sensory modalities, interoceptive hunger/satiety signals from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain, as well as ongoing affective and cognitive processes. Further evidence linking food to emotions stems from folk psychology ('comfort foods') and epidemiological studies demonstrating high comorbidity rates between disorders of food intake, including obesity, and mood disorders such as depression. PURPOSE This review paper aims to give an overview of current knowledge on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the link between (fatty) foods, their reward value, and emotional responses to (anticipation of) their intake in humans. Firstly, the influence of exteroceptive sensory signals, including visual, olfactory ('anticipatory food reward'), and gustatory ('consummatory food reward'), on the encoding of reward value in the (ventral) striatum and of subjective pleasantness in the cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex will be discussed. Differences in these pathways and mechanisms between lean and obese subjects will be highlighted. Secondly, recent studies elucidating the mechanisms of purely interoceptive fatty acid-induced signaling from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain, including the role of gut peptides, will be presented. These studies have demonstrated that such subliminal interoceptive stimuli may impact on hedonic circuits in the brain, and thereby influence the subjective and neural responses to negative emotion induction. This suggests that the effect of foods on mood may even occur independently from their exteroceptive sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Weltens
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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216
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217
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Fineberg NA, Chamberlain SR, Goudriaan AE, Stein DJ, Vanderschuren LJ, Gillan CM, Shekar S, Gorwood PA, Voon V, Morein-Zamir S, Denys D, Sahakian BJ, Moeller FG, Robbins TW, Potenza MN. New developments in human neurocognition: clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity. CNS Spectr 2014; 19:69-89. [PMID: 24512640 PMCID: PMC4113335 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852913000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity and compulsivity represent useful conceptualizations that involve dissociable cognitive functions, which are mediated by neuroanatomically and neurochemically distinct components of cortico-subcortical circuitry. The constructs were historically viewed as diametrically opposed, with impulsivity being associated with risk-seeking and compulsivity with harm-avoidance. However, they are increasingly recognized to be linked by shared neuropsychological mechanisms involving dysfunctional inhibition of thoughts and behaviors. In this article, we selectively review new developments in the investigation of the neurocognition of impulsivity and compulsivity in humans, in order to advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of impulsive, compulsive, and addictive disorders and indicate new directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi A. Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership NHS University Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Howlands, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Postgraduate Medicine, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
- Cambridge University, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Cambridge University, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arkin Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, S. Africa
| | - Louk J.M.J. Vanderschuren
- Dept. of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Dept. of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire M. Gillan
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sameer Shekar
- Hertfordshire Partnership NHS University Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Howlands, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Philip A.P.M. Gorwood
- INSERM UMR894 (Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience), 2ter rue d’Alesia, Paris, FRANCE
- Sainte-Anne hospital, CMME (University Paris Descartes), 100 rue de la Santé, Paris, FRANCE
| | - Valerie Voon
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon Morein-Zamir
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J. Sahakian
- Cambridge University, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F. Gerard Moeller
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Child Study and Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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218
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Voon V, Irvine MA, Derbyshire K, Worbe Y, Lange I, Abbott S, Morein-Zamir S, Dudley R, Caprioli D, Harrison NA, Wood J, Dalley JW, Bullmore ET, Grant JE, Robbins TW. Measuring "waiting" impulsivity in substance addictions and binge eating disorder in a novel analogue of rodent serial reaction time task. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:148-55. [PMID: 23790224 PMCID: PMC3988873 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature responding is a form of motor impulsivity that preclinical evidence has shown to predict compulsive drug seeking but has not yet been studied in humans. We developed a novel translation of the task, based on the rodent 5-choice serial reaction time task, testing premature responding in disorders of drug and natural food rewards. METHODS Abstinent alcohol- (n = 30) and methamphetamine-dependent (n = 23) subjects, recreational cannabis users (n = 30), and obese subjects with (n = 30) and without (n = 30) binge eating disorder (BED) were compared with matched healthy volunteers and tested on the premature responding task. RESULTS Compared with healthy volunteers, alcohol- and methamphetamine-dependent subjects and cannabis users showed greater premature responding with no differences observed in obese subjects with or without BED. Current smokers exhibited greater premature responding versus ex-smokers and nonsmokers. Alcohol-dependent subjects also had lower motivation for explicit monetary incentives. A Motivation Index correlated negatively with alcohol use and binge eating severity. CONCLUSIONS Premature responding on a novel translation of a serial reaction time task was more evident in substance use disorders but not in obese subjects with or without BED. Lower motivation for monetary incentives linked alcohol use and binge eating severity. Our findings add to understanding the relationship between drug and natural food rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael A. Irvine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Derbyshire
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Iris Lange
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sanja Abbott
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Morein-Zamir
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn Dudley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Harrison
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Wood
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W. Dalley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jon E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Illinois
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Blechert J, Naumann E, Schmitz J, Herbert BM, Tuschen-Caffier B. Startling sweet temptations: hedonic chocolate deprivation modulates experience, eating behavior, and eyeblink startle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85679. [PMID: 24416437 PMCID: PMC3887070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many individuals restrict their food intake to prevent weight gain. This restriction has both homeostatic and hedonic effects but their relative contribution is currently unclear. To isolate hedonic effects of food restriction, we exposed regular chocolate eaters to one week of chocolate deprivation but otherwise regular eating. Before and after this hedonic deprivation, participants viewed images of chocolate and images of high-calorie but non-chocolate containing foods, while experiential, behavioral and eyeblink startle responses were measured. Compared to satiety, hedonic deprivation triggered increased chocolate wanting, liking, and chocolate consumption but also feelings of frustration and startle potentiation during the intertrial intervals. Deprivation was further characterized by startle inhibition during both chocolate and food images relative to the intertrial intervals. Individuals who responded with frustration to the manipulation and those who scored high on a questionnaire of impulsivity showed more relative startle inhibition. The results reveal the profound effects of hedonic deprivation on experiential, behavioral and attentional/appetitive response systems and underscore the role of individual differences and state variables for startle modulation. Implications for dieting research and practice as well as for eating and weight disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Blechert
- Department for Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Heath Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Naumann
- Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Julian Schmitz
- Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Beate M. Herbert
- Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Brunna Tuschen-Caffier
- Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- * E-mail:
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220
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Potenza MN. Non-substance addictive behaviors in the context of DSM-5. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1-2. [PMID: 24119712 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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221
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology I, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany ; Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum , Hamm , Germany
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222
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Potenza MN. Obesity, food, and addiction: emerging neuroscience and clinical and public health implications. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:249-50. [PMID: 24317324 PMCID: PMC3857648 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Child Study and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,E-mail:
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223
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The role of self-efficacy, coping, and lapses in weight maintenance. Eat Weight Disord 2013; 18:359-66. [PMID: 24078407 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-013-0068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful weight maintenance after weight loss is exceedingly rare. The present study aimed to identify psychological predictors of lapses and weight maintenance. METHODS Self-efficacy, coping, and perceptions of lapses were examined as potential predictors of lapse frequency and weight maintenance (percentage weight loss maintained). Participants included 67 adults (85.3 % women) who had intentionally lost a mean of 16 % of their body weight and had stopped losing weight at least 6 months prior to data collection. Participants completed a 7-day lapse diary tracking the frequency and perceived severity of their dietary and activity lapses, along with questionnaires on self-efficacy, coping, and characteristics of their weight loss. RESULTS Participants had lost a mean of 13.9 kg, 20.4 months prior to data collection. More frequent lapsing was correlated with lower self-efficacy and greater perceived lapse severity. Lower percentage of weight loss maintained was correlated with lower self-efficacy, poorer coping, greater perceived lapse severity, and longer time since weight loss ended. “Regainers,” who maintained <90 % of their weight loss, had poorer self-efficacy, poorer coping, greater lapse frequency, and greater perceived lapse severity, than “maintainers,” who maintained at least 90 % of their weight loss. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that self-efficacy, coping, and perceived lapse severity are significant predictors of weight maintenance, consistent with the relapse prevention model. The goals of improving self-efficacy and coping skills might be important additions to weight maintenance programs.
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224
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Schreiber LRN, Odlaug BL, Grant JE. The overlap between binge eating disorder and substance use disorders: Diagnosis and neurobiology. J Behav Addict 2013; 2:191-8. [PMID: 25215200 PMCID: PMC4154572 DOI: 10.1556/jba.2.2013.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Binge eating disorder (BED) is a relatively common condition, especially in young adult females, and is characterized by chronic over-consumption of food resulting in embarrassment, distress, and potential health problems. It is formally included as a disorder in DSM-5 for the first time, an acknowledgement to its debilitating nature. This article explores the overlap between binge eating disorder and substance use disorders (SUD). METHODS The bibliographic search was a computerized screen of PubMed databases from January 1990 to the present. Binge eating disorder, substance use disorder, binging, obesity, food addiction, comorbidity, dopamine, opioid, serotonin, glutamate, and pharmacological treatment were the keywords used in searching. RESULTS BED shares similar phenomenology to SUD, including significant urges to engage in binging episodes, resulting in distress and impairment. Similar neurobiological pathways are found in both BED and SUD and medications based on similar neurobiology have been examined for both disorders. A subset of individuals with BED may have a "food addiction", but there is no clinical agreement on the meaning of "food addiction". Exploring the relationship between BED and obesity may also shed light on the extent to which BED can be viewed as an addiction. CONCLUSIONS Overall, nascent research regarding BED and SUD suggests an overlap between these disorders, but there are discrepancies between these two disorders that need further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jon E. Grant
- ,
Corresponding author. Jon E. Grant Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine; 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USAE-mail: E-mail:
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225
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Frontal cortical thinning and subcortical volume reductions in early adulthood obesity. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:109-15. [PMID: 24041490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity depends on homeostatic and hedonic food intake behavior, mediated by brain plasticity changes in cortical and subcortical structures. The aim of this study was to investigate cortical thickness and subcortical volumes of regions related to food intake behavior in a healthy young adult sample with obesity. Thirty-seven volunteers, 19 with obesity (age=33.7±5.7 (20-39) years body-mass index (BMI)=36.08±5.92 (30.10-49.69)kg/m(2)) and 18 controls (age=32.3±5.9 (21-40) years; BMI=22.54±1.94 (19.53-24.97)kg/m(2)) participated in the study. Patients with neuropsychiatric or biomedical disorders were excluded. We used FreeSurfer software to analyze structural magnetic resonance images (MRI) and obtain global brain measures, cortical thickness and subcortical volume estimations. Finally, correlation analyses were performed for brain structure data and obesity measures. There were no between-group differences in age, gender, intelligence or education. Results showed cortical thickness reductions in obesity in the left superior frontal and right medial orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, the obesity group had lower ventral diencephalon and brainstem volumes than controls, while there were no differences in any other subcortical structure. There were no statistically significant correlations between brain structure and obesity measures. Overall, our work provides evidence of the structural brain characteristics associated with metabolically normal obesity. We found reductions in cortical thickness, ventral diencephalon and brainstem volumes in areas that have been implicated in food intake behavior.
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226
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Daubenmier J, Lustig RH, Hecht FM, Kristeller J, Woolley J, Adam T, Dallman M, Epel E. A new biomarker of hedonic eating? A preliminary investigation of cortisol and nausea responses to acute opioid blockade. Appetite 2013; 74:92-100. [PMID: 24291355 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obese individuals differ in their degree of hedonic eating. This may reflect adaptations in reward-related neural circuits, regulated in part by opioidergic activity. We examined an indirect, functional measure of central opioidergic activity by assessing cortisol and nausea responses to acute opioid blockade using the opioid antagonist naltrexone in overweight/obese women (mean BMI=31.1±4.8) prior to the start of a mindfulness-based intervention to reduce stress eating. In addition, we assessed indices of hedonic-related eating, including eating behaviors (binge eating, emotional eating, external eating, restraint) and intake of sweets/desserts and carbohydrates (Block Food Frequency); interoceptive awareness (which is associated with dysregulated eating behavior); and level of adiposity at baseline. Naltrexone-induced increases in cortisol were associated with greater emotional and restrained eating and lower interoceptive awareness. Naltrexone-induced nausea was associated with binge eating and higher adiposity. Furthermore, in a small exploratory analysis, naltrexone-induced nausea predicted treatment response to the mindfulness intervention, as participants with more severe nausea at baseline maintained weight whereas those with little or no nausea responses tended to gain weight. These preliminary data suggest that naltrexone-induced cortisol release and nausea may help identify individuals who have greater underlying food reward dependence, which leads to an excessive drive to eat. Future research is needed to confirm this finding and to test if these markers of opioidergic tone might help predict success in certain types of weight management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Daubenmier
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Frederick M Hecht
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jean Kristeller
- Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, United States
| | - Josh Woolley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Tanja Adam
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Dallman
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Elissa Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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227
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Leyton M, Vezina P. Striatal ups and downs: their roles in vulnerability to addictions in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1999-2014. [PMID: 23333263 PMCID: PMC3743927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to addictive behaviors has been related to both increases and decreases in striatal function. Both profiles have been reported in humans as well as in animal models. Yet, the mechanisms underlying these opposing effects and the manner in which they relate to the behavioral development and expression of addiction remain unclear. In the present review of human studies, we describe a number of factors that could influence whether striatal hyper- or hypo-function is observed and propose a model that integrates the influence of these opposite responses on the expression of addiction related behaviors. Central to this model is the role played by the presence versus absence of addiction related cues and their ability to regulate responding to abused drugs and other rewards. Striatal function and incentive motivational states are increased in the presence of these cues and decreased in their absence. Alternations between these states might account for the progressive narrowing of interests as addictions develop and point to relevant processes to target in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1 Canada.
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Rippe JM. The metabolic and endocrine response and health implications of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages: findings from recent randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr 2013; 4:677-86. [PMID: 24228199 PMCID: PMC3823516 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.004580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose-containing sugars, including fructose itself, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and sucrose have engendered considerable controversy. The effects of HFCS and sucrose in sugar-sweetened beverages, in particular, have generated intense scientific debate that has spilled over to the public. This controversy is related to well-known differences in metabolism between fructose and glucose in the liver. In addition, research studies have often been conducted comparing pure fructose and pure glucose even though neither is consumed to any appreciable degree in isolation in the human diet. Other evidence has been drawn from animal studies and epidemiologic or cohort studies. Few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have compared HFCS with sucrose (the 2 sugars most commonly consumed in the human diet) at dosage amounts within the normal human consumption range. This review compares results of recently concluded RCTs with other forms of evidence related to fructose, HFCS, and sucrose. We conclude that great caution must be used when suggesting adverse health effects of consuming these sugars in the normal way they are consumed and at the normal amounts in the human diet, because RCTs do not support adverse health consequences at these doses when employing these sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Rippe
- University of Central Florida Medical School, Orlando, FL; and Rippe Lifestyle Institute, Shrewsbury, MA and Celebration, FL
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229
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Kulendran M, Vlaev I, Sugden C, King D, Ashrafian H, Gately P, Darzi A. Neuropsychological assessment as a predictor of weight loss in obese adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:507-12. [PMID: 24166064 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese individuals are known to be more impulsive than their normal-weight counterparts. Impulsivity has been postulated to be a predictor of weight loss. DESIGN A pre-post study was designed to determine for the first time whether impulsivity changed with weight loss during a lifestyle and physical activity intervention programme lasting 2-8 weeks. SUBJECTS Fifty-three obese adolescents with a body mass index (BMI) of 33.75 ± 7.9 attending a residential camp were tested and compared at baseline with 50 non-obese adolescents with a mean BMI of 20.6 ± 2.3. MEASUREMENTS Inhibitory control was measured with the CANTAB (Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, UK) Stop Signal Task. MATLAB (The Mathswork Inc., Natick, MA, USA) was used to measure the temporal discounting constant. RESULTS The obese group was more impulsive than the normal weight adolescents. BMI reduced significantly from 33.76 kg m(-2) to 30.93 kg m(-2) after completing camp. The stop signal reaction time (SSRT) decreased from 225.38 ± 94.22 to 173.76 ± 107.05 ms (n=47, P=0.0001). A reduction in inhibitory control during camp was predictive of those who showed the greatest reduction in BMI (Wilks' Lambda=0.9, F(1,50)=4.85, P=0.034). The number of weeks in camp (Wilks' Lambda=0.83, F(1,50)=9.826, P=0.003) and the age of the adolescents (Wilks' Lambda=0.87, F(1,50)=5.98, P=0.02) were significantly associated with a reduction in inhibitory control as measured by the SSRT. A longer stay in camp was associated with a greater reduction in SSRT (B=25.45, t=2.02, P=0.05). Increasing age had a significant moderating role in the reduction of inhibitory control (B=-0.3, t=-0.034, P=0.05). Temporal discounting for monetary reward also fell significantly during camp. CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential to identify those who are obese by using an easy-to-measure psychometric test. Furthermore, it is the first study to report a reduction in impulsivity and an improvement in well-being as part of a government-approved residential camp for obese adolescents. The potential mechanisms for change in impulsivity with weight are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kulendran
- Centre for Health Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I Vlaev
- Centre for Health Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Sugden
- Centre for Health Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D King
- Centre for Health Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Ashrafian
- Centre for Health Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Gately
- 1] Centre for Health Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK [2] Department of Exercise and Obesity, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
| | - A Darzi
- Centre for Health Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
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230
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Avena NM, Murray S, Gold MS. Comparing the effects of food restriction and overeating on brain reward systems. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1062-7. [PMID: 23535488 PMCID: PMC4013785 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both caloric restriction and overeating have been shown to affect neural processes associated with reinforcement. Both preclinical and some clinical studies have provided evidence that food restriction may increase reward sensitivity, and while there are mixed findings regarding the effects of overeating on reward sensitivity, there is strong evidence linking this behavior with changes in reward-related brain regions. Evidence of these changes comes in part from findings that show that such eating patterns are associated with increased drug use. The data discussed here regarding the differential effects of various eating patterns on reward systems may be particularly relevant to the aging population, as this population has been shown to exhibit altered reward sensitivity and decreased caloric consumption. Moreover, members of this population appear to be increasingly affected by the current obesity epidemic. Food, like alcohol or drugs, can stimulate its own consumption and produce similar neurochemical changes in the brain. Age-related loss of appetite, decreased eating, and caloric restriction are hypothesized to be associated with changes in the prevalence of substance misuse, abuse, and dependence seen in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Avena
- University of Florida, Department of Psychiatry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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231
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Lee NM, Lucke J, Hall WD, Meurk C, Boyle FM, Carter A. Public views on food addiction and obesity: implications for policy and treatment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74836. [PMID: 24086382 PMCID: PMC3783484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background According to their advocates, neurobiological explanations of overeating, or “food addiction”, have the potential to impact public understanding and treatment of obesity. In this study, we examine the public’s acceptance of the concept of food addiction as an explanation of overeating and assess its effects upon their attitudes toward obese persons and the treatment of obesity. Methods and Findings We conducted an online survey of 479 adults from the US (n = 215) and Australia (n = 264). There was substantial support for the idea of food addiction, particularly among obese participants. Over half favoured treating obesity as a type of addiction. Psychotherapy was believed to be the most effective treatment and educational and support programs were the preferred policies to address food addiction. There was very little support for increasing taxes on obesogenic foods. Despite the strong support for seeing obesity as a form of addiction, respondents still saw obesity as primarily the result of personal choices and emphasized the need for individuals to take responsibility for their eating. Conclusions Our sample of the general public strongly supported the idea of obesity as a form of food addiction; but this did not translate into support of clinical and public health policies that experts believe are most likely to reduce the prevalence of obesity. The reasons for the apparent disjunction between support for food addiction and a strong emphasis on personal choice for weight warrant further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Lee
- The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jayne Lucke
- The University of Queensland, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne D. Hall
- The University of Queensland, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carla Meurk
- The University of Queensland, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frances M. Boyle
- The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adrian Carter
- The University of Queensland, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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232
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de Jong JW, Meijboom KE, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Adan RAH. Low control over palatable food intake in rats is associated with habitual behavior and relapse vulnerability: individual differences. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74645. [PMID: 24058616 PMCID: PMC3769238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide obesity epidemic poses an enormous and growing threat to public health. However, the neurobehavioral mechanisms of overeating and obesity are incompletely understood. It has been proposed that addiction-like processes may underlie certain forms of obesity, in particular those associated with binge eating disorder. To investigate the role of addiction-like processes in obesity, we adapted a model of cocaine addiction-like behavior in rats responding for highly palatable food. Here, we tested whether rats responding for highly palatable chocolate Ensure would come to show three criteria of addiction-like behavior, i.e., high motivation, continued seeking despite signaled non-availability and persistence of seeking despite aversive consequences. We also investigated whether exposure to a binge model (a diet consisting of alternating periods of limited food access and access to highly palatable food), promotes the appearance of food addiction-like behavior. Our data show substantial individual differences in control over palatable food seeking and taking, but no distinct subgroup of animals showing addiction-like behavior could be identified. Instead, we observed a wide range extending from low to very high control over palatable food intake. Exposure to the binge model did not affect control over palatable food seeking and taking, however. Animals that showed low control over palatable food intake (i.e., scored high on the three criteria for addiction-like behavior) were less sensitive to devaluation of the food reward and more prone to food-induced reinstatement of extinguished responding, indicating that control over palatable food intake is associated with habitual food intake and vulnerability to relapse. In conclusion, we present an animal model to assess control over food seeking and taking. Since diminished control over food intake is a major factor in the development of obesity, understanding its behavioral and neural underpinnings may facilitate improved management of the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W. de Jong
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin E. Meijboom
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A. H. Adan
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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233
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Food addiction: its prevalence and significant association with obesity in the general population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74832. [PMID: 24023964 PMCID: PMC3762779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ‘Food addiction’ shares a similar neurobiological and behavioral framework with substance addiction. However whether, and to what degree, ‘food addiction’ contributes to obesity in the general population is unknown. Objectives to assess 1) the prevalence of ‘food addiction’ in the Newfoundland population; 2) if clinical symptom counts of ‘food addiction’ were significantly correlated with the body composition measurements; 3) if food addicts were significantly more obese than controls, and 4) if macronutrient intakes are associated with ‘food addiction’. Design A total of 652 adults (415 women, 237 men) recruited from the general population participated in this study. Obesity was evaluated by Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat percentage measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. ‘Food addiction’ was assessed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale and macronutrient intake was determined from the Willet Food Frequency Questionnaire. Results The prevalence of ‘food addiction’ was 5.4% (6.7% in females and 3.0% in males) and increased with obesity status. The clinical symptom counts of ‘food addiction’ were positively correlated with all body composition measurements across the entire sample (p<0.001). Obesity measurements were significantly higher in food addicts than controls; Food addicts were 11.7 (kg) heavier, 4.6 BMI units higher, and had 8.2% more body fat and 8.5% more trunk fat. Furthermore, food addicts consumed more calories from fat and protein compared with controls. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that ‘food addiction’ contributes to severity of obesity and body composition measurements from normal weight to obese individuals in the general population with higher rate in women as compared to men.
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234
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Macdonald IA, Francis ST, Gowland PA, Hardman CA, Halford JC. Brain activation in relation to specific dietary components: what does fMRI measure and how should one interpret cravings for certain foods? Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:633-4. [PMID: 23902786 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.068957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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235
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Ziauddeen H, Fletcher PC. Central nervous system biomarkers for antiobesity drug development. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1282-91. [PMID: 23993917 PMCID: PMC3858811 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging, cognitive and behavioural biomarkers can aid antiobesity drug development. These biomarkers can detect early signals of mechanistic efficacy and adverse effects. In Phase II biomarkers can provide proof-of-concept to inform the decision to advance to Phase III. Potential biomarker candidates that have been used with antiobesity drugs are discussed. These candidate biomarkers need further exploration, standardisation and validation.
With antiobesity agents, weight loss can emerge from an array of metabolic, cognitive and behavioural changes that translate into weight change over time. In early drug development, characterising these changes can actually be more informative than simply measuring weight loss. Biomarkers for these mechanisms can be used to determine whether potential compounds are worth developing further by providing proof of mechanistic action and detecting early signs of neuropsychiatric adverse effects. In this review, we examine potential biomarkers for effects on metabolism and satiety, hedonics and motivation, and eating behaviour. We also review biomarkers for early detection of neuropsychiatric adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust MRC Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK.
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236
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Frank S, Kullmann S, Veit R. Food related processes in the insular cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:499. [PMID: 23986683 PMCID: PMC3750209 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex is a multimodal brain region with regional cytoarchitectonic differences indicating various functional specializations. As a multisensory neural node, the insular cortex integrates perception, emotion, interoceptive awareness, cognition, and gustation. Regarding the latter, predominantly the anterior part of the insular cortex is regarded as the primary taste cortex. In this review, we will specifically focus on the involvement of the insula in food processing and on multimodal integration of food-related items. Influencing factors of insular activation elicited by various foods range from calorie-content to the internal physiologic state, body mass index or eating behavior. Sensory perception of food-related stimuli including seeing, smelling, and tasting elicits increased activation in the anterior and mid-dorsal part of the insular cortex. Apart from the pure sensory gustatory processing, there is also a strong association with the rewarding/hedonic aspects of food items, which is reflected in higher insular activity and stronger connections to other reward-related areas. Interestingly, the processing of food items has been found to elicit different insular activation in lean compared to obese subjects and in patients suffering from an eating disorder (anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN)). The knowledge of functional differences in the insular cortex opens up the opportunity for possible noninvasive treatment approaches for obesity and eating disorders. To target brain functions directly, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback offers a state-of-the-art tool to learn to control the anterior insular cortex activity voluntarily. First evidence indicates that obese adults have an enhanced ability to regulate the anterior insular cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frank
- 1Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany ; 2fMEG Center, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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237
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Eichen DM, Lent MR, Goldbacher E, Foster GD. Exploration of "food addiction" in overweight and obese treatment-seeking adults. Appetite 2013; 67:22-4. [PMID: 23535004 PMCID: PMC3660457 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in conceptualizing obesity as a "food addiction." The current study investigated the prevalence and correlates of "food addiction" (FA), as defined by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) in 178 (133 F, 45M) persons seeking weight loss treatment. Participants had a mean age of 51.2±11.7years and a body mass index of 36.1±4.8kg/m(2). Fifteen percent of individuals met the YFAS proposed diagnostic criteria for FA. Those who met criteria for FA reported significantly greater depressive symptomatology. There were no differences in BMI, age, race, or gender between participants with and without FA. Among those not meeting criteria, 35% reported 3 or more symptoms in the absence of self-reported clinical distress or impairment. YFAS symptom count was also significantly correlated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that 15% of adults presenting for weight loss treatment meet YFAS criteria for FA. The clinical significance of this classification is unknown and needs to be validated in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Eichen
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 400 Weiss Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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238
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Gearhardt AN, White MA, Masheb RM, Grilo CM. An examination of food addiction in a racially diverse sample of obese patients with binge eating disorder in primary care settings. Compr Psychiatry 2013; 54:500-5. [PMID: 23332551 PMCID: PMC3638060 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The concept of food addiction in obesity and binge eating disorder (BED) continues to be a hotly debated topic yet the empirical evidence on the relationship between addictive-like eating and clinically relevant eating disorders is limited. The current study examined the association of food addiction as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) with measures of disordered eating, dieting/weight history, and related psychopathology in a racially diverse sample of obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED). METHOD A consecutive series of 96 obese patients with BED who were seeking treatment for obesity and binge eating in primary care were given structured interviews to assess psychiatric disorders and eating disorder psychopathology and a battery of self-report measures including the YFAS to assess food addiction. RESULTS Classification of food addiction was met by 41.5% (n=39) of BED patients. Patients classified as meeting YFAS food addiction criteria had significantly higher levels of negative affect, emotion dysregulation, and eating disorder psychopathology, and lower self-esteem. Higher scores on the YFAS were related to an earlier age of first being overweight and dieting onset. YFAS scores were also significant predictors of binge eating frequency above and beyond other measures. DISCUSSION Compared to patients not classified as having food addiction, the subset of 41.5% of BED patients who met the YFAS food addiction cut-off appears to have a more severe presentation of BED and more associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Correspondence to: Ashley N. Gearhardt, University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, 2268 East Hall, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109,
| | - Marney A. White
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Robin M. Masheb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Carlos M. Grilo
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Schag K, Schönleber J, Teufel M, Zipfel S, Giel KE. Food-related impulsivity in obesity and binge eating disorder--a systematic review. Obes Rev 2013; 14:477-95. [PMID: 23331770 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity towards food has been recognized as a potential factor leading to increased food intake in obesity. Patients suffering from binge eating disorder (BED) form a specific subgroup of obese people that might be characterized by increased impulsivity. These assumptions, although, have yet to be verified. Therefore, this review evaluates evidence for food-related impulsivity in obese people with and without BED and examines possible differences between both populations. More precisely, evidence for the two components of impulsivity is analyzed separately: evidence for reward sensitivity, specifically, the urge for appetitive stimuli and evidence for rash-spontaneous behaviour such as acting disinhibited with no regard for the consequences. Our search resulted in 51 articles demonstrating generally increased food-related impulsivity. We found particular emphasis on increased reward sensitivity in obese people, which appeared to be more pronounced in people with BED. There was little and conflicting evidence, however, concerning increased rash-spontaneous behaviour in obese people without BED, but consistent evidence of an increase in obese people with BED. All in all, the evidence supports the view that BED represents a specific phenotype of obesity with increased food-related impulsivity. Taking these specific deficits into account can enhance the effectiveness of weight reduction programmes and psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schag
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Davis C, Loxton NJ, Levitan RD, Kaplan AS, Carter JC, Kennedy JL. ‘Food addiction’ and its association with a dopaminergic multilocus genetic profile. Physiol Behav 2013; 118:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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241
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Chou KL, Yu KM. Atypical depressive symptoms and obesity in a national sample of older adults with major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:574-9. [PMID: 23554014 DOI: 10.1002/da.22098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study are to present findings on the rate of obesity associated with classic, atypical, and undifferentiated depression by comparing with those without depression in a nationally representative sample of United States older adults. METHODS The authors used data from the 2001 to 2002 National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), which included 10,557 adults 60 years of age and older. Chi-square tests were used to compare classic, atypical, and undifferentiated as well as nondepressed control in sociodemographic characteristics. Then, logistic regressions adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics were used to evaluate associations of rate of current obesity (defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) > 30) across the three depressive groups (classic, atypical, and undifferentiated depression) and nondepressed control. Lifetime, current, and past depression were examined. RESULTS Significant differences were found between atypical and classic depression in sex, age, marital status, race, and personal income. After adjusting for sex, age, marital status, race, and personal income, the rate of obesity was significantly greater for respondents with atypical depression than respondents with classic, undifferentiated depression, or without depression. Same results were found in lifetime, current, and past depression. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the heterogeneity of depression should be considered when examining the effect of depression on obesity in old age. Prevention measures should be designed and delivered to older adults with atypical depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Lee Chou
- Department of Asian and Policy Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, China.
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242
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Davis C. From passive overeating to "food addiction": a spectrum of compulsion and severity. ISRN OBESITY 2013; 2013:435027. [PMID: 24555143 PMCID: PMC3901973 DOI: 10.1155/2013/435027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A psychobiological dimension of eating behaviour is proposed, which is anchored at the low end by energy intake that is relatively well matched to energy output and is reflected by a stable body mass index (BMI) in the healthy range. Further along the continuum are increasing degrees of overeating (and BMI) characterized by more severe and more compulsive ingestive behaviours. In light of the many similarities between chronic binge eating and drug abuse, several authorities have adopted the perspective that an apparent dependence on highly palatable food-accompanied by emotional and social distress-can be best conceptualized as an addiction disorder. Therefore, this review also considers the overlapping symptoms and characteristics of binge eating disorder (BED) and models of food addiction, both in preclinical animal studies and in human research. It also presents this work in the context of the modern and "toxic" food environment and therein the ubiquitous triggers for over-consumption. We complete the review by providing evidence that what we have come to call "food addiction" may simply be a more acute and pathologically dense form of BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Davis
- Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, York University, 343 Bethune College, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
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243
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Potenza MN. Book review: “Neuroimaging in Addiction”. Am J Addict 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marc N. Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Child Study and Neurobiology; Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine
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Pisapia JM, Halpern CH, Muller UJ, Vinai P, Wolf JA, Whiting DM, Wadden TA, Baltuch GH, Caplan AL. Ethical Considerations in Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Addiction and Overeating Associated With Obesity. AJOB Neurosci 2013; 4:35-46. [PMID: 29152408 PMCID: PMC5687095 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2013.770420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders and the improved understanding of the neurobiologic and neuroanatomic bases of psychiatric diseases have led to proposals to expand current DBS applications. Recent preclinical and clinical work with Alzheimer's disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder, for example, supports the safety of stimulating regions in the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens in humans. These regions are known to be involved in addiction and overeating associated with obesity. However, the use of DBS targeting these areas as a treatment modality raises common ethical considerations, which include informed consent, coercion, enhancement, threat to personhood, and manipulation of the reward center. Pilot studies for both of these conditions are currently investigational. If these studies show promise, then there is a need to address the ethical concerns related to the initiation of clinical trials including the reliability of preclinical evidence, patient selection, study design, compensation for participation and injury, cost-effectiveness, and the need for long-term follow-up. Multidisciplinary teams are necessary for the ethical execution of such studies. In addition to establishing safety and efficacy, the consideration of these ethical issues is vital to the adoption of DBS as a treatment for these conditions. We offer suggestions about the pursuit of future clinical trials of DBS for the treatment of addiction and overeating associated with obesity and provide a framework for addressing ethical concerns related to treatment.
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Cambridge VC, Ziauddeen H, Nathan PJ, Subramaniam N, Dodds C, Chamberlain SR, Koch A, Maltby K, Skeggs AL, Napolitano A, Farooqi IS, Bullmore ET, Fletcher PC. Neural and behavioral effects of a novel mu opioid receptor antagonist in binge-eating obese people. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:887-94. [PMID: 23245760 PMCID: PMC3898083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge eating is associated with obesity and has been conceptualized as "food addiction." However, this view has received only inconsistent support in humans, and limited evidence relates key neurocircuitry to the disorder. Moreover, relatively few studies have used pharmacologic functional magnetic resonance imaging to probe the underlying basis of altered eating behaviors. METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study, we explored the effects of a potent mu-opioid receptor antagonist, GSK1521498, in obese individuals with moderate binge eating. Subjects were tested during a baseline placebo run-in period and retested after 28-days of drug (n = 21) or placebo (n = 21) treatment. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral measures, we determined the drug's effects on brain responses to food images and, separately, on motivation to expend energy to view comparable images. RESULTS Compared with placebo, GSK1521498 was associated with a significant reduction in pallidum/putamen responses to pictures of high-calorie food and a reduction in motivation to view images of high-calorie food. Intriguingly, although motivational responding was reduced, subjective liking for the same images actually increased following drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS Stimulus-specific putamen/pallidal responses in obese people with binge eating are sensitive to altered mu-opioid function. This neuromodulation was accompanied by reductions in motivational responding, as measured by grip force, although subjective liking responses to the same stimuli actually increased. As well as providing evidence for a link between the opioid system and food-related behavior in binge-eating obese individuals, these results support a dissociation across measures of motivation and liking associated with food-related stimuli in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Cambridge
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom,Medicines Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigations, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep J. Nathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom,Medicines Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigations, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Naresh Subramaniam
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Dodds
- Medicines Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigations, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom,Medicines Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigations, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annelize Koch
- Medicines Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigations, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Maltby
- Medicines Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigations, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Skeggs
- Medicines Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigations, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonella Napolitano
- Medicines Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigations, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom,Medicines Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigations, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Academic Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C. Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to Paul C. Fletcher, M.B., B.S., M.R.C.Psych., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0SZ
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Balodis IM, Kober H, Worhunsky PD, White MA, Stevens MC, Pearlson GD, Sinha R, Grilo CM, Potenza MN. Monetary reward processing in obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:877-86. [PMID: 23462319 PMCID: PMC3686098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important step in obesity research involves identifying neurobiological underpinnings of nonfood reward processing unique to specific subgroups of obese individuals. METHODS Nineteen obese individuals seeking treatment for binge eating disorder (BED) were compared with 19 non-BED obese individuals (OB) and 19 lean control subjects (LC) while performing a monetary reward/loss task that parses anticipatory and outcome components during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Differences in regional activation were investigated in BED, OB, and LC groups during reward/loss prospect, anticipation, and notification. RESULTS Relative to the LC group, the OB group demonstrated increased ventral striatal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity during anticipatory phases. In contrast, the BED group relative to the OB group demonstrated diminished bilateral ventral striatal activity during anticipatory reward/loss processing. No differences were observed between the BED and LC groups in the ventral striatum. CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneity exists among obese individuals with respect to the neural correlates of reward/loss processing. Neural differences in separable groups with obesity suggest that multiple, varying interventions might be important in optimizing prevention and treatment strategies for obesity.
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Brooks SJ, Cedernaes J, Schiöth HB. Increased prefrontal and parahippocampal activation with reduced dorsolateral prefrontal and insular cortex activation to food images in obesity: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60393. [PMID: 23593210 PMCID: PMC3622693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Obesity is emerging as the most significant health concern of the twenty-first century. A wealth of neuroimaging data suggest that weight gain might be related to aberrant brain function, particularly in prefrontal cortical regions modulating mesolimbic addictive responses to food. Nevertheless, food addiction is currently a model hotly debated. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of neuroimaging data, examining the most common functional differences between normal-weight and obese participants in response to food stimuli. Data Source We conducted a search using several journal databases and adhered to the ‘Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses’ (PRISMA) method. To this aim, 10 studies were found with a total of 126 obese participants, 129 healthy controls, equaling 184 foci (146 increased, 38 decreased activation) using the Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) technique. Out of the 10 studies, 7 investigated neural responses to food versus non-food images. Results In response to food images, obese in comparison to healthy weight subjects had increased activation in the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, right parahippocampal gyrus, right precentral gyrus and right anterior cingulate cortex, and reduced activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left insular cortex. Conclusions Prefrontal cortex areas linked to cognitive evaluation processes, such as evaluation of rewarding stimuli, as well as explicit memory regions, appear most consistently activated in response to images of food in those who are obese. Conversely, a reduced activation in brain regions associated with cognitive control and interoceptive awareness of sensations in the body might indicate a weakened control system, combined with hypo-sensitivity to satiety and discomfort signals after eating in those who are prone to overeat.
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Francis H, Stevenson R. The longer-term impacts of Western diet on human cognition and the brain. Appetite 2013; 63:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gearhardt A, Roberts M, Ashe M. If sugar is addictive…what does it mean for the law? THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2013; 41 Suppl 1:46-49. [PMID: 23590740 DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Newly emerging links between sugar and addiction raise challenging issues for public health policy. What was once a naturally occurring food ingredient is now a highly concentrated food additive. If foods containing artificially high levels of sugar are capable of triggering addictive behaviors, how should policymakers respond? What regulatory steps would be suitable and practical? This paper explores the concept and definition of addiction and presents evidence of the addictive potential of sugar. It also explores the legal implications if sufficient evidence demonstrates that sugar is indeed addictive.
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Abstract
What do the Atkins Diet and the traditional Japanese diet have in common? The Atkins Diet is low in carbohydrate and usually high in fat; the Japanese diet is high in carbohydrate and usually low in fat. Yet both work to promote weight loss. One commonality of both diets is that they both eliminate the monosaccharide fructose. Sucrose (table sugar) and its synthetic sister high fructose corn syrup consist of 2 molecules, glucose and fructose. Glucose is the molecule that when polymerized forms starch, which has a high glycemic index, generates an insulin response, and is not particularly sweet. Fructose is found in fruit, does not generate an insulin response, and is very sweet. Fructose consumption has increased worldwide, paralleling the obesity and chronic metabolic disease pandemic. Sugar (i.e., fructose-containing mixtures) has been vilified by nutritionists for ages as a source of "empty calories," no different from any other empty calorie. However, fructose is unlike glucose. In the hypercaloric glycogen-replete state, intermediary metabolites from fructose metabolism overwhelm hepatic mitochondrial capacity, which promotes de novo lipogenesis and leads to hepatic insulin resistance, which drives chronic metabolic disease. Fructose also promotes reactive oxygen species formation, which leads to cellular dysfunction and aging, and promotes changes in the brain's reward system, which drives excessive consumption. Thus, fructose can exert detrimental health effects beyond its calories and in ways that mimic those of ethanol, its metabolic cousin. Indeed, the only distinction is that because fructose is not metabolized in the central nervous system, it does not exert the acute neuronal depression experienced by those imbibing ethanol. These metabolic and hedonic analogies argue that fructose should be thought of as "alcohol without the buzz."
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lustig
- Department of Pediatrics and the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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