201
|
González-Delgado JA, Romero MA, Pischel U, Arteaga JF. Universal access to megastigmanes through controlled cyclisation towards highly substituted cyclohexenes. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:408-415. [PMID: 27924327 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the selective formation of cyclohexenes with a tetrasubstituted double bond, the structural key element of megastigmanes. For this purpose the ZrCl4-mediated epoxide ring opening of epoxy-geranylacetone was employed. This approach provides a universal entry to the preparation of the members of the megastigmane family, which was exemplified in the asymmetric synthesis of tectoionol B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A González-Delgado
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Romero
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Uwe Pischel
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Jesús F Arteaga
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Kang L, Park SC, Ji CY, Kim HS, Lee HS, Kwak SS. Metabolic engineering of carotenoids in transgenic sweetpotato. BREEDING SCIENCE 2017; 67:27-34. [PMID: 28465665 PMCID: PMC5407916 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.16118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam], which contains high levels of antioxidants such as ascorbate and carotenoids in its storage root, is one of the healthiest foods, as well as one of the best starch crops for growth on marginal lands. In plants, carotenoid pigments are involved in light harvesting for photosynthesis and are also essential for photo-protection against excess light. As dietary antioxidants in humans, these compounds benefit health by alleviating aging-related diseases. The storage root of sweetpotato is a good source of both carotenoids and carbohydrates for human consumption. Therefore, metabolic engineering of sweetpotato to increase the content of useful carotenoids represents an important agricultural goal. This effort has been facilitated by cloning of most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes, as well as the Orange gene involved in carotenoid accumulation. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the regulation of biosynthesis, accumulation and catabolism of carotenoids in sweetpotato. A deeper understanding of these topics should contribute to development of new sweetpotato cultivars with higher levels of nutritional carotenoids and abiotic stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Kang
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yoon Ji
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng-Soon Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Feng H, Skinkis PA, Qian MC. Pinot noir wine volatile and anthocyanin composition under different levels of vine fruit zone leaf removal. Food Chem 2017; 214:736-744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
204
|
Development of polyphenol-protein-polysaccharide ternary complexes as emulsifiers for nutraceutical emulsions: Impact on formation, stability, and bioaccessibility of β-carotene emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
205
|
Fu L, Pan F, Jiao Y. Crocin inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Immunobiology 2016; 222:597-603. [PMID: 27871781 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Crocin is a dietary compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its effects on bone resorption have not been well characterized. Here we address this issue by examining the direct effects of crocin on osteoclast cells in vitro. Osteoclastogenesis was induced by RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand) in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages in the absence or presence of crocin at various concentrations. Further, the bone resorption activity of mature osteoclast treated with crocin was assessed by pit assay. Without altering cell viability, crocin was shown to inhibit the differentiation and function of osteoclast cells in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, RANKL-induced NF-κB and NFATc1 activation, the critical signaling pathways for osteoclast differentiation and function, were both repressed by crocin in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Thus, crocin suppresses osteoclastogenesis through direct inhibition of intracellular molecular pathways, which may contribute to future development of anti-bone resorption treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Fu
- Department of Preparation Room, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing 163001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Rheumatology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing 163001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yong Jiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyun Cang, Dongzhimen District, Beijing 100070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Bruno M, Koschmieder J, Wuest F, Schaub P, Fehling-Kaschek M, Timmer J, Beyer P, Al-Babili S. Enzymatic study on AtCCD4 and AtCCD7 and their potential to form acyclic regulatory metabolites. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5993-6005. [PMID: 27811075 PMCID: PMC5100015 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (AtCCD4) is a negative regulator of the carotenoid content of seeds and has recently been suggested as a candidate for the generation of retrograde signals that are thought to derive from the cleavage of poly-cis-configured carotene desaturation intermediates. In this work, we investigated the activity of AtCCD4 in vitro and used dynamic modeling to determine its substrate preference. Our results document strict regional specificity for cleavage at the C9-C10 double bond in carotenoids and apocarotenoids, with preference for carotenoid substrates and an obstructing effect on hydroxyl functions, and demonstrate the specificity for all-trans-configured carotenes and xanthophylls. AtCCD4 cleaved substrates with at least one ionone ring and did not convert acyclic carotene desaturation intermediates, independent of their isomeric states. These results do not support a direct involvement of AtCCD4 in generating the supposed regulatory metabolites. In contrast, the strigolactone biosynthetic enzyme AtCCD7 converted 9-cis-configured acyclic carotenes, such as 9-cis-ζ-carotene, 9'-cis-neurosporene, and 9-cis-lycopene, yielding 9-cis-configured products and indicating that AtCCD7, rather than AtCCD4, is the candidate for forming acyclic retrograde signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bruno
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Koschmieder
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Wuest
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schaub
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Fehling-Kaschek
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Department of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3a, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Department of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3a, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, Schaenzlestr. 18, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Beyer
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), BESE Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L, Rodrigo MJ, Avalos J, Limón MC. Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases from Microbes and Photosynthetic Organisms: Features and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1781. [PMID: 27792173 PMCID: PMC5133782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocarotenoids are carotenoid-derived compounds widespread in all major taxonomic groups, where they play important roles in different physiological processes. In addition, apocarotenoids include compounds with high economic value in food and cosmetics industries. Apocarotenoid biosynthesis starts with the action of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), a family of non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds in carotenoid backbones through a similar molecular mechanism, generating aldehyde or ketone groups in the cleaving ends. From the identification of the first CCD enzyme in plants, an increasing number of CCDs have been identified in many other species, including microorganisms, proving to be a ubiquitously distributed and evolutionarily conserved enzymatic family. This review focuses on CCDs from plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria, describing recent progress in their functions and regulatory mechanisms in relation to the different roles played by the apocarotenoids in these organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - María J Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Limón
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Hou X, Rivers J, León P, McQuinn RP, Pogson BJ. Synthesis and Function of Apocarotenoid Signals in Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:792-803. [PMID: 27344539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In plants, carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection. However, carotenoids are not the end products of the pathway; apocarotenoids are produced by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) or non-enzymatic processes. Apocarotenoids are more soluble or volatile than carotenoids but they are not simply breakdown products, as there can be modifications post-cleavage and their functions include hormones, volatiles, and signals. Evidence is emerging for a class of apocarotenoids, here referred to as apocarotenoid signals (ACSs), that have regulatory roles throughout plant development beyond those ascribed to abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactone (SL). In this context we review studies of carotenoid feedback regulation, chloroplast biogenesis, stress signaling, and leaf and root development providing evidence that apocarotenoids may fine-tune plant development and responses to environmental stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John Rivers
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Patricia León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Ryan P McQuinn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Huang W, Ye J, Zhang J, Lin Y, He M, Huang J. Transcriptome analysis of Chlorella zofingiensis to identify genes and their expressions involved in astaxanthin and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
210
|
López-Ráez JA. How drought and salinity affect arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and strigolactone biosynthesis? PLANTA 2016; 243:1375-85. [PMID: 26627211 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the importance of AM symbiosis in alleviating plant stress under unfavourable environmental conditions, making emphasis on the role of strigolactones. A better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate this beneficial association will increase its potential use as an innovative and sustainable strategy in modern agriculture. Plants are very dynamic systems with a great capacity for adaptation to a constantly changing environment. This phenotypic plasticity is particularly advantageous in areas damaged or subjected to intensive agriculture. Nowadays, global crop production systems are intensifying the impact on natural resources, such as water availability. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find more sustainable alternatives. One of the plant strategies to improve phenotypic plasticity is to establish mutualistic beneficial associations with soil microorganisms, such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The establishment of AM symbiosis requires a complex network of interconnected signalling pathways, in which phytohormones play a key role. Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones acting as modulators of the coordinated development under nutrient shortage. SLs also act as host detection signals for AM fungi, favouring symbiosis establishment. In this review, current knowledge on the effect of water-related stresses, such as drought and salinity, in AM symbiosis and in SL production is discussed. Likewise, how the symbiosis helps the host plant to alleviate stress symptoms is also reviewed. Finally, we highlight how interactions between hormonal signalling pathways modulate all these responses, especially in the cross-talk between SLs and abscisic acid (ABA). Understanding the intricate mechanisms that regulate the establishment of AM symbiosis and the plant responses under unfavourable conditions will contribute to implement the use of AM fungi as bioprotective agents against these stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A López-Ráez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Argandoña-Picazo J, Castillo R, Gómez-Gómez L. Intron retention and rhythmic diel pattern regulation of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2 during crocetin biosynthesis in saffron. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:355-374. [PMID: 27071403 PMCID: PMC4884571 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, a new member of the CCD family, catalyzes the conversion of zeaxanthin into crocetin-dialdehyde in Crocus. CCD2 is expressed in flowers, being responsible for the yellow, orange and red colorations displayed by tepals and stigma. Three CsCCD2 genes were identified in Crocus sativus, the longest contains ten exons and the shorter is a truncated copy with no introns and which lacks one exon sequence. Analysis of RNA-seq datasets of three developmental stages of saffron stigma allowed the determination of alternative splicing in CsCCD2, being intron retention (IR) the prevalent form of alternative splicing in CsCCD2. Further, high IR was observed in tissues that do not accumulate crocetin. The analysis of one CsCCD2 promoter showed cis-regulatory motifs involved in the response to light, temperature, and circadian regulation. The light and circadian regulation are common elements shared with the previously characterized CsLycB2a promoter, and these shared common cis-acting elements may represent binding sites for transcription factors responsible for co-regulation of these genes during the development of the stigma in saffron. A daily coordinated rhythmic regulation for CsCCD2 and CsLycB2a was observed, with higher levels of mRNA occurring at low temperatures during darkness, confirming the results obtained in the in silico promoter analysis. In addition, to the light and temperature dependent regulation of CsCCD2 expression, the apocarotenoid β-cyclocitral up-regulated CsCCD2 expression and could acts as a mediator of chromoplast-to-nucleus signalling, coordinating the expression of CsCCD2 with the developmental state of the chromoplast in the developing stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Angela Rubio-Moraga
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Javier Argandoña-Picazo
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Raquel Castillo
- VITAB Laboratorios, Polígono Industrial Garysol C/Pino, parcela 53, La Gineta, 02110, Albacete, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Bruno M, Al-Babili S. On the substrate specificity of the rice strigolactone biosynthesis enzyme DWARF27. PLANTA 2016; 243:1429-40. [PMID: 26945857 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The β-carotene isomerase OsDWARF27 is stereo- and double bond-specific. It converts bicyclic carotenoids with at least one unsubstituted β-ionone ring. OsDWARF27 may contribute to the formation of α-carotene-based strigolactone-like compounds. Strigolactones (SLs) are synthesized from all-trans-β-carotene via a pathway involving the β-carotene isomerase DWARF27, the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 7 and 8 (CCD7, CCD8), and cytochrome P450 enzymes from the 711 clade (MAX1 in Arabidopsis). The rice enzyme DWARF27 was shown to catalyze the reversible isomerization of all-trans- into 9-cis-β-carotene in vitro. β-carotene occurs in different cis-isomeric forms, and plants accumulate other carotenoids, which may be substrates of DWARF27. Here, we investigated the stereo and substrate specificity of the rice enzyme DWARF27 in carotenoid-accumulating E. coli strains and in in vitro assays performed with heterologously expressed and purified enzyme. Our results suggest that OsDWARF27 is strictly double bond-specific, solely targeting the C9-C10 double bond. OsDWARF27 did not introduce a 9-cis-double bond in 13-cis- or 15-cis-β-carotene. Substrates isomerized by OsDWARF27 are bicyclic carotenoids, including β-, α-carotene and β,β-cryptoxanthin, that contain at least one unsubstituted β-ionone ring. Accordingly, OsDWARF27 did not produce the abscisic acid precursors 9-cis-violaxanthin or -neoxanthin from the corresponding all-trans-isomers, excluding a direct role in the formation of this carotenoid derived hormone. The conversion of all-trans-α-carotene yielded two different isomers, including 9'-cis-α-carotene that might be the precursor of strigolactones with an ε-ionone ring, such as the recently identified heliolactone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bruno
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Rivera Vélez SM. Guide for Carotenoid Identification in Biological Samples. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1473-1484. [PMID: 27158746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been considerable interest in carotenoids with respect to their biological roles in animals, microorganisms, and plants, in addition to their use in the chemical, cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical, poultry, and other industries. However, the structural diversity, the different range of concentration, and the presence of cis/trans-isomers complicate the identification of carotenoids. This review provides updated information on their physical and chemical properties as well as spectroscopic and chromatographic data for the unambiguous determination of carotenoids in biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sol Maiam Rivera Vélez
- Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Cataldo VF, López J, Cárcamo M, Agosin E. Chemical vs. biotechnological synthesis of C13-apocarotenoids: current methods, applications and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5703-18. [PMID: 27154347 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apocarotenoids are natural compounds derived from the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids. Particularly, C13-apocarotenoids are volatile compounds that contribute to the aromas of different flowers and fruits and are highly valued by the Flavor and Fragrance industry. So far, the chemical synthesis of these terpenoids has dominated the industry. Nonetheless, the increasing consumer demand for more natural and sustainable processes raises an interesting opportunity for bio-production alternatives. In this regard, enzymatic biocatalysis and metabolically engineered microorganisms emerge as attractive biotechnological options. The present review summarizes promising bioengineering approaches with regard to chemical production methods for the synthesis of two families of C13-apocarotenoids: ionones/dihydroionones and damascones/damascenone. We discuss each method and its applicability, with a thorough comparative analysis for ionones, focusing on the production process, regulatory aspects, and sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente F Cataldo
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera López
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Cárcamo
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Zhang S, Liu Y, Luo J. Synthesis of Analogues of Citranaxanthin and Their Activity in Free Radical Scavenging. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14580338203147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Citranaxanthin and its analogues were synthesised via a C5 unit elongation to substituted conjugated polyenes. Their free radical scavenging activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazinyl spectrophotometric methods. Results indicated that the new compounds exhibited antioxidant activities. Three new analogues had stronger antioxidant activity than citranaxanthin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Juan Luo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Buah S, Mlalazi B, Khanna H, Dale JL, Mortimer CL. The Quest for Golden Bananas: Investigating Carotenoid Regulation in a Fe'i Group Musa Cultivar. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3176-85. [PMID: 27041343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in a high-carotenoid-accumulating Fe'i group Musa cultivar, "Asupina", has been examined and compared to that of a low-carotenoid-accumulating cultivar, "Cavendish", to understand the molecular basis underlying carotenogenesis during banana fruit development. Comparisons in the accumulation of carotenoid species, expression of isoprenoid genes, and product sequestration are reported. Key differences between the cultivars include greater carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) expression in "Cavendish" and the conversion of amyloplasts to chromoplasts during fruit ripening in "Asupina". Chromoplast development coincided with a reduction in dry matter content and fruit firmness. Chromoplasts were not observed in "Cavendish" fruits. Such information should provide important insights for future developments in the biofortification and breeding of banana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Buah
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Bulukani Mlalazi
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Harjeet Khanna
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - James L Dale
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Cara L Mortimer
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Wang HM, To KY, Lai HM, Jeng ST. Modification of flower colour by suppressing β-ring carotene hydroxylase genes in Oncidium. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:220-9. [PMID: 26404515 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oncidium 'Gower Ramsey' (Onc. GR) is a popular cut flower, but its colour is limited to bright yellow. The β-ring carotene hydroxylase (BCH2) gene is involved in carotenoid biogenesis for pigment formation. However, the role of BCH2 in Onc. GR is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the functions of three BCH2 genes, BCH-A2, BCH-B2 and BCH-C2 isolated from Onc. GR, to analyse their roles in flower colour. RT-PCR expression profiling suggested that BCH2 was mainly expressed in flowers. The expression of BCH-B2 remained constant while that of BCH-A2 gradually decreased during flower development. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to introduce BCH2 RNA interference (RNAi), we created transgenic Oncidium plants with down-regulated BCH expression. In the transgenic plants, flower colour changed from the bright yellow of the wild type to light and white-yellow. BCH-A2 and BCH-B2 expression levels were significantly reduced in the transgenic flower lips, which make up the major portion of the Oncidium flower. Sectional magnification of the flower lip showed that the amount of pigmentation in the papillate cells of the adaxial epidermis was proportional to the intensity of yellow colouration. HPLC analyses of the carotenoid composition of the transgenic flowers suggested major reductions in neoxanthin and violaxanthin. In conclusion, BCH2 expression regulated the accumulation of yellow pigments in the Oncidium flower, and the down-regulation of BCH-A2 and BCH-B2 changed the flower colour from bright yellow to light and white-yellow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-M Wang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K-Y To
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-M Lai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-T Jeng
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Kim SH, Kim MS, Lee BY, Lee PC. Generation of structurally novel short carotenoids and study of their biological activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21987. [PMID: 26902326 PMCID: PMC4763220 DOI: 10.1038/srep21987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research interest in phytochemicals has consistently driven the efforts in the metabolic engineering field toward microbial production of various carotenoids. In spite of systematic studies, the possibility of using C30 carotenoids as biologically functional compounds has not been explored thus far. Here, we generated 13 novel structures of C30 carotenoids and one C35 carotenoid, including acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic structures, through directed evolution and combinatorial biosynthesis, in Escherichia coli. Measurement of radical scavenging activity of various C30 carotenoid structures revealed that acyclic C30 carotenoids showed higher radical scavenging activity than did DL-α-tocopherol. We could assume high potential biological activity of the novel structures of C30 carotenoids as well, based on the neuronal differentiation activity observed for the monocyclic C30 carotenoid 4,4′-diapotorulene on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Our results demonstrate that a series of structurally novel carotenoids possessing biologically beneficial properties can be synthesized in E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se H Kim
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Alle 6, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Moon S Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology and Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Woncheon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Bun Y Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology and Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Woncheon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Pyung C Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology and Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Woncheon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Ruiz-Lozano JM, Aroca R, Zamarreño ÁM, Molina S, Andreo-Jiménez B, Porcel R, García-Mina JM, Ruyter-Spira C, López-Ráez JA. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis induces strigolactone biosynthesis under drought and improves drought tolerance in lettuce and tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:441-52. [PMID: 26305264 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis alleviates drought stress in plants. However, the intimate mechanisms involved, as well as its effect on the production of signalling molecules associated with the host plant-AM fungus interaction remains largely unknown. In the present work, the effects of drought on lettuce and tomato plant performance and hormone levels were investigated in non-AM and AM plants. Three different water regimes were applied, and their effects were analysed over time. AM plants showed an improved growth rate and efficiency of photosystem II than non-AM plants under drought from very early stages of plant colonization. The levels of the phytohormone abscisic acid, as well as the expression of the corresponding marker genes, were influenced by drought stress in non-AM and AM plants. The levels of strigolactones and the expression of corresponding marker genes were affected by both AM symbiosis and drought. The results suggest that AM symbiosis alleviates drought stress by altering the hormonal profiles and affecting plant physiology in the host plant. In addition, a correlation between AM root colonization, strigolactone levels and drought severity is shown, suggesting that under these unfavourable conditions, plants might increase strigolactone production in order to promote symbiosis establishment to cope with the stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Aroca
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel María Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Agricultural Chemistry and Biology, Group CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31009, Navarra, Spain
| | - Sonia Molina
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Andreo-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosa Porcel
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José María García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Agricultural Chemistry and Biology, Group CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31009, Navarra, Spain
| | - Carolien Ruyter-Spira
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Antonio López-Ráez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Litzenburger M, Bernhardt R. Selective oxidation of carotenoid-derived aroma compounds by CYP260B1 and CYP267B1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4447-57. [PMID: 26767988 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their bioactive properties as well as their application as precursors in chemical synthesis, hydroxylated isoprenoids and norisoprenoids are very valuable compounds. The efficient hydroxylation of such compounds remains a challenge in organic chemistry caused by the formation of a variety of side products and lack of overall regio- and stereoselectivity. In contrast, cytochromes P450 are known for their selective oxidation under mild conditions. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the ability of myxobacterial CYP260B1 and CYP267B1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 to oxidize such carotenoid-derived aroma compounds. A focused library of 14 substrates such as ionones, damascones, as well as some of their isomers and derivatives was screened in vitro. Both P450s were capable of an efficient oxidation of all tested compounds. CYP260B1-dependent conversions mainly formed multiple products, whereas conversions by CYP267B1 resulted predominantly in a single product. To identify the main products by NMR spectroscopy, an Escherichia coli-based whole-cell system was used. CYP267B1 showed a hydroxylase activity towards the formation of allylic alcohols. Likewise, CYP260B1 performed the allylic hydroxylation of β-damascone [(E)-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)but-2-en-1-one] and δ-damascone [(E)-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-3-enyl)but-2-en-1-one]. Moreover, CYP260B1 showed an epoxidase activity towards β-ionone [(E)-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)but-3-en-2-one] as well as the methyl-substituted α-ionone derivatives raldeine [(E)-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)pent-1-en-3-one] and isoraldeine [(E)-3-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)but-3-en-2-one]. In addition, to known products, also novel products such as 2-OH-δ-damascone [(E)-1-(5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-3-enyl)but-2-en-1-one], 3-OH-allyl-α-ionone [(E)-1-(4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3-one], and 4-OH-allyl-β-ionone [(E)-1-(3-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3-one] were identified during our studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Litzenburger
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus B.2.2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus B.2.2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Abstract
A substantial proportion of the dazzling diversity of colors displayed by living organisms throughout the tree of life is determined by the presence of carotenoids, which most often provide distinctive yellow, orange and red hues. These metabolites play fundamental roles in nature that extend far beyond their importance as pigments. In photosynthetic lineages, carotenoids are essential to sustain life, since they have been exploited to maximize light harvesting and protect the photosynthetic machinery from photooxidative stress. Consequently, photosynthetic organisms have evolved several mechanisms that adjust the carotenoid metabolism to efficiently cope with constantly fluctuating light environments. This chapter will focus on the current knowledge concerning the regulation of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in leaves, which are the primary photosynthetic organs of most land plants.
Collapse
|
222
|
Abstract
Carotenoids are recognized as the main pigments in most fruit crops, providing colours that range from yellow and pink to deep orange and red. Moreover, the edible portion of widely consumed fruits or their derived products represent a major dietary source of carotenoids for animals and humans. Therefore, these pigments are crucial compounds contributing to fruit aesthetic and nutritional quality but may also have protecting and ecophysiological functions in coloured fruits. Among plant organs, fruits display one of the most heterogeneous carotenoids patterns in terms of diversity and abundance. In this chapter a comprehensive list of the carotenoid content and profile in the most commonly cultivated fleshy fruits is reported. The proposed fruit classification systems attending to carotenoid composition are revised and discussed. The regulation of carotenoids in fruits can be rather complex due to the dramatic changes in content and composition during ripening, which are also dependent on the fruit tissue and the developmental stage. In addition, carotenoid accumulation is a dynamic process, associated with the development of chromoplasts during ripening. As a general rule, carotenoid accumulation is highly controlled at the transcriptional level of the structural and accessory proteins of the biosynthetic and degradation pathways, but other mechanisms such as post-transcriptional modifications or the development of sink structures have been recently revealed as crucial factors in determining the levels and stability of these pigments. In this chapter common key metabolic reactions regulating carotenoid composition in fruit tissues are described in addition to others that are restricted to certain species and generate unique carotenoids patterns. The existence of fruit-specific isoforms for key steps such as the phytoene synthase, lycopene β-cyclases or catabolic carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases has allowed an independent regulation of the pathway in fruit tissues and a source of variability to create novel activities or different catalytic properties. Besides key genes of the carotenoid pathway, changes in carotenoid accumulation could be also directly influenced by differences in gene expression or protein activity in the pathway of carotenoid precursors and some relevant examples are discussed. The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated review of the main carotenoid profiles in fleshy fruits, their pattern of changes during ripening and our current understanding of the different regulatory levels responsible for the diversity of carotenoid accumulation in fruit tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria (INIA), Camino a la Represa s/n, Salto, Uruguay.
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Abstract
Carotenoids are precursors of carotenoid derived molecules termed apocarotenoids, which include isoprenoids with important functions in plant-environment interactions such as the attraction of pollinators and the defense against pathogens and herbivores. Apocarotenoids also include volatile aromatic compounds that act as repellents, chemoattractants, growth simulators and inhibitors, as well as the phytohormones abscisic acid and strigolactones. In plants, apocarotenoids can be found in several types of plastids (etioplast, leucoplast and chromoplast) and among different plant tissues such as flowers and roots. The structural similarity of some flower and spice isoprenoid volatile organic compounds (β-ionone and safranal) to carotenoids has led to the recent discovery of carotenoid-specific cleavage oxygenases, including carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases and 9-cis-epoxydioxygenases, which tailor and transform carotenoids into apocarotenoids. The great diversity of apocarotenoids is a consequence of the huge amount of carotenoid precursors, the variations in specific cleavage sites and the modifications after cleavage. Lycopene, β-carotene and zeaxanthin are the precursors of the main apocarotenoids described to date, which include bixin, crocin, picrocrocin, abscisic acid, strigolactone and mycorradicin.The current chapter will give rise to an overview of the biosynthesis and function of the most important apocarotenoids in plants, as well as the current knowledge about the carotenoid cleavage oxygenase enzymes involved in these biosynthetic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Abstract
Carrot (Daucus carota) is one of the most important vegetable cultivated worldwide and the main source of dietary provitamin A. Contrary to other plants, almost all carrot varieties accumulate massive amounts of carotenoids in the root, resulting in a wide variety of colors, including those with purple, yellow, white, red and orange roots. During the first weeks of development the root, grown in darkness, is thin and pale and devoid of carotenoids. At the second month, the thickening of the root and the accumulation of carotenoids begins, and it reaches its highest level at 3 months of development. This normal root thickening and carotenoid accumulation can be completely altered when roots are grown in light, in which chromoplasts differentiation is redirected to chloroplasts development in accordance with an altered carotenoid profile. Here we discuss the current evidence on the biosynthesis of carotenoid in carrot roots in response to environmental cues that has contributed to our understanding of the mechanism that regulates the accumulation of carotenoids, as well as the carotenogenic gene expression and root development in D. carota.
Collapse
|
225
|
Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Berman J, Capell T, Christou P, Zhu C, Gómez-Gómez L. The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD2 catalysing the synthesis of crocetin in spring crocuses and saffron is a plastidial enzyme. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:650-63. [PMID: 26377696 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The apocarotenoid crocetin and its glycosylated derivatives, crocins, confer the red colour to saffron. Crocetin biosynthesis in saffron is catalysed by the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD2 (AIG94929). No homologues have been identified in other plant species due to the very limited presence of crocetin and its derivatives in the plant kingdom. Spring Crocus species with yellow flowers accumulate crocins in the stigma and tepals. Four carotenoid CCDs, namely CaCCD1, CaCCD2 and CaCCD4a/b and CaCCD4c were first cloned and characterized. CaCCD2 was localized in plastids, and a longer CCD2 version, CsCCD2L, was also localized in this compartment. The activity of CaCCD2 was assessed in Escherichia coli and in a stable rice gene function characterization system, demonstrating the production of crocetin in both systems. The expression of all isolated CCDs was evaluated in stigma and tepals at three key developmental stages in relation with apocarotenoid accumulation. CaCCD2 expression parallels crocin accumulation, but C14 apocarotenoids most likely are associated to the CaCCD1 activity in Crocus ancyrensis flowers. The specific CCD2 localization and its membrane interaction will contribute to the development of a better understanding of the mechanism of crocetin biosynthesis and regulation in the chromoplast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Angela Rubio-Moraga
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Judit Berman
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Avenida Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Avenida Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Avenida Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Avenida Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Abstract
Carotenoids are the most important biocolor isoprenoids responsible for yellow, orange and red colors found in nature. In plants, they are synthesized in plastids of photosynthetic and sink organs and are essential molecules for photosynthesis, photo-oxidative damage protection and phytohormone synthesis. Carotenoids also play important roles in human health and nutrition acting as vitamin A precursors and antioxidants. Biochemical and biophysical approaches in different plants models have provided significant advances in understanding the structural and functional roles of carotenoids in plants as well as the key points of regulation in their biosynthesis. To date, different plant models have been used to characterize the key genes and their regulation, which has increased the knowledge of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in plants. In this chapter a description of each step in the carotenoid synthesis pathway is presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Louro RP, Santiago LJM. Development of carotenoid storage cells in Bixa orellana L. seed arils. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:77-86. [PMID: 25786349 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The arils of Bixa orellana L. seeds contain carotenoid storage cells (CSCs). The main compounds in these cells include bixin and norbixin, which are important pigments in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Although many studies have been conducted on these chemical constituents, the cellular events that occur during the development of the carotenoid-accumulating cells in the arils and their relationship with the final carotenoid accumulation in the vacuoles remain unknown. In this study, the development of the CSCs in B. orellana arils was analyzed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Carotenoids formed in specialized cells, whose number and size increased during aril development. At various stages of development, the cytoplasm of the CSCs contained chromoplasts that held an extensive network of tubules and plastoglobules. Next to the chromoplasts, lipid droplets may fuse one another to form osmiophilic bodies. In addition, vesicles were observed next to the tonoplast. At the final stages of development, both the osmiophilic bodies and vesicles, which became quadrangular or rectangular, were stored in the vacuoles of the CSCs. This study reported for the first time the occurrence of different storage unit types within the vacuole of carotenoid storage cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo P Louro
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS-Bloco A. Cidade Universitária, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21949-490, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Laura J M Santiago
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur 458, S. 301, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 22290-240
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Waditee-Sirisattha R, Kageyama H, Takabe T. Halophilic microorganism resources and their applications in industrial and environmental biotechnology. AIMS Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2016.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
229
|
|
230
|
Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Carballo-Uicab V, Lieberman M, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Comai L, Rivera-Madrid R. De novo transcriptome sequencing in Bixa orellana to identify genes involved in methylerythritol phosphate, carotenoid and bixin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:877. [PMID: 26511010 PMCID: PMC4625570 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bixin or annatto is a commercially important natural orange-red pigment derived from lycopene that is produced and stored in seeds of Bixa orellana L. An enzymatic pathway for bixin biosynthesis was inferred from homology of putative proteins encoded by differentially expressed seed cDNAs. Some activities were later validated in a heterologous system. Nevertheless, much of the pathway remains to be clarified. For example, it is essential to identify the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and carotenoid pathways genes. Results In order to investigate the MEP, carotenoid, and bixin pathways genes, total RNA from young leaves and two different developmental stages of seeds from B. orellana were used for the construction of indexed mRNA libraries, sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform and assembled de novo using Velvet, CLC Genomics Workbench and CAP3 software. A total of 52,549 contigs were obtained with average length of 1,924 bp. Two phylogenetic analyses of inferred proteins, in one case encoded by thirteen general, single-copy cDNAs, in the other from carotenoid and MEP cDNAs, indicated that B. orellana is closely related to sister Malvales species cacao and cotton. Using homology, we identified 7 and 14 core gene products from the MEP and carotenoid pathways, respectively. Surprisingly, previously defined bixin pathway cDNAs were not present in our transcriptome. Here we propose a new set of gene products involved in bixin pathway. Conclusion The identification and qRT-PCR quantification of cDNAs involved in annatto production suggest a hypothetical model for bixin biosynthesis that involve coordinated activation of some MEP, carotenoid and bixin pathway genes. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating these pathways and will facilitate the genetic improvement of B. orellana. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2065-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yair Cárdenas-Conejo
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Víctor Carballo-Uicab
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Meric Lieberman
- Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Luca Comai
- Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Miller DG, Lawson SP, Rinker DC, Estby H, Abbot P. The origin and genetic differentiation of the socially parasitic aphid Tamalia inquilinus. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5751-66. [PMID: 26460808 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Social and brood parasitisms are nonconsumptive forms of parasitism involving the exploitation of the colonies or nests of a host. Such parasites are often related to their hosts and may evolve in various ecological contexts, causing evolutionary constraints and opportunities for both parasites and their hosts. In extreme cases, patterns of diversification between social parasites and their hosts can be coupled, such that diversity of one is correlated with or even shapes the diversity of the other. Aphids in the genus Tamalia induce galls on North American manzanita (Arctostaphylos) and related shrubs (Arbutoideae) and are parasitized by nongalling social parasites or inquilines in the same genus. We used RNA sequencing to identify and generate new gene sequences for Tamalia and performed maximum-likelihood, Bayesian and phylogeographic analyses to reconstruct the origins and patterns of diversity and host-associated differentiation in the genus. Our results indicate that the Tamalia inquilines are monophyletic and closely related to their gall-forming hosts on Arctostaphylos, supporting a previously proposed scenario for origins of these parasitic aphids. Unexpectedly, population structure and host-plant-associated differentiation were greater in the non-gall-inducing parasites than in their gall-inducing hosts. RNA-seq indicated contrasting patterns of gene expression between host aphids and parasites, and perhaps functional differences in host-plant relationships. Our results suggest a mode of speciation in which host plants drive within-guild diversification in insect hosts and their parasites. Shared host plants may be sufficient to promote the ecological diversification of a network of phytophagous insects and their parasites, as exemplified by Tamalia aphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Water and the Environment, California State University, Chico, CA, 95929, USA
| | - Sarah P Lawson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - David C Rinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Heather Estby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Wei T, Jia B, Huang S, Yang K, Jia C, Mao D. Purification and characterization of a novel β-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae ULI3. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1993-8. [PMID: 26026965 PMCID: PMC4565880 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A novel β-carotene-9,10'-oxygenase (ScBCO2) has been characterized from Saccharomyces cerevisiae ULI3 to convert β-carotene to β-apo-10'-carotenal, which is a precursor of the plant hormone strigolactone. RESULTS The ScBCO2 enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, Q sepharose and Superdex-200 chromatography. The molecular mass of the enzyme was ~50 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The purified ScBCO2 enzyme displayed optimal activity at 45 °C and pH 8. Tween 20 (1%, w/v), Trition X-100 (1%, w/v), Mg(2+) (5 mM), Zn(2+) (5 mM), Cu(2+) (5 mM), Ca(2+) (5 mM) or DTT (5 mM) increased in the activity by 3, 7, 14, 17, 23, 26 and 27%, respectively. ScBCO2 only exhibited cleavage activity towards carotenoid substrates containing two β-ionone rings and its catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) followed the order β-carotene > α-carotene > lutein. CONCLUSION ScBCO2 could be used as a potential candidate for the enzymatic biotransformation of β-carotene to β-apo-10'-carotenal in biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Beilei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunpeng Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Duobin Mao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Rd, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Yahyaa M, Berim A, Isaacson T, Marzouk S, Bar E, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Lewinsohn E, Ibdah M. Isolation and Functional Characterization of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase-1 from Laurus nobilis L. (Bay Laurel) Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8275-82. [PMID: 26359684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is an agriculturally important tree used in food, drugs, and the cosmetics industry. Many of the health beneficial properties of bay laurel are due to volatile terpene metabolites that they contain, including various norisoprenoids. Despite their importance, little is known about the norisoprenoid biosynthesis in Laurus nobilis fruits. We found that the volatile norisoprenoids 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, pseudoionone, and β-ionone accumulated in Laurus nobilis fruits in a pattern reflecting their carotenoid content. A full-length cDNA encoding a potential carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (LnCCD1) was isolated. The LnCCD1 gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and recombinant protein was assayed for its cleavage activity with an array of carotenoid substrates. The LnCCD1 protein was able to cleave a variety of carotenoids at the 9,10 (9',10') and 5,6 (5',6') positions to produce 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, pseudoionone, β-ionone, and α-ionone. Our results suggest a role for LnCCD1 in Laurus nobilis fruit flavor biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosaab Yahyaa
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization , P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Anna Berim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , P.O. Box 646340, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, United States
| | - Tal Isaacson
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization , P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Sally Marzouk
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization , P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Einat Bar
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization , P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | | | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization , P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Mwafaq Ibdah
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization , P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Chen W, He S, Liu D, Patil GB, Zhai H, Wang F, Stephenson TJ, Wang Y, Wang B, Valliyodan B, Nguyen HT, Liu Q. A Sweetpotato Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene, IbGGPS, Increases Carotenoid Content and Enhances Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137623. [PMID: 26376432 PMCID: PMC4574098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweetpotato highly produces carotenoids in storage roots. In this study, a cDNA encoding geranylgeranyl phyrophosphate synthase (GGPS), named IbGGPS, was isolated from sweetpotato storage roots. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was fused to the C-terminus of IbGGPS to obtain an IbGGPS-GFP fusion protein that was transiently expressed in both epidermal cells of onion and leaves of tobacco. Confocal microscopic analysis determined that the IbGGPS-GFP protein was localized to specific areas of the plasma membrane of onion and chloroplasts in tobacco leaves. The coding region of IbGGPS was cloned into a binary vector under the control of 35S promoter and then transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana to obtain transgenic plants. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed a significant increase of total carotenoids in transgenic plants. The seeds of transgenic and wild-type plants were germinated on an agar medium supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Transgenic seedlings grew significantly longer roots than wild-type ones did. Further enzymatic analysis showed an increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in transgenic seedlings. In addition, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced in transgenics. qRT-PCR analysis showed altered expressions of several genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis in transgenic plants. These data results indicate that IbGGPS is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in sweetpotato storage roots and likely associated with tolerance to osmotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozhen He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Degao Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gunvant B. Patil
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feibing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Troy J. Stephenson
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yannan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Qingchang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Baba SA, Jain D, Abbas N, Ashraf N. Overexpression of Crocus carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase, CsCCD4b, in Arabidopsis imparts tolerance to dehydration, salt and oxidative stresses by modulating ROS machinery. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 189:114-125. [PMID: 26595090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Apocarotenoids modulate vital physiological and developmental processes in plants. These molecules are formed by the cleavage of carotenoids, a reaction catalyzed by a family of enzymes called carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs). Apocarotenoids like β-ionone and β-cyclocitral have been reported to act as stress signal molecules during high light stress in many plant species. In Crocus sativus, these two apocarotenoids are formed by enzymatic cleavage of β-carotene at 9, 10 and 7, 8 bonds by CsCCD4 enzymes. In the present study three isoforms of CsCCD4 were subjected to molecular modeling and docking analysis to determine their substrate specificity and all the three isoforms displayed high substrate specificity for β-carotene. Further, expression of these three CsCCD4 isoforms investigated in response to various stresses revealed that CsCCD4a and CsCCD4b exhibit enhanced expression in response to dehydration, salt and methylviologen, providing a clue towards their role in mediating plant defense response. This was confirmed by overexpressing CsCCD4b in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plants developed longer roots and possessed higher number of lateral roots. Further, overexpression of CsCCD4b imparted enhanced tolerance to salt, dehydration and oxidative stresses as was evidenced by higher survival rate, increased relative root length and biomass in transgenic plants as compared to wild type. Transgenic plants also displayed higher activity and expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolizing enzymes. This indicates that β-ionone and β-cyclocitral which are enzymatic products of CsCCD4b may act as stress signals and mediate reprogramming of stress responsive genes which ultimately leads to plant defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoib Ahmad Baba
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
| | - Deepti Jain
- Inter-disciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Nazia Abbas
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Nasheeman Ashraf
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Harrison PJ, Newgas SA, Descombes F, Shepherd SA, Thompson AJ, Bugg TDH. Biochemical characterization and selective inhibition of β-carotenecis-transisomerase D27 and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD8 on the strigolactone biosynthetic pathway. FEBS J 2015; 282:3986-4000. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew J. Thompson
- Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute; Cranfield University; Cranfield UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Yuan H, Zhang J, Nageswaran D, Li L. Carotenoid metabolism and regulation in horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2015; 2:15036. [PMID: 26504578 PMCID: PMC4591682 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2015.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a diverse group of pigments widely distributed in nature. The vivid yellow, orange, and red colors of many horticultural crops are attributed to the overaccumulation of carotenoids, which contribute to a critical agronomic trait for flowers and an important quality trait for fruits and vegetables. Not only do carotenoids give horticultural crops their visual appeal, they also enhance nutritional value and health benefits for humans. As a result, carotenoid research in horticultural crops has grown exponentially over the last decade. These investigations have advanced our fundamental understanding of carotenoid metabolism and regulation in plants. In this review, we provide an overview of carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation, and accumulation in horticultural crops and highlight recent achievements in our understanding of carotenoid metabolic regulation in vegetables, fruits, and flowers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yuan
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Divyashree Nageswaran
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Li Li
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Yuan F, Qian MC. Development of C13-norisoprenoids, carotenoids and other volatile compounds in Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Pinot noir grapes. Food Chem 2015; 192:633-41. [PMID: 26304393 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Developmental changes in the carotenoids and volatile compounds of Pinot noir grape berries were investigated in this study from pea size to harvest during 2012. HPLC analysis showed continued decrease of lutein, β-carotene, neochrome a and neoxanthin continued to decrease during berry development, with rapid decrease of lutein and (9'z)-neoxanthin occurred two weeks before véraison. Neochrome b and violaxanthin accumulated at early development and started to decrease two weeks before véraison. Volatile analysis demonstrated that total β-damascenone, TDN and vitispirane all increased dramatically, especially at later stage of ripening, whereas the changes for α-ionone and β-ionone were not obvious. The correlation between carotenoids and C13-norisoprenoids in the grape berries was compound-dependent, suggesting dependency on enzyme activity and specificity. In addition, C6-alcohols accumulated before véraison and decreased towards maturation, and 3-isobutyl-2-methoxyprazine decreased with increasing maturity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Michael C Qian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Serra S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Carotenoid-Derived Flavours and Fragrances. Molecules 2015; 20:12817-40. [PMID: 26184154 PMCID: PMC6331875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are important isoprenoid compounds whose oxidative degradation produces a plethora of smaller derivatives, called apocarotenoids, which possess a range of different chemical structures and biological activities. Among these natural products, compounds having less than 15 carbon atoms in their frameworks are often relevant flavours or fragrances and their manufacturing represents an important economic resource for chemical companies. The strict correlation between stereochemical structure and odour has made the stereospecific synthesis of the latter biological active compounds increasingly important. In this review, the recent advances on the synthesis of the most relevant carotenoid-derived flavours and fragrances are discussed. In particular, the new synthetic methods that have given new and innovative perspectives from a scientific standpoint and the preparative approaches that might possess industrial importance are described thoroughly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Serra
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Zinc oxide nanoparticles with surface modified by degradation of capping polymers in situ during microwave synthesis. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
241
|
Gayen D, Ali N, Sarkar SN, Datta SK, Datta K. Down-regulation of lipoxygenase gene reduces degradation of carotenoids of golden rice during storage. PLANTA 2015; 242:353-63. [PMID: 25963517 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Down-regulation of lipoxygenase enzyme activity reduces degradation of carotenoids of bio-fortified rice seeds which would be an effective tool to reduce huge post-harvest and economic losses of bio-fortified rice seeds during storage. Bio-fortified provitamin A-enriched rice line (golden rice) expressing higher amounts of β-carotene in the rice endosperm provides vitamin A for human health. However, it is already reported that degradation of carotenoids during storage is a major problem. The gene responsible for degradation of carotenoids during storage has remained largely unexplored till now. In our previous study, it has been shown that r9-LOX1 gene is responsible for rice seed quality deterioration. In the present study, we attempted to investigate if r9-LOX1 gene has any role in degradation of carotenoids in rice seeds during storage. To establish our hypothesis, the endogenous lipoxygenase (LOX) activity of high-carotenoid golden indica rice seed was silenced by RNAi technology using aleurone layer and embryo-specific Oleosin-18 promoter. To check the storage stability, LOX enzyme down-regulated high-carotenoid T3 transgenic rice seeds were subjected to artificial aging treatment. The results obtained from biochemical assays (MDA, ROS) also indicated that after artificial aging, the deterioration of LOX-RNAi lines was considerably lower compared to β-carotene-enriched transgenic rice which had higher LOX activity in comparison to LOX-RNAi lines. Furthermore, it was also observed by HPLC analysis that down-regulation of LOX gene activity decreases co-oxidation of β-carotene in LOX-RNAi golden rice seeds as compared to the β-carotene-enriched transgenic rice, after artificial aging treatment. Therefore, our study substantially establishes and verifies that LOX is a key enzyme for catalyzing co-oxidation of β-carotene and has a significant role in deterioration of β-carotene levels in the carotenoid-enriched golden rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Gayen
- Laboratory of Translational Research on Transgenic Crops, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Zhang B, Liu C, Wang Y, Yao X, Wang F, Wu J, King GJ, Liu K. Disruption of a CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 4 gene converts flower colour from white to yellow in Brassica species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1513-26. [PMID: 25690717 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In Brassica napus, yellow petals had a much higher content of carotenoids than white petals present in a small number of lines, with violaxanthin identified as the major carotenoid compound in yellow petals of rapeseed lines. Using positional cloning we identified a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 gene, BnaC3.CCD4, responsible for the formation of flower colour, with preferential expression in petals of white-flowered B. napus lines. Insertion of a CACTA-like transposable element 1 (TE1) into the coding region of BnaC3.CCD4 had disrupted its expression in yellow-flowered rapeseed lines. α-Ionone was identified as the major volatile apocarotenoid released from white petals but not from yellow petals. We speculate that BnaC3.CCD4 may use δ- and/or α-carotene as substrates. Four variations, including two CACTA-like TEs (alleles M1 and M4) and two insertion/deletions (INDELs, alleles M2 and M3), were identified in yellow-flowered Brassica oleracea lines. The two CACTA-like TEs were also identified in the coding region of BcaC3.CCD4 in Brassica carinata. However, the two INDELs were not detected in B. napus and B. carinata. We demonstrate that the insertions of TEs in BolC3.CCD4 predated the formation of the two allotetraploids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Fang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jiangsheng Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Graham J King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Kede Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Walter MH, Stauder R, Tissier A. Evolution of root-specific carotenoid precursor pathways for apocarotenoid signal biogenesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 233:1-10. [PMID: 25711808 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Various cleavage products of C40 carotenoid substrates are formed preferentially or exclusively in roots. Such apocarotenoid signaling or regulatory compounds differentially induced in roots during environmental stress responses including root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi include ABA, strigolactones and C13 α-ionol/C14 mycorradicin derivatives. The low carotenoid levels in roots raise the question of whether there is a regulated precursor supply channeled into apocarotenoid formation distinct from default carotenoid pathways. This review describes root-specific isogene components of carotenoid pathways toward apocarotenoid formation, highlighting a new PSY3 class of phytoene synthase genes in dicots. It is clearly distinct from the monocot PSY3 class co-regulated with ABA formation. At least two members of the exclusive dicot PSY3s are regulated by nutrient stress and mycorrhization. This newly recognized dicot PSY3 (dPSY3 vs. mPSY3 from monocots) class probably represents an ancestral branch in the evolution of the plant phytoene synthase family. The evolutionary history of PSY genes is compared with the evolution of MEP pathway isogenes encoding 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthases (DXS), particularly DXS2, which is co-regulated with dPSY3s in mycorrhizal roots. Such stress-inducible isoforms for rate-limiting steps in root carotenogenesis might be components of multi-enzyme complexes committed to apocarotenoid rather than to carotenoid formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Walter
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell & Metabolic Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ron Stauder
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell & Metabolic Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell & Metabolic Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
The potato carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 catalyzes a single cleavage of β-ionone ring-containing carotenes and non-epoxidated xanthophylls. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 572:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
245
|
Zheng X, Xie Z, Zhu K, Xu Q, Deng X, Pan Z. Isolation and characterization of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 genes from different citrus species. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1589-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
246
|
Pacini T, Fu W, Gudmundsson S, Chiaravalle AE, Brynjolfson S, Palsson BO, Astarita G, Paglia G. Multidimensional analytical approach based on UHPLC-UV-ion mobility-MS for the screening of natural pigments. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2593-9. [PMID: 25647265 DOI: 10.1021/ac504707n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we propose a novel strategy that combines a typical ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), data-independent mass spectrometry (MS(E)) workflow with traveling wave ion mobility (TWIM) and UV detection, to improve the characterization of carotenoids and chlorophylls in complex biological matrices. UV detection selectively highlighted pigments absorbing at specific wavelengths, while TWIM coupled to MS was used to maximize the peak capacity. We applied this approach for the analysis of pigments in different microalgae samples, including Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Using UHPLC-UV-MS(E) information (retention time, absorbance at 450 nm, and accurate masses of precursors and product ions), we tentatively identified 26 different pigments (carotenes, chlorophylls, and xanthophylls). By adding TWIM information (collision cross sections), we further resolved 5 isobaric pigments, not resolved by UHPLC-UV-MS(E) alone. The characterization of the molecular phenotypes allowed us to differentiate the microalgae species. Our results demonstrate that a combination of TWIM and UV detection with traditional analytical approaches increases the selectivity and specificity of analysis, providing a new tool to characterize pigments in biological samples. We anticipate that such an analytical approach will be extended to other lipidomics and metabolomics applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Pacini
- Center For Systems Biology, University of Iceland , Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Lange BM. The evolution of plant secretory structures and emergence of terpenoid chemical diversity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:139-59. [PMID: 25621517 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Secretory structures in terrestrial plants appear to have first emerged as intracellular oil bodies in liverworts. In vascular plants, internal secretory structures, such as resin ducts and laticifers, are usually found in conjunction with vascular bundles, whereas subepidermal secretory cavities and epidermal glandular trichomes generally have more complex tissue distribution patterns. The primary function of plant secretory structures is related to defense responses, both constitutive and induced, against herbivores and pathogens. The ability to sequester secondary (or specialized) metabolites and defense proteins in secretory structures was a critical adaptation that shaped plant-herbivore and plant-pathogen interactions. Although this review places particular emphasis on describing the evolution of pathways leading to terpenoids, it also assesses the emergence of other metabolite classes to outline the metabolic capabilities of different plant lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340;
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Park SC, Kim SH, Park S, Lee HU, Lee JS, Park WS, Ahn MJ, Kim YH, Jeong JC, Lee HS, Kwak SS. Enhanced accumulation of carotenoids in sweetpotato plants overexpressing IbOr-Ins gene in purple-fleshed sweetpotato cultivar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 86:82-90. [PMID: 25438140 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] is an important root crop that produces low molecular weight antioxidants such as carotenoids and anthocyanin. The sweetpotato orange (IbOr) protein is involved in the accumulation of carotenoids. To increase the levels of carotenoids in the storage roots of sweetpotato, we generated transgenic sweetpotato plants overexpressing IbOr-Ins under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter in an anthocyanin-rich purple-fleshed cultivar (referred to as IbOr plants). IbOr plants exhibited increased carotenoid levels (up to 7-fold) in their storage roots compared to wild type (WT) plants, as revealed by HPLC analysis. The carotenoid contents of IbOr plants were positively correlated with IbOr transcript levels. The levels of zeaxanthin were ∼ 12 times elevated in IbOr plants, whereas β-carotene increased ∼ 1.75 times higher than those of WT. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that most carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes were up-regulated in the IbOr plants, including PDS, ZDS, LCY-β, CHY-β, ZEP and Pftf, whereas LCY-ɛ was down-regulated. Interestingly, CCD1, CCD4 and NCED, which are related to the degradation of carotenoids, were also up-regulated in the IbOr plants. Anthocyanin contents and transcription levels of associated biosynthetic genes seemed to be altered in the IbOr plants. The yields of storage roots and aerial parts of IbOr plants and WT plants were not significantly different under field cultivation. Taken together, these results indicate that overexpression of IbOr-Ins can increase the carotenoid contents of sweetpotato storage roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chul Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Un Lee
- Bioenergy Crop Research Center, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seol Lee
- Bioenergy Crop Research Center, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, IALS, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang Naional University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Jeong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng-Soon Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
|
250
|
Nisar N, Li L, Lu S, Khin NC, Pogson BJ. Carotenoid metabolism in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:68-82. [PMID: 25578273 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are mostly C40 terpenoids, a class of hydrocarbons that participate in various biological processes in plants, such as photosynthesis, photomorphogenesis, photoprotection, and development. Carotenoids also serve as precursors for two plant hormones and a diverse set of apocarotenoids. They are colorants and critical components of the human diet as antioxidants and provitamin A. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the genes and enzymes involved in carotenoid metabolism and describe recent progress in understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation. The importance of the specific location of carotenoid enzyme metabolons and plastid types as well as of carotenoid-derived signals is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Nisar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Li Li
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 2100923, China
| | - Nay Chi Khin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|