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Oral delivery of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor: AKB-4924 promotes localized mucosal healing in a mouse model of colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:267-75. [PMID: 25545377 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological induction of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a global transcriptional regulator of the hypoxic response, by prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHDi) is protective in murine models of colitis, and epithelial cells are critical for the observed therapeutic efficacy. Because systemic HIF activation may lead to potentially negative off-target effects, we hypothesized that targeting epithelial HIF through oral delivery of PHDi would be sufficient to protect against colitis in a mouse model. METHODS Using a chemically induced trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid murine model of colitis, we compared the efficacy of oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) delivery of the PHDi; AKB-4924 in preventing colitis, as measured by endoscopy, histology, barrier integrity, and immune profiling. Furthermore, we measured potential off-target effects, examining HIF and HIF target genes in the heart and kidney, as well as erythropoietin and hematocrit levels. RESULTS Oral administration of AKB-4924 exhibited mucosal protection comparable i.p. dosing. Oral delivery of PHDi led to reduced colonic epithelial HIF stabilization compared with i.p. delivery, but this was still sufficient to induce transcription of downstream HIF targets. Furthermore, oral delivery of PHDi led to reduced stabilization of HIF and activation of HIF targets in extraintestinal organs. CONCLUSIONS Oral delivery of PHDi therapies to this intestinal mucosa protects against colitis in animal models and represents a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel disease, which also precludes unwanted extraintestinal effects.
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202
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Harnoss JM, Strowitzki MJ, Radhakrishnan P, Platzer LK, Harnoss JC, Hank T, Cai J, Ulrich A, Schneider M. Therapeutic inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes in surgery: putative applications and challenges. HYPOXIA 2015; 3:1-14. [PMID: 27774478 PMCID: PMC5045068 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s60872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for metazoans to generate energy. Upon oxygen deprivation adaptive and protective pathways are induced, mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes (PHDs). Both play a pivotal role in various conditions associated with prolonged ischemia and inflammation, and are promising targets for therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on aspects of therapeutic PHD modulation in surgically relevant disease conditions such as hepatic and intestinal disorders, wound healing, innate immune responses, and tumorigenesis, and discusses the therapeutic potential and challenges of PHD inhibition in surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Michael Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Johannes Strowitzki
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Praveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Platzer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Camill Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hank
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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203
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Biddlestone J, Bandarra D, Rocha S. The role of hypoxia in inflammatory disease (review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:859-69. [PMID: 25625467 PMCID: PMC4356629 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals have developed evolutionarily conserved programs of transcriptional response to hypoxia and inflammation. These stimuli commonly occur together in vivo and there is significant crosstalk between the transcription factors that are classically understood to respond to either hypoxia or inflammation. This crosstalk can be used to modulate the overall response to environmental stress. Several common disease processes are characterised by aberrant transcriptional programs in response to environmental stress. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of the hypoxia-responsive (hypoxia-inducible factor) and inflammatory (nuclear factor-κB) transcription factor families and their crosstalk in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, with relevance for future therapies for the management of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Biddlestone
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Daniel Bandarra
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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204
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Jeong S, Park H, Hong S, Yum S, Kim W, Jung Y. Lipophilic modification enhances anti-colitic properties of rosmarinic acid by potentiating its HIF-prolyl hydroxylases inhibitory activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 747:114-22. [PMID: 25483211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (HPH), leading to activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colitis. Rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound with two catechols, a or inhibition of HPH. To improve accessibility of highly hydrophilic RA to HPH, an intracellular target, RA was chemically modified to decrease hydrophilicity. Of the less-hydrophilic derivatives, rosmarinic acid methyl ester (RAME) most potently inhibited HPH. Accordingly, RAME prevented hydroxylation of HIF-1α and consequently stabilized HIF-1α protein in cells. RAME inhibition of HPH and induction of HIF-1α were diminished by elevated doses of the required factors of HPH, 2-ketoglutarate and ascorbate. RAME induction of HIF-1α led to activation of an ulcer healing pathway, HIF-1-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in human colon carcinoma cells. RAME administered rectally ameliorated TNBS-induced rat colitis and substantially decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in the inflamed colonic tissue. In parallel with the cellular effects of RAME, RAME up-regulated HIF-1α and VEGF in the inflamed colonic tissue. Thus, lipophilic modification of RA improves its ability to inhibit HPH, leading to activation of the HIF-1-VEGF pathway. RAME, a lipophilic RA derivative, may exert anti-colitic effects via activation of the ulcer healing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkeun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Huijeong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungchae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohwan Yum
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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205
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Palazon A, Goldrath AW, Nizet V, Johnson RS. HIF transcription factors, inflammation, and immunity. Immunity 2015; 41:518-28. [PMID: 25367569 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic response in cells and tissues is mediated by the family of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors; these play an integral role in the metabolic changes that drive cellular adaptation to low oxygen availability. HIF expression and stabilization in immune cells can be triggered by hypoxia, but also by other factors associated with pathological stress: e.g., inflammation, infectious microorganisms, and cancer. HIF induces a number of aspects of host immune function, from boosting phagocyte microbicidal capacity to driving T cell differentiation and cytotoxic activity. Cellular metabolism is emerging as a key regulator of immunity, and it constitutes another layer of fine-tuned immune control by HIF that can dictate myeloid cell and lymphocyte development, fate, and function. Here we discuss how oxygen sensing in the immune microenvironment shapes immunological response and examine how HIF and the hypoxia pathway control innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asis Palazon
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Randall S Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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206
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Flannigan KL, Agbor TA, Motta JP, Ferraz JGP, Wang R, Buret AG, Wallace JL. Proresolution effects of hydrogen sulfide during colitis are mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. FASEB J 2014; 29:1591-602. [PMID: 25550470 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-266015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During a course of colitis, production of the gaseous mediator hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is markedly up-regulated at sites of mucosal damage and contributes significantly to healing and resolution of inflammation. The signaling mechanisms through which H2S promotes resolution of colitis are unknown. We hypothesized that the beneficial effects of H2S in experimental colitis are mediated via stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. The hapten dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid was used to induce colitis in rats and mice. This resulted in an elevated expression of the H2S-producing enzyme, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and HIF-1α at sites of mucosal ulceration, and the expression of these 2 enzymes followed a similar pattern throughout the course of colitis. This represented a functionally important relationship because the loss of CSE-derived H2S production led to decreased HIF-1α stabilization and exacerbation of colitis. Furthermore, application of an H2S-releasing molecule, diallyl disulfide (DADS), stabilized colonic HIF-1α expression, up-regulated hypoxia-responsive genes, and reduced the severity of disease during peak inflammation. Importantly, the ability of DADS to promote the resolution of colitis was abolished when coadministered with an inhibitor of HIF-1α in vivo (PX-478). DADS was also able to maintain HIF-1α expression at a later point in colitis, when HIF-1α levels would have normally returned to control levels, and to enhance resolution. Finally, we found that HIF-1α stabilization inhibited colonic H2S production and may represent a negative feedback mechanism to prevent prolonged HIF-1α stabilization. Our findings demonstrate an important link between H2S and HIF-1α in the resolution of inflammation and injury during colitis and provide mechanistic insights into the therapeutic value of H2S donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Flannigan
- *Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Biological Sciences, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terence A Agbor
- *Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Biological Sciences, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- *Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Biological Sciences, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - José G P Ferraz
- *Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Biological Sciences, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Wang
- *Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Biological Sciences, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre G Buret
- *Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Biological Sciences, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - John L Wallace
- *Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Biological Sciences, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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207
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Taniguchi CM, Miao YR, Diep AN, Wu C, Rankin EB, Atwood TF, Xing L, Giaccia AJ. PHD inhibition mitigates and protects against radiation-induced gastrointestinal toxicity via HIF2. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:236ra64. [PMID: 24828078 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity can be a major source of morbidity and mortality after radiation exposure. There is an unmet need for effective preventative or mitigative treatments against the potentially fatal diarrhea and water loss induced by radiation damage to the GI tract. We report that prolyl hydroxylase inhibition by genetic knockout or pharmacologic inhibition of all PHD (prolyl hydroxylase domain) isoforms by the small-molecule dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG) increases hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) expression, improves epithelial integrity, reduces apoptosis, and increases intestinal angiogenesis, all of which are essential for radioprotection. HIF2, but not HIF1, is both necessary and sufficient to prevent radiation-induced GI toxicity and death. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression contributes to the protective effects of HIF2, because inhibition of VEGF function reversed the radioprotection and radiomitigation afforded by DMOG. Additionally, mortality from abdominal or total body irradiation was reduced even when DMOG was given 24 hours after exposure. Thus, prolyl hydroxylase inhibition represents a treatment strategy to protect against and mitigate GI toxicity from both therapeutic radiation and potentially lethal radiation exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen M Taniguchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anh N Diep
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Colleen Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Todd F Atwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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208
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Synergistic effects of dimethyloxalylglycine and butyrate incorporated into α-calcium sulfate on bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2014; 39:1-14. [PMID: 25477166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis is closely related to angiogenesis, and the combined delivery of angiogenic and osteogenic factors has been suggested to enhance bone regeneration. Small molecules have been explored as alternatives to growth factors for tissue regeneration applications. In this study, we examined the effects of the combined application of angiogenic and osteogenic small molecules on bone regeneration using a prolyl hydroxylase, dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, butyrate. In a critical size bone defect model in rats, DMOG and butyrate, which were incorporated into α calcium sulfate (αCS), resulted in synergistic enhancements in bone and blood vessel formation, eventually leading to bone healing, as confirmed by micro-CT and histological analyses. In MC4 pre-osteoblast cultures, DMOG and butyrate enhanced the pro-angiogenic responses and osteoblast differentiation, respectively, which were evaluated based on the levels of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein and the expression of pro-angiogenic molecules (VEGF, home oxidase-1, glucose transporter-1) and by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of osteoblast phenotype marker molecules (ALP, α1(I)col, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein). DMOG combined with butyrate synergistically improved osteoblast differentiation and pro-angiogenic responses, the levels of which were drastically increased in the cultures on αCS disks. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that αCS increased the level of HIF-1α and as a consequence VEGF expression, and supported osteoblast differentiation through the release of calcium ions from the αCS. Altogether, the results of this study provide evidence that a combination treatment with the small molecules DMOG and butyrate can expedite the process of bone regeneration and that αCS can be an efficient delivery vehicle for the small molecules for bone regeneration.
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209
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The prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine enhances dentin sialophoshoprotein expression through VEGF-induced Runx2 stabilization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112078. [PMID: 25369078 PMCID: PMC4219688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors are suggested as therapeutic agents for tissue regeneration based on their ability to induce pro-angiogenic responses. In this study, we examined the effect of the PHD inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) on odontoblast maturation and sought to determine the underlying mechanism using MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells. DMOG significantly enhanced matrix mineralization, confirmed by alizarin red staining and by measurement of the calcium content. DMOG dose-dependently increased alkaline phosphatase activity and the expressions of dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) and osteocalcin. To determine the underlying events leading to DMOG-induced Dspp expression, we analyzed the effect of DMOG on Runx2. Knockdown of Runx2 using siRNAs decreased Dspp expression and prevented DMOG-induced Dspp expression. DMOG enhanced the transcriptional activity and level of Runx2 protein but not Runx2 transcript, and this enhancement was linked to the inhibitory effects of DMOG on the degradation of Runx2 protein. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) siRNAs profoundly decreased the Runx2 protein levels and inhibited the DMOG-increased Runx2 protein. Recombinant VEGF protein treatment significantly and dose-dependently increased the transcriptional activity and level of the Runx2 protein but not Runx2 transcript. Dspp expression was also enhanced by VEGF. Last, we examined the involvement of the Erk mitogen-activated protein kinase and Pin1 pathway in VEGF-enhanced Runx2 because this pathway can regulate the stability and activity of the Runx2 protein. VEGF stimulated Erk activation, and the inhibitors of Erk and Pin1 hampered VEGF-enhanced Runx2 protein. Taken together, the results of this study provide evidence that DMOG can enhance Dspp expression through VEGF-induced stabilization of Runx2 protein, and thus, suggest that DMOG can be used as a therapeutic tool for enhancing odontoblast maturation in dental procedures.
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210
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Eltzschig HK, Bratton DL, Colgan SP. Targeting hypoxia signalling for the treatment of ischaemic and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:852-69. [PMID: 25359381 PMCID: PMC4259899 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are stabilized during adverse inflammatory processes associated with disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, pathogen infection and acute lung injury, as well as during ischaemia-reperfusion injury. HIF stabilization and hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression have a profound impact on the inflamed tissue microenvironment and on disease outcomes. Although the mechanism that initiates HIF stabilization may vary, the final molecular steps that control HIF stabilization converge on a set of oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) that mark HIFs for proteasomal degradation. PHDs are therefore promising therapeutic targets. In this Review, we discuss the emerging potential and associated challenges of targeting the PHD-HIF pathway for the treatment of inflammatory and ischaemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger K Eltzschig
- Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Donna L Bratton
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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211
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Curtis VF, Ehrentraut SF, Colgan SP. Actions of adenosine on cullin neddylation: implications for inflammatory responses. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 13:273-6. [PMID: 25973141 PMCID: PMC4423527 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is intense interest in understanding how the purine nucleoside adenosine functions in health and during disease. In this review, we outline some of the evidence that implicates adenosine signaling as an important metabolic signature to promote inflammatory resolution. Studies derived from cultured cell systems, animal models and human patients have revealed that nucleotide metabolism is significant component of the overall inflammatory microenvironment. These studies have revealed a prominent role for the transcription factors NF-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and that these molecules are post-translationally regulated through similar components, namely the neddylation of cullins within the E3 ligase that are controlled through adenosine receptor signaling. Studies defining differences and similarities between these responses have taught us a number of important lessons about the complexity of the inflammatory response. A clearer definition of these pathways has provided new insight into disease pathogenesis and importantly, the potential for new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie F. Curtis
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- Corresponding author at: University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Ave. MS B-146, Aurora, CO 80045, United States. Tel.: + 1 303 724 7235, fax: + 1 303 724 7243.
| | - Stefan F. Ehrentraut
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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212
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Manjili MH, Toor AA. Etiology of GVHD: Alloreactivity or Impaired Cellular Adaptation? Immunol Invest 2014; 43:851-7. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.953636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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213
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Manresa MC, Godson C, Taylor CT. Hypoxia-sensitive pathways in inflammation-driven fibrosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1369-80. [PMID: 25298511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00349.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury can occur for a variety of reasons, including physical damage, infection, and ischemia. The ability of tissues to effectively recover from injury is a cornerstone of human health. The healing response in tissues is conserved across organs and typically involves distinct but overlapping inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation/resolution phases. If the inflammatory phase is not successfully controlled and appropriately resolved, an excessive healing response characterized by scar formation can lead to tissue fibrosis, a major clinical complication in disorders such as Crohn's disease (CD). As a result of enhanced metabolic and inflammatory processes during chronic inflammation, profound changes in tissue oxygen levels occur leading to localized tissue hypoxia. Therefore, inflammation, fibrosis, and hypoxia are coincidental events during inflammation-driven fibrosis. Our current understanding of the mechanism(s) underpinning fibrosis is limited as are the therapeutic options available. In this review, we discuss what is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning inflammation-driven fibrosis and how hypoxia may play a role in shaping this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C Manresa
- School of Medicine and Medical Science and the Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- School of Medicine and Medical Science and the Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine and Medical Science and the Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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214
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Jantsch J, Schödel J. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in myeloid cell-driven host defense and tissue homeostasis. Immunobiology 2014; 220:305-14. [PMID: 25439732 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The impact of tissue oxygenation and hypoxia on immune cells has been recognized as a major determinant of host defense and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize the available data on tissue oxygenation in inflamed and infected tissue and the effect of low tissue oxygenation on myeloid cell function. Furthermore, we will highlight effects of the master regulators of the cellular hypoxic response, hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF), in myeloid cells in antimicrobial defense and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Jantsch
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Schödel
- Medizinische Klinik 4, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Translational Research Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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215
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Shehade H, Oldenhove G, Moser M. Hypoxia in the intestine or solid tumors: a beneficial or deleterious alarm signal? Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2550-7. [PMID: 25043839 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor hypoxia inducible factors (HIF)-1 functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. There is increasing evidence that HIF has an essential role to prevent tissue damage in physiological and pathological situations in which cells are deprived of O2. Here, we review the effects of decreased oxygen supply on the innate and adaptive immune responses in the gut and in solid tumors in which the oxygenation profile correlates with the grade of inflammation. Data in the literature indicate that some tumors may co-opt immune mechanisms induced by HIF-1 to promote their survival and proliferation. By contrast, HIF-1 stabilization would have a beneficial effect in the intestinal tract as it would dampen inflammation and promote its resolution. Therefore, stabilization of HIF-1 in hypoxia may have opposite effects on the integrity of the host, depending on the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Shehade
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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Nolan KA, Brennan EP, Scholz CC, Cullen C, Ryan A, Taylor CT, Godson C. Paricalcitol protects against TGF-β1-induced fibrotic responses in hypoxia and stabilises HIF-α in renal epithelia. Exp Cell Res 2014; 330:371-381. [PMID: 25107382 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) within a hypoxic microenvironment are associated with progressive loss of renal function in chronic kidney disease [CKD]. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) is an important mediator of renal fibrosis. Growing evidence suggests that Vitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] and its analogues may have a renoprotective effect in CKD. Here we examined the protective effect of the vitamin D analogue paricalcitol [PC; 19-nor-1α,3β,25-trihydroxy-9,10-secoergosta-5(Z),7(E) 22(E)-triene] on the responses of human renal epithelial cells to TGF-β1. PC attenuated TGF-β1-induced Smad 2 phosphorylation and upregulation of the Notch ligand Jagged-1, α-smooth muscle actin and thrombospondin-1 and prevented the TGF-β1-mediated loss of E-Cadherin. To mimic the hypoxic milieu of CKD we cultured renal epithelial cells in hypoxia [1% O2] and observed similar attenuation by PC of TGF-β1-induced fibrotic responses. Furthermore, in cells cultured in normoxia [21% O2], PC induced an accumulation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF) 1α and HIF-2α in a time and concentration [1 µM-2 µM] dependent manner. Here, PC-induced HIF stabilisation was dependent on activation of the PI-3Kinase pathway. This is the first study to demonstrate regulation of the HIF pathway by PC which may have importance in the mechanism underlying renoprotection by PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Nolan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Eoin P Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Carsten C Scholz
- Systems Biology Ireland, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Cliodhna Cullen
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Aidan Ryan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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217
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Xue X, Ramakrishnan SK, Shah YM. Activation of HIF-1α does not increase intestinal tumorigenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G187-95. [PMID: 24875099 PMCID: PMC4101679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00112.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxic response is mediated by two transcription factors, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α. These highly homologous transcription factors are induced in hypoxic foci and regulate cell metabolism, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell survival. HIF-1α and HIF-2α are activated early in cancer progression and are important in several aspects of tumor biology. HIF-1α and HIF-2α have overlapping and distinct functions. In the intestine, activation of HIF-2α increases inflammation and colon carcinogenesis in mouse models. Interestingly, in ischemic and inflammatory diseases of the intestine, activation of HIF-1α is beneficial and can reduce intestinal inflammation. HIF-1α is a critical transcription factor regulating epithelial barrier function following inflammation. The beneficial value of pharmacological agents that chronically activate HIF-1α is decreased due to the tumorigenic potential of HIFs. The present study tested the hypothesis that chronic activation of HIF-1α may enhance colon tumorigenesis. Two models of colon cancer were assessed, a sporadic and a colitis-associated colon cancer model. Activation of HIF-1α in intestinal epithelial cells does not increase carcinogenesis or progression of colon cancer. Together, the data provide proof of principle that pharmacological activation of HIF-1α could be a safe therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xue
- Departments of 1Molecular and Integrative Physiology and
| | | | - Yatrik M. Shah
- Departments of 1Molecular and Integrative Physiology and ,2Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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218
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Hypoxia-inducible factor/MAZ-dependent induction of caveolin-1 regulates colon permeability through suppression of occludin, leading to hypoxia-induced inflammation. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3013-23. [PMID: 24891620 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00324-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are specialized microdomains on membranes that are critical for signal transduction, cholesterol transport, and endocytosis. Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a multifunctional protein and a major component of caveolae. Cav1 is directly activated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). HIFs are heterodimers of an oxygen-sensitive α subunit, HIF1α or HIF2α, and a constitutively expressed β subunit, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT). Whole-genome expression analysis demonstrated that Cav1 is highly induced in mouse models of constitutively activated HIF signaling in the intestine. Interestingly, Cav1 was increased only in the colon and not in the small intestine. Currently, the mechanism and role of HIF induction of CAV1 in the colon are unclear. In mouse models, mice that overexpressed HIF1α or HIF2α specifically in intestinal epithelial cells demonstrated an increase in Cav1 gene expression in the colon but not in the duodenum, jejunum, or ileum. HIF2α activated the Cav1 promoter in a HIF response element-independent manner. myc-associated zinc finger (MAZ) protein was essential for HIF2α activation of the Cav1 promoter. Hypoxic induction of CAV1 in the colon was essential for intestinal barrier integrity by regulating occludin expression. This may provide an additional mechanism by which chronic hypoxia can activate intestinal inflammation.
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219
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Selvaraju V, Parinandi NL, Adluri RS, Goldman JW, Hussain N, Sanchez JA, Maulik N. Molecular mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of pharmacological inhibitors of HIF-prolyl 4-hydroxylases for treatment of ischemic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2631-65. [PMID: 23992027 PMCID: PMC4026215 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In this review, we have discussed the efficacy and effect of small molecules that act as prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors (PHDIs). The use of these compounds causes upregulation of the pro-angiogenic factors and hypoxia inducible factor-1α and -2α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) to enhance angiogenic, glycolytic, erythropoietic, and anti-apoptotic pathways in the treatment of various ischemic diseases responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in humans. RECENT ADVANCES Sprouting of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature and surgical intervention, such as coronary bypass and stent insertion, have been shown to be effective in attenuating ischemia. However, the initial reentry of oxygen leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative stress and result in ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. This apparent "oxygen paradox" must be resolved to combat IR injury. During hypoxia, decreased activity of PHDs initiates the accumulation and activation of HIF-1α, wherein the modulation of both PHD and HIF-1α appears as promising therapeutic targets for the pharmacological treatment of ischemic diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Research on PHDs and HIFs has shown that these molecules can serve as therapeutic targets for ischemic diseases by modulating glycolysis, erythropoiesis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Efforts are underway to identify and synthesize safer small-molecule inhibitors of PHDs that can be administered in vivo as therapy against ischemic diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review presents a comprehensive and current account of the existing small-molecule PHDIs and their use in the treatment of ischemic diseases with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic action in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithinathan Selvaraju
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Narasimham L. Parinandi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ram Sudheer Adluri
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Joshua W. Goldman
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Naveed Hussain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Division of Neonatal Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Juan A. Sanchez
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Nilanjana Maulik
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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220
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The hypoxia-inducible factor pathway, prolyl hydroxylase domain protein inhibitors, and their roles in bone repair and regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:239356. [PMID: 24895555 PMCID: PMC4034436 DOI: 10.1155/2014/239356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are oxygen-dependent transcriptional activators that play crucial roles in angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, energy metabolism, and cell fate decisions. The group of enzymes that can catalyse the hydroxylation reaction of HIF-1 is prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs). PHD inhibitors (PHIs) activate the HIF pathway by preventing degradation of HIF-α via inhibiting PHDs. Osteogenesis and angiogenesis are tightly coupled during bone repair and regeneration. Numerous studies suggest that HIFs and their target gene, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are critical regulators of angiogenic-osteogenic coupling. In this brief perspective, we review current studies about the HIF pathway and its role in bone repair and regeneration, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Additionally, we briefly discuss the therapeutic manipulation of HIFs and VEGF in bone repair and bone tumours. This review will expand our knowledge of biology of HIFs, PHDs, PHD inhibitors, and bone regeneration, and it may also aid the design of novel therapies for accelerating bone repair and regeneration or inhibiting bone tumours.
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221
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Ma X, Wang X, Cao J, Geng Z, Wang Z. Effect of proline analogues on activity of human prolyl hydroxylase and the regulation of HIF signal transduction pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95692. [PMID: 24755992 PMCID: PMC3995910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) plays a pivotal role in cellular responses to hypoxia. Prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) degrades HIF-1α under normoxic conditions through the hydroxylation of HIF-1α for proteolysis. Inhibiting PHD3 activity is crucial for up-regulating HIF-1α, thereby acting as a potential target for treating hypoxia-related diseases. In this study, two proline analogues (PA1 and PA2) were screened as PHD3 inhibitors with apparent EC50 values of 1.53 and 3.17 µM respectively, indicating good inhibition potency. Nine proteins, significantly regulated by PA1, were identified using 2-DE coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 (PKM) and alpha-enolase 1 (ENO1), which are key modulators of glycolysis, are directly regulated by HIF-1α. Moreover, VEGF, a signal protein stimulating angiogenesis, was strongly promoted by PA1. Our findings suggest that PA1 stabilized HIF-1α as well as up-regulated glycolysis and angiogenesis proteins. Herein, for the first time, we systematically studied proline analogue PA1 as a PHD3 inhibitor, which provides innovative evidence for the treatment of HIF-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhirong Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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222
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Campbell EL, Bruyninckx WJ, Kelly CJ, Glover LE, McNamee EN, Bowers BE, Bayless AJ, Scully M, Saeedi BJ, Golden-Mason L, Ehrentraut SF, Curtis VF, Burgess A, Garvey JF, Sorensen A, Nemenoff R, Jedlicka P, Taylor CT, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. Transmigrating neutrophils shape the mucosal microenvironment through localized oxygen depletion to influence resolution of inflammation. Immunity 2014; 40:66-77. [PMID: 24412613 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute intestinal inflammation involves early accumulation of neutrophils (PMNs) followed by either resolution or progression to chronic inflammation. Based on recent evidence that mucosal metabolism influences disease outcomes, we hypothesized that transmigrating PMNs influence the transcriptional profile of the surrounding mucosa. Microarray studies revealed a cohort of hypoxia-responsive genes regulated by PMN-epithelial crosstalk. Transmigrating PMNs rapidly depleted microenvironmental O2 sufficiently to stabilize intestinal epithelial cell hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). By utilizing HIF reporter mice in an acute colitis model, we investigated the relative contribution of PMNs and the respiratory burst to "inflammatory hypoxia" in vivo. CGD mice, lacking a respiratory burst, developed accentuated colitis compared to control, with exaggerated PMN infiltration and diminished inflammatory hypoxia. Finally, pharmacological HIF stabilization within the mucosa protected CGD mice from severe colitis. In conclusion, transcriptional imprinting by infiltrating neutrophils modulates the host response to inflammation, via localized O2 depletion, resulting in microenvironmental hypoxia and effective inflammatory resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Campbell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | | | - Caleb J Kelly
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Louise E Glover
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eóin N McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brittelle E Bowers
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amanda J Bayless
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Melanie Scully
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bejan J Saeedi
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lucy Golden-Mason
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stefan F Ehrentraut
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Valerie F Curtis
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Adrianne Burgess
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Amber Sorensen
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Raphael Nemenoff
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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223
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Schoors S, De Bock K, Cantelmo AR, Georgiadou M, Ghesquière B, Cauwenberghs S, Kuchnio A, Wong BW, Quaegebeur A, Goveia J, Bifari F, Wang X, Blanco R, Tembuyser B, Cornelissen I, Bouché A, Vinckier S, Diaz-Moralli S, Gerhardt H, Telang S, Cascante M, Chesney J, Dewerchin M, Carmeliet P. Partial and transient reduction of glycolysis by PFKFB3 blockade reduces pathological angiogenesis. Cell Metab 2014; 19:37-48. [PMID: 24332967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Strategies targeting pathological angiogenesis have focused primarily on blocking vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but resistance and insufficient efficacy limit their success, mandating alternative antiangiogenic strategies. We recently provided genetic evidence that the glycolytic activator phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) promotes vessel formation but did not explore the antiangiogenic therapeutic potential of PFKFB3 blockade. Here, we show that blockade of PFKFB3 by the small molecule 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3PO) reduced vessel sprouting in endothelial cell (EC) spheroids, zebrafish embryos, and the postnatal mouse retina by inhibiting EC proliferation and migration. 3PO also suppressed vascular hyperbranching induced by inhibition of Notch or VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and amplified the antiangiogenic effect of VEGF blockade. Although 3PO reduced glycolysis only partially and transiently in vivo, this sufficed to decrease pathological neovascularization in ocular and inflammatory models. These insights may offer therapeutic antiangiogenic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schoors
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Anna Rita Cantelmo
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Maria Georgiadou
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Cauwenberghs
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Anna Kuchnio
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Annelies Quaegebeur
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jermaine Goveia
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Xingwu Wang
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Raquel Blanco
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Bieke Tembuyser
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ivo Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ann Bouché
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Santiago Diaz-Moralli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08007, Spain
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sucheta Telang
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08007, Spain
| | - Jason Chesney
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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224
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Keely S, Campbell EL, Baird AW, Hansbro PM, Shalwitz RA, Kotsakis A, McNamee EN, Eltzschig HK, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. Contribution of epithelial innate immunity to systemic protection afforded by prolyl hydroxylase inhibition in murine colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:114-23. [PMID: 23695513 PMCID: PMC3772994 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) through prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibition limits mucosal damage associated with models of murine colitis. However, little is known about how PHD inhibitors (PHDi) influence systemic immune function during mucosal inflammation or the relative importance of immunological changes to mucosal protection. We hypothesized that PHDi enhances systemic innate immune responses to colitis-associated bacteremia. Mice with colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid were treated with AKB-4924, a new HIF-1 isoform-predominant PHDi, and clinical, immunological, and biochemical endpoints were assessed. Administration of AKB-4924 led to significantly reduced weight loss and disease activity compared with vehicle controls. Treated groups were pyrexic but did not become subsequently hypothermic. PHDi treatment augmented epithelial barrier function and led to an approximately 50-fold reduction in serum endotoxin during colitis. AKB-4924 also decreased cytokines involved in pyrogenesis and hypothermia, significantly reducing serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α while increasing IL-10. Treatment offered no protection against colitis in epithelial-specific HIF-1α-deficient mice, strongly implicating epithelial HIF-1α as the tissue target for AKB-4924-mediated protection. Taken together, these results indicate that inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase with AKB-4924 enhances innate immunity and identifies that the epithelium is a central site of inflammatory protection afforded by PHDi in murine colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia,Correspondence to: Simon Keely, Ph.D., School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia. Office phone: (02) 40420229 Fax: (02) 4042 0024
| | - Eric L. Campbell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Alan W. Baird
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Eoin N. McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Douglas J. Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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225
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Yum S, Park H, Hong S, Jeong S, Kim W, Jung Y. N-(2-Mercaptopropionyl)-glycine, a diffusible antioxidant, activates HIF-1 by inhibiting HIF prolyl hydroxylase-2: implication in amelioration of rat colitis by the antioxidant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:1008-13. [PMID: 24361888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated anti-colitic effects of N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine (NMPG), a diffusible antioxidant, in TNBS-induced rat colitis model and a potential molecular mechanism underlying the pharmacologic effect of the antioxidant. NMPG alleviated colonic injury and effectively lowered myeloperoxidase activity. Moreover, NMPG substantially attenuated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the inflamed colon. NMPG induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in human colon carcinoma cells, leading to elevated secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a target gene product of HIF-1 involved in ulcer healing of gastrointestinal mucosa. NMPG induction of HIF-1α occurred by inhibiting HIF prolyl hydroxylase-2 (HPH-2), an enzyme that plays a major role in negatively regulating HIF-1α protein stability. In in vitro Von Hippel-Lindau protein binding assay, the inhibitory effect of NMPG on HPH-2 was attenuated by escalating dose of ascorbate but not 2-ketoglutarate, cofactors of the enzyme. Consistent with this, cell-permeable ascorbate significantly attenuated NMPG induction of HIF-1α in cells. Our data suggest that NMPG is an anti-colitic antioxidant that exerts its pharmacologic effects at least partly through activation of an ulcer healing pathway, HIF-1-VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohwan Yum
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Huijeong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Sungchae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Seongkeun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Wooseong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
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226
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Van Welden S, Laukens D, Ferdinande L, De Vos M, Hindryckx P. Differential expression of prolyl hydroxylase 1 in patients with ulcerative colitis versus patients with Crohn's disease/infectious colitis and healthy controls. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2013; 10:36. [PMID: 24257430 PMCID: PMC3842628 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) leads to the induction of a transcriptional program that, in the gut, promotes intestinal epithelial cell survival. PHD inhibitors have recently been suggested as a promising alternative treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we explored the colonic mucosal expression of the different PHD-isoforms (PHD1, 2 and 3) in order to identify the key isoform(s) involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. METHODS The mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α), an apoptosis marker (caspase 3) and PHD1, 2 and 3 was analysed in biopsies of IBD patients (UC and CD), patients with infectious colitis and healthy controls using qRT-PCR. PHD protein levels were evaluated using western blot. Cellular localization of PHD 1, 2 and 3 was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PHD1 was significantly up-regulated in IBD patients, both at the mRNA (UC: p < 0.0001 and CD: p < 0.05) and at the protein level (UC: p < 0.05 and CD: p < 0.05), and showed a very good correlation with the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α and the apoptosis marker caspase 3. Colonic mucosal PHD2 mRNA and protein expressions were not altered in IBD. PHD3 expression was increased in inflamed biopsies from UC patients (p < 0.0001), but only at the mRNA level. PHD1 and PHD2 expression was found both in the colonic lamina propria and the epithelium while PHD3 was mainly located in the endothelium of blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS In this exploratory expression analysis, PHD1 comes forward as the primary therapeutic target for UC and, to a lesser extent, for (colonic) CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pieter Hindryckx
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 3K12-IE, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
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227
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Tada Y, Ogawa M, Watanabe R, Zempo H, Takamura C, Suzuki JI, Dan T, Miyata T, Isobe M, Komuro I. Neovascularization induced by hypoxia inducible transcription factor is associated with the improvement of cardiac dysfunction in experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 23:149-62. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.855196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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228
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Fundamental role for HIF-1α in constitutive expression of human β defensin-1. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:1110-8. [PMID: 23462909 PMCID: PMC3740147 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are secreted by the intestinal epithelium to defend from microbial threats. The role of human β defensin-1 (hBD-1) is notable because its gene (beta-defensin 1 (DEFB1)) is constitutively expressed and its antimicrobial activity is potentiated in the low-oxygen environment that characterizes the intestinal mucosa. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is stabilized even in healthy intestinal mucosa, and we identified that epithelial HIF-1α maintains expression of murine defensins. Extension to a human model revealed that basal HIF-1α is critical for the constitutive expression of hBD-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified HIF-1α binding to a hypoxia response element in the DEFB1 promoter whose importance was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. We used 94 human intestinal samples to identify a strong expression correlation between DEFB1 and the canonical HIF-1α target GLUT1. These findings indicate that basal HIF-1α is critical for constitutive expression of enteric DEFB1 and support targeting epithelial HIF for restoration and maintenance of intestinal integrity.
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230
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Regulation of IL-1β-induced NF-κB by hydroxylases links key hypoxic and inflammatory signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18490-5. [PMID: 24145445 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309718110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a prominent feature of chronically inflamed tissues. Oxygen-sensing hydroxylases control transcriptional adaptation to hypoxia through the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), both of which can regulate the inflammatory response. Furthermore, pharmacologic hydroxylase inhibitors reduce inflammation in multiple animal models. However, the underlying mechanism(s) linking hydroxylase activity to inflammatory signaling remains unclear. IL-1β, a major proinflammatory cytokine that regulates NF-κB, is associated with multiple inflammatory pathologies. We demonstrate that a combination of prolyl hydroxylase 1 and factor inhibiting HIF hydroxylase isoforms regulates IL-1β-induced NF-κB at the level of (or downstream of) the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 complex. Multiple proteins of the distal IL-1β-signaling pathway are subject to hydroxylation and form complexes with either prolyl hydroxylase 1 or factor inhibiting HIF. Thus, we hypothesize that hydroxylases regulate IL-1β signaling and subsequent inflammatory gene expression. Furthermore, hydroxylase inhibition represents a unique approach to the inhibition of IL-1β-dependent inflammatory signaling.
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231
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Xue X, Ramakrishnan S, Anderson E, Taylor M, Zimmermann EM, Spence JR, Huang S, Greenson JK, Shah YM. Endothelial PAS domain protein 1 activates the inflammatory response in the intestinal epithelium to promote colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:831-41. [PMID: 23860500 PMCID: PMC3799890 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypoxic inflammation (decreased oxygen tension at sites of inflammation) is a feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The hypoxia response is mediated by the transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α and endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1 or HIF2α), which are induced in intestinal tissues of patients with IBD. HIF1α limits intestinal barrier dysfunction, but the role of EPAS1 has not been assessed under conditions of hypoxic inflammation or in models of IBD. METHODS Acute colitis was induced by administration of Citrobacter rodentium or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to transgenic hypoxia reporter mice (oxygen-dependent degradation-luciferase), mice with conditional overexpression of Epas1 (Epas1(LSL/LSL)), mice with intestinal epithelium-specific deletion of Epas1 (Epas1(ΔIE) ), or wild-type littermates (controls). Colon tissues from these mice and from patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease were assessed by histologic and immunoblot analyses, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Levels of hypoxia and EPAS1 were increased in colon tissues of mice after induction of colitis and patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease compared with controls. Epas1(ΔIE) mice had attenuated colonic inflammation and were protected from DSS-induced colitis. Intestine-specific overexpression of EPAS1, but not HIF-1α, led to spontaneous colitis, increased susceptibility to induction of colitis by C rodentium or DSS, and reduced survival times compared with controls. Disruption of intestinal epithelial EPAS1 attenuated the inflammatory response after administration of DSS or C rodentium, and intestine-specific overexpression of EPAS1 increased this response. We found EPAS1 to be a positive regulator of tumor necrosis factor-α production by the intestinal epithelium. Blocking tumor necrosis factor-α completely reduced hypoxia-induced intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS EPAS1 is a transcription factor that activates mediators of inflammation, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, in the intestinal epithelium and promotes development of colitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xue
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sadeesh Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Erik Anderson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew Taylor
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ellen M. Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joel K. Greenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yatrik M. Shah
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 734 6150567; Fax: +1 734 9368813;
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232
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Wang WS, Liang HY, Cai YJ, Yang H. DMOG ameliorates IFN-γ-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by suppressing PHD2-dependent HIF-1α degradation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:60-9. [PMID: 24010824 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) has been well established as a protective factor for intestinal barrier function in intestinal epithelial cells. Recently, a study found that increased HIF-1α-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. We proposed that lymphocyte-derived interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) might be responsible for the intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by increased HIF-1α. HT-29 cell monolayers were grown in the presence or absence of IFN-γ under hypoxia. Then, the transepithelial electrical resistance was measured, and HIF-1α-modulated intestinal barrier protective factors were quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR, western blotting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation of HIF-1α were performed. Dimethyloxalyglycine (DMOG), an inhibitor of prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs) that stabilizes HIF-1α during normoxia, and RNA interference of PHDs were also used to identify the signal pathway between IFN-γ and HIF-1α. We demonstrated that IFN-γ caused barrier dysfunction in hypoxic HT-29 cell monolayers via suppressing HIF-1α and HIF-1α-modulated intestinal barrier protective factors. We found that IFN-γ decreased HIF-1α protein expression instead of affecting HIF-1α transcription or transcriptional activity. Study also showed that DMOG reversed the IFN-γ-induced decrease in HIF-1α protein expression. Further, we found that PHD2 is the major regulator of IFN-γ-induced HIF-1α degradation by PHD inhibition and RNA interference. We conclude that IFN-γ caused barrier dysfunction by promoting PHD-, especially PHD2-, dependent HIF-1α degradation, and DMOG or PHD2 inhibition reversed this HIF-1α suppression and ameliorated barrier dysfunction. Combined with other studies demonstrating HIF-1α activation in lymphocytes promotes IFN-γ secretion, these findings suggest a mechanism by which increased HIF-1α-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Wang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
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233
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O'Carroll C, Moloney G, Hurley G, Melgar S, Brint E, Nally K, Nibbs RJ, Shanahan F, Carmody RJ. Bcl-3 deficiency protects against dextran-sodium sulphate-induced colitis in the mouse. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:332-42. [PMID: 23607276 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-3 is a member of the IκB family of proteins and is an essential negative regulator of Toll-like receptor-induced responses. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism associated with reduced Bcl-3 gene expression has been identified as a potential risk factor for Crohn's disease. Here we report that in contrast to the predictions of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis demonstrate elevated Bcl-3 mRNA expression relative to healthy individuals. To explore further the potential role of Bcl-3 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we used the dextran-sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced model of colitis in Bcl-3(-/-) mice. We found that Bcl-3(-/-) mice were less sensitive to DSS-induced colitis compared to wild-type controls and demonstrated no significant weight loss following treatment. Histological analysis revealed similar levels of oedema and leucocyte infiltration between DSS-treated wild-type and Bcl-3(-/-) mice, but showed that Bcl-3(-/-) mice retained colonic tissue architecture which was absent in wild-type mice following DSS treatment. Analysis of the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 revealed no significant differences between DSS-treated Bcl-3(-/-) and wild-type mice. Analysis of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation revealed enhanced proliferation in Bcl-3(-/-) mice, which correlated with preserved tissue architecture. Our results reveal that Bcl-3 has an important role in regulating intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and sensitivity to DSS-induced colitis which is distinct from its role as a negative regulator of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Carroll
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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234
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Abstract
A current view of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) includes the luminal triggering of innate immune disease in a genetically susceptible host. Given the unique anatomy and complex environment of the intestine, local microenvironmental cues likely contribute significantly to both disease progression and resolution in IBD. Compartmentalized tissue and microbe populations within the intestine result in significant metabolic shifts within these tissue microenvironments. During active inflammatory disease, metabolic demands often exceed supply, resulting in localized areas of metabolic stress and diminished oxygen delivery (hypoxia). There is much recent interest in harnessing these microenvironmental changes to the benefit of the tissue, including targeting these pathways for therapy of IBD. Here, we review the current understanding of metabolic microenvironments within the intestine in IBD, with discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of targeting these pathways to treat patients with IBD.
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235
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Rabinowitz MH. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain oxygen sensors: tricking the body into mounting orchestrated survival and repair responses. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9369-402. [PMID: 23977883 DOI: 10.1021/jm400386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is an oxygen-sensitive dimeric transcription factor that responds to pathophysiologically low O2 tensions via up-regulation, which leads to an orchestrated biological response to hypoxia. The HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes are non-heme, iron-containing dioxygenases requiring for activity both molecular oxygen and 2-oxoglutarate that, under normoxia, selectively hydroxylate proline residues of HIF, initiating proteosomal degradation of the latter. The dependence of HIF protein levels on the concentration of O2 present, mediated by the PHD enzymes, forms the basis for one of the most significant biological sensor systems of tissue oxygenation in response to ischemic and inflammatory events. Consequently, pharmacological inhibition of PHD enzymes, leading to stabilization of HIF, may be of considerable therapeutic potential in treating conditions of tissue stress and injury. This Perspective reviews the PHDs and small molecule drug discovery efforts. A critical view of this challenging field is offered, which addresses potential concerns and highlights exciting possibilities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Rabinowitz
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC , 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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236
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Brüne B, Dehne N, Grossmann N, Jung M, Namgaladze D, Schmid T, von Knethen A, Weigert A. Redox control of inflammation in macrophages. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:595-637. [PMID: 23311665 PMCID: PMC3718318 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are present throughout the human body, constitute important immune effector cells, and have variable roles in a great number of pathological, but also physiological, settings. It is apparent that macrophages need to adjust their activation profile toward a steadily changing environment that requires altering their phenotype, a process known as macrophage polarization. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), derived from NADPH-oxidases, mitochondria, or NO-producing enzymes, are not necessarily toxic, but rather compose a network signaling system, known as redox regulation. Formation of redox signals in classically versus alternatively activated macrophages, their action and interaction at the level of key targets, and the resulting physiology still are insufficiently understood. We review the identity, source, and biological activities of ROS produced during macrophage activation, and discuss how they shape the key transcriptional responses evoked by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, nuclear-erythroid 2-p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. We summarize the mechanisms how redox signals add to the process of macrophage polarization and reprogramming, how this is controlled by the interaction of macrophages with their environment, and addresses the outcome of the polarization process in health and disease. Future studies need to tackle the option whether we can use the knowledge of redox biology in macrophages to shape their mediator profile in pathophysiology, to accelerate healing in injured tissue, to fight the invading pathogens, or to eliminate settings of altered self in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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237
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McNamee EN, Korns Johnson D, Homann D, Clambey ET. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors as regulators of T cell development, differentiation, and function. Immunol Res 2013; 55:58-70. [PMID: 22961658 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is a molecule that is central to cellular respiration and viability, yet there are multiple physiologic and pathological contexts in which cells experience conditions of insufficient oxygen availability, a state known as hypoxia. Given the metabolic challenges of a low oxygen environment, hypoxia elicits a range of adaptive responses at the cellular, tissue, and systemic level to promote continued survival and function. Within this context, T lymphocytes are a highly migratory cell type of the adaptive immune system that frequently encounters a wide range of oxygen tensions in both health and disease. It is now clear that oxygen availability regulates T cell differentiation and function, a response orchestrated in large part by the hypoxia-inducible factor transcription factors. Here, we discuss the physiologic scope of hypoxia and hypoxic signaling, the contribution of these pathways in regulating T cell biology, and current gaps in our understanding. Finally, we discuss how emerging therapies that modulate the hypoxic response may offer new modalities to alter T cell function and the outcome of acute and chronic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eóin N McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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238
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Colgan SP, Ehrentraut SF, Glover LE, Kominsky DJ, Campbell EL. Contributions of neutrophils to resolution of mucosal inflammation. Immunol Res 2013; 55:75-82. [PMID: 22968707 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil (PMN) recruitment from the blood stream into surrounding tissues involves a regulated series of events central to acute responses in host defense. Accumulation of PMN within mucosal tissues has historically been considered pathognomonic features of both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Historically, PMNs have been deemed necessary but detrimental when recruited, given the potential for tissue damage that results from a variety of mechanisms. Recent work, however, has altered our preconceived notions of PMN contributions to inflammatory processes. In particular, significant evidence implicates a central role for the PMN in triggering inflammatory resolution. Such mechanisms involve both metabolic and biochemical crosstalk pathways during the intimate interactions of PMN with other cell types at inflammatory sites. Here, we highlight several recent examples of how PMN coordinate the resolution of ongoing inflammation, with a particular focus on the gastrointestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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239
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Myllyharju J. Prolyl 4-hydroxylases, master regulators of the hypoxia response. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208:148-65. [PMID: 23489300 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A decrease in oxygenation is a life-threatening situation for most organisms. An evolutionarily conserved efficient and rapid hypoxia response mechanism activated by a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF) is present in animals ranging from the simplest multicellular phylum Placozoa to humans. In humans, HIF induces the expression of more than 100 genes that are required to increase oxygen delivery and to reduce oxygen consumption. As its name indicates HIF is found at protein level only in hypoxic cells, whereas in normoxia, it is degraded by the proteasome pathway. Prolyl 4-hydroxylases, enzymes that require oxygen in their reaction, are the cellular oxygen sensors regulating the stability of HIF. In normoxia, 4-hydroxyproline residues formed in the α-subunit of HIF by these enzymes lead to its ubiquitination by the von Hippel-Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase and immediate destruction in proteasomes thus preventing the formation of a functional HIF αβ dimer. Prolyl 4-hydroxylation is inhibited in hypoxia, facilitating the formation of the HIF dimer and activation of its target genes, such as those for erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor. This review starts with a summary of the molecular and catalytic properties and individual functions of the four HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylase isoenzymes. Induction of the hypoxia response via inhibition of the HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases may provide a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of hypoxia-associated diseases. The current status of studies aiming at such therapeutic approaches is introduced in the final part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research; Biocenter Oulu and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Oulu; Oulu; Finland
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240
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Rowland KJ, Yao J, Wang L, Erwin CR, Maslov KI, Wang LV, Warner BW. Up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and hemodynamic responses following massive small bowel resection. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:1330-9. [PMID: 23845627 PMCID: PMC3755458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Massive small bowel resection (SBR) results in an adaptive response within the remnant bowel. We have previously shown an immediate reduction in intestinal blood flow and oxygen saturation (sO2) after SBR. We therefore sought to determine the duration of resection-induced intestinal hypoxia and expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) following SBR. METHODS C57B6 mice were subjected to 50% proximal SBR or a sham procedure. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) was used to measure blood flow and sO2 on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, and 7. Ileal tissue was harvested 6h postoperatively and on PODs 1 and 2, and HIF1α, HIF2α, and VEGF mRNA expression were assessed via RT-PCR. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Following SBR, reduction in intestinal blood flow persists for 24h and is followed with hyperemia by POD 3. The immediate reduction in venous sO2 and increased tissue oxygen utilization continued through POD 7. Enhanced expression of HIF1α was demonstrated 6h following SBR. CONCLUSION Massive SBR results in an immediate relative hypoxic state within the remnant bowel with early enhanced expression of HIF1α. On POD 7, increased tissue oxygen extraction and elevated blood flow persist in the adapting intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Rowland
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St Louis Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lidai Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Christopher R. Erwin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St Louis Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Konstantin I. Maslov
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 314 454 6022; fax: +1 314 454 2442. (L.V. Wang), (B.W. Warner)
| | - Brad W. Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St Louis Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 314 454 6022; fax: +1 314 454 2442. (L.V. Wang), (B.W. Warner)
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241
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Scholz CC, Taylor CT. Targeting the HIF pathway in inflammation and immunity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:646-53. [PMID: 23660374 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) is a frequently encountered condition in both health and disease. Metazoans have evolved an elegant and direct cellular mechanism by which to sense local oxygen levels and mount an adaptive transcriptional response to hypoxia which is mediated by a transcription factor termed the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). In normoxia, HIF is repressed primarily through the action of a family of hydroxylases, which target HIFα subunits for degradation in an oxygen-dependent manner. In hypoxia, HIF is rapidly stabilized in cells thus allowing it to regulate the expression of hundreds of genes which promote an adaptive response including genes expressing regulators of angiogenesis, metabolism, growth and survival. Initial studies into the HIF pathway focused mainly on its role in supporting tumor adaptation through enhancing processes such as angiogenesis, glycolytic metabolism and cell survival. More recently however, it has become clear that the HIF pathway also plays a key role in the regulation of immunity and inflammation. In fact, conditional knockout of the HIF-1α subunit has identified key immune roles in T-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells. In this review, we will consider the role for HIF in the regulation of the immune response and its possible contribution to inflammation. Furthermore, we will consider potential therapeutic strategies, which target the HIF pathway in chronic inflammatory and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten C Scholz
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
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242
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Eckle T, Hughes K, Ehrentraut H, Brodsky KS, Rosenberger P, Choi DS, Ravid K, Weng T, Xia Y, Blackburn MR, Eltzschig HK. Crosstalk between the equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT2 and alveolar Adora2b adenosine receptors dampens acute lung injury. FASEB J 2013; 27:3078-89. [PMID: 23603835 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The signaling molecule adenosine has been implicated in attenuating acute lung injury (ALI). Adenosine signaling is terminated by its uptake through equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). We hypothesized that ENT-dependent adenosine uptake could be targeted to enhance adenosine-mediated lung protection. To address this hypothesis, we exposed mice to high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce ALI. Initial studies demonstrated time-dependent repression of ENT1 and ENT2 transcript and protein levels during ALI. To examine the contention that ENT repression represents an endogenous adaptive response, we performed functional studies with the ENT inhibitor dipyridamole. Dipyridamole treatment (1 mg/kg; EC50=10 μM) was associated with significant increases in ALI survival time (277 vs. 395 min; P<0.05). Subsequent studies in gene-targeted mice for Ent1 or Ent2 revealed a selective phenotype in Ent2(-/-) mice, including attenuated pulmonary edema and improved gas exchange during ALI in conjunction with elevated adenosine levels in the bronchoalveolar fluid. Furthermore, studies in genetic models for adenosine receptors implicated the A2B adenosine receptor (Adora2b) in mediating ENT-dependent lung protection. Notably, dipyridamole-dependent attenuation of lung inflammation was abolished in mice with alveolar epithelial Adora2b gene deletion. Our newly identified crosstalk pathway between ENT2 and alveolar epithelial Adora2b in lung protection during ALI opens possibilities for combined therapies targeted to this protein set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Eckle
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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243
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common and debilitating clinical disorder comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. IBD occurs when inappropriate immunological activity in the intestinal mucosa results in epithelial barrier dysfunction leading to exposure of the mucosal immune system to luminal antigenic material. This in turn results in the cycles of inflammation and further barrier dysfunction which underlie disease progression. Although significant therapeutic advances have been made over the last decade, current immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory treatments for IBD have significant limitations due to lack of treatment response in some patients and adverse effects, including increased risk of infection and malignancy. Recent studies using experimental models of IBD have identified that intracellular hydroxylases, a group of enzymes responsible for oxygen sensing and activation of adaptive transcriptional responses to hypoxia may represent a new class of therapeutic targets in IBD. Hydroxylase inhibitors are effective in ameliorating symptoms of colitis at least in part through the promotion of intestinal epithelial barrier function. The mechanism of this protection is due to activation of hypoxia-sensitive transcription factors, including the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), which activate specific epithelial barrier-protective transcriptional programs. In this review, the mechanism(s) of action and the therapeutic potential of small molecule hydroxylase inhibitors for the treatment of IBD will be discussed.
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244
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Eltzschig HK, Bonney SK, Eckle T. Attenuating myocardial ischemia by targeting A2B adenosine receptors. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:345-54. [PMID: 23540714 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is associated with profound tissue hypoxia due to an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand, and studies of hypoxia-elicited adaptive responses during myocardial ischemia revealed a cardioprotective role for the signaling molecule adenosine. In ischemic human hearts, the A2B adenosine receptor (ADORA2B) is selectively induced. Functional studies in genetic models show that ADORA2B signaling attenuates myocardial infarction by adapting metabolism towards more oxygen efficient utilization of carbohydrates. This adenosine-mediated cardio-adaptive response involves the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1α and the circadian rhythm protein PER2. In this article, we discuss advances in the understanding of adenosine-elicited cardioprotection with particular emphasis on ADORA2B, its downstream targets, and the implications for novel strategies to prevent or treat myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger K Eltzschig
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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245
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Poth JM, Brodsky K, Ehrentraut H, Grenz A, Eltzschig HK. Transcriptional control of adenosine signaling by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors during ischemic or inflammatory disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:183-93. [PMID: 23263788 PMCID: PMC3560301 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory lesions, ischemic tissues, or solid tumors are characterized by the occurrence of severe tissue hypoxia within the diseased tissue. Subsequent stabilization of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors-particularly of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A)--results in significant alterations of gene expression of resident cells or inflammatory cells that have been recruited into such lesions. Interestingly, studies of hypoxia-induced changes of gene expression identified a transcriptional program that promotes extracellular adenosine signaling. Adenosine is a signaling molecule that functions through the activation of four distinct adenosine receptors--the ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B, and ADORA3 receptors. Extracellular adenosine is predominantly derived from the phosphohydrolysis of precursor nucleotides, such as adenosine triphosphate or adenosine monophosphate. HIF1A-elicited alterations in gene expression enhance the enzymatic capacity within inflamed tissues to produce extracellular adenosine. Moreover, hypoxia-elicited induction of adenosine receptors--particularly of ADORA2B--results in increased signal transduction. Functional studies in genetic models for HIF1A or adenosine receptors implicate this pathway in an endogenous feedback loop that dampens excessive inflammation and promotes injury resolution, while at the same time enhancing ischemia tolerance. Therefore, pharmacological strategies to enhance HIF-elicited adenosine production or to promote adenosine signaling through adenosine receptors are being investigated for the treatment of acute inflammatory or ischemic diseases characterized by tissue hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M. Poth
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Kelley Brodsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Heidi Ehrentraut
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Almut Grenz
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
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246
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Longhi MS, Robson SC, Bernstein SH, Serra S, Deaglio S. Biological functions of ecto-enzymes in regulating extracellular adenosine levels in neoplastic and inflammatory disease states. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:165-72. [PMID: 23292173 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When present in the extracellular environment, the nucleoside adenosine protects cells and tissues from excessive inflammation and immune-mediated damage while promoting healing processes. This role has been highlighted experimentally using distinct disease models, including those of colitis, diabetes, asthma, sepsis, and ischemic injury. Adenosine also suppresses immune responses, as in the tumor microenvironment, assisting immune evasion while promoting angiogenesis. The mechanisms involved in adenosine signaling are addressed elsewhere in this issue. Here, the authors specifically address the generation of adenosine from extracellular nucleotides. This process is catalyzed by a series of plasma membrane ectonucleotidases, with the focus in this article on members of the CD39, CD73, and CD38 families and on their role in inflammatory and neoplastic hematological diseases. Pharmacological modulation of adenosine generation by drugs that either have or modulate ectonucleotidase function might be exploited to treat these diverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Longhi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, SE5 9RS, London, UK.
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247
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Mimouna S, Gonçalvès D, Barnich N, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Hofman P, Vouret-Craviari V. Crohn disease-associated Escherichia coli promote gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders by activation of HIF-dependent responses. Gut Microbes 2013; 2:335-46. [PMID: 22157238 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.18771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn disease (CD) ileal lesions are colonized by adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) that locally induce inflammation. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha protein is expressed in acute and chronically inflamed site; however the molecular basis of this expression is not fully understood. The aim of the study was to access whether AIEC induce HIF-1α expression and to study the consequence of HIF-1α expression on the onset of Crohn disease pathogenesis. We show that HIF-1α is maximally expressed in inflamed ileal epithelium of CD-patients. CEACAM6, a protein that acts as a receptor of AIEC, is expressed in this particular condition. Using CEABAC 10 transgenic mice that express CEACAM6, we show that AIEC bacteria, but not non-pathogenic E. coli K12, induce the production of HIF-1alpha protein and the activation of VEGF/VEGFR signaling. Downstream analyses on human intestinal epithelial cells silenced for hif- 1α, highlight the crucial role of this protein in production of pro-angiogenic factors. This study highlights the crucial role of AIEC bacteria as promoter of inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and provides clear evidence that HIF-1α protein plays a major role in mediating this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Mimouna
- The Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
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Yum S, Doh HJ, Hong S, Jeong S, Kim DD, Park M, Jung Y. Piceatannol, a hydroxystilbene natural product, stabilizes HIF-1α protein by inhibiting HIF prolyl hydroxylase. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 699:124-31. [PMID: 23261967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanisms underlying the biological activity of piceatannol (PCT), a hydroxystilbene natural product that has anti-colitic properties, we examined whether PCT could modulate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 activity in human colon carcinoma cells. PCT induced HIF-1α protein, leading to induction of its target gene products, vascular endothelial growth factor and heme oxygenase-1, which are involved in amelioration of colitis. PCT induction of HIF-1α resulted from HIF-1α protein stabilization, which occurred through inhibition of HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (HPH-2). PCT inhibition of HPH-2 was reversed by addition of ascorbate, a cofactor of HPH-2, but not the cosubstrate, 2-ketoglutarate, to the reaction mixture of an in vitro von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) capture assay, and pretreatment with ascorbate abrogated PCT induction of cellular HIF-1α. Moreover, PCT prevented hydroxylation of cellular HIF-1α and attenuated coimmunoprecipitation of Flag-VHL protein and HA-HIF-1α over-expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Structural analysis using derivatives of PCT revealed that the catechol moiety in PCT was required for the stabilization of HIF-1α protein. Taken together, PCT activation of HIF-1 resulting from inhibition of HPH-2 may be a molecular mechanism for an anti-colitic effect of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohwan Yum
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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249
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger K Eltzschig
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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250
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Chassin C, Hempel C, Stockinger S, Dupont A, Kübler JF, Wedemeyer J, Vandewalle A, Hornef MW. MicroRNA-146a-mediated downregulation of IRAK1 protects mouse and human small intestine against ischemia/reperfusion injury. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:1308-19. [PMID: 23143987 PMCID: PMC3531605 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury causes inflammation and tissue damage and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Uncontrolled activation of the innate immune system through toll-like receptors (Tlr) plays a key role in I/R-mediated tissue damage but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully resolved. Here, we identify post-transcriptional upregulation of the essential Tlr signalling molecule interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase (Irak) 1 as the causative mechanism for post-ischemic immune hyper-responsiveness of intestinal epithelial cells. Increased Irak1 protein levels enhanced epithelial ligand responsiveness, chemokine secretion, apoptosis and mucosal barrier disruption in an experimental intestinal I/R model using wild-type, Irak1−/− and Tlr4−/− mice and ischemic human intestinal tissue. Irak1 accumulation under hypoxic conditions was associated with reduced K48 ubiquitination and enhanced Senp1-mediated deSUMOylation of Irak1. Importantly, administration of microRNA (miR)-146a or induction of miR-146a by the phytochemical diindolylmethane controlled Irak1 upregulation and prevented immune hyper-responsiveness in mouse and human tissue. These findings indicate that Irak1 accumulation triggers I/R-induced epithelial immune hyper-responsiveness and suggest that the induction of miR-146a offers a promising strategy to prevent I/R tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Chassin
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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