201
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Malik S, Eugenin EA. Mechanisms of HIV Neuropathogenesis: Role of Cellular Communication Systems. Curr HIV Res 2017; 14:400-411. [PMID: 27009098 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x14666160324124558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is the development of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HANDs) in approximately 50-60% of HIV infected individuals. Despite undetectable viral loads in the periphery owing to anti-retroviral therapy, neuroinflammation and neurocognitive impairment are still prevalent in HIV infected individuals. Several studies indicate that the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities observed in HIV infected individuals are not a direct effect of viral replication in the CNS, rather these neurological abnormalities are associated with amplification of HIV specific signals by unknown mechanisms. We propose that some of these mechanisms of damage amplification are mediated by gap junction channels, pannexin and connexin hemichannels, tunneling nanotubes and microvesicles/exosomes. OBJECTIVE Our laboratory and others have demonstrated that HIV infection targets cell to cell communication by altering all these communication systems resulting in enhanced bystander apoptosis of uninfected cells, inflammation and viral infection. Here we discuss the role of these communication systems in HIV neuropathogenesis. CONCLUSION In the current manuscript, we have described the mechanisms by which HIV "hijacks" these host cellular communication systems, leading to exacerbation of HIV neuropathogenesis, and to simultaneously promote the survival of HIV infected cells, resulting in the establishment of viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
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202
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Human Papillomavirus and the Stroma: Bidirectional Crosstalk during the Virus Life Cycle and Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080219. [PMID: 28792475 PMCID: PMC5580476 DOI: 10.3390/v9080219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) tumor viruses that are causally associated with human cancers of the anogenital tract, skin, and oral cavity. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPVs remain a major global health issue due to inadequate vaccine availability and vaccination coverage. The HPV life cycle is established and completed in the terminally differentiating stratified epithelia, and decades of research using in vitro organotypic raft cultures and in vivo genetically engineered mouse models have contributed to our understanding of the interactions between HPVs and the epithelium. More recently, important and emerging roles for the underlying stroma, or microenvironment, during the HPV life cycle and HPV-induced disease have become clear. This review discusses the current understanding of the bidirectional communication and relationship between HPV-infected epithelia and the surrounding microenvironment. As is the case with other human cancers, evidence suggests that the stroma functions as a significant partner in tumorigenesis and helps facilitate the oncogenic potential of HPVs in the stratified epithelium.
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203
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Stranford DM, Hung ME, Gargus ES, Shah RN, Leonard JN. A Systematic Evaluation of Factors Affecting Extracellular Vesicle Uptake by Breast Cancer Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:1274-1282. [PMID: 28586292 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer-scale particles that are secreted by cells and mediate intercellular communication by transferring biomolecules between cells. Harnessing this mechanism for therapeutic biomolecule delivery represents a promising frontier for regenerative medicine and other clinical applications. One challenge to realizing this goal is that to date, our understanding of which factors affect EV uptake by recipient cells remains incomplete. In this study, we systematically investigated such delivery questions in the context of breast cancer cells, which are one of the most well-studied cell types with respect to EV delivery and therefore comprise a facile model system for this investigation. By displaying various targeting peptides on the EV surface, we observed that although displaying GE11 on EVs modestly increased uptake by MCF-7 cells, neuropeptide Y (NPY) display had no effect on uptake by the same cells. In contrast, neurotensin (NTS) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) display reduced EV uptake by MDA-MB-231 cells. Interestingly, EV uptake rate did not depend on the source of the EVs; breast cancer cells demonstrated no increase in uptake on administration of breast cancer-derived EVs in comparison to HEK293FT-derived EVs. Moreover, EV uptake was greatly enhanced by delivery in the presence of polybrene and spinoculation, suggesting that maximal EV uptake rates are much greater than those observed under basal conditions in cell culture. By investigating how the cell's environment might provide cues that impact EV uptake, we also observed that culturing cells on soft matrices significantly enhanced EV uptake, compared to culturing on stiff tissue culture polystyrene. Each of these observations provides insights into the factors impacting EV uptake by breast cancer cells, while also providing a basis of comparison for systematically evaluating and perhaps enhancing EV uptake by various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Stranford
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois.,2 Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Michelle E Hung
- 3 Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Emma S Gargus
- 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,5 Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ramille N Shah
- 5 Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,6 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois.,7 Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,8 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Joshua N Leonard
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois.,2 Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois.,9 Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois.,10 Member, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
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204
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Kim H, Iizasa H, Kanehiro Y, Fekadu S, Yoshiyama H. Herpesviral microRNAs in Cellular Metabolism and Immune Responses. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1318. [PMID: 28769892 PMCID: PMC5513955 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNAs (miRNAs) function as a key regulator in many biological processes through post-transcriptional suppression of messenger RNAs. Recent advancements have revealed that miRNAs are involved in many biological functions of cells. Not only host cells, but also some viruses encode miRNAs in their genomes. Viral miRNAs regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and the cell cycle to establish infection and produce viral progeny. Particularly, miRNAs encoded by herpes virus families play integral roles in persistent viral infection either by regulation of metabolic processes or the immune response of host cells. The life-long persistent infection of gamma herpes virus subfamilies, such as Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, induces host cells to malignant transformation. The unbalanced metabolic processes and evasion from host immune surveillance by viral miRNAs are induced either by direct targeting of key proteins or indirect regulation of multiple signaling pathways. We provide an overview of the pathogenic roles of viral miRNAs in cellular metabolism and immune responses during herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoji Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane UniversityShimane, Japan
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane UniversityShimane, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kanehiro
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane UniversityShimane, Japan
| | - Sintayehu Fekadu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane UniversityShimane, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane UniversityShimane, Japan
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205
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Ye SB, Zhang H, Cai TT, Liu YN, Ni JJ, He J, Peng JY, Chen QY, Mo HY, Jun-Cui, Zhang XS, Zeng YX, Li J. Exosomal miR-24-3p impedes T-cell function by targeting FGF11 and serves as a potential prognostic biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Pathol 2017; 240:329-340. [PMID: 27538493 DOI: 10.1002/path.4781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that extracellular microRNAs are not only potential biomarkers but are also involved in cell interactions to regulate the intercommunication between cancer cells and their microenvironments in various types of malignancies. In this study, we isolated exosomes from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines and patient sera (T-EXOs), or control NP69 cells and healthy donor sera (HD-EXOs). We found that miR-24-3p was markedly enriched in T-EXOs as compared with HD-EXOs; the serum exosomal miR-24-3p level was correlated with worse disease-free survival of patients (p < 0.05). Knockdown of exosomal miR-24-3p (miR-24-3p-sponge-T-EXOs) by a sponge RNA targeting miR-24-3p restored the T-EXO-mediated (control-sponge-T-EXO) inhibition of T-cell proliferation and Th1 and Th17 differentiation, and the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Mechanistic analyses revealed that administration of exosomal miR-24-3p increased P-ERK, P-STAT1 and P-STAT3 expression while decreasing P-STAT5 expression during T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, by in vivo and in vitro assessments, we found FGF11 to be a direct target of miR-24-3p. However, both miR-24-3p-sponge-T-EXOs and T-EXOs (control-sponge-T-EXOs) impeded proliferation and Th1 and Th17 differentiation, but induced Treg differentiation, of lenti-shFGF11-transfected T cells. The levels of phosphorylated ERK and STAT proteins were different in lenti-ScshRNA-transfected T cells and lenti-shFGF11-transfected T cells following administration of miR-24-3p-sponge-T-EXO. Interestingly, tumour FGF11 expression was positively correlated with the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo, and predicted favourable patient DFS (p < 0.05). Additionally, hypoxia increased cellular and exosomal miR-24-3p levels and enhanced the inhibitory effect of T-EXO on T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Collectively, our findings suggest that exosomal miR-24-3p is involved in tumour pathogenesis by mediating T-cell suppression via repression of FGF11, and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in NPC. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Biao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi-Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian-Jiao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing-Yun Peng
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiu-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao-Yuan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun-Cui
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China. .,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China. .,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, PR China.
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206
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Abstract
The release of membrane-bound vesicles from cells is being increasingly recognized as a mechanism of intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes are produced by virus-infected cells and are thought to be involved in intercellular communication between infected and uninfected cells. Viruses, in particular oncogenic viruses and viruses that establish chronic infections, have been shown to modulate the production and content of EVs. Viral microRNAs, proteins and even entire virions can be incorporated into EVs, which can affect the immune recognition of viruses or modulate neighbouring cells. In this Review, we discuss the roles that EVs have during viral infection to either promote or restrict viral replication in target cells. We will also discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie these roles, the potential consequences for the infected host and possible future diagnostic applications.
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207
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An update: Epstein-Barr virus and immune evasion via microRNA regulation. Virol Sin 2017; 32:175-187. [PMID: 28669004 PMCID: PMC6702289 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-3996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that ubiquitously establishes
life-long persistence in humans. To ensure its survival and maintain its B cell
transformation function, EBV has developed powerful strategies to evade host immune
responses. Emerging evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are powerful
regulators of the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In this review, we summarize
current progress on how EBV utilizes miRNAs for immune evasion. EBV encodes miRNAs
targeting both viral and host genes involved in the immune response. The miRNAs are
found in two gene clusters, and recent studies have demonstrated that lack of these
clusters increases the CD4+ and
CD8+ T cell response of infected cells. These reports
strongly indicate that EBV miRNAs are critical for immune evasion. In addition, EBV
is able to dysregulate the expression of a variety of host miRNAs, which influence
multiple immune-related molecules and signaling pathways. The transport via exosomes
of EBV-regulated miRNAs and viral proteins contributes to the construction and
modification of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. During EBV immune evasion,
viral proteins, immune cells, chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and
pro-apoptosis molecules are involved. Our increasing knowledge of the role of miRNAs
in immune evasion will improve the understanding of EBV persistence and help to
develop new treatments for EBV-associated cancers and other diseases.
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208
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Han L, Xu J, Xu Q, Zhang B, Lam EWF, Sun Y. Extracellular vesicles in the tumor microenvironment: Therapeutic resistance, clinical biomarkers, and targeting strategies. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1318-1349. [PMID: 28586517 DOI: 10.1002/med.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have proved that cell-nonautonomous regulation of neoplastic cells is a distinctive and essential characteristic of tumorigenesis. Two way communications between the tumor and the stroma, or within the tumor significantly influence disease progression and modify treatment responses. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), malignant cells utilize paracrine signaling initiated by adjacent stromal cells to acquire resistance against multiple types of anticancer therapies, wherein extracellular vesicles (EVs) substantially promote such events. EVs are nanoscaled particles enclosed by phospholipid bilayers, and can mediate intercellular communications between cancerous cells and the adjacent microenvironment to accelerate pathological proceeding. Here we review the most recent studies of EV biology and focus on key cell lineages of the TME and their EV cargoes that are biologically active and responsible for cancer resistance, including proteins, RNAs, and other potentially essential components. Since EVs are emerging as novel but critical elements in establishing and maintaining hallmarks of human cancer, timely and insightful understanding of their molecular properties and functional mechanisms would pave the road for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and effective targeting in the global landscape of precision medicine. Further, we address the potential of EVs as promising biomarkers in cancer clinics and summarize the technical improvements in EV preparation, analysis, and imaging. We highlight the practical issues that should be exercised with caution to guide the development of targeting agents and therapeutic methodologies to minimize cancer resistance driven by EVs, thereby allowing to effectively control the early steps of disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Han
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - J Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - B Zhang
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - E W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Y Sun
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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209
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Choi JY, Kim S, Kwak HB, Park DH, Park JH, Ryu JS, Park CS, Kang JH. Extracellular Vesicles as a Source of Urological Biomarkers: Lessons Learned From Advances and Challenges in Clinical Applications to Major Diseases. Int Neurourol J 2017; 21:83-96. [PMID: 28673066 PMCID: PMC5497201 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1734961.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) not only eliminate unwanted molecular components, but also carry molecular cargo essential for specific intercellular communication mechanisms. As the molecular characteristics and biogenetical mechanisms of heterogeneous EVs are different, many studies have attempted to purify and characterize EVs. In particular, exosomal molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, have been suggested as disease biomarkers or therapeutic targets in various diseases. However, several unresolved issues and challenges remain despite these promising results, including source variability before the isolation of exosomes from body fluids, the contamination of proteins during isolation, and methodological issues related to the purification of exosomes. This paper reviews the general characteristics of EVs, particularly microvesicles and exosomes, along with their physiological roles and contribution to the pathogenesis of major diseases, several widely used methods to isolate exosomes, and challenges in the development of disease biomarkers using the molecular contents of EVs isolated from body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Seon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chang-Shin Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Incheon, Korea
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210
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Rezaie J, Ajezi S, Avci ÇB, Karimipour M, Geranmayeh MH, Nourazarian A, Sokullu E, Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R. Exosomes and their Application in Biomedical Field: Difficulties and Advantages. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3372-3393. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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211
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Herpesviruses hijack host exosomes for viral pathogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:91-100. [PMID: 28456604 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are remarkable pathogens possessing elaborate mechanisms to seize various host cellular components for immune evasion, replication, and virion egress. As viruses are dependent upon their hosts, investigating this intricate interplay has revealed that the exosome pathway is utilised by alpha (Herpes Simplex Virus 1), beta (Human Cytomegalovirus, and Human Herpesvirus 6) and gamma (Epstein-Barr Virus, and Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus) herpesviruses. Virions and exosomes share similar properties and functions. For example, exosomes are small membranous nanovesicles (30-150nm) released from cells that contain proteins, DNA, and various coding and non-coding RNA species. Given exosomes can shuttle various molecular cargo from a donor to recipient cell, they serve as important vehicles facilitating cell-cell communication. Therefore, exploitation by herpesviruses impacts several aspects of infection including: i) acquisition of molecular machinery for secondary envelopment and viral assembly, ii) export of immune-related host proteins from infected cells, iii) enhancing infection in surrounding cells via transfer of viral proteins, mRNA and miRNA, and iv) regulation of viral protein expression to promote persistence. Studying the dichotomy that exists between host exosomes and herpesviruses has two benefits. Firstly, it will reveal the precise pathogenic mechanisms viruses have evolved, generating knowledge for antiviral development. Secondly, it will shed light upon fundamental exosome characteristics that remain unknown, including cargo selection, protein trafficking, and non-canonical biogenesis.
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212
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Overmiller AM, Pierluissi JA, Wermuth PJ, Sauma S, Martinez-Outschoorn U, Tuluc M, Luginbuhl A, Curry J, Harshyne LA, Wahl JK, South AP, Mahoney MG. Desmoglein 2 modulates extracellular vesicle release from squamous cell carcinoma keratinocytes. FASEB J 2017; 31:3412-3424. [PMID: 28438789 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601138rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-derived vesicles that serve as intercellular messengers carrying lipids, proteins, and genetic material. Substantial evidence has shown that cancer-derived EVs, secreted by tumor cells into the blood and other bodily fluids, play a critical role in modulating the tumor microenvironment and affecting the pathogenesis of cancer. Here we demonstrate for the first time that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) EVs were enriched with the C-terminal fragment of desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), a desmosomal cadherin often overexpressed in malignancies. Overexpression of Dsg2 increased EV release and mitogenic content including epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Src. Inhibiting ectodomain shedding of Dsg2 with the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 resulted in accumulation of full-length Dsg2 in EVs and reduced EV release. When cocultured with Dsg2/green fluorescence protein-expressing SCC cells, green fluorescence protein signal was detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis in the CD90+ fibroblasts. Furthermore, SCC EVs activated Erk1/2 and Akt signaling and enhanced fibroblast cell proliferation. In vivo, Dsg2 was highly up-regulated in the head and neck SCCs, and EVs isolated from sera of patients with SCC were enriched in Dsg2 C-terminal fragment and epidermal growth factor receptor. This study defines a mechanism by which Dsg2 expression in cancer cells can modulate the tumor microenvironment, a step critical for tumor progression.-Overmiller, A. M., Pierluissi, J. A., Wermuth, P. J., Sauma, S., Martinez-Outschoorn, U., Tuluc, M., Luginbuhl, A., Curry, J., Harshyne, L. A., Wahl, J. K. III, South, A. P., Mahoney, M. G. Desmoglein 2 modulates extracellular vesicle release from squamous cell carcinoma keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Overmiller
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer A Pierluissi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter J Wermuth
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sami Sauma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Madalina Tuluc
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Luginbuhl
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Curry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Larry A Harshyne
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James K Wahl
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mỹ G Mahoney
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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213
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Kannan A, Hertweck KL, Philley JV, Wells RB, Dasgupta S. Genetic Mutation and Exosome Signature of Human Papilloma Virus Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46102. [PMID: 28383029 DOI: 10.1038/srep46102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus-16 (HPV-16) associated oropharyngeal cancer (HPVOPC) is increasing alarmingly in the United States. We performed whole genome sequencing of a 44 year old, male HPVOPC subject diagnosed with moderately differentiated tonsillar carcinoma. We identified new somatic mutation in MUC16 (A.k.a. CA-125), MUC12, MUC4, MUC6, MUC2, SIRPA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-A and HLA-B molecules. Increased protein expression of MUC16, SIRPA and decreased expression of HLA-DRB1 was further demonstrated in this HPVOPC subject and an additional set of 15 HPVOPC cases. Copy number gain (3 copies) was also observed for MUC2, MUC4, MUC6 and SIRPA. Enhanced expression of MUC16, SIRPA and HPV-16-E7 protein was detectable in the circulating exosomes of numerous HPVOPC subjects. Treatment of non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells with exosomes derived from aggressive HPVOPC cells harboring MUC16, SIRPA and HPV-16-E7 proteins augmented invasion and induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied by an increased expression ratio of the EMT markers Vimentin/E-cadherin. Exosome based screening of key HPVOPC associated molecules could be beneficial for early cancer diagnosis, monitoring and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbarasu Kannan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Kate L Hertweck
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Julie V Philley
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Robert B Wells
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas., USA
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, USA
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214
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CD63 Regulates Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 Exosomal Packaging, Enhancement of Vesicle Production, and Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02251-16. [PMID: 27974566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02251-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded oncoprotein that is packaged into small extracellular vesicles (EVs) called exosomes. Trafficking of LMP1 into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) alters the content and function of exosomes. LMP1-modified exosomes enhance the growth, migration, and invasion of malignant cells, demonstrating the capacity to manipulate the tumor microenvironment and enhance the progression of EBV-associated cancers. Despite the growing evidence surrounding the significance of LMP1-modified exosomes in cancer, very little is understood about the mechanisms that orchestrate LMP1 incorporation into these vesicles. Recently, LMP1 was shown to be copurified with CD63, a conserved tetraspanin protein enriched in late endosomal and lysosomal compartments. Here, we demonstrate the importance of CD63 presence for exosomal packaging of LMP1. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and gradient purification revealed an increase in extracellular vesicle secretion and exosomal proteins following LMP1 expression. Immunoisolation of CD63-positive exosomes exhibited accumulation of LMP1 in this vesicle population. Functionally, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of CD63 resulted in a reduction of LMP1-induced particle secretion. Furthermore, LMP1 packaging was severely impaired in CD63 knockout cells, concomitant with a disruption in the perinuclear localization of LMP1. Importantly, LMP1 trafficking to lipid rafts and activation of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways remained intact following CD63 knockout, while mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) and noncanonical NF-κB activation were observed to be increased. These results suggest that CD63 is a critical player in LMP1 exosomal trafficking and LMP1-mediated enhancement of exosome production and may play further roles in limiting downstream LMP1 signaling.IMPORTANCE EBV is a ubiquitous gamma herpesvirus linked to malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. In the context of cancer, EBV hijacks the exosomal pathway to modulate cell-to-cell signaling by secreting viral components such as an oncoprotein, LMP1, into host cell membrane-bound EVs. Trafficking of LMP1 into exosomes is associated with increased oncogenicity of these secreted vesicles. However, we have only a limited understanding of the mechanisms surrounding exosomal cargo packaging, including viral proteins. Here, we describe a role of LMP1 in EV production that requires CD63 and provide an extensive demonstration of CD63-mediated exosomal LMP1 release that is distinct from lipid raft trafficking. Finally, we present further evidence of the role of CD63 in limiting LMP1-induced noncanonical NF-κB and ERK activation. Our findings have implications for future investigations of physiological and pathological mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, protein trafficking, and signal transduction, especially in viral-associated tumorigenesis.
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215
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Abstract
Virtually all cells in the organism secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicles that transport and deliver payloads of proteins and nucleic acids to recipient cells, thus playing central roles in cell-cell communications. Exosomes, nanosized EVs of endosomal origin, regulate many pathophysiological processes including immune responses and inflammation, tumour growth, and infection. Healthy subjects and patients with different diseases release exosomes with different RNA and protein contents into the circulation, which can be measured as biomarkers. The discovery of exosomes as natural carriers of functional small RNA and proteins has raised great interest in the drug delivery field, as it may be possible to harness these vesicles for therapeutic delivery of miRNA, siRNA, mRNA, lncRNA, peptides, and synthetic drugs. However, systemically delivered exosomes accumulate in liver, kidney, and spleen. Targeted exosomes can be obtained by displaying targeting molecules, such as peptides or antibody fragments recognizing target antigens, on the outer surface of exosomes. Display of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored nanobodies on EVs is a novel technique that enables EV display of a variety of proteins including antibodies, reporter proteins, and signaling molecules. However, naturally secreted exosomes show limited pharmaceutical acceptability. Engineered exosome mimetics that incorporate desirable components of natural exosomes into synthetic liposomes or nanoparticles, and are assembled using controllable procedures may be more acceptable pharmaceutically. In this communication, we review the current understanding of physiological and pathophysiological roles of exosomes, their potential applications as diagnostic markers, and current efforts to develop improved exosome-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Barile
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Lugano, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Taverne, Switzerland.
| | - Giuseppe Vassalli
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Lugano, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Taverne, Switzerland; Dept. of Cardiology, University of Lausanne Medical Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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216
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Small RNA Sequencing in Cells and Exosomes Identifies eQTLs and 14q32 as a Region of Active Export. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:31-39. [PMID: 27799337 PMCID: PMC5217120 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.036137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that carry heterogeneous cargo, including RNA, between cells. Increasing evidence suggests that exosomes are important mediators of intercellular communication and biomarkers of disease. Despite this, the variability of exosomal RNA between individuals has not been well quantified. To assess this variability, we sequenced the small RNA of cells and exosomes from a 17-member family. Across individuals, we show that selective export of miRNAs occurs not only at the level of specific transcripts, but that a cluster of 74 mature miRNAs on chromosome 14q32 is massively exported in exosomes while mostly absent from cells. We also observe more interindividual variability between exosomal samples than between cellular ones and identify four miRNA expression quantitative trait loci shared between cells and exosomes. Our findings indicate that genomically colocated miRNAs can be exported together and highlight the variability in exosomal miRNA levels between individuals as relevant for exosome use as diagnostics.
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217
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Aromseree S, Middeldorp JM, Pientong C, van Eijndhoven M, Ramayanti O, Lougheed SM, Pegtel DM, Steenbergen RDM, Ekalaksananan T. High Levels of EBV-Encoded RNA 1 (EBER1) Trigger Interferon and Inflammation-Related Genes in Keratinocytes Expressing HPV16 E6/E7. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169290. [PMID: 28056059 PMCID: PMC5215905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Different types of cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can release exosomes containing viral components that functionally affect neighboring cells. Previously, we found that EBV was localized mostly in infiltrating lymphocytes within the stromal layer of cervical lesions. In this study, we aimed to determine effects of exosome-transferred EBV-encoded RNAs (EBERs) on keratinocytes expressing human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6/E7 (DonorI-HPV16 HFKs). Lipid transfection of in vitro-transcribed EBER1 molecules (ivt EBER1) into DonorI-HPV16 HFKs caused strong induction of interferon (IFN)-related genes and interleukin 6 (IL-6). To gain insights into the physiological situation, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), low passage DonorI-HPV16 HFKs and primary keratinocytes were used as recipient cells for internalization of exosomes from wild-type EBV (wt EBV) or B95-8 EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). qRT-PCR was used to determine the expression of EBER1, HPV16 E6/E7, IFN-related genes and IL-6 in recipient cells. The secretion of inflammatory cytokines was investigated using cytometric bead array. Wt EBV-modified exosomes induced both IFN-related genes and IL-6 upon uptake into moDCs, while exosomes from B95-8 EBV LCLs induced only IL-6 in moDCs. Internalization of EBV-modified exosomes was demonstrated in DonorI-HPV16 HFKs, yielding only EBER1 but not EBER2. However, EBER1 transferred by exosomes did not induce IFN-related genes or IL-6 expression and inflammatory cytokine secretion in DonorI-HPV16 HFKs and primary keratinocytes. EBER1 copy numbers in exosomes from wt EBV-infected LCLs were 10-fold higher than in exosomes from B95-8 LCLs (equal cell equivalent), whereas ivt EBER1 was used at approximately 100-fold higher concentration than in exosomes. These results demonstrated that the induction of IFN-related genes and IL-6 by EBER1 depends on quantity of EBER1 and type of recipient cells. High levels of EBER1 in cervical cells or infiltrating dendritic cells may play a role in the inflammation-to-oncogenesis transition of HPV-associated cervical cancer through modulation of innate immune signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinart Aromseree
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jaap M. Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Monique van Eijndhoven
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Octavia Ramayanti
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinéad M. Lougheed
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renske D. M. Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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218
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Rutter BD, Innes RW. Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from the Leaf Apoplast Carry Stress-Response Proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:728-741. [PMID: 27837092 PMCID: PMC5210723 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play a central role in intercellular signaling in mammals by transporting proteins and small RNAs. Plants are also known to produce EVs, particularly in response to pathogen infection. The contents of plant EVs have not been analyzed, however, and their function is unknown. Here, we describe a method for purifying EVs from the apoplastic fluids of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Proteomic analyses of these EVs revealed that they are highly enriched in proteins involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Consistent with this finding, EV secretion was enhanced in plants infected with Pseudomonas syringae and in response to treatment with salicylic acid. These findings suggest that EVs may represent an important component of plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Rutter
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Roger W Innes
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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219
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with several distinct hematological and epithelial malignancies, e.g., Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, and others. The association with several malignant tumors of local and worldwide distribution makes EBV one of the most important tumor viruses. Furthermore, because EBV can cause posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, transplant medicine has to deal with EBV as a major pathogenic virus second only to cytomegalovirus. In this review, we summarize briefly the natural history of EBV infection and outline some of the recent advances in the pathogenesis of the major EBV-associated neoplasms. We present alternative scenarios and discuss them in the light of most recent experimental data. Emerging research areas including EBV-induced patho-epigenetic alterations in host cells and the putative role of exosome-mediated information transfer in disease development are also within the scope of this review. This book contains an in-depth description of a series of modern methodologies used in EBV research. In this introductory chapter, we thoroughly refer to the applications of these methods and demonstrate how they contributed to the understanding of EBV-host cell interactions. The data gathered using recent technological advancements in molecular biology and immunology as well as the application of sophisticated in vitro and in vivo experimental models certainly provided deep and novel insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms of EBV infection and EBV-associated tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the development of adoptive T cell immunotherapy has provided a novel approach to the therapy of viral disease in transplant medicine and hematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Minarovits
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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220
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Zhang D, Lee H, Zhu Z, Minhas JK, Jin Y. Enrichment of selective miRNAs in exosomes and delivery of exosomal miRNAs in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L110-L121. [PMID: 27881406 PMCID: PMC5283929 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00423.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by cells and contain various molecules including protein, lipid, and DNA/RNA. They are crucial mediators of the intercellular communication and serve as promising vehicles for drug delivery and gene therapy. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as new and potentially powerful targets for therapeutic interventions against various human diseases. However, steadily and effectively delivering miRNA mimics or inhibitors to target cells remains a major obstacle. To enhance the efficacy of exosome-mediated delivery of miRNA molecules, it is crucial to develop a convenient and efficient method to enrich specific miRNAs or antisense oligos in isolated exosomes. Here we report a novel method to prepare specific miRNA molecule-loaded exosomes. Using a modified calcium chloride-mediated transfection method, we successfully enhanced the designated miRNA mimics or inhibitors in isolated exosomes directly, instead of transfecting their mother cells. We also compared this method with direct transfection of exosomes using electroporation. Both methods confirmed that exosomes can serve as cargos to deliver a robustly increased amount of selected miRNA mimic(s) or inhibitor(s) to the recipient cells. Delivery of these miRNA molecule enriched-exosomes subsequently results in highly efficient overexpression or deletion of the designated miRNAs in the recipient cells both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, we confirmed that exosome-delivered miRNA mimics or inhibitors are functional in the recipient cells. Collectively, we developed a novel protocol to conveniently manipulate exosomal miRNAs with high efficiency and successfully deliver the exosomal miRNA molecules to recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Heedoo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Ziwen Zhu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Jasleen K Minhas
- Department of Medicine, North Shore Medical Center, Salem Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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221
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Hurwitz SN, Meckes DG. An Adaptable Polyethylene Glycol-Based Workflow for Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1660:303-317. [PMID: 28828667 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7253-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes are endocytically derived nanovesicles expelled from cells that contain molecular information in the form of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Transfer of this information to other cells in local or distant microenvironments facilitates cell-to-cell communication. Importantly, diseased cells release exosomes containing specific cargo that may contribute to pathology and can be harnessed for diagnostic or prognostic use. The broad potential medical utility of exosomes has fueled rapidly expanding research on understanding the composition and functions of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions. Here, we provide a complete workflow for purifying exosome-sized vesicles from biological fluids for in-depth proteomic analyses. Moreover, this polyethylene glycol-based method is efficient, highly adaptable, and compatible with a variety of downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Hurwitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - David G Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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222
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Huang-Doran I, Zhang CY, Vidal-Puig A. Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Mediators of Cell Communication In Metabolic Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:3-18. [PMID: 27810172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis emerges from the complex, multidirectional crosstalk between key metabolic tissues including adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. This crosstalk, traditionally mediated by hormones and metabolites, becomes dysregulated in human diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs; including exosomes) are circulating, cell-derived nanoparticles containing proteins and nucleic acids that interact with and modify local and distant cellular targets. Accumulating evidence, reviewed herein, supports a role for extracellular vesicles in obesity-associated metabolic disturbance, particularly the local and systemic inflammation characteristic of adipose and hepatic stress. As the practical and conceptual challenges facing the field are tackled, this emerging and versatile mode of intercellular communication may afford valuable insights and therapeutic opportunities in combatting these major threats to modern human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Huang-Doran
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046 China
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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223
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Abstract
Precision medicine has emerged as an approach to tailor therapies for an individual at the time of diagnosis and/or treatment. This emergence has been fueled by the ability to profile nucleic acids, along with proteins and lipids isolated from biofluids, a method called "liquid biopsy ," either by or in combination of one of the following components: circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and/or extracellular vesicles (EVs) . EVs are membrane-surrounded structures released by cells in an evolutionarily conserved manner. EVs have gained much attention from both the basic and clinical research areas, as EVs appear to play a role in many diseases; however, the well-known case is cancer. The hallmark of EVs in cancer is their role as mediators of communication between cells both at physiological and pathophysiological levels; hence, EVs are thought to contribute to the creation of a microenvironmental niche that promotes cancer cell survival, as well as reprogramming distant tissue for invasion. It is important to understand the mechanistic and functional aspects at the basic science level of EVs to get a better grasp on their role in healthy and disease states. EVs range from 30-1000 nm membrane-enclosed vesicles that are released by many mammalian cell types and present in a variety of biofluids. EVs have emerged as an area of clinical interest in the era of Precision Medicine, from their role in liquid biopsy (tissue biopsy free) approach for screening, assessing tumor heterogeneity, monitoring therapeutic responses, and minimal residual disease detection to EV-based therapeutics . EVs' diagnostic and therapeutic exploitation is under intense investigation in various indications. This chapter highlights EV biogenesis , composition of EVs, and their potential role in liquid biopsy diagnostics and therapeutics in the area of cancer.
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224
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Gallo A, Vella S, Miele M, Timoneri F, Di Bella M, Bosi S, Sciveres M, Conaldi PG. Global profiling of viral and cellular non-coding RNAs in Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoblastoid cell lines and released exosome cargos. Cancer Lett 2016; 388:334-343. [PMID: 27956246 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The human EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL), obtained by infecting peripheral blood monocular cells with Epstein-Barr Virus, has been extensively used for human genetic, pharmacogenomic, and immunologic studies. Recently, the role of exosomes has also been indicated as crucial in the crosstalk between EBV and the host microenvironment. Because the role that the LCL and LCL exosomal cargo might play in maintaining persistent infection, and since little is known regarding the non-coding RNAs of LCL, the aim of our work was the comprehensive characterization of this class of RNA, cellular and viral miRNAs, and cellular lncRNAs, in LCL compared with PBMC derived from the same donors. In this study, we have demonstrated, for the first time, that all the viral miRNAs expressed by LCL are also packaged in the exosomes, and we found that two miRNAs, ebv-miR-BART3 and ebv-miR-BHRF1-1, are more abundant in the exosomes, suggesting a microvescicular viral microRNA transfer. In addition, lncRNA profiling revealed that LCLs were enriched in lncRNA H19 and H19 antisense, and released these through exosomes, suggesting a leading role in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gallo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Italy.
| | - Serena Vella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Sciveres
- Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, IRCCS ISMETT, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Italy; Fondazione Ri.MED, Italy
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225
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Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative disorders: focus on HIV-associated neurological complications. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2481. [PMID: 27882942 PMCID: PMC5260908 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enriched extracellular vesicles with a proposed diameter in the range of 30-100 nm. They are released during both normal homeostasis as well as under pathological conditions by most cell types. In recent years, there has been robust interest in the study of these vesicles as conduits for the delivery of information between cells in both analogous as well as disparate tissues. Their ability to transport specialized cargo including signaling mediators, proteins, messenger RNA and miRNAs characterizes these vesicles as primary facilitators of cell-to-cell communication and regulation. Exosomes have also been demonstrated to have important roles in the field of cancer biology and metastasis. More recently, their role in several neurodegenerative disorders has been gaining increased momentum as these particles have been shown to promote the spread of toxic factors such as amyloid beta and prions, adding further validity to their role as important regulators of disease pathogenesis. This review briefly summarizes current findings and thoughts on exosome biology in the context of neurodegenerative disorders and the manipulation of these particles for the development of potential therapeutic strategies.
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226
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Zhu S, Wang S, Lin Y, Jiang P, Cui X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Pan W. Release of extracellular vesicles containing small RNAs from the eggs of Schistosoma japonicum. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:574. [PMID: 27825390 PMCID: PMC5101684 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma japonicum is a parasitic flatworm that causes human schistosomiasis. Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in pathogen-host interfaces. Previous studies have shown that S. japonicum adult worms can release microRNA (miRNA)-containing EVs, which can transfer their cargo to mammalian cells and regulate gene expression in recipient cells. Tissue-trapped eggs are generally considered the major contributor to the severe pathology of schistosomiasis; however, the interactions between the host and parasite in this critical stage remain largely unknown. Methods The culture medium for S. japonicum eggs in vitro was used to isolate EVs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was used to confirm that vesicles produced by the eggs were EVs based on size and morphology. Total RNA extracted from EVs was analyzed by Solexa technology to determine the miRNA profile. The in vitro internalization of the EVs by mammalian cells was analyzed by confocal microscopy. The presence of EVs associated miRNAs in the primary hepatocytes of infected mice was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results EVs were isolated from the culture medium of in vitro cultivated S. japonicum eggs. TEM analysis confirmed that nanosized vesicles were present in the culture medium. RNA-seq analysis showed that the egg-derived EVs contained small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) populations including miRNAs, suggesting a potential role in host manipulation. This study further showed that Hepa1-6, a murine liver cell line, internalized the purified EVs and their cargo miRNAs that were detectable in the primary hepatocytes of mice infected with S. japonicum. Conclusions Schistosoma japonicum eggs can release miRNA-containing EVs, and the EVs can transfer their cargo to recipient cells in vitro. These results demonstrate the regulatory potential of S. japonicum egg EVs at the parasite-host interface. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1845-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanli Zhu
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyue Jiang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobin Cui
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanbin Zhang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Pan
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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227
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Abstract
Cancer diagnosis and therapy is steadily improving. Still, diagnosis is frequently late and diagnosis and follow-up procedures mostly are time-consuming and expensive. Searching for tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) in body fluids may provide an alternative, minimally invasive, yet highly reliable diagnostic tool. Beyond this, there is strong evidence that TEX could become a potent therapeutics. Exosomes, small vesicles delivered by many cells of the organism, are found in all body fluids. Exosomes are characterized by lipid composition, common and donor cell specific proteins, mRNA, small non-coding RNA including miRNA and DNA. Particularly the protein and miRNA markers received much attention as they may allow for highly specific diagnosis and can provide hints toward tumor aggressiveness and progression, where exosome-based diagnosis and follow-up is greatly facilitated by the recovery of exosomes in body fluids, particularly the peripheral blood. Beyond this, exosomes are the most important intercellular communicators that modulate, instruct, and reprogram their surrounding as well as distant organs. In concern about TEX this includes message transfer from tumor cells toward the tumor stroma, the premetastatic niche, the hematopoietic system and, last but not least, the instruction of non-cancer stem cells by cancer-initiating cells (CIC). Taking this into account, it becomes obvious that "tailored" exosomes offer themselves as potent therapeutic delivery system. In brief, during the last 4-5 years there is an ever-increasing, overwhelming interest in exosome research. This boom appears fully justified provided the content of the exosomes becomes most thoroughly analyzed and their mode of intercellular interaction can be unraveled in detail as this knowledge will open new doors toward cancer diagnosis and therapy including immunotherapy and CIC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, im Neuenheimer Feld 365, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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228
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Behbahani GD, Khani S, Hosseini HM, Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi K, Nazeri S. The role of exosomes contents on genetic and epigenetic alterations of recipient cancer cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:1031-1039. [PMID: 27872698 PMCID: PMC5110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, as a mediator of cell-to-cell transfer of genetic information, act an important role in intercommunication between tumor cells and their niche including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes and monocytes. Several studies have shown that tumor cells can influence their neighboring cells by releasing exosomes. These exosomes provide signaling cues for stimulation, activation, proliferation and differentiation of cells. Exosomes contain mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNA), and proteins that could be transferred to target cells inducing genetic and epigenetic changes. By facilitating the horizontal transfer of bioactive molecules such as proteins, RNAs and microRNAs, they are now thought to have vital roles in tumor invasion and metastases, inflammation, coagulation, and stem cell renewal and expansion. The aim of this review article is to discuss the significance of exosome-mediated intercellular communication within the tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soghra Khani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kazem Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazeri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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229
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Jin Y, Chen K, Wang Z, Wang Y, Liu J, Lin L, Shao Y, Gao L, Yin H, Cui C, Tan Z, Liu L, Zhao C, Zhang G, Jia R, Du L, Chen Y, Liu R, Xu J, Hu X, Wang Y. DNA in serum extracellular vesicles is stable under different storage conditions. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:753. [PMID: 27662833 PMCID: PMC5035490 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, can be secreted by most cell types and released in perhaps all biological fluids. EVs contain multiple proteins, specific lipids and several kinds of nucleic acids such as RNAs and DNAs. Studies have found that EVs contain double-stranded DNA and that genetic information has a certain degree of consistency with tumor DNA. Therefore, if genes that exist in exosomes are stable, we may be able to use EVs genetic testing as a new means to monitor gene mutation. Methods In this study, EVs were extracted from serum under various storage conditions (4 °C, room temperature and repeated freeze-thaw). We used western blotting to examine the stability of serum EVs. Then, we extracted DNA from EVs and tested the concentration changing under different conditions. We further assessed the stability of EVs DNA s using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. Results EVs is stable under the conditions of 4 °C (for 24 h, 72 h, 168 h), room temperature (for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h) and repeated freeze-thaw (after one time, three times, five times). Also, serum DNA is mainly present in EVs, especially in exosomes, and that the content and function of DNA in EVs is stable whether in a changing environment or not. We showed that EVs DNA stayed stable for 1 week at 4 °C, 1 day at room temperature and after repeated freeze-thaw cycles (less than three times). However, DNA from serum EVs after 2 days at room temperature or after five repeated freeze-thaw cycles could be used for PCR and sequencing. Conclusions Serum EVs and EVs DNA can remain stable under different environments, which is the premise that EVs could serve as a novel means for genetic tumor detection and potential biomarkers for cancer diagnostics and prognostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keyan Chen
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zongying Wang
- Department of Ultrasonics, People's Hospital, Donggang District, Rizhao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhi Liu
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lin
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Shao
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Yin
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Cui
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoli Tan
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liejun Liu
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhua Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gairong Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Du
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrui Liu
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xianwen Hu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
| | - Youliang Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
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230
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: the role of lytic replication in targeted therapy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016; 28:611-24. [PMID: 26524334 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the role of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication in viral-associated diseases and assess the progress on targeting KSHV lytic replication as a strategy to prevent KSHV-related malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS New inhibitors of viral lytic replication are being developed as well as novel modalities are being investigated to target cellular processes that the virus hijacks during its life cycle. Research has also focused on reactivating viral lytic replication in latently infected tumour cells (lytic induction therapy) to promote death of tumour cells. SUMMARY KSHV is linked to three malignancies: Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. Despite significant progress in understanding KSHV pathobiology, no therapeutic guidelines for the management of KSHV-related diseases exist, and current treatments are suboptimal and associated with toxicity. Antiherpesvirus drugs have shown inconsistent results in KSHV-associated malignancies that harbour the virus in a latent state. However, lytic replication plays a crucial role in the process of tumorigenesis. Therefore, not only antiviral agents directed against the virus replicative cycle but also agents that target cellular processes that are activated by the virus are being investigated. Antivirals may also be used in combination with inducers of the viral lytic stage.
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231
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Yu S, Cao H, Shen B, Feng J. Tumor-derived exosomes in cancer progression and treatment failure. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37151-68. [PMID: 26452221 PMCID: PMC4741921 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have diameter within the range of 30-100 nm and spherical to cup-shaped nanoparticles with specific surface molecular characteristics, such as CD9 and CD63. These vesicles are present in nearly all human body fluids, including blood plasma/serum, saliva, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, semen, and particularly enriched in tumor microenvironment. Exosomes contain multiple proteins, DNA, mRNA, miRNA, long non-coding RNA, and even genetic materials of viruses/prions. These materials are biochemically and functionally distinct and can be transferred to a recipient cell where they regulate protein expression and signaling pathways. Recently, exosomes are demonstrated to have a close relationship with tumor development and metastasis. Exosomes influence therapeutic effect in cancer patients. In this review, we describe the biogenesis, composition, and function of exosomes. The mechanism on how tumor-derived exosomes contribute to cancer progression and clinical treatment failure is also described, with special focus on their potential applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorong Yu
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haixia Cao
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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232
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Wei F, Zhu Q, Ding L, Liang Q, Cai Q. Manipulation of the host cell membrane by human γ-herpesviruses EBV and KSHV for pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2016; 31:395-405. [PMID: 27624182 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane regulates many physiological processes including cellular communication, homing and metabolism. It is therefore not surprising that the composition of the host cell membrane is manipulated by intracellular pathogens. Among these, the human oncogenic herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) exploit the host cell membrane to avoid immune surveillance and promote viral replication. Accumulating evidence has shown that both EBV and KSHV directly encode several similar membrane-associated proteins, including receptors and receptor-specific ligands (cytokines and chemokines), to increase virus fitness in spite of host antiviral immune responses. These proteins are expressed individually at different phases of the EBV/KSHV life cycle and employ various mechanisms to manipulate the host cell membrane. In recent decades, much effort has been made to address how these membrane-based signals contribute to viral tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize and highlight the recent understanding of how EBV and KSHV similarly manipulate host cell membrane signals, particularly how remodeling of the cell membrane allows EBV and KSHV to avoid host antiviral immune responses and favors their latent and lytic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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233
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Hoshina S, Sekizuka T, Kataoka M, Hasegawa H, Hamada H, Kuroda M, Katano H. Profile of Exosomal and Intracellular microRNA in Gamma-Herpesvirus-Infected Lymphoma Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162574. [PMID: 27611973 PMCID: PMC5017767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles released from cells, into which microRNAs (miRNA) are specifically sorted and accumulated. Two gamma-herpesviruses, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), encode miRNAs in their genomes and express virus-encoded miRNAs in cells and exosomes. However, there is little information about the detailed distribution of virus-encoded miRNAs in cells and exosomes. In this study, we thus identified virus- and host-encoded miRNAs in exosomes released from KSHV- or EBV-infected lymphoma cell lines and compared them with intracellular miRNAs using a next-generation sequencer. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that 48% of the annotated miRNAs in the exosomes from KSHV-infected cells originated from KSHV. Human mir-10b-5p and mir-143-3p were much more highly concentrated in exosomes than in cells. Exosomes contained more nonexact mature miRNAs that did not exactly match those in miRBase than cells. Among the KSHV-encoded miRNAs, miRK12-3-5p was the most abundant exact mature miRNA in both cells and exosomes that exactly matched those in miRBase. Recently identified EXOmotifs, nucleotide motifs that control the loading of miRNAs into exosomes were frequently found within the sequences of KSHV-encoded miRNAs, and the presence of the EXOmotif CCCT or CCCG was associated with the localization of miRNA in exosomes in KSHV-infected cells. These observations suggest that specific virus-encoded miRNAs are sorted by EXOmotifs and accumulate in exosomes in virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Hoshina
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yachiyo Medical Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 477-96 Owada-Shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-0046, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomic Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Hamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Yachiyo Medical Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 477-96 Owada-Shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-0046, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomic Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- * E-mail:
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234
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Sung WW, Chu YC, Chen PR, Liao MH, Lee JW. Positive regulation of HIF-1A expression by EBV oncoprotein LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2016; 382:21-31. [PMID: 27567526 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a pivotal viral oncoprotein that contributes to the carcinogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We investigated the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) by LMP1. In NPC cells, we found that LMP1 significantly enhanced the HIF-1α mRNA level, and not only the protein amount as described previously. Mechanistically, the stability of the HIF-1α transcript was remarkably prolonged by LMP1 via reduced expressions of RNA-destabilizing proteins tristetraprolin (TTP) and pumilio RNA-binding family member 2 (PUM2) through C-terminal activation region 1 (CTAR1) and CTAR3 interaction with the ERK1/2 and STAT3 signaling pathways, respectively, in parallel with hindrance of PUM2 binding to the HIF-1α mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). On the other hand, HIF-1A promoter activity was also obviously facilitated by the LMP1 CTAR1-recruited ERK1/2/NF-κB pathway. Intriguingly, in this scenario, augmented HIF-1α further exhibited positive auto-regulation of its own gene transcription. Our results showed the first time that LMP1 directly up-regulates HIF-1A transcription and post-transcription in NPC cells, in addition to providing evidence of an increase in the HIF-1α mRNA level caused by a tumor-associated virus under normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Sung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chih Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Peir-Rong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Woei Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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235
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Fritz JV, Heintz-Buschart A, Ghosal A, Wampach L, Etheridge A, Galas D, Wilmes P. Sources and Functions of Extracellular Small RNAs in Human Circulation. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:301-36. [PMID: 27215587 PMCID: PMC5479634 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Various biotypes of endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) have been detected in human circulation, including microRNAs, transfer RNAs, ribosomal RNA, and yRNA fragments. These extracellular sRNAs (ex-sRNAs) are packaged and secreted by many different cell types. Ex-sRNAs exhibit differences in abundance in several disease states and have, therefore, been proposed for use as effective biomarkers. Furthermore, exosome-borne ex-sRNAs have been reported to elicit physiological responses in acceptor cells. Exogenous ex-sRNAs derived from diet (most prominently from plants) and microorganisms have also been reported in human blood. Essential issues that remain to be conclusively addressed concern the (a) presence and sources of exogenous ex-sRNAs in human bodily fluids, (b) detection and measurement of ex-sRNAs in human circulation, (c) selectivity of ex-sRNA export and import, (d) sensitivity and specificity of ex-sRNA delivery to cellular targets, and (e) cell-, tissue-, organ-, and organism-wide impacts of ex-sRNA-mediated cell-to-cell communication. We survey the present state of knowledge of most of these issues in this review.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cell Communication
- Diet
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- RNA, Bacterial/blood
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/blood
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/blood
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/blood
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Small Untranslated/blood
- RNA, Small Untranslated/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/blood
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/blood
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle V Fritz
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; ,
| | - Anna Heintz-Buschart
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; ,
| | - Anubrata Ghosal
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Linda Wampach
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; ,
| | - Alton Etheridge
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98122
| | - David Galas
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; ,
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98122
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; ,
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236
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Hurwitz SN, Conlon MM, Rider MA, Brownstein NC, Meckes DG. Nanoparticle analysis sheds budding insights into genetic drivers of extracellular vesicle biogenesis. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:31295. [PMID: 27421995 PMCID: PMC4947197 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.31295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of cell-to-cell communication in healthy and pathological environments. Because EVs are present in a variety of biological fluids and contain molecular signatures of their cell or tissue of origin, they have great diagnostic and prognostic value. The ability of EVs to deliver biologically active proteins, RNAs and lipids to cells has generated interest in developing novel therapeutics. Despite their potential medical use, many of the mechanisms underlying EV biogenesis and secretion remain unknown. Methods Here, we characterized vesicle secretion across the NCI-60 panel of human cancer cells by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Using CellMiner, the quantity of EVs secreted by each cell line was compared to reference transcriptomics data to identify gene products associated with vesicle secretion. Results Gene products positively associated with the quantity of exosomal-sized vesicles included vesicular trafficking classes of proteins with Rab GTPase function and sphingolipid metabolism. Positive correlates of larger microvesicle-sized vesicle secretion included gene products involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and exocytosis, as well as Rab GTPase activation. One of the identified targets, CD63, was further evaluated for its role in vesicle secretion. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 knockout of the CD63 gene in HEK293 cells resulted in a decrease in small vesicle secretion, suggesting the importance of CD63 in exosome biogenesis. Conclusion These observations reveal new insights into genes involved in exosome and microvesicle formation, and may provide a means to distinguish EV sub-populations. This study offers a foundation for further exploration of targets involved in EV biogenesis and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Hurwitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Meghan M Conlon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Mark A Rider
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Naomi C Brownstein
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - David G Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA;
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237
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved many mechanisms by which to evade and subvert the immune system to ensure survival and persistence. However, for each method undertaken by the immune system for pathogen removal, there is a counteracting mechanism utilized by pathogens. The new and emerging role of microvesicles in immune intercellular communication and function is no different. Viruses across many different families have evolved to insert viral components in exosomes, a subtype of microvesicle, with many varying downstream effects. When assessed cumulatively, viral antigens in exosomes increase persistence through cloaking viral genomes, decoying the immune system, and even by increasing viral infection in uninfected cells. Exosomes therefore represent a source of viral antigen that can be used as a biomarker for disease and targeted for therapy in the control and eradication of these disorders. With the rise in the persistence of new and reemerging viruses like Ebola and Zika, exploring the role of exosomes become more important than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R Anderson
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroimmunology Branch, Viral Immunology Section, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Department of Pathology Molecular and Cellular Basis of Disease Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- George Mason University, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroimmunology Branch, Viral Immunology Section, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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238
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Piedade D, Azevedo-Pereira JM. The Role of microRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Herpesvirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060156. [PMID: 27271654 PMCID: PMC4926176 DOI: 10.3390/v8060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs important in gene regulation. They are able to regulate mRNA translation through base-pair complementarity. Cellular miRNAs have been involved in the regulation of nearly all cellular pathways, and their deregulation has been associated with several diseases such as cancer. Given the importance of microRNAs to cell homeostasis, it is no surprise that viruses have evolved to take advantage of this cellular pathway. Viruses have been reported to be able to encode and express functional viral microRNAs that target both viral and cellular transcripts. Moreover, viral inhibition of key proteins from the microRNA pathway and important changes in cellular microRNA pool have been reported upon viral infection. In addition, viruses have developed multiple mechanisms to avoid being targeted by cellular microRNAs. This complex interaction between host and viruses to control the microRNA pathway usually favors viral infection and persistence by either reducing immune detection, avoiding apoptosis, promoting cell growth, or promoting lytic or latent infection. One of the best examples of this virus-host-microRNA interplay emanates from members of the Herperviridae family, namely the herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), and the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). In this review, we will focus on the general functions of microRNAs and the interactions between herpesviruses, human hosts, and microRNAs and will delve into the related mechanisms that contribute to infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Piedade
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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239
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Treece AL, Duncan DL, Tang W, Elmore S, Morgan DR, Dominguez RL, Speck O, Meyers MO, Gulley ML. Gastric adenocarcinoma microRNA profiles in fixed tissue and in plasma reveal cancer-associated and Epstein-Barr virus-related expression patterns. J Transl Med 2016; 96:661-71. [PMID: 26950485 PMCID: PMC5767475 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) or plasma may add value for cancer management. The GastroGenus miR Panel was developed to measure 55 cancer-specific human microRNAs, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded microRNAs, and controls. This Q-rtPCR panel was applied to 100 FFPEs enriched for adenocarcinoma or adjacent non-malignant mucosa, and to plasma of 31 patients. In FFPE, microRNAs upregulated in malignant versus adjacent benign gastric mucosa were hsa-miR-21, -155, -196a, -196b, -185, and -let-7i. Hsa-miR-18a, 34a, 187, -200a, -423-3p, -484, and -744 were downregulated. Plasma of cancer versus non-cancer controls had upregulated hsa-miR-23a, -103, and -221 and downregulated hsa-miR-378, -346, -486-5p, -200b, -196a, -141, and -484. EBV-infected versus uninfected cancers expressed multiple EBV-encoded microRNAs, and concomitant dysregulation of four human microRNAs suggests that viral infection may alter cellular biochemical pathways. Human microRNAs were dysregulated between malignant and benign gastric mucosa and between plasma of cancer patients and non-cancer controls. Strong association of EBV microRNA expression with known EBV status underscores the ability of microRNA technology to reflect disease biology. Expression of viral microRNAs in concert with unique human microRNAs provides novel insights into viral oncogenesis and reinforces the potential for microRNA profiles to aid in classifying gastric cancer subtypes. Pilot studies of plasma suggest the potential for a noninvasive addition to cancer diagnostics.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/virology
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Case-Control Studies
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Male
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Pilot Projects
- RNA, Neoplasm/blood
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/blood
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Treece
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel L Duncan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weihua Tang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sandra Elmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Douglas R Morgan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ricardo L Dominguez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa de Copan, Honduras
| | - Olga Speck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael O Meyers
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Margaret L Gulley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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240
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Syn N, Wang L, Sethi G, Thiery JP, Goh BC. Exosome-Mediated Metastasis: From Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition to Escape from Immunosurveillance. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:606-617. [PMID: 27157716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular signalosomes that facilitate eukaryotic intercellular communication under a wide range of normal physiological contexts. In malignancies, this regulatory circuit is co-opted to promote cancer cell survival and outgrowth. Tumour-derived exosomes (TDEs) carry a pro-EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) programme including transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), caveolin-1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α), and β-catenin that enhances the invasive and migratory capabilities of recipient cells, and contributes to stromal remodelling and premetastatic niche formation. The integrin expression patterns on TDEs appear to dictate their preferential uptake by organ-specific cells, implying a crucial role of this pathway in organotropic metastasis. Through the expression of immunomodulatory molecules such as CD39 and CD73, TDEs modify the immune contexture of the tumour microenvironment, which could have implications for immunotherapy. Hence, targeting TDE dysregulation pathways, such as the heparanase/syndecan-1 axis, could represent novel therapeutic strategies in the quest to conquer cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Syn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore; UMR 7057 Matter and Complex Systems University Paris Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Comprehensive Cancer Center Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Boon-Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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241
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Rider MA, Hurwitz SN, Meckes DG. ExtraPEG: A Polyethylene Glycol-Based Method for Enrichment of Extracellular Vesicles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23978. [PMID: 27068479 PMCID: PMC4828635 DOI: 10.1038/srep23978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially thought to be a means for cells to eliminate waste, secreted extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes, are now understood to mediate numerous healthy and pathological processes. Though abundant in biological fluids, purifying exosomes has been challenging because their biophysical properties overlap with other secreted cell products. Easy-to-use commercial kits for harvesting exosomes are now widely used, but the relative low-purity and high-cost of the preparations restricts their utility. Here we describe a method for purifying exosomes and other extracellular vesicles by adapting methods for isolating viruses using polyethylene glycol. This technique, called ExtraPEG, enriches exosomes from large volumes of media rapidly and inexpensively using low-speed centrifugation, followed by a single small-volume ultracentrifugation purification step. Total protein and RNA harvested from vesicles is sufficient in quantity and quality for proteomics and sequencing analyses, demonstrating the utility of this method for biomarker discovery and diagnostics. Additionally, confocal microscopy studies suggest that the biological activity of vesicles is not impaired. The ExtraPEG method can be easily adapted to enrich for different vesicle populations, or as an efficient precursor to subsequent purification techniques, providing a means to harvest exosomes from many different biological fluids and for a wide variety of purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Rider
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, 32306, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Hurwitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, 32306, FL, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, 32306, FL, USA
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242
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Kalamvoki M, Deschamps T. Extracellular vesicles during Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 infection: an inquire. Virol J 2016; 13:63. [PMID: 27048572 PMCID: PMC4822280 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are defined as a heterogeneous group of vesicles that are released by prokaryotic to higher eukaryotic cells and by plant cells in an evolutionary conserved manner. The significance of these vesicles lies in their capacity to transfer selected cargo composed of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to both recipient and parent cells and to influence various physiological and pathological functions. Microorganisms such as parasites, fungi and protozoa and even single cell organisms such as bacteria generate extracellular vesicles. In addition, several viruses have evolved strategies to hijack the extracellular vesicles for egress or to alter the surrounding environment. The thesis of this article is that: a) during HSV-1 infection vesicles are delivered from infected to uninfected cells that influence the infection; b) the cargo of these vesicles consists of viral and host transcripts (mRNAs, miRNAs and non-coding RNAs) and proteins including innate immune components, such as STING; and c) the viral vesicles carry the tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81, which are considered as markers of exosomes. Therefore, we assume that the STING-carrying vesicles, produced during HSV-1 infection, are reminiscent to exosomes. The presumed functions of the exosomes released from HSV-1 infected cells include priming the recipient cells and accelerating antiviral responses to control the dissemination of the virus. This may be one strategy used by the virus to prevent the elimination by the host and establish persistent infection. In conclusion, the modification of the cargo of exosomes appears to be part of the strategy that HSV-1 has evolved to establish lifelong persistent infections into the human body to ensure successful dissemination between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalamvoki
- Department Microbiology, Molecular Genetics Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Building Hixon, room 3009, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Thibaut Deschamps
- Department Microbiology, Molecular Genetics Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Building Hixon, room 3009, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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243
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Yang L, Liu L, Xu Z, Liao W, Feng D, Dong X, Xu S, Xiao L, Lu J, Luo X, Tang M, Bode AM, Dong Z, Sun L, Cao Y. EBV-LMP1 targeted DNAzyme enhances radiosensitivity by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis via the JNKs/HIF-1 pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5804-17. [PMID: 25714020 PMCID: PMC4467403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LMP1, which is encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus, is proposed to be one of the major oncogenic factors involved in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Previous studies demonstrated that down-regulation of LMP1 by LMP1-targeted DNAzyme (DZ1) increases the radiosensitivity of NPC. However, the mechanism by which DZ1 contributes to this radiosensitivity remains unclear. In this study, we determined whether a DZ1 blockade of LMP1 expression has an overall positive effect on the radiotherapy of NPCs by repressing HIF-1/VEGF activity and to investigate the mechanisms underlying LMP1-induced HIF-1 activation in NPC cells. The results showed that DZ1 inhibited the microtubule-forming ability of HUVECs co-cultured with NPC cells, which occurs with the down-regulation of VEGF expression and secretion. Moreover, LMP1 increases phosphorylated JNKs/c-Jun signaling, which is involved in the regulation of HIF-1/VEGF activity. After silencing LMP1 and decreasing phosphorylation of JNKs, NPC cells exhibited an enhanced radiosensitivity. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed a significant inhibition of tumor growth and a marked reduction of the Ktrans parameter, which reflects the condition of tumor micro-vascular permeability. Taken together, our data suggested that VEGF expression is increased by LMP1 through the JNKs/c-Jun signaling pathway and indicated that DZ1 enhances the radiosensitivity of NPC cells by inhibiting HIF-1/VEGF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Deyun Feng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - San Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingchen Lu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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244
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Mao L, Wu J, Shen L, Yang J, Chen J, Xu H. Enterovirus 71 transmission by exosomes establishes a productive infection in human neuroblastoma cells. Virus Genes 2016; 52:189-94. [PMID: 26837894 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small secreted cellular vesicles for intercellular communications which contain proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs). Recent studies have shown that exosomes play an important role in the transmission of infectious agents including hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and so on. However, the role of exosomes in the transfer of enterovirus 71 (EV71) between host cells remains unknown. In this study, we show that the exosomes derived from EV71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma cells contain EV71 RNA and capsid protein VP1, determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (QRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. The shedding of exosomes containing virus can establish a productive infection in human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH). A comparative analysis of neutralization by EV71-specific immunoglobulins showed different levels of neutralization of exosomes-mediated infection compared with free virus. In conclusion, exosomes from EV71-infected cells may play an important role in virus dissemination and are partially resisted to antibody neutralization. Our results suggest that there is an exosomal route of EV71 transmission infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212002, China. .,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212002, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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245
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Clark DJ, Fondrie WE, Yang A, Mao L. Triple SILAC quantitative proteomic analysis reveals differential abundance of cell signaling proteins between normal and lung cancer-derived exosomes. J Proteomics 2016; 133:161-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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246
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Kanada M, Bachmann MH, Contag CH. Signaling by Extracellular Vesicles Advances Cancer Hallmarks. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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247
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Louten J, Beach M, Palermino K, Weeks M, Holenstein G. MicroRNAs Expressed during Viral Infection: Biomarker Potential and Therapeutic Considerations. Biomark Insights 2016; 10:25-52. [PMID: 26819546 PMCID: PMC4718089 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s29512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short sequences of noncoding single-stranded RNAs that exhibit inhibitory effects on complementary target mRNAs. Recently, it has been discovered that certain viruses express their own miRNAs, while other viruses activate the transcription of cellular miRNAs for their own benefit. This review summarizes the viral and/or cellular miRNAs that are transcribed during infection, with a focus on the biomarker and therapeutic potential of miRNAs (or their antagomirs). Several human viruses of clinical importance are discussed, namely, herpesviruses, polyomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Louten
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Michael Beach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Kristina Palermino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Maria Weeks
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Holenstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
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248
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Secreted Oral Epithelial Cell Membrane Vesicles Induce Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in Latently Infected B Cells. J Virol 2016; 90:3469-79. [PMID: 26764001 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02830-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the oral epithelium, peripheral stores of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are transmitted from infiltrating B cells to epithelial cells. Once the virus is transmitted to epithelial cells, the highly permissive nature of this cell type for lytic replication allows virus amplification and exchange to other hosts. Since the initial transfer of EBV from B cells to epithelial cells requires transitioning of the B-cell to a state that induces virus reactivation, we hypothesized that there might be epithelium-specific signals that allow the infiltrating B cells to sense the appropriate environment to initiate reactivation and begin this exchange process. We previously found that the epithelium-specific miR-200 family of microRNAs promotes EBV lytic replication. Here we show that there are high levels of miR-200 family members in oral and tonsillar epithelia and in saliva. Analysis of cultured oral epithelial cells (OKF6) showed that they actively secrete membrane vesicles (exosomes) that are enriched with miR-200 family members. Coculturing of EBV-positive B cells with OKF6 cells induced viral reactivation. Further, treatment of EBV-positive B cells with OKF6 cell-derived membrane vesicles promoted reactivation. Using a cell system that does not naturally express miR-200 family members, we found that enforced expression of a miR-200 family member produced membrane vesicles that were able to induce the lytic cascade in EBV-positive B cells. We propose that membrane vesicles secreted by oral and tonsillar epithelial cells may serve as a tissue-specific environmental cue that initiates reactivation in B cells, promoting the transfer of virus from peripheral B-cell stores to the oral epithelium to facilitate virus amplification and exchange to other hosts. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important human pathogen that is causally associated with several lymphomas and carcinomas. The switch from latency to the lytic cycle is critical for successful host infection and for EBV pathogenesis. Although the EBV lytic cycle can be triggered by certain agents in vitro, the mechanisms that signal reactivation in vivo are poorly understood. We previously reported that endogenously expressed miR-200 family members likely play a role in facilitating the lytic tendencies of EBV in epithelial cells. Here we show that membrane vesicles secreted from oral epithelial cells contain miR-200 family members and that they can be transmitted to proximal EBV-positive B cells, where they trigger reactivation. We propose that this intercellular communication pathway may serve as a sensor mechanism for infiltrating B cells to recognize an appropriate environment to initiate reactivation, thereby allowing the exchange of virus to the oral epithelium.
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249
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Green TM, Santos MF, Barsky SH, Rappa G, Lorico A. Analogies Between Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Enveloped Viruses with an Emphasis on Human Breast Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:169-179. [PMID: 32226654 PMCID: PMC7099913 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Cancer cells utilize extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a means of transferring oncogenic proteins and nucleic acids to other cells to enhance the growth and spread of the tumor. There is an unexpected amount of similarities between these small, membrane-bound particles and enveloped virions, including protein content, physical characteristics (i.e., size and morphology), and mechanisms of entry and exit into target cells. Recent Findings This review describes the attributes shared by both cancer-derived EVs, with an emphasis on breast cancer-derived EVs, and enveloped viral particles and discusses the methods by which virions can utilize the EV pathway as a means of transferring viral material and oncogenes to host cells. Additionally, the possible links between human papilloma virus and its influence on the miRNA content of breast cancer-derived EVs are examined. Summary The rapidly growing field of EVs is allowing investigators from different disciplines to enter uncharted territory. The study of the emerging similarities between cancer-derived EVs and enveloped virions may lead to novel important scientific discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Mark F Santos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Sanford H Barsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Germana Rappa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
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250
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Pocsfalvi G, Stanly C, Vilasi A, Fiume I, Capasso G, Turiák L, Buzas EI, Vékey K. Mass spectrometry of extracellular vesicles. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:3-21. [PMID: 25705034 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The review briefly summaries main features of extracellular vesicles, a joint terminology for exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic vesicles. These vesicles are in the center of interest in biology and medical sciences, and form a very active field of research. Mass spectrometry (MS), with its specificity and sensitivity, has the potential to identify and characterize molecular composition of these vesicles; but as yet there are only a limited, but fast-growing, number of publications that use MS workflows in this field. MS is the major tool to assess protein composition of extracellular vesicles: qualitative and quantitative proteomics approaches are both reviewed. Beside proteins, lipid and metabolite composition of vesicles might also be best assessed by MS techniques; however there are few applications as yet in this respect. The role of alternative analytical approaches, like gel-based proteomics and antibody-based immunoassays, are also mentioned. The objective of the review is to give an overview of this fast-growing field to help orient MS-based research on extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Christopher Stanly
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Vilasi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Fiume
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardio-Vascular Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lilla Turiák
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Vékey
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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