201
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Guha R, Mathioudaki A, Doumbo S, Doumtabe D, Skinner J, Arora G, Siddiqui S, Li S, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Zaugg J, Traore B, Crompton PD. Plasmodium falciparum malaria drives epigenetic reprogramming of human monocytes toward a regulatory phenotype. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33106806 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.21.346197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In malaria-naïve children and adults, Plasmodium falciparum -infected red blood cells ( Pf -iRBCs) trigger fever and other symptoms of systemic inflammation. However, in endemic areas where individuals experience repeated Pf infections over many years, the risk of Pf -iRBC-triggered inflammatory symptoms decreases with cumulative Pf exposure. The molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical observations remain unclear. Age-stratified analyses of monocytes collected from uninfected, asymptomatic Malian individuals before the malaria season revealed an inverse relationship between age and Pf -iRBC-inducible inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF) production, whereas Malian infants and malaria-naïve U.S. adults produced similarly high levels of inflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, monocytes of Malian adults produced more IL-10 and expressed higher levels of the regulatory molecules CD163, CD206, Arginase-1 and TGM2. These observations were recapitulated in an in vitro system of monocyte to macrophage differentiation wherein macrophages re-exposed to Pf -iRBCs exhibited attenuated inflammatory cytokine responses and a corresponding decrease in the epigenetic marker of active gene transcription, H3K4me3, at inflammatory cytokine gene loci. Together these data indicate that Pf induces epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes/macrophages toward a regulatory phenotype that attenuates inflammatory responses during subsequent Pf exposure. These findings also suggest that past malaria exposure could mitigate monocyte-associated immunopathology induced by other pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. Author Summary The malaria parasite is mosquito-transmitted and causes fever and other inflammatory symptoms while circulating in the bloodstream. However, in regions of high malaria transmission the parasite is less likely to cause fever as children age and enter adulthood, even though adults commonly have malaria parasites in their blood. Monocytes are cells of the innate immune system that secrete molecules that cause fever and inflammation when encountering microorganisms like malaria. Although inflammation is critical to initiating normal immune responses, too much inflammation can harm infected individuals. In Mali, we conducted a study of a malaria-exposed population from infants to adults and found that participants' monocytes produced less inflammation as age increases, whereas monocytes of Malian infants and U.S. adults, who had never been exposed to malaria, both produced high levels of inflammatory molecules. Accordingly, monocytes exposed to malaria in the laboratory became less inflammatory when re-exposed to malaria again later, and these monocytes 'turned down' their inflammatory genes. This study helps us understand how people become immune to inflammatory symptoms of malaria and may also help explain why people in malaria-endemic areas appear to be less susceptible to the harmful effects of inflammation caused by other pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2.
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202
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Etzerodt A, Moulin M, Doktor TK, Delfini M, Mossadegh-Keller N, Bajenoff M, Sieweke MH, Moestrup SK, Auphan-Anezin N, Lawrence T. Tissue-resident macrophages in omentum promote metastatic spread of ovarian cancer. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133611. [PMID: 31951251 PMCID: PMC7144521 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play important roles in cancer progression. Here, we have characterized the ontogeny and function of TAM subsets in a mouse model of metastatic ovarian cancer that is representative for visceral peritoneal metastasis. We show that the omentum is a critical premetastatic niche for development of invasive disease in this model and define a unique subset of CD163+ Tim4+ resident omental macrophages responsible for metastatic spread of ovarian cancer cells. Transcriptomic analysis showed that resident CD163+ Tim4+ omental macrophages were phenotypically distinct and maintained their resident identity during tumor growth. Selective depletion of CD163+ Tim4+ macrophages in omentum using genetic and pharmacological tools prevented tumor progression and metastatic spread of disease. These studies describe a specific role for tissue-resident macrophages in the invasive progression of metastatic ovarian cancer. The molecular pathways of cross-talk between tissue-resident macrophages and disseminated cancer cells may represent new targets to prevent metastasis and disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Etzerodt
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morgane Moulin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Koed Doktor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Marc Bajenoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Michael H Sieweke
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Centre for Regenerative Therapies, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Søren Kragh Moestrup
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Toby Lawrence
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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203
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Ramme AJ, Darcy R, Rourke BJ, Davis C, Markworth JF, Junginger L, Maerz T, Brooks SV, Bedi A. Local and Systemic Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy in an Animal Model. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:3245-3254. [PMID: 33136456 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520962058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood flow restriction therapy (BFRT) has been increasingly applied to improve athletic performance and injury recovery. Validation of BFRT has lagged behind commercialization, and currently the mechanism by which this therapy acts is unknown. BFRT is one type of ischemic therapy, which involves exercising with blood flow restriction. Repetitive restriction of muscle blood flow (RRMBF) is another ischemic therapy type, which does not include exercise. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The purpose was to develop a rat model of ischemic therapy, characterize changes to muscle contractility, and evaluate local and systemic biochemical and histologic responses of 2 ischemic therapy types. We hypothesized that ischemic therapy would improve muscle mass and strength as compared with the control group. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Four groups of 10 Sprague-Dawley rats were established: control, stimulation, RRMBF, and BFRT. One hindlimb of each subject underwent 8 treatment sessions over 4 weeks. To simulate exercise, the stimulation group underwent peroneal nerve stimulation for 2 minutes. The RRMBF group used a pneumatic cuff inflated to 100 mm Hg with a 48-minute protocol. The BFRT group involved 100-mm Hg pneumatic cuff inflation and peroneal nerve stimulation for a 5-minute protocol. Four methods of evaluation were performed: in vivo contractility testing, histology, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey test and linear mixed effects modeling were used to compare the treatment groups. RESULTS There was no difference in muscle mass among groups (P = .40) or between hindlimbs (P = .73). In vivo contractility testing showed no difference in maximum contractile force among groups (P = .64) or between hindlimbs (P = .30). On histology, myocyte cross-sectional area was not different among groups (P = .55) or between hindlimbs (P = .44). Pax7 immunohistochemistry demonstrated no difference in muscle satellite cell density among groups (P = .06) or between hindlimbs (P = .046). ELISA demonstrated the RRMBF group as eliciting elevated GH levels as compared with the other groups (P < .001). CONCLUSION Ischemic therapy did not induce gains in muscle mass, contractility strength, fiber cross-sectional area, or satellite cell density locally or systemically in this model, although the RRMBF group did have elevated GH levels on ELISA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This animal model does not support ischemic therapy as a method to improve muscle mass, function, or satellite cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Ramme
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Steindler Orthopedic Clinic, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Rose Darcy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brennan J Rourke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carol Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James F Markworth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lucas Junginger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tristan Maerz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan V Brooks
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Asheesh Bedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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204
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Orwoll ES, Wiedrick J, Nielson CM, Jacobs J, Baker ES, Piehowski P, Petyuk V, Gao Y, Shi T, Smith RD, Bauer DC, Cummings SR, Lapidus J. Proteomic assessment of serum biomarkers of longevity in older men. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13253. [PMID: 33078901 PMCID: PMC7681066 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological bases of longevity are not well understood, and there are limited biomarkers for the prediction of long life. We used a high-throughput, discovery-based proteomics approach to identify serum peptides and proteins that were associated with the attainment of longevity in a longitudinal study of community-dwelling men age ≥65 years. Baseline serum in 1196 men were analyzed using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry, and lifespan was determined during ~12 years of follow-up. Men who achieved longevity (≥90% expected survival) were compared to those who died earlier. Rigorous statistical methods that controlled for false positivity were utilized to identify 25 proteins that were associated with longevity. All these proteins were in lower abundance in long-lived men and included a variety involved in inflammation or complement activation. Lower levels of longevity-associated proteins were also associated with better health status, but as time to death shortened, levels of these proteins increased. Pathway analyses implicated a number of compounds as important upstream regulators of the proteins and implicated shared networks that underlie the observed associations with longevity. Overall, these results suggest that complex pathways, prominently including inflammation, are linked to the likelihood of attaining longevity. This work may serve to identify novel biomarkers for longevity and to understand the biology underlying lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jon Jacobs
- Biological Science Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Paul Piehowski
- Biological Science Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Vladislav Petyuk
- Biological Science Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Biological Science Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Tujin Shi
- Biological Science Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Science Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
| | - Douglas C. Bauer
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology & Biostatistics University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Steven R. Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute San Francisco CA USA
| | - Jodi Lapidus
- Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
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205
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Neff CP, Atif SM, Logue EC, Siebert J, Görg C, Lavelle J, Fiorillo S, Twigg H, Campbell TB, Fontenot AP, Palmer BE. HIV Infection Is Associated with Loss of Anti-Inflammatory Alveolar Macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:2447-2455. [PMID: 32929038 PMCID: PMC7577929 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV type 1 is associated with pulmonary dysfunction that is exacerbated by cigarette smoke. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the most prominent immune cell in the alveolar space. These cells play an important role in clearing inhaled pathogens and regulating the inflammatory environment; however, how HIV infection impacts AM phenotype and function is not well understood, in part because of their autofluorescence and the absence of well-defined surface markers. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of HIV infection on human AM and to compare the effect of smoking on their phenotype and function. Time-of-flight mass cytometry and RNA sequencing were used to characterize macrophages from human bronchoalveolar lavage of HIV-infected and -uninfected smokers and nonsmokers. We found that the frequency of CD163+ anti-inflammatory AM was decreased, whereas CD163-CCR7+ proinflammatory AM were increased in HIV infection. HIV-mediated proinflammatory polarization was associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and macrophage activation. Conversely, smoking heightened the inflammatory response evident by change in the expression of CXCR4 and TLR4. Altogether, these findings suggest that HIV infection, along with cigarette smoke, favors a proinflammatory macrophage phenotype associated with enhanced expression of inflammatory molecules. Further, this study highlights time-of-flight mass cytometry as a reliable method for immunophenotyping the highly autofluorescent cells present in the bronchoalveolar lavage of cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Preston Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Shaikh M Atif
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Eric C Logue
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Janet Siebert
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- CytoAnalytics, Denver, CO 80113
| | - Carsten Görg
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - James Lavelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Suzanne Fiorillo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Homer Twigg
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Thomas B Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Andrew P Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Brent E Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045;
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206
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Molitor DCA, Boor P, Buness A, Schneider RK, Teichmann LL, Körber RM, Horvath GL, Koschmieder S, Gütgemann I. Macrophage frequency in the bone marrow correlates with morphologic subtype of myeloproliferative neoplasm. Ann Hematol 2020; 100:97-104. [PMID: 33104881 PMCID: PMC7782416 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) fibrosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) is associated with a poor prognosis. The development of myelofibrosis and differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells to profibrotic myofibroblasts depends on macrophages. Here, we compared macrophage frequencies in BM biopsies of MPN patients and controls (patients with non-neoplastic processes), including primary myelofibrosis (PMF, n = 18), essential thrombocythemia (ET, n = 14), polycythemia vera (PV, n = 12), and Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML, n = 9). In PMF, CD68-positive macrophages were greatly increased compared to CML (p = 0.017) and control BM (p < 0.001). Similar findings were observed by CD163 staining (PMF vs. CML: p = 0.017; PMF vs. control: p < 0.001). Moreover, CD68-positive macrophages were increased in PV compared with ET (p = 0.009) and reactive cases (p < 0.001). PMF had higher frequencies of macrophages than PV (CD68: p < 0.001; CD163: p < 0.001) and ET (CD68: p < 0.001; CD163: p < 0.001). CD163 and CD68 were often co-expressed in macrophages with stellate morphology in Philadelphia chromosome-negative MPN, resulting in a sponge-like reticular network that may be a key regulator of unbalanced hematopoiesis in the BM space and may explain differences in cellularity and clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Buness
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering Department of Cell Biology , RWTH , Aachen, Germany
| | - Lino L Teichmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ruth-Miriam Körber
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabor L Horvath
- Medical Faculty, Microscopy Core Facility, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ines Gütgemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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207
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Swanson MEV, Scotter EL, Smyth LCD, Murray HC, Ryan B, Turner C, Faull RLM, Dragunow M, Curtis MA. Identification of a dysfunctional microglial population in human Alzheimer's disease cortex using novel single-cell histology image analysis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:170. [PMID: 33081847 PMCID: PMC7576851 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia are affected by disease processes, but may also drive pathogenesis. AD pathology-associated microglial populations have been identified with single-cell RNA-Seq, but have not been validated in human brain tissue with anatomical context. Here, we quantified myeloid cell markers to identify changes in AD pathology-associated microglial populations. We performed fluorescent immunohistochemistry on normal (n = 8) and AD (n = 8) middle temporal gyri, co-labelling the pan-myeloid cell marker, Iba1, with one of 11 markers of interest (MOIs): CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD74, CD33, CD206, CD32, CD163, P2RY12, TMEM119, L-Ferritin. Novel image analyses quantified the single-cell abundance of Iba1 and each MOI. Each cell was gated into one Iba1-MOI population (Iba1low MOIhigh, Iba1high MOIhigh, or Iba1high MOIlow) and the abundance of each population was compared between AD and control. Triple-labelling of L-Ferritin and Iba1 with a subset of MOIs was performed to investigate L-Ferritin-MOI co-expression on Iba1low cells. Iba1low MOIhigh myeloid cell populations delineated by MOIs CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD74, CD33, CD32, and L-Ferritin were increased in AD. Further investigation of the Iba1low MOIhigh populations revealed that their abundances correlated with tau, but not amyloid beta, load in AD. The Iba1low microglial population highly expressed L-Ferritin, reflecting microglial dysfunction. The L-Ferritinhigh CD74high HLA-DRhigh phenotype of the Iba1low population mirrors that of a human AD pathology-associated microglial subpopulation previously identified using single-cell RNA-Seq. Our high-throughput immunohistochemical data with anatomical context support the microglial dysfunction hypothesis of AD.
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208
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Saponin from Periploca forrestii Schltr Mitigates Oxazolone-Induced Atopic Dermatitis via Modulating Macrophage Activation. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:4346367. [PMID: 33122966 PMCID: PMC7584956 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4346367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a relapsing, acute, and chronic skin disease featured by intractable itching, eczematous skin. Conventional therapies based on immunosuppression such as corticosteroids are associated with multiple adverse reactions. Periploca forrestii Schltr saponin (PFS) was shown to potently inhibit murine arthritis by protecting bone and cartilage injury and suppressing NF-κB activation. However, its therapeutic effect on oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) and the underlying mechanisms on macrophage are still unclear. The AD-like dermatitis was induced by repeated oxazolone challenge to the skin of BALB/c mice in vivo. Blood and ears were biochemically or histologically processed. RT-PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were conducted to evaluate the expression of macrophage factors. Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as a model in vitro. PFS treatment inhibited AD-like dermatitis development. PFS downregulated epidermis thickness and cell infiltration, with histological analysis of the skin lesion. PFS alleviated plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgG2a, and IgG1 levels. PFS downregulated the expression of M1 macrophage factors, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, interleukin- (IL-) 6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and nitric oxide synthase2 (NOS2), and M2 macrophage factors, IL-4, arginase1 (Arg1) and CD163 in AD-like skin, which were confirmed by western blot and ELISA analysis. In addition, PFS inhibited LPS-induced macrophage polarization via the inhibition of the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. These results suggest that PFS exerted an antidermatitis effect against oxazolone by modulating macrophage activation. PFS administration might be useful in the treatment of AD and inflammatory skin diseases.
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209
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Önning G, Hillman M, Hedin M, Montelius C, Eriksson J, Ahrné S, Jönsson P. Intake of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 reduces the inflammatory markers soluble fractalkine and CD163 during acute stress: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113083. [PMID: 32687924 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestine and the brain are connected via the brain-gut axis and the intestinal microbiota influences the immune activation and signaling molecules that are involved in the stress response. The aim of the study was to investigate if intake of the probiotic strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 (LPHEAL9) for four weeks could counteract elevated cortisol and inflammation levels in subjects with chronic stress that are exposed to an acute stress test (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST). Seventy participants were included, and 63 participants completed the study (LPHEAL9, n = 32; placebo, n = 31). Cardiovascular reactivity and cortisol levels were affected by the TSST, but no differences between the groups were observed. Intake of LPHEAL9 did, however, result in significantly decreased plasma levels of two inflammatory markers (soluble fractalkine and CD163) compared to placebo. In conclusion, intake of LPHEAL9 for four weeks may reduce inflammatory markers coupled to acute stress in chronically stressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Önning
- Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Probi AB, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Hillman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedin
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Joakim Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Studies, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Siv Ahrné
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
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210
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Rao J, Wu X, Zhou X, Deng R, Ma Y. TMEM205 Is an Independent Prognostic Factor and Is Associated With Immune Cell Infiltrates in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Genet 2020; 11:575776. [PMID: 33193690 PMCID: PMC7592400 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.575776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide despite the availability of diverse treatment strategies. Much research progress has been made regarding immunotherapy but the effects remain unsatisfactory, highlighting the urgent need for novel immune-related therapy targets. In recent years, more and more studies have pointed out the associations between certain transmembrane (TMEM) family proteins and tumor progression, but the role of TMEM205 remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the RNA-seq and clinical data of 371 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and found significant differential expression of TMEM205 between normal and tumor tissues (P < 0.001). Low TMEM205 expression was also found to be independently associated with poor overall survival (OS; p = 0.032) and poor disease-specific survival (DSS; p = 0.002) in multivariate Cox regression analyses. RNA-seq and clinical data from hepatocellular carcinoma patients in the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) also showed significant differential expression of TMEM205 (P < 0.001) and association between low TMEM205 expression and poor survival (P < 0.001). We also used the Estimate the Proportion of Immune and Cancer cells (EPIC) tool to estimate the proportions of various immune cells in the tumor tissues. A correlation analysis was conducted, and TMEM205 expression in tumor tissues was found to be significantly associated with the proportion of macrophages (Pearson r = 0.45, p < 0.0001). A negative correlation was found between TMEM205 expression and M2 macrophage markers (CD163, EGR2, and MS4A4A) and between TMEM205 expression and regulatory T cell (Treg) markers (CCR8, STAT5B, and IL2RA), while a positive correlation was found between TMEM205 expression and the proportion of CD8+ T cells (Pearson r = 0.26, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, TMEM205 might improve HCC patients’ prognosis by reducing the levels of immunosuppressive cells (M2 macrophages and Tregs) and facilitating the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells into the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, TMEM205 has potential as a prognostic biomarker and immunotherapy agent in combination therapy regimens for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Rao
- Department of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xukun Wu
- Department of Hepatology Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ronghai Deng
- Department of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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211
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Thurman M, Johnson S, Acharya A, Pallikkuth S, Mahesh M, Byrareddy SN. Biomarkers of Activation and Inflammation to Track Disparity in Chronological and Physiological Age of People Living With HIV on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583934. [PMID: 33162998 PMCID: PMC7581935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With advancement, prompt use, and increasing accessibility of antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV are living longer and have comparable lifespans to those negative for HIV. However, people living with HIV experience tradeoffs with quality of life often developing age-associated co-morbid conditions such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, or neurodegeneration due to chronic immune activation and inflammation. This creates a discrepancy in chronological and physiological age, with HIV-infected individuals appearing older than they are, and in some contexts ART-associated toxicity exacerbates this gap. The complexity of the accelerated aging process in the context of HIV-infection highlights the need for greater understanding of biomarkers involved. In this review, we discuss markers identified in different anatomical sites of the body including periphery, brain, and gut, as well as markers related to DNA that may serve as reliable predictors of accelerated aging in HIV infected individuals as it relates to inflammatory state and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michellie Thurman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Samuel Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mohan Mahesh
- Southwest National Primate Research Institute, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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212
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Gomes VJ, Nunes PR, Matias ML, Ribeiro VR, Devides AC, Bannwart-Castro CF, Romagnoli GG, Peraçoli JC, Peraçoli MTS, Romao-Veiga M. Silibinin induces in vitro M2-like phenotype polarization in monocytes from preeclamptic women. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107062. [PMID: 33045562 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome featuring intense activation of circulating monocytes and an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The present study evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of silibinin (Sb) on the expression of surface markers and the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB signalling pathway of monocytes from preeclamptic women. Monocytes were cultured with or without Sb, and the mean fluorescence intensity of the surface molecules TLR4, CD64, and CD163 as well as the intracellular transcription factors IκB-α and NF-κBp65 was analysed by flow cytometry. The concentration of cytokines in the monocyte culture supernatant was determined by cytometric bead array and ELISA immunoassay. The results showed that the in vitro treatment of monocytes from preeclamptic women with Sb downregulated the endogenous activation of NF-κB and the expression of surface receptors TLR4 and CD64, and reduced the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-23, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) compared with cultures not treated with Sb. The presence of this flavonoid in monocyte cultures increased the expression of CD163 and IκBα and the release of IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in the culture supernatants, polarising these cells from the M1-like profile to the M2-like profile. The anti-inflammatory activity of Sb on the NF-κB activation pathway and induction of cell polarisation to the M2 profile was confirmed by an in vitro assay using monocytes from healthy, non-pregnant women. Treatment of monocytes from preeclamptic women with Sb polarises the cells to the M2-like phenotype, suggesting that this flavonoid has an immunomodulatory effect on the sterile inflammation characteristic of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Juliani Gomes
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Rezeck Nunes
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Letícia Matias
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rocha Ribeiro
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Graziela Gorete Romagnoli
- Department Health Science, Oeste Paulista University (UNOESTE), Jau, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Peraçoli
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Romao-Veiga
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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213
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Magalhães JP, Santos DA, Correia IR, Hetherington-Rauth M, Ribeiro R, Raposo JF, Matos A, Bicho MD, Sardinha LB. Impact of combined training with different exercise intensities on inflammatory and lipid markers in type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis from a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:169. [PMID: 33028418 PMCID: PMC7539392 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise is a well-accepted strategy to improve lipid and inflammatory profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, the exercise intensity having the most benefits on lipids and inflammatory markers in patients with T2DM remains unclear. We aimed to analyse the impact of a 1-year combined high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with resistance training (RT), and a moderate continuous training (MCT) with RT on inflammatory and lipid profile in individuals with T2DM. Methods Individuals with T2DM (n = 80, aged 59 years) performed a 1-year randomized controlled trial and were randomized into three groups (control, n = 27; HIIT with RT, n = 25; MCT with RT, n = 28). Exercise sessions were supervised with a frequency of 3 days per week. Inflammatory and lipid profiles were measured at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Changes in inflammatory and lipid markers were assessed using generalized estimating equations. Results After adjusting for sex, age and baseline moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), we observed a time-by-group interaction for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in both the MCT with RT (β = − 0.70, p = 0.034) and HIIT with RT (β = − 0.62, p = 0.049) groups, whereas, only the HIIT with RT group improved total cholesterol (β = − 0.03, p = 0.045) and LDL-C (β = − 0.03, p = 0.034), when compared to control. No effect was observed for C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble form of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor CD163 (sCD163), triglycerides and HDL-C in both groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions Favorable adaptations on IL-6 were observed in both the HIIT and MCT combined with RT groups following a long-term 1-year exercise intervention in individuals with T2DM. However, only the HIIT with RT prevented further derangement of total cholesterol and LDL-C, when compared to the control group. Therefore, in order to encourage exercise participation and improve inflammatory profile, either exercise protocols may be prescribed, however, HIIT with RT may have further benefits on the lipid profile. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT03144505
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Magalhães
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Diana A Santos
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Inês R Correia
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Megan Hetherington-Rauth
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Rogério Ribeiro
- Education and Research Centre, APDP-Diabetes Portugal (APDP-ERC), Rua Rodrigo da Fonseca 1, 1250-189, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João F Raposo
- Education and Research Centre, APDP-Diabetes Portugal (APDP-ERC), Rua Rodrigo da Fonseca 1, 1250-189, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Matos
- Genetics Laboratory Environmental Health Institute (ISAMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação Científica Bento da Rocha Cabral, Calçada Bento da Rocha Cabral 14, 1250-012, Lisbon, Portugal.,Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group i3S -Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel D Bicho
- Genetics Laboratory Environmental Health Institute (ISAMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação Científica Bento da Rocha Cabral, Calçada Bento da Rocha Cabral 14, 1250-012, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
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214
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El Aggan H, Mahmoud S, El Shair H, Elabd H. Increased macrophage activation marker soluble CD163 is associated with graft dysfunction and metabolic derangements in renal transplant recipients. Biomed J 2020; 44:S179-S189. [PMID: 35300946 PMCID: PMC9068521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hayam El Aggan
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology and Transplantation Unit), University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sabah Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba El Shair
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology and Transplantation Unit), University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hazem Elabd
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology and Transplantation Unit), University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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215
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Benedetti S, Gemma Nasoni M, Palma F, Citarella R, Luchetti F. Serum changes in sTWEAK and its scavenger receptor sCD163 in ultramarathon athletes running the 24-h race. Cytokine 2020; 137:155315. [PMID: 33011401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the serum changes of sTWEAK levels, a multifunctional cytokine involved in tissue response to acute injury and inflammation, and of its scavenger receptor sCD163, were monitored for the first time in ultramarathon athletes running the 24-h competition, an extremely demanding race in terms of muscular and physiological exertion. To this aim, venous blood samples were collected from each participant (n = 22, M = 12, F = 10) both before and immediately after the 24-h running. Other than sTWEAK and sCD163, the common serum biomarkers of inflammation (namely CRP and IL-6) and tissue injury (such as CPK, LDH, CPK-MB, troponin-I, and NT-proBNP) were evaluated. All parameters were within the reference ranges at baseline, indicating no alterations of the normal physiological processes before the competition; on the contrary, most biomarkers of tissue damage and inflammation strongly increased after the ultramarathon race. Interestingly, a significant decrement of sTWEAK levels associated with an increment of its scavenger receptor sCD163 was observed at post-race. Positive relationships were evidenced between IL-6 and sCD163 levels and the markers of cardiac damage troponin-I and NT-proBNP. On the contrary, sTWEAK showed an inverse correlation with IL-6 and NT-proBNP. This study opens the way to further investigations aimed at clarifying the role of TWEAK pathway during the prolonged ultraendurance activity, paying particular attention to the link of IL-6, CD163 and TWEAK with the cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Benedetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Maria Gemma Nasoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Morphology, Physiology and Environmental Biology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesco Palma
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Morphology, Physiology and Environmental Biology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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216
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Mahler MR, Søndergaard HB, Buhelt S, von Essen MR, Romme Christensen J, Enevold C, Sellebjerg F. Multiplex assessment of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 45:102391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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217
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Holopainen M, Impola U, Lehenkari P, Laitinen S, Kerkelä E. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome Promotes the Immunoregulatory Phenotype and Phagocytosis Activity in Human Macrophages. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092142. [PMID: 32972000 PMCID: PMC7564172 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hMSCs) show great promise in cell therapy due to their immunomodulatory properties. The overall immunomodulatory response of hMSCs resembles the resolution of inflammation, in which lipid mediators and regulatory macrophages (Mregs) play key roles. We investigated the effect of hMSC cell-cell contact and secretome on macrophages polarized and activated toward Mreg phenotype. Moreover, we studied the effect of supplemented polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid, the precursors of lipid mediators, on hMSC immunomodulation. Our results show that unlike hMSC cell-cell contact, the hMSC secretome markedly increased the CD206 expression in both Mreg-polarized and Mreg-activated macrophages. Moreover, the secretome enhanced the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 on Mreg-polarized macrophages and Mer receptor tyrosine kinase on Mreg-activated macrophages. Remarkably, these changes were translated into improved Candida albicans phagocytosis activity of macrophages. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the hMSC secretome promotes the immunoregulatory and proresolving phenotype of Mregs. Intriguingly, DHA supplementation to hMSCs resulted in a more potentiated immunomodulation with increased CD163 expression and decreased gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in Mreg-polarized macrophages. These findings highlight the potential of PUFA supplementations as an easy and safe method to improve the hMSC therapeutic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- Arachidonic Acid/pharmacology
- B7-H1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- Candida albicans/growth & development
- Candida albicans/immunology
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Polarity/drug effects
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-23/genetics
- Interleukin-23/immunology
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phenotype
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- c-Mer Tyrosine Kinase/genetics
- c-Mer Tyrosine Kinase/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Holopainen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, FI-00310 Helsinki, Finland; (U.I.); (S.L.); (E.K.)
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ulla Impola
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, FI-00310 Helsinki, Finland; (U.I.); (S.L.); (E.K.)
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Department of Anatomy and Surgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Oulu and Clinical Research Centre, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Saara Laitinen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, FI-00310 Helsinki, Finland; (U.I.); (S.L.); (E.K.)
| | - Erja Kerkelä
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, FI-00310 Helsinki, Finland; (U.I.); (S.L.); (E.K.)
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218
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Zhang J, Song L, Pedersen DV, Li A, Lambris JD, Andersen GR, Mollnes TE, Ma YJ, Garred P. Soluble collectin-12 mediates C3-independent docking of properdin that activates the alternative pathway of complement. eLife 2020; 9:60908. [PMID: 32909942 PMCID: PMC7511233 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Properdin stabilizes the alternative C3 convertase (C3bBb), whereas its role as pattern-recognition molecule mediating complement activation is disputed for decades. Previously, we have found that soluble collectin-12 (sCL-12) synergizes complement alternative pathway (AP) activation. However, whether this observation is C3 dependent is unknown. By application of the C3-inhibitor Cp40, we found that properdin in normal human serum bound to Aspergillus fumigatus solely in a C3b-dependent manner. Cp40 also prevented properdin binding when properdin-depleted serum reconstituted with purified properdin was applied, in analogy with the findings achieved by C3-depleted serum. However, when opsonized with sCL-12, properdin bound in a C3-independent manner exclusively via its tetrameric structure and directed in situ C3bBb assembly. In conclusion, a prerequisite for properdin binding and in situ C3bBb assembly was the initial docking of sCL-12. This implies a new important function of properdin in host defense bridging pattern recognition and specific AP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- The Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihong Song
- The Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dennis V Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Li
- The Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Gregers Rom Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Bodø, Norway.,Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ying Jie Ma
- The Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- The Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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219
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Serum biomarker CD163 predicts overall survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/jp9.0000000000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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220
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Differential contribution of bone marrow-derived infiltrating monocytes and resident macrophages to persistent lung inflammation in chronic air pollution exposure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14348. [PMID: 32873817 PMCID: PMC7462977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to particulate matter < 2.5µ (PM2.5) has been linked to cardiopulmonary disease. Tissue-resident (TR) alveolar macrophages (AΦ) are long-lived, self-renew and critical to the health impact of inhalational insults. There is an inadequate understanding of the impact of PM2.5 exposure on the nature/time course of transcriptional responses, self-renewal of AΦ, and the contribution from bone marrow (BM) to this population. Accordingly, we exposed chimeric (CD45.2/CD45.1) mice to concentrated PM2.5 or filtered air (FA) to evaluate the impact on these end-points. PM2.5 exposure for 4-weeks induced an influx of BM-derived monocytes into the lungs with no contribution to the overall TR-AΦ pool. Chronic (32-weeks) PM2.5 exposure on the other hand while associated with increased recruitment of BM-derived monocytes and their incorporation into the AΦ population, resulted in enhanced apoptosis and decreased proliferation of TR-AΦ. RNA-seq analysis of isolated TR-AΦ and BM-AΦ from 4- and 32-weeks exposed mice revealed a unique time-dependent pattern of differentially expressed genes. PM2.5 exposure resulted in altered histological changes in the lungs, a reduced alveolar fraction which corresponded to protracted lung inflammation. Our findings suggest a time-dependent entrainment of BM-derived monocytes into the AΦ population of PM2.5 exposed mice, that together with enhanced apoptosis of TR-AΦ and reorganization of transcriptional responses, could collectively contribute to the perpetuation of chronic inflammation.
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221
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Jurga AM, Paleczna M, Kuter KZ. Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:198. [PMID: 32848611 PMCID: PMC7424058 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and microglia activation accompany most of the pathophysiological diseases in the central nervous system. It is proven that glial pathology precedes and even drives the development of multiple neurodegenerative conditions. A growing number of studies point out the importance of microglia in brain development as well as in physiological functioning. These resident brain immune cells are divergent from the peripherally infiltrated macrophages, but their precise in situ discrimination is surprisingly difficult. Microglial heterogeneity in the brain is especially visible in their morphology and cell density in particular brain structures but also in the expression of cellular markers. This often determines their role in physiology or pathology of brain functioning. The species differences between rodent and human markers add complexity to the whole picture. Furthermore, due to activation, microglia show a broad spectrum of phenotypes ranging from the pro-inflammatory, potentially cytotoxic M1 to the anti-inflammatory, scavenging, and regenerative M2. A precise distinction of specific phenotypes is nowadays essential to study microglial functions and tissue state in such a quickly changing environment. Due to the overwhelming amount of data on multiple sets of markers that is available for such studies, the choice of appropriate markers is a scientific challenge. This review gathers, classifies, and describes known and recently discovered protein markers expressed by microglial cells in their different phenotypes. The presented microglia markers include qualitative and semi-quantitative, general and specific, surface and intracellular proteins, as well as secreted molecules. The information provided here creates a comprehensive and practical guide through the current knowledge and will facilitate the choosing of proper, more specific markers for detailed studies on microglia and neuroinflammatory mechanisms in various physiological as well as pathological conditions. Both basic research and clinical medicine need clearly described and validated molecular markers of microglia phenotype, which are essential in diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of diseases engaging glia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Jurga
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Paleczna
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Z Kuter
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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222
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Skytthe MK, Graversen JH, Moestrup SK. Targeting of CD163 + Macrophages in Inflammatory and Malignant Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5497. [PMID: 32752088 PMCID: PMC7432735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrophage is a key cell in the pro- and anti-inflammatory response including that of the inflammatory microenvironment of malignant tumors. Much current drug development in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer therefore focuses on the macrophage as a target for immunotherapy. However, this strategy is complicated by the pleiotropic phenotype of the macrophage that is highly responsive to its microenvironment. The plasticity leads to numerous types of macrophages with rather different and, to some extent, opposing functionalities, as evident by the existence of macrophages with either stimulating or down-regulating effect on inflammation and tumor growth. The phenotypes are characterized by different surface markers and the present review describes recent progress in drug-targeting of the surface marker CD163 expressed in a subpopulation of macrophages. CD163 is an abundant endocytic receptor for multiple ligands, quantitatively important being the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. The microenvironment of inflammation and tumorigenesis is particular rich in CD163+ macrophages. The use of antibodies for directing anti-inflammatory (e.g., glucocorticoids) or tumoricidal (e.g., doxorubicin) drugs to CD163+ macrophages in animal models of inflammation and cancer has demonstrated a high efficacy of the conjugate drugs. This macrophage-targeting approach has a low toxicity profile that may highly improve the therapeutic window of many current drugs and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K. Skytthe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.K.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Jonas Heilskov Graversen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.K.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Søren K. Moestrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.K.S.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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Svendsen P, Etzerodt A, Deleuran BW, Moestrup SK. Mouse CD163 deficiency strongly enhances experimental collagen-induced arthritis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12447. [PMID: 32710083 PMCID: PMC7382459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor CD163 is highly expressed in macrophages in sites of chronic inflammation where it has a not yet defined role. Here we have investigated development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) in CD163-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Compared to wild-type mice, the CIA in CD163-deficient mice had a several-fold higher arthritis score with early onset, prolonged disease and strongly enhanced progression. Further, the serum anti-collagen antibody isotypes as well as the cytokine profiles and T cell markers in the inflamed joints revealed that CD163-deficient mice after 52 days had a predominant Th2 response in opposition to a predominant Th1 response in CD163+/+ mice. Less difference in disease severity between the CD163+/+ and CD163-/- mice was seen in the CAIA model that to a large extent induces arthritis independently of T-cell response and endogenous Th1/Th2 balance. In conclusion, the present set of data points on a novel strong anti-inflammatory role of CD163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Svendsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Etzerodt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bent W Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren K Moestrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of myeloid cell marker expression in human cortex captures microglia heterogeneity with anatomical context. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11693. [PMID: 32678124 PMCID: PMC7366669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immunohistochemical methods of studying microglia in the post-mortem human brain do not capture the heterogeneity of microglial function in response to damage and disease. We therefore investigated the expression of eight myeloid cell proteins associated with changes in function alongside Iba1. To study the myeloid cells we used immunohistochemistry on post-mortem human middle temporal gyrus sections from neurologically normal individuals. First we investigated co-labelling between the classical 'activation' marker, HLA-DR and each of the other markers of interest. Significant co-labelling between HLA-DR with CD206, CD32, CD163, or L-Ferritin was observed, although complete overlap of expression of HLA-DR with aforementioned markers was not observed. A qualitative assessment also demonstrated that perivascular macrophages expressed higher levels of the markers of interest we investigated than microglia, suggesting perivascular macrophages show a more phagocytic and antigen presentation state in the human brain. To determine whether the markers of interest were expressed in different functional states, the immunoreactivity for each marker was qualitatively assessed on microglial morphologies. Degenerating marker, L-Ferritin, was specific for dystrophic microglia. We demonstrate that microglial heterogeneity can be investigated in immunohistochemically stain post-mortem human tissue by integrating the single-cell abundance of proteins and cell morphology to infer function.
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225
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Obesity-associated T-cell and macrophage activation improve partly after a lifestyle intervention. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1838-1850. [PMID: 32678324 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relation between low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity is not fully explored. OBJECTIVE To evaluate immune parameters in the obese state and after a lifestyle intervention program. METHODS Patients with obesity (n = 87) from an academic obesity clinic were compared with controls with regard to macrophage and T-cell activation (reflected by serum levels of soluble CD163 (sCD163) and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), respectively), and an array of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. In addition, these parameters and regulatory T-cells (Treg), were studied in 27 patients who followed a 75-week lifestyle intervention (dietary advice, exercise, and psychoeducation). RESULTS Mean sIL-2R and sCD163 levels were higher in patients than controls (sIL-2R:2884 ± 936 pg/ml vs. 2207 ± 813 pg/ml, p = 0.001; sCD163:1279 ± 580 pg/ml vs. 661 ± 271 pg/ml, p < 0.0001 respectively). Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) had higher sCD163 than those without (1467 ± 656 pg/ml vs. 1103 ± 438 pg/ml). Patients had higher IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-15, IL-17A, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, G-CSF, GM-CSF, FGF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α than controls, whereas VEGF-A, PDGF-BB, and eotaxin were lower. Upon intervention, sIL-2R decreased while peripheral Treg frequencies increased within the reference range (p = 0.042 and p = 0.005 respectively). The sIL-2R decrease correlated to a decrease in waist circumference (rho = 0.388, p = 0.045) and in trend to a decrease in MetS components (rho = 0.345, p = 0.078). The Treg increase was unrelated to weight loss or metabolic improvement. Mean sCD163 did not change significantly upon intervention, nor did the cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors (except IP-10/CXCL10). CONCLUSION In obesity, T-cell homeostasis improves after a lifestyle intervention. Immunologic alterations can occur independently of metabolic improvement.
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226
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Sharma V, Bryant C, Montero M, Creegan M, Slike B, Krebs SJ, Ratto-Kim S, Valcour V, Sithinamsuwan P, Chalermchai T, Eller MA, Bolton DL. Monocyte and CD4+ T-cell antiviral and innate responses associated with HIV-1 inflammation and cognitive impairment. AIDS 2020; 34:1289-1301. [PMID: 32598115 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanisms underlying immune activation and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in untreated chronic infection remain unclear. The objective of this study was to identify phenotypic and transcriptional changes in blood monocytes and CD4 T cells in HIV-1-infected and uninfected individuals and elucidate processes associated with neurocognitive impairment. DESIGN A group of chronically HIV-1-infected Thai individuals (n = 19) were selected for comparison with healthy donor controls (n = 10). Infected participants were further classified as cognitively normal (n = 10) or with HAND (n = 9). Peripheral monocytes and CD4 T cells were phenotyped by flow cytometry and simultaneously isolated for multiplex qPCR-targeted gene expression profiling directly ex vivo. The frequency of HIV-1 RNA-positive cells was estimated by limiting dilution cell sorting. RESULTS Expression of genes and proteins involved in cellular activation and proinflammatory immune responses was increased in monocytes and CD4 T cells from HIV-1-infected relative to uninfected individuals. Gene expression profiles of both CD4 T cells and monocytes correlated with soluble markers of inflammation in the periphery (P < 0.05). By contrast, only modest differences in gene programs were observed between cognitively normal and HAND cases. These included increased monocyte surface CD169 protein expression relative to cognitively normal (P = 0.10), decreased surface CD163 expression relative to uninfected (P = 0.02) and cognitively normal (P = 0.06), and downregulation of EMR2 (P = 0.04) and STAT1 (P = 0.02) relative to cognitively normal. CONCLUSION Our data support a model of highly activated monocytes and CD4 T cells associated with inflammation in chronic HIV-1 infection, but impaired monocyte anti-inflammatory responses in HAND compared with cognitively normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Sharma
- aU.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring bHenry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda cThe EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland dMemory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA eFaculty of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital fSEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kraaijvanger R, Janssen Bonás M, Vorselaars ADM, Veltkamp M. Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Sarcoidosis: Current Use and Future Prospects. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1443. [PMID: 32760396 PMCID: PMC7372102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a heterogeneous disease in terms of presentation, duration, and severity. Due to this heterogeneity, it is difficult to align treatment decisions. Biomarkers have proved to be useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of many diseases, and over the years, many biomarkers have been proposed to facilitate diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decisions. Unfortunately, the ideal biomarker for sarcoidosis has not yet been discovered. The most commonly used biomarkers are serum and bronchoalveolar lavage biomarkers, but these lack the necessary specificity and sensitivity. In sarcoidosis, therefore, a combination of these biomarkers is often used to establish a proper diagnosis or detect possible progression. Other potential biomarkers include imaging tools and cell signaling pathways. Fluor-18-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and high-resolution computed tomography have been proven to be more sensitive for the diagnosis and prognosis of both pulmonary and cardiac sarcoidosis than the serum biomarkers ACE and sIL-2R. There is an upcoming role for exploration of signaling pathways in sarcoidosis pathogenesis. The JAK/STAT and mTOR pathways in particular have been investigated because of their role in granuloma formation. The activation of these signaling pathways also proved to be a specific biomarker for the prognosis of sarcoidosis. Furthermore, both imaging and cell signaling biomarkers also enable patients who might benefit from a particular type of treatment to be distinguished from those who will not. In conclusion, the diagnostic and prognostic path of sarcoidosis involves many different types of existing and new biomarker. Research addressing biomarkers and disease pathology is ongoing in order to find the ideal sensitive and specific biomarker for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Kraaijvanger
- Department of Pulmonology, ILD Center of Excellence, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Montse Janssen Bonás
- Department of Pulmonology, ILD Center of Excellence, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Adriane D. M. Vorselaars
- Department of Pulmonology, ILD Center of Excellence, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Veltkamp
- Department of Pulmonology, ILD Center of Excellence, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
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228
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di Masi A, De Simone G, Ciaccio C, D'Orso S, Coletta M, Ascenzi P. Haptoglobin: From hemoglobin scavenging to human health. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 73:100851. [PMID: 32660714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) belongs to the family of acute-phase plasma proteins and represents the most important plasma detoxifier of hemoglobin (Hb). The basic Hp molecule is a tetrameric protein built by two α/β dimers. Each Hp α/β dimer is encoded by a single gene and is synthesized as a single polypeptide. Following post-translational protease-dependent cleavage of the Hp polypeptide, the α and β chains are linked by disulfide bridge(s) to generate the mature Hp protein. As human Hp gene is characterized by two common Hp1 and Hp2 alleles, three major genotypes can result (i.e., Hp1-1, Hp2-1, and Hp2-2). Hp regulates Hb clearance from circulation by the macrophage-specific receptor CD163, thus preventing Hb-mediated severe consequences for health. Indeed, the antioxidant and Hb binding properties of Hp as well as its ability to stimulate cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and to modulate the helper T-cell type 1 and type 2 balance significantly associate with a variety of pathogenic disorders (e.g., infectious diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer). Alternative functions of the variants Hp1 and Hp2 have been reported, particularly in the susceptibility and protection against infectious (e.g., pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria) and non-infectious (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and obesity) diseases. Both high and low levels of Hp are indicative of clinical conditions: Hp plasma levels increase during infections, inflammation, and various malignant diseases, and decrease during malnutrition, hemolysis, hepatic disease, allergic reactions, and seizure disorders. Of note, the Hp:Hb complexes display heme-based reactivity; in fact, they bind several ferrous and ferric ligands, including O2, CO, and NO, and display (pseudo-)enzymatic properties (e.g., NO and peroxynitrite detoxification). Here, genetic, biochemical, biomedical, and biotechnological aspects of Hp are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Masi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Simone
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, I-00133, Roma, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Orso
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, I-00133, Roma, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, I-00146, Roma, Italy.
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Vakili S, Ahooyi TM, Yarandi SS, Donadoni M, Rappaport J, Sariyer IK. Molecular and Cellular Impact of Inflammatory Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Derived from M1 and M2 Macrophages on Neural Action Potentials. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070424. [PMID: 32635207 PMCID: PMC7408497 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors can contribute to neuroinflammatory disorders, such as cytokine and chemokines that are produced and released from peripherally derived immune cells or from locally activated cells such as microglia and perivascular macrophages in the brain. The primary function of these cells is to clear inflammation; however, following inflammation, circulating monocytes are recruited to the central nervous system (CNS). Monocyte-derived macrophages in the CNS play pivotal roles in mediating neuroinflammatory responses. Macrophages are heterogeneous both in normal and in pathological conditions due to their plasticity, and they are classified in two main subsets, classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). There is accumulating evidence suggesting that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from activated immune cells may play crucial roles in mediating inflammation. However, a possible role of EVs released from immune cells such as M1 and M2 macrophages on neuronal functions in the brain is not known. In order to investigate the molecular and cellular impacts of macrophages and EVs released from macrophage subtypes on neuronal functions, we used a recently established in vitro M1 and M2 macrophage culture model and isolated and characterized EVs from these macrophage subtypes, treated primary neurons with M1 or M2 EVs, and analyzed the extracellular action potentials of neurons with microelectrode array studies (MEA). Our results introduce evidence on the interfering role of inflammatory EVs released from macrophages in interneuronal signal transmission processes, with implications in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases induced by a variety of inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vakili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.V.); (T.M.A.); (S.S.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.V.); (T.M.A.); (S.S.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Shadan S. Yarandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.V.); (T.M.A.); (S.S.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.V.); (T.M.A.); (S.S.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, New Orleans, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.V.); (T.M.A.); (S.S.Y.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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230
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Alaluf E, Vokaer B, Detavernier A, Azouz A, Splittgerber M, Carrette A, Boon L, Libert F, Soares M, Le Moine A, Goriely S. Heme oxygenase-1 orchestrates the immunosuppressive program of tumor-associated macrophages. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133929. [PMID: 32369450 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to the maintenance of a strong immunosuppressive environment, supporting tumor progression and resistance to treatment. To date, the mechanisms that drive acquisition of these immunosuppressive features are still poorly defined. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme that catabolizes free heme. It displays important cytoprotective, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant properties. A growing body of evidence suggests that HO-1 may also promote tumor development. Herein, we show that HO-1 is highly expressed in monocytic cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) once they differentiate into TAMs. Deletion of HO-1 in the myeloid compartment enhances the beneficial effects of a therapeutic antitumor vaccine by restoring CD8+ T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. We further show that induction of HO-1 plays a major role in monocyte education by tumor cells by modulating their transcriptional and epigenetic programs. These results identify HO-1 as a valuable therapeutic target to reprogram the TME and synergize with current cancer therapies to facilitate antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Alaluf
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Benoît Vokaer
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Detavernier
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Abdulkader Azouz
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marion Splittgerber
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Alice Carrette
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Frédérick Libert
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, BRIGHTcore ULB-VUB and Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Alain Le Moine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgium
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231
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Adewumi OM, Dukhovlinova E, Shehu NY, Zhou S, Council OD, Akanbi MO, Taiwo B, Ogunniyi A, Robertson K, Kanyama C, Hosseinipour MC, Swanstrom R. HIV-1 Central Nervous System Compartmentalization and Cytokine Interplay in Non-Subtype B HIV-1 Infections in Nigeria and Malawi. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:490-500. [PMID: 31914800 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 compartmentalization in the central nervous system (CNS) and its contribution to neurological disease have been well documented. Previous studies were conducted among people infected with subtypes B or C where CNS compartmentalization has been observed when comparing viral sequences in the blood to virus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, little is known about CNS compartmentalization in other HIV-1 subtypes. Using a deep sequencing approach with Primer ID, we conducted a cross-sectional study among Nigerian and Malawian HIV-1 cohorts with or without fungal Cryptococcus infection diagnosed as cryptococcal meningitis (CM) to determine the extent of CSF/CNS compartmentalization with CM. Paired plasma and CSF samples from 45 participants were also analyzed for cytokine/chemokine levels. Viral populations comparing virus in the blood and the CSF ranged from compartmentalized to equilibrated, including minor or partial compartmentalization or clonal amplification of a single viral sequence. The frequency of compartmentalized viral populations in the blood and CSF was similar between the CM- and CM+ participants. We confirmed the potential to see compartmentalization with subtype C infection and have also documented CNS compartmentalization of an HIV-1 subtype G infection. Cytokine profiles indicated a proinflammatory environment, especially within the CSF/CNS. However, sCD163 was suppressed in the CSF in the presence of CM, perhaps due to elevated levels of IL-4, which were also a feature of the cytokine profile, showing a distinct cytokine profile with CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubusuyi Moses Adewumi
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elena Dukhovlinova
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathan Y. Shehu
- Department of Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Shuntai Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Olivia D. Council
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maxwell O. Akanbi
- Department of Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
- Health Sciences Integrated PhD Program, Center for Education in Health Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Babafemi Taiwo
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Kevin Robertson
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cecilia Kanyama
- UNC Project-Malawi, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mina C. Hosseinipour
- UNC Project-Malawi, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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232
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Gu X, Bolden-Rush C, Cuddington CT, Belcher DA, Savla C, Pires IS, Palmer AF. Comprehensive characterization of tense and relaxed quaternary state glutaraldehyde polymerized bovine hemoglobin as a function of cross-link density. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2362-2376. [PMID: 32472694 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previously, our lab developed high molecular weight (MW) tense (T) quaternary state glutaraldehyde polymerized bovine hemoglobins (PolybHbs) that exhibited reduced vasoactivity in several small animal models. In this study, we prepared PolybHb in the T and relaxed (R) quaternary state with ultrahigh MW (>500 kDa) with varying cross-link densities, and investigated the effect of MW on key biophysical properties (i.e., O2 affinity, cooperativity (Hill) coefficient, hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity, polymer composition, viscosity, gaseous ligand-binding kinetics, auto-oxidation, and haptoglobin [Hp]-binding kinetics). To further optimize current PolybHb synthesis and purification protocols, we performed a comprehensive meta-data analysis to evaluate correlations between procedural parameters (i.e., cross-linker:bovine hemoglobin (bHb) molar ratio, gas-liquid exchange time, temperature during sodium dithionite addition, and number of diafiltration cycles) and the biophysical properties of both T- and R-state PolybHbs. Our results showed that, the duration of the fast-step auto-oxidation phase of R-state PolybHb increased with decreasing glutaraldehyde:bHb molar ratio. Additionally, T-state PolybHbs exhibited significantly higher bimolecular rate constants for binding to Hp and unimolecular O2 offloading rate constants compared to R-state PolybHbs. The methemoglobin (metHb) level in the final product was insensitive to the molar ratio of glutaraldehyde to bHb for all PolybHbs. During tangential flow filtration processing of the final product, 14 diafiltration cycles was found to yield the lowest metHb level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Gu
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Crystal Bolden-Rush
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Clayton T Cuddington
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Donald A Belcher
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chintan Savla
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ivan S Pires
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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233
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Macrophages skew towards M1 profile through reduced CD163 expression in symptomatic apical periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4571-4581. [PMID: 32444919 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the macrophage profiles in symptomatic and asymptomatic forms of AP through phenotypic and functional analyses. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cross-sectional study. Apical tissue/lesion samples were collected from patients with clinical diagnosis of AAP (n = 51) or SAP (n = 45) and healthy periodontal ligament (HPL) from healthy patients as controls (n = 14), all with indication of tooth extraction. Samples were digested, cells were stained for CD14, M1 (CD64, CD80), and M2 (CD163, CD206) phenotypic surface markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. Functional cytokine profiles L-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-23 (M1), IL-10, and TGF-β (M2) were determined by qPCR. RESULTS Higher macrophage M1/M2 ratio (CD64+CD80+/CD163+CD206+) along with lower CD163 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) were found in SAP compared to AAP and controls (p < 0.05). IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-23 (M1), and IL-10 mRNA (M2) were upregulated, whereas TGF-β mRNA (M2) was downregulated in apical lesions compared to controls. Specifically, IL-6 and IL-23 (M1) were upregulated in SAP compared with AAP and controls (p < 0.05). The data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test. CONCLUSIONS Macrophages exhibited a polarization switch towards M1 in AL. SAP exhibited a reduced M2 differentiation profile based on a reduction of CD163 expression levels in SAP over AAP. Specifically, IL-6 and IL-23 were augmented SAP over AAP, suggesting a role in the severity of apical lesions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Deciphering the macrophage polarization and functions in apical periodontitis can contribute to explain AP dynamics, its clinical presentation and systemic impact.
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Zhu Z, Zhang X, Dong W, Wang X, He S, Zhang H, Wang X, Wei R, Chen Y, Liu X, Guo C. TREM2 suppresses the proinflammatory response to facilitate PRRSV infection via PI3K/NF-κB signaling. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008543. [PMID: 32401783 PMCID: PMC7250469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) serves as an anti-inflammatory receptor, negatively regulating the innate immune response. TREM2 is mainly expressed on dendritic cells and macrophages, the target cells of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Thus, we investigated the potential role of TREM2 in PRRSV infection in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). We found that there was an increased expression of TREM2 upon PRRSV infection in vitro. TREM2 silencing restrained the replication of PRRSV, whereas TREM2 overexpression facilitated viral replication. The cytoplasmic tail domain of TREM2 interacted with PRRSV Nsp2 to promote infection. TREM2 downregulation led to early activation of PI3K/NF-κB signaling, thus reinforcing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. Due to the enhanced cytokine expression, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 was activated to promote the cleavage of membrane CD163, which resulted in suppression of infection. Furthermore, exogenous soluble TREM2 (sTREM2)-mediated inhibition of PRRSV attachment might be attributed to its competitive binding to viral envelope proteins. In pigs, following PRRSV challenge in vivo, the expression of TREM2 in lungs and lymph nodes as well as the production of sTREM2 were significantly increased. These novel findings indicate that TREM2 plays a role in regulating PRRSV replication via the inflammatory response. Therefore, our work describes a novel antiviral mechanism against PRRSV infection and suggests that targeting TREM2 could be a new approach in the control of the PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ruiping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Ghazi Zahedi S, Koohdani F, Qorbani M, Siassi F, Keshavarz A, Nasli-Esfahani E, Aghasi M, Khoshamal H, Sotoudeh G. The effects of green cardamom supplementation on blood pressure and endothelium function in type 2 diabetic patients: A study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e11005. [PMID: 32358339 PMCID: PMC7440108 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardamom possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and blood pressure lowering properties, which might improve endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients. However, no study has examined the effect of cardamom on diabetic patients. The present study aimed to examine the effects of 10-week green cardamom intake on blood pressure, concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and its potential mechanisms. METHODS AND ANALYSIS DESIGN Eighty overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (aged 30-60 years) will be recruited into the trial and will assign to receive either cardamom (3 g/day, 6 capsules) or placebo (rusk powder, 6 capsules) for a period of 10 weeks. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and nitric oxide will be measured. Serum inflammatory markers namely interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and factors related to endothelial function including intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, CD62 antigen-like family member E, and cluster of differentiation 163 will be measured at baseline and at the end of the trial. Sociodemographic, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and three 24-hour dietary recall questionnaires will be collected for each participant. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by The Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR.TUMS.REC.1395.2700). Each participant will sign a written informed consent at the beginning of the study. At the end of the study, results will be published timely manner. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER (http://www.irct.ir, identifier: IRCT-2016042717254N5) Date of registration: 2016-11-23.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fariba Koohdani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Baghestan Boulevard, Karaj
| | | | - Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics
| | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gembillo G, Siligato R, Cernaro V, Santoro D. Complement Inhibition Therapy and Dialytic Strategies in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria: The Nephrologist's Opinion. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1261. [PMID: 32357555 PMCID: PMC7287718 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare clonal disease that presents an estimated incidence of 1.3 cases per million per year, with a prevalence of 15.9 cases per million. It is characterized by hemolysis, bone marrow dysfunction with peripheral blood cytopenia, hypercoagulability, thrombosis, renal impairment and arterial and pulmonary hypertension. Hemolysis and subsequent hemosiderin accumulation in tubular epithelium cells induce tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The origin of PNH is the somatic mutation in the X-linked phosphatidylinositol glycan class A (PIG-A) gene located on Xp22: this condition leads to the production of clonal blood cells with a deficiency in those surface proteins that protect against the lytic action of the activated complement system. Despite the increased knowledge of this syndrome, therapies for PNH were still only experimental and symptomatic, until the introduction of the C5 complement blockade agent Eculizumab. A second generation of anti-complement agents is currently under investigation, representing future promising therapeutic strategies for patients affected by PNH. In the case of chronic hemolysis and renal iron deposition, a multidisciplinary approach should be considered to avoid or treat acute tubular injury or acute kidney injury (AKI). New promising perspectives derive from complement inhibitors and iron chelators, as well as more invasive treatments such as immunoadsorption or the use of dedicated hemodialysis filters in the presence of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gembillo
- Unit of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (V.C.); (D.S.)
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Roy A, Millen KJ, Kapur RP. Hippocampal granule cell dispersion: a non-specific finding in pediatric patients with no history of seizures. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:54. [PMID: 32317027 PMCID: PMC7171777 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic epilepsy has been associated with hippocampal abnormalities like neuronal loss, gliosis and granule cell dispersion. The granule cell layer of a normal human hippocampal dentate gyrus is traditionally regarded as a compact neuron-dense layer. Histopathological studies of surgically resected or autopsied hippocampal samples primarily from temporal lobe epilepsy patients, as well as animal models of epilepsy, describe variable patterns of granule cell dispersion including focal cell clusters, broader thick segments, and bilamination or “tram-tracking”. Although most studies have implicated granule cell dispersion as a specific feature of chronic epilepsy, very few “non-seizure” controls were included in these published investigations. Our retrospective survey of 147 cadaveric pediatric human hippocampi identified identical morphological spectra of granule cell dispersion in both normal and seizure-affected brains. Moreover, sections across the entire antero-posterior axis of a control cadaveric hippocampus revealed repetitive occurrence of different morphologies of the granule cell layer – compact, focally disaggregated and bilaminar. The results indicate that granule cell dispersion is within the spectrum of normal variation and not unique to patients with epilepsy. We speculate that sampling bias has been responsible for an erroneous dogma, which we hope to rectify with this investigation.
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Garza R, Gill AJ, Bastien BL, Garcia-Mesa Y, Gruenewald AL, Gelman BB, Tsima B, Gross R, Letendre SL, Kolson DL. Heme oxygenase-1 promoter (GT) n polymorphism associates with HIV neurocognitive impairment. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/3/e710. [PMID: 32277015 PMCID: PMC7176253 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective To determine whether regulatory variations in the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) promoter (GT)n dinucleotide repeat length could identify unique population genetic risks for neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in persons living with HIV (PLWH), we genotyped 528 neurocognitively assessed PLWH of European American and African American descent and linked genotypes to cognitive status. Methods In this cross-sectional study of PLWH (the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effect Research cohort), we determined HO-1 (GT)n repeat lengths in 276 African Americans and 252 European Americans. Using validated criteria for HIV-associated NCI (HIV NCI), we found associations between allele length genotypes and HIV NCI and between genotypes and plasma markers of monocyte activation and inflammation. For comparison of HO-1 (GT)n allele frequencies with another population of African ancestry, we determined HO-1 (GT)n allele lengths in African PLWH from Botswana (n = 428). Results PLWH with short HO-1 (GT)n alleles had a lower risk for HIV NCI (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42–0.94). People of African ancestry had a lower prevalence of short alleles and higher prevalence of long alleles compared with European Americans, and in subgroup analyses, the protective effect of the short allele was observed in African Americans and not in European Americans. Conclusions Our study identified the short HO-1 (GT)n allele as partially protective against developing HIV NCI. It further suggests that this clinical protective effect is particularly relevant in persons of African ancestry, where the lower prevalence of short HO-1 (GT)n alleles may limit induction of HO-1 expression in response to inflammation and oxidative stress. Therapeutic strategies that enhance HO-1 expression may decrease HIV-associated neuroinflammation and limit HIV NCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Garza
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Alexander J Gill
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Brandon L Bastien
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Analise L Gruenewald
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Billy Tsima
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Robert Gross
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Scott L Letendre
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Dennis L Kolson
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego.
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Altered features of monocytes in adult onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia: A clue to the pathomechanism of microglial dyshomeostasis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104867. [PMID: 32276111 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) is an autosomal-dominant type of leukoencephalopathy caused by gene mutation of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor, which is expressed mainly on monocyte lineage cells such as monocytes in the peripheral blood and microglia in the brain. Hence, microglial dysfunction is regarded as critical in the pathogenesis of ALSP. However, functional changes in these cells have not been elucidated. In this study, we report the phenotypic and functional alterations of monocytes in four patients with ALSP. Flow cytometric analysis revealed altered expression of antigen presentation- and migration-related molecules, an inflammatory shift in cytokine production and phagocytic impairment in ALSP monocytes. We speculate that the observed altered features of monocytes are mostly shared by microglial cells, leading to the clinical history and pathological characteristics of ALSP. Our analysis of PB monocytes provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of ALSP.
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Jin CJ, Baumann A, Brandt A, Engstler AJ, Nier A, Hege M, Schmeer C, Kehm R, Höhn A, Grune T, Witte OW, Bergheim I. Aging-related liver degeneration is associated with increased bacterial endotoxin and lipopolysaccharide binding protein levels. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G736-G747. [PMID: 32090603 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00345.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor in the development of many diseases, including liver-related diseases. The two aims of the present study were 1) to determine how aging affects liver health in mice in the absence of any interventions and 2) if degenerations observed in relation to blood endotoxin levels are critical in aging-associated liver degeneration. Endotoxin levels and markers of liver damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and apoptosis as well as the Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr-4) signaling cascade were studied in liver tissue and blood, respectively, of 3- and 24-mo-old male C57BL/6J mice. In a second set of experiments, 3- to 4-mo-old and 14-mo-old female lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP)-/- mice and littermates fed standard chow, markers of liver damage, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction were assessed. Plasma activity of aspartate aminotransferase and histological signs of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis were significantly higher in old C57BL/6J mice than in young animals. The number of neutrophils, CD8α-positive cells, and mRNA expression of markers of apoptosis were also significantly higher in livers of old C57BL/6J mice compared with young animals, being also associated with a significant induction of hepatic Tlr-4 and LBP expression as well as higher endotoxin levels in peripheral blood. Compared with age-matched littermates, LBP-/- mice display less signs of senescence in liver. Taken together, our data suggest that, despite being fed standard chow, old mice developed liver inflammation and beginning fibrosis and that bacterial endotoxin may play a critical role herein.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Old age in mice is associated with marked signs of liver degeneration, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis. Aging-associated liver degeneration is associated with elevated bacterial endotoxin levels and an induction of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and Toll-like receptor 4-dependent signaling cascades in liver tissue. Furthermore, in old aged LBP-/- mice, markers of senescence seem to be lessened, supporting the hypothesis that bacterial endotoxin levels might be critical in aging-associated decline of liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jun Jin
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Baumann
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Brandt
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Janina Engstler
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anika Nier
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianne Hege
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Schmeer
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard Kehm
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Annika Höhn
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhu Z, Zhang H, Zhang X, He S, Dong W, Wang X, Chen Y, Liu X, Guo C. Lipopolysaccharide Downregulates CD163 Expression to Inhibit PRRSV Infection via TLR4-NF-κB Pathway. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:501. [PMID: 32269560 PMCID: PMC7109323 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been recognized to induce proinflammatory cytokine production and modulate the host interferon (IFN) system. Proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs contribute to the prevention of viral infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a specific agonist to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), provokes signal transduction and activates immune response in vivo and in vitro. Here we identified LPS inhibited PRRSV infection in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and in Marc-145 cells. To investigate the possible mechanism, we found TLR4-NF-κB pathway was obviously activated in LPS-treated PAMs at the early stage of PRRSV infection. As a result, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was strongly induced following LPS and PRRSV co-treatment. Due to the enhanced proinflammatory response, CD163 expression was significantly reduced and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 was activated, which promotes the cleavage of membrane CD163. Ultimately, CD163 down-regulation led to the suppression of PRRSV replication. Our data demonstrate that LPS has an impact on PRRSV infection via inflammation response, which provides a new insight of inflammation-mediated antiviral immunity and a new strategy to control PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Systemic corticosteroid therapy augments ex vivo release of sCD163 by peripheral blood monocytes of asthmatic patients. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2020; 37:61-65. [PMID: 32467686 PMCID: PMC7247062 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.93384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The CD163 is exclusively expressed by mononuclear phagocytes as a transmembrane protein, which synthesis is regulated by anti- and pro-inflammatory signals. After shedding from the cell surface it exists in body fluids as a soluble protein (sCD163) which exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Aim To evaluate serum concentration and ex vivo production of sCD163 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in asthmatic patients treated with inhaled (ICS) or oral corticosteroids (OCS). Material and methods The study was performed on 35 allergic asthma patients (AAs) including 15 treated with ICS (ICS-AAs), 10 with OCS (OCS-AAs), 10 during asthma exacerbation (EX-AAs) before OCS had been started and 13 non-atopic healthy subjects (HCs) as a control group. PBMC were cultured in vitro for up to 144 h. The concentration of sCD163 in serum and the culture supernatants was evaluated with ELISA. Results The greatest serum sCD163 concentration was demonstrated in EX-AAs, which was significantly greater than that in other studied subgroups. The concentration of sCD163 in PBMC culture supernatants was greater in AAs than in HCs (p = 0.006). Among individual asthma subgroups the greatest concentration of sCD163 was demonstrated in PBMC culture supernatants of OCS-AAs, which was significantly greater than in ICS-AAs (p < 0.001) and EX-AAs (p < 0.001), both being significantly greater than in HCs (p < 0.001). Conclusions In AAs, enhanced capability of PBMCs to release sCD163 may be at least partially responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of systemic corticosteroid therapy.
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Semnani-Azad Z, Connelly PW, Johnston LW, Retnakaran R, Harris SB, Zinman B, Hanley AJ. The Macrophage Activation Marker Soluble CD163 is Longitudinally Associated With Insulin Sensitivity and β-cell Function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5611046. [PMID: 31677389 PMCID: PMC7112970 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Chronic inflammation arising from adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) activation may be central in type 2 diabetes etiology. Our objective was to assess the longitudinal associations of soluble CD163 (sCD163), a novel biomarker of ATM activation, with insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and dysglycemia in high-risk subjects. METHODS Adults at risk for type 2 diabetes in the Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation (PROMISE) study had 3 assessments over 6 years (n = 408). Levels of sCD163 were measured using fasting serum. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by HOMA2-%S and the Matsuda index (ISI). β-cell function was determined by insulinogenic index (IGI) over HOMA-IR and insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 (ISSI-2). Incident dysglycemia was defined as the onset of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or type 2 diabetes. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) evaluated longitudinal associations of sCD163 with insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and incident dysglycemia adjusting for demographic and lifestyle covariates. Areas under receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AROC) tested whether sCD163 improved dysglycemia prediction in a clinical model. RESULTS Longitudinal analyses showed significant inverse associations between sCD163 and insulin sensitivity (% difference per standard deviation increase of sCD163 for HOMA2-%S (β = -7.01; 95% CI, -12.26 to -1.44) and ISI (β = -7.60; 95% CI, -11.09 to -3.97) and β-cell function (ISSI-2 (β = -4.67; 95 %CI, -8.59 to -0.58) and IGI/HOMA-IR (β = -8.75; 95% CI, -15.42 to -1.56)). Increased sCD163 was associated with greater risk for incident dysglycemia (odds ratio = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06; P < 0.001). Adding sCD163 data to a model with clinical variables improved prediction of incident dysglycemia (AROC=0.6731 vs 0.638; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS sCD163 was longitudinally associated with core disorders that precede the onset of type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/cytology
- Adipose Tissue/immunology
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Female
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/physiopathology
- Longitudinal Studies
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prospective Studies
- Receptors, Cell Surface/blood
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Semnani-Azad
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip W Connelly
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Luke W Johnston
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ravi Retnakaran
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stewart B Harris
- Department of Family Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Bernard Zinman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony J Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Anthony J. Hanley, PhD. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8. Tel: 416-978-3616, E-mail: , ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6364-2444
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Wu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhang W, Liu Y, Xu S, Guan Y, Chen X. Riluzole improves functional recovery after acute spinal cord injury in rats and may be associated with changes in spinal microglia/macrophages polarization. Neurosci Lett 2020; 723:134829. [PMID: 32057920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers pronounced inflammatory responses that are accompanied by neuronal disruption and functional deficits. SCI treatment remains an unmet clinical need. Emerging evidence suggests that riluzole may exert a neuroprotective effect due to its anti-inflammatory properties. However, details of the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. The polarization of microglial/macrophages has an important role in neuroinflammation. Here, we examined whether riluzole can exert a neuroprotective effect after acute SCI, and whether this effect is associated with changes in microglia/macrophages polarization. Riluzole (4 mg/kg) or vehicle were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) in female rats immediately following SCI and repeated for 7 consecutive days (b.i.d.). Compared with vehicle treatment, riluzole-treated SCI rats showed significant higher locomotor scores (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score, Inclined Plane test score, n = 18/group). Riluzole-treated rats also developed smaller spinal cavities, showed higher levels of myelin basic protein (MBP) and neurofilament (NF)200 immunoreactivities, and lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord at 7 days post-SCI. Immunofluorescence study revealed more CD206+ cells and less iNOS+ cells in the injured spinal cord of riluzole-treated SCI rats, as compared to vehicle control. Using real-time PCR, we found that riluzole upregulated the mRNA levels of M2 markers, but downregulated that of M1 markers, as compared to the vehicle treatment. Current findings suggest that systemic administration of riluzole after acute SCI facilitated motor function recovery and inhibited inflammatory responses, which may be associated with polarization of M2 microglia/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yadong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Songjie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Xueming Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China; Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China.
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245
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Nishino A, Katsumata Y, Kawasumi H, Hirahara S, Kawaguchi Y, Yamanaka H. Usefulness of soluble CD163 as a biomarker for macrophage activation syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2020; 28:986-994. [PMID: 31246559 DOI: 10.1177/0961203319860201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the usefulness of serum soluble CD163 (sCD163) as a biomarker for macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Serum sCD163 levels were retrospectively measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for SLE patients associated with MAS (SLE-MAS), lupus nephritis (LN), or autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and/or immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and healthy controls (HCs). Posttreatment samples were also evaluated in the available SLE-MAS patients. The associations between serum sCD163 levels and clinical information were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The serum sCD163 levels in SLE-MAS, LN and SLE-AIHA/ITP groups were significantly higher than those in HCs (n = 17, 29, 13, and 68, respectively; p < 0.01 for all comparisons). In addition, the serum sCD163 levels in the SLE-MAS group were even higher than those in the LN and SLE-AIHA/ITP groups (p < 0.01 for both comparisons). Serum sCD163 levels were correlated with the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 scores (r = 0.53), whereas they were not correlated with the serum ferritin levels. With the determined cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of serum sCD163 for the diagnosis of SLE-MAS were 59% and 86%, respectively. Retesting showed that the serum sCD163 levels decreased significantly following treatment in parallel with disease amelioration in the SLE-MAS group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests the usefulness of serum sCD163 as a diagnostic and disease-activity biomarker for SLE-associated MAS. Serum sCD163 might also have a different role as a biomarker for SLE-associated MAS than serum ferritin does.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nishino
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Katsumata
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Kawasumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Hirahara
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kawaguchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Yamanaka
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Cui Y, Wang C, Zhang Y. Reply to: Comment on: CD163 as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of sepsis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in critically ill children. A call for HLA-DR in HLH. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28020. [PMID: 31584245 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Immune Characterization in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Reveals Distinct Monocytic Activation and Chemokine Patterns. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:1348-1361. [PMID: 31858408 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is incompletely understood. Intrathecal activation of inflammatory immune cells is suspected to play a major role for the induction of DCI. The aim of this study is to identify immune cell subsets and mediators involved in the pathogenesis of DCI. We prospectively collected blood and CSF from 25 patients with aSAH at early and late time points. We performed multicolor flow cytometry of peripheral blood and CSF, analyzing immune cell activation and pro-inflammatory cyto- and chemokines. In addition to the primary immune analysis, we retrospectively analyzed immune cell dynamics in the CSF of all our SAH patients. Our results show an increased monocyte infiltration secondary to aneurysm rupture in patients with DCI. Infiltrating monocytes are defined by a non-classical (CD14dim CD16+) phenotype at early stages. The infiltration is most likely triggered by the intrathecal immune activation. Here, high levels of pro-inflammatory chemokines, such as CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, are detected. The intrathecal cellular activation profile of monocytes was defined by upregulation of CD163 and CD86 on monocytes and a presumable later differentiation into antigen-presenting plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and hemosiderophages. Peripheral immune activation was reflected by CD69 upregulation on T cells. Analysis of DCI prevalence, Hunt and Hess grade, and clinical outcome correlated with the degree of immune activation. We demonstrate that monocytes and T cells are activated intrathecally after aSAH and mediate a local inflammatory response which is presumably driven by chemokines. Our data shows that the distinct pattern of immune activation correlates with the prevalence of DCI, indicating a pathophysiological connection to the incidence of vasospasm.
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248
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Hou Y, Yang D, Xiang R, Wang H, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z, Che X, Liu Y, Gao Y, Yu X, Gao X, Zhang W, Yang J, Wu C. N2 neutrophils may participate in spontaneous recovery after transient cerebral ischemia by inhibiting ischemic neuron injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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An increase in the peripheral lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio after primary site resection is associated with a prolonged survival in unresectable colorectal carcinoma. Surg Today 2019; 50:604-614. [PMID: 31786682 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-019-01927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prognostic benefits of primary tumor resection in patients with unresectable distant metastatic colorectal cancer remain unclear. A high pre-treatment lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) was previously shown to be associated with a better prognosis. We assessed whether or not primary tumor resection was associated with an improved survival if the peripheral lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio increased after primary site resection. METHODS The survival in 64 and 59 patients with and without primary tumor resection, respectively, was retrospectively compared. After resection, the survival in 39 patients with a postoperatively increased LMR (LMR-increase) and 25 patients with a decreased LMR (LMR-decrease) was compared. RESULTS Primary tumor resection prolonged the median survival more frequently in cases of non-differentiated adenocarcinoma, obstructive symptoms, high serum albumin levels, and no lymph-node metastasis than in others. Cox regression showed that the potential independent prognostic variable was non-resection of the primary lesion. After resection, the median survival in the LMR-increase vs. LMR-decrease groups was significantly different (27.3 vs. 20.8 months). There were no marked differences in patient background characteristics between the groups, except for in the number of pre-operative peripheral blood lymphocytes. The resected specimens showed significantly lower CD8+:CD163+ invading leukocyte ratios in the LMR-increase group than in the LMR-decrease group. CONCLUSIONS Primary tumor resection in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer may be associated with an improved survival, especially when the LMR is increased after primary tumor resection.
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Liu Q, Ou Q, Chen H, Gao Y, Liu Y, Xu Y, Ruan Q, Zhang W, Shao L. Differential expression and predictive value of monocyte scavenger receptor CD163 in populations with different tuberculosis infection statuses. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1006. [PMID: 31779590 PMCID: PMC6883570 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monocytes are the predominant innate immune cells at the early stage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection as the host defense against intracellular pathogens. Understanding the profile of different monocyte subpopulations and the dynamics of monocyte-related biomarkers may be useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of tuberculosis. Methods We enrolled 129 individuals comprising patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) (n = 39), tuberculous pleurisy (TBP) (n = 28), malignant pleural effusion (MPE) (n = 21), latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) (n = 20), and healthy controls (HC) (n = 21). Surface expression of CD14, CD16, and CD163 on monocytes was detected using flow cytometry. In addition, soluble CD163 (sCD163) was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results Higher frequency of CD14+CD16+ (15.7% vs 7.8%, P < 0.0001) and CD14−CD16+ (5.3% vs 2.5%, P = 0.0011) monocytes and a decreased percentage of CD14+CD16− (51.0% vs 70.4%, P = 0.0110) cells was observed in PTB patients than in HCs. Moreover, PTB patients displayed a higher frequency of CD163+ cells in CD16+ monocytes than those in the HC group (40.4% vs 11.3%, P < 0.0001). The level of sCD163 was elevated in TBP patients and was higher in pleural effusion than in plasma (2116.0 ng/ml vs 1236.0 ng/ml, P < 0.0001). sCD163 levels in pleural effusion and plasma could be used to distinguish TBP from MPE patients (cut-off values: 1950.0 and 934.7 ng/ml, respectively; AUCs: 0.8418 and 0.8136, respectively). Importantly, plasma sCD163 levels in TBP patients decreased significantly after anti-TB treatment. Conclusions Higher expression of membrane and soluble CD163 in active tuberculosis patients might provide insights regarding the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, and sCD163 may be a novel biomarker to distinguish TBP from MPE and to predict disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qinfang Ou
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuxi Infectious Diseases Hospital, Wuxi, 214005, China.
| | - Huaxin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuxi Infectious Diseases Hospital, Wuxi, 214005, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiaoling Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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