201
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Aragón W, Reina-Pinto JJ, Serrano M. The intimate talk between plants and microorganisms at the leaf surface. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5339-5350. [PMID: 29136456 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis or cuticle is constantly exposed to external and internal environmental factors, including an enriched and diverse community of bacteria, yeast, fungi, viruses, and mites. It is not only where the plant has its first physical barrier, but also where organisms can be recognized and potentially where the plant defense responses can be triggered. The plant cuticle is a polymeric composite formed by an array of structurally and chemically heterogeneous compounds, including cutin and wax. A few studies have shown that cuticular components are essential and important drivers of the structure and size of the bacterial community. On the other hand, cuticular components are also important for both pathogens and plants, to initiate the pre-invasion and infection process and to activate the innate immune response, respectively. In this review, we explore current knowledge on the role of the cuticle during the intimate interactions between plants and microorganisms, in particular pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Finally, we propose new perspectives on the potential use of this information for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Aragón
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - José Juan Reina-Pinto
- Colegio El Pinar S.A.L. Camino de la Acequia, s/n 29130, Alhaurín de la Torre, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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202
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Hegebarth D, Jetter R. Cuticular Waxes of Arabidopsis thaliana Shoots: Cell-Type-Specific Composition and Biosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E27. [PMID: 28686187 PMCID: PMC5620583 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that all plant epidermis cells are covered with cuticles, and the distinct surface geometries of pavement cells, guard cells, and trichomes imply functional differences and possibly different wax compositions. However, experiments probing cell-type-specific wax compositions and biosynthesis have been lacking until recently. This review summarizes new evidence showing that Arabidopsis trichomes have fewer wax compound classes than pavement cells, and higher amounts of especially long-chain hydrocarbons. The biosynthesis machinery generating this characteristic surface coating is discussed. Interestingly, wax compounds with similar, long hydrocarbon chains had been identified previously in some unrelated species, not all of them bearing trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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203
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Lee HG, Kim J, Suh MC, Seo PJ. The MIEL1 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Negatively Regulates Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Stems. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1249-1259. [PMID: 28838126 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax is an important hydrophobic layer that covers the plant aerial surface. Cuticular wax biosynthesis is shaped by multiple layers of regulation. In particular, a pair of R2R3-type MYB transcription factors, MYB96 and MYB30, are known to be the main participants in cuticular wax accumulation. Here, we report that the MYB30-INTERACTING E3 LIGASE 1 (MIEL1) E3 ubiquitin ligase controls the protein stability of the two MYB transcription factors and thereby wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. MIEL1-deficient miel1 mutants exhibit increased wax accumulation in stems, with up-regulation of wax biosynthetic genes targeted by MYB96 and MYB30. Genetic analysis reveals that wax accumulation of the miel1 mutant is compromised by myb96 or myb30 mutation, but MYB96 is mainly epistatic to MIEL1, playing a predominant role in cuticular wax deposition. These observations indicate that the MIEL1-MYB96 module is important for balanced cuticular wax biosynthesis in developing inflorescence stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gil Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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204
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Martin LBB, Romero P, Fich EA, Domozych DS, Rose JKC. Cuticle Biosynthesis in Tomato Leaves Is Developmentally Regulated by Abscisic Acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1384-1398. [PMID: 28483881 PMCID: PMC5490907 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of aerial organs in plants is coupled with the synthesis and deposition of a hydrophobic cuticle, composed of cutin and waxes, which is critically important in limiting water loss. While the abiotic stress-related hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is known to up-regulate wax accumulation in response to drought, the hormonal regulation of cuticle biosynthesis during organ ontogeny is poorly understood. To address the hypothesis that ABA also mediates cuticle formation during organ development, we assessed the effect of ABA deficiency on cuticle formation in three ABA biosynthesis-impaired tomato mutants. The mutant leaf cuticles were thinner, had structural abnormalities, and had a substantial reduction in levels of cutin. ABA deficiency also consistently resulted in differences in the composition of leaf cutin and cuticular waxes. Exogenous application of ABA partially rescued these phenotypes, confirming that they were a consequence of reduced ABA levels. The ABA mutants also showed reduced expression of genes involved in cutin or wax formation. This difference was again countered by exogenous ABA, further indicating regulation of cuticle biosynthesis by ABA. The fruit cuticles were affected differently by the ABA-associated mutations, but in general were thicker. However, no structural abnormalities were observed, and the cutin and wax compositions were less affected than in leaf cuticles, suggesting that ABA action influences cuticle formation in an organ-dependent manner. These results suggest dual roles for ABA in regulating leaf cuticle formation: one that is fundamentally associated with leaf expansion, independent of abiotic stress, and another that is drought induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia B B Martin
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Paco Romero
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Eric A Fich
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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205
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Kim H, Choi D, Suh MC. Cuticle ultrastructure, cuticular lipid composition, and gene expression in hypoxia-stressed Arabidopsis stems and leaves. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:815-827. [PMID: 28280927 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An increased permeability of the cuticle is closely associated with downregulation of genes involved in cuticular lipid synthesis in hypoxia-stressed Arabidopsis and may allow plants to cope with oxygen deficiency. The hydrophobic cuticle layer consisting of cutin polyester and cuticular wax is the first barrier to protect the aerial parts of land plants from environmental stresses. In the present study, we investigated the role of cuticle membrane in Arabidopsis responses to oxygen deficiency. TEM analysis showed that the epidermal cells of hypoxia-treated Arabidopsis stems and leaves possessed a thinner electron-translucent cuticle proper and a more electron-dense cuticular layer. A reduction in epicuticular wax crystal deposition was observed in SEM images of hypoxia-treated Arabidopsis stem compared with normoxic control. Cuticular transpiration was more rapid in hypoxia-stressed leaves than in normoxic control. Total wax and cutin loads decreased by approximately 6-12 and 12-22%, respectively, and the levels of C29 alkanes, secondary alcohols, and ketones, C16:0 ω-hydroxy fatty acids, and C18:2 dicarboxylic acids were also prominently reduced in hypoxia-stressed Arabidopsis leaves and/or stems relative to normoxic control. Genome-wide transcriptome and quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that the expression of several genes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of cuticular waxes and cutin monomers were downregulated more than fourfold, but no significant alterations were detected in the transcript levels of fatty acid biosynthetic genes, BCCP2, PDH-E1α, and ENR1 in hypoxia-treated Arabidopsis stems and leaves compared with normoxic control. Taken together, an increased permeability of the cuticle is closely associated with downregulation of genes involved in cuticular lipid synthesis in hypoxia-stressed Arabidopsis. The present study elucidates one of the cuticle-related adaptive responses that may allow plants to cope with low oxygen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsu Choi
- Department of Biology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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206
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Busta L, Jetter R. Structure and Biosynthesis of Branched Wax Compounds on Wild Type and Wax Biosynthesis Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1059-1074. [PMID: 28407124 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a waxy composite that protects the aerial organs of land plans from non-stomatal water loss. The chemical make-up of the cuticular wax mixture plays a central role in defining the water barrier, but structure-function relationships have not been established so far, in part due to gaps in our understanding of wax structures and biosynthesis. While wax compounds with saturated, linear hydrocarbon tails have been investigated in detail, very little is known about compounds with modified aliphatic tails, which comprise substantial portions of some plant wax mixtures. This study aimed to investigate the structures, abundances and biosynthesis of branched compounds on the species for which wax biosynthesis is best understood: Arabidopsis thaliana. Microscale derivatization, mass spectral interpretation and organic synthesis identified homologous series of iso-alkanes and iso-alcohols on flowers and leaves, respectively. These comprised approximately 10-15% of wild type wax mixtures. The abundances of both branched wax constituents and accompanying unbranched compounds were reduced on the cer6, cer3 and cer1 mutants but not cer4, indicating that branched compounds are in part synthesized by the same machinery as unbranched compounds. In contrast, the abundances of unbranched, but not branched, wax constituents were reduced on the cer2 and cer26 mutants, suggesting that the pathways to both types of compounds deviate in later steps of chain elongation. Finally, the abundances of branched, but not unbranched, wax compounds were reduced on the cer16 mutant, and the (uncharacterized) CER16 protein may therefore be controlling the relative abundances of iso-alkanes and iso-alcohols on Arabidopsis surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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207
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Fernandez-Moreno JP, Levy-Samoha D, Malitsky S, Monforte AJ, Orzaez D, Aharoni A, Granell A. Uncovering tomato quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for fruit cuticular lipid composition using the Solanum pennellii introgression line population. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2703-2716. [PMID: 28475776 PMCID: PMC5853253 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a specialized cell wall layer that covers the outermost surface of the epidermal cells and has important implications for fruit permeability and pathogen susceptibility. In order to decipher the genetic control of tomato fruit cuticle composition, an introgression line (IL) population derived from a biparental cross between Solanum pennellii (LA0716) and the Solanum lycopersicum cultivar M82 was used to build a first map of associated quantitative trait loci (QTLs). A total of 24 cuticular waxes and 26 cutin monomers were determined. They showed changes associated with 18 genomic regions distributed in nine chromosomes affecting 19 ILs. Out of the five main fruit cuticular components described for the wild species S. pennellii, three of them were associated with IL3.4, IL12.1, and IL7.4.1, causing an increase in n-alkanes (≥C30), a decrease in amyrin content, and a decrease in cuticle thickness of ~50%, respectively. Moreover, we also found a QTL associated with increased levels of amyrins in IL3.4. In addition, we propose some candidate genes on the basis of their differential gene expression and single nucleotide polymorphism variability between the introgressed and the recurrent alleles, which will be the subjects of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina-Patricia Fernandez-Moreno
- Fruit Genomics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dorit Levy-Samoha
- Department of Plant Sciences and the Environment, Weizmann Institute of Science, Ullmann Building of Life Sciences, Room, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Plant Sciences and the Environment, Weizmann Institute of Science, Ullmann Building of Life Sciences, Room, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antonio J Monforte
- Genomics in Plant Breeding Laboratory, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Fruit Genomics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences and the Environment, Weizmann Institute of Science, Ullmann Building of Life Sciences, Room, Rehovot, Israel
- Correspondence: and
| | - Antonio Granell
- Fruit Genomics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: and
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208
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Kang MK, Zhou YJ, Buijs NA, Nielsen J. Functional screening of aldehyde decarbonylases for long-chain alkane production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:74. [PMID: 28464872 PMCID: PMC5414326 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low catalytic activities of pathway enzymes are often a limitation when using microbial based chemical production. Recent studies indicated that the enzyme activity of aldehyde decarbonylase (AD) is a critical bottleneck for alkane biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We therefore performed functional screening to identify efficient ADs that can improve alkane production by S. cerevisiae. Results A comparative study of ADs originated from a plant, insects, and cyanobacteria were conducted in S. cerevisiae. As a result, expression of aldehyde deformylating oxygenases (ADOs), which are cyanobacterial ADs, from Synechococcus elongatus and Crocosphaera watsonii converted fatty aldehydes to corresponding Cn−1 alkanes and alkenes. The CwADO showed the highest alkane titer (0.13 mg/L/OD600) and the lowest fatty alcohol production (0.55 mg/L/OD600). However, no measurable alkanes and alkenes were detected in other AD expressed yeast strains. Dynamic expression of SeADO and CwADO under GAL promoters increased alkane production to 0.20 mg/L/OD600 and no fatty alcohols, with even number chain lengths from C8 to C14, were detected in the cells. Conclusions We demonstrated in vivo enzyme activities of ADs by displaying profiles of alkanes and fatty alcohols in S. cerevisiae. Among the AD enzymes evaluated, cyanobacteria ADOs were found to be suitable for alkane biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. This work will be helpful to decide an AD candidate for alkane biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae and it will provide useful information for further investigation of AD enzymes with improved activities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0683-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yongjin J Zhou
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Nicolaas A Buijs
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Evolva Biotech, Lersø Parkalle, 40-42, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle allé, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark. .,Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, 17121, Solna, Sweden.
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209
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Transcriptome Analysis of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruit Epidermal Peel to Identify Putative Cuticle-Associated Genes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46163. [PMID: 28425468 PMCID: PMC5397871 DOI: 10.1038/srep46163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) are highly perishable and have a limited shelf life, due to postharvest desiccation and senescence, which limits their global distribution. Recent studies of tomato fruit suggest that these traits are influenced by the expression of genes that are associated with cuticle metabolism. However, studies of these phenomena in mango fruit are limited by the lack of genome-scale data. In order to gain insight into the mango cuticle biogenesis and identify putative cuticle-associated genes, we analyzed the transcriptomes of peels from ripe and overripe mango fruit using RNA-Seq. Approximately 400 million reads were generated and de novo assembled into 107,744 unigenes, with a mean length of 1,717 bp and with this information an online Mango RNA-Seq Database (http://bioinfo.bti.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/mango/index.cgi) which is a valuable genomic resource for molecular research into the biology of mango fruit was created. RNA-Seq analysis suggested that the pathway leading to biosynthesis of the cuticle component, cutin, is up-regulated during overripening. This data was supported by analysis of the expression of several putative cuticle-associated genes and by gravimetric and microscopic studies of cuticle deposition, revealing a complex continuous pattern of cuticle deposition during fruit development and involving substantial accumulation during ripening/overripening.
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210
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Somaratne Y, Tian Y, Zhang H, Wang M, Huo Y, Cao F, Zhao L, Chen H. ABNORMAL POLLEN VACUOLATION1 (APV1) is required for male fertility by contributing to anther cuticle and pollen exine formation in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:96-110. [PMID: 28078801 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Anther cuticle and pollen exine are the major protective barriers against various stresses. The proper functioning of genes expressed in the tapetum is vital for the development of pollen exine and anther cuticle. In this study, we report a tapetum-specific gene, Abnormal Pollen Vacuolation1 (APV1), in maize that affects anther cuticle and pollen exine formation. The apv1 mutant was completely male sterile. Its microspores were swollen, less vacuolated, with a flat and empty anther locule. In the mutant, the anther epidermal surface was smooth, shiny, and plate-shaped compared with the three-dimensional crowded ridges and randomly formed wax crystals on the epidermal surface of the wild-type. The wild-type mature pollen had elaborate exine patterning, whereas the apv1 pollen surface was smooth. Only a few unevenly distributed Ubisch bodies were formed on the apv1 mutant, leading to a more apparent inner surface. A significant reduction in the cutin monomers was observed in the mutant. APV1 encodes a member of the P450 subfamily, CYP703A2-Zm, which contains 530 amino acids. APV1 appeared to be widely expressed in the tapetum at the vacuolation stage, and its protein signal co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal. RNA-Seq data revealed that most of the genes in the fatty acid metabolism pathway were differentially expressed in the apv1 mutant. Altogether, we suggest that APV1 functions in the fatty acid hydroxylation pathway which is involved in forming sporopollenin precursors and cutin monomers that are essential for the development of pollen exine and anther cuticle in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna Somaratne
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Youhui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fengge Cao
- Heze Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heze, Shandong, 274000, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huabang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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211
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Armero A, Baudouin L, Bocs S, This D. Improving transcriptome de novo assembly by using a reference genome of a related species: Translational genomics from oil palm to coconut. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173300. [PMID: 28334050 PMCID: PMC5363918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The palms are a family of tropical origin and one of the main constituents of the ecosystems of these regions around the world. The two main species of palm represent different challenges: coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a source of multiple goods and services in tropical communities, while oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is the main protagonist of the oil market. In this study, we present a workflow that exploits the comparative genomics between a target species (coconut) and a reference species (oil palm) to improve the transcriptomic data, providing a proteome useful to answer functional or evolutionary questions. This workflow reduces redundancy and fragmentation, two inherent problems of transcriptomic data, while preserving the functional representation of the target species. Our approach was validated in Arabidopsis thaliana using Arabidopsis lyrata and Capsella rubella as references species. This analysis showed the high sensitivity and specificity of our strategy, relatively independent of the reference proteome. The workflow increased the length of proteins products in A. thaliana by 13%, allowing, often, to recover 100% of the protein sequence length. In addition redundancy was reduced by a factor greater than 3. In coconut, the approach generated 29,366 proteins, 1,246 of these proteins deriving from new contigs obtained with the BRANCH software. The coconut proteome presented a functional profile similar to that observed in rice and an important number of metabolic pathways related to secondary metabolism. The new sequences found with BRANCH software were enriched in functions related to biotic stress. Our strategy can be used as a complementary step to de novo transcriptome assembly to get a representative proteome of a target species. The results of the current analysis are available on the website PalmComparomics (http://palm-comparomics.southgreen.fr/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Armero
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Bocs
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- South Green Bioinformatics Platform, Montpellier, France
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212
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Chu W, Gao H, Cao S, Fang X, Chen H, Xiao S. Composition and morphology of cuticular wax in blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) fruits. Food Chem 2017; 219:436-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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213
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Liu Z, Fang Z, Zhuang M, Zhang Y, Lv H, Liu Y, Li Z, Sun P, Tang J, Liu D, Zhang Z, Yang L. Fine-Mapping and Analysis of Cgl1, a Gene Conferring Glossy Trait in Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:239. [PMID: 28265282 PMCID: PMC5316545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes covering the outer plant surface impart a whitish appearance. Wax-less cabbage mutant shows glossy in leaf surface and plays important roles in riching cabbage germplasm resources and breeding brilliant green cabbage. This is the first report describing the characterization and fine-mapping of a wax biosynthesis gene using a novel glossy Brassica oleracea mutant. In the present paper, we identified a glossy cabbage mutant (line10Q-961) with a brilliant green phenotype. Genetic analyses indicated that the glossy trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. Preliminary mapping results using an F2 population containing 189 recessive individuals revealed that the Cgl1 gene was located at the end of chromosome C08. Several new markers closely linked to the target gene were designed according to the cabbage reference genome sequence. Another population of 1,172 recessive F2 individuals was used to fine-map the Cgl1 gene to a 188.7-kb interval between the C08SSR61 simple sequence repeat marker and the end of chromosome C08. There were 33 genes located in this region. According to gene annotation and homology analyses, the Bol018504 gene, which is a homolog of CER1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, was the most likely candidate for the Cgl1 gene. Its coding and promoter regions were sequenced, which indicated that the RNA splice site was altered because of a 2,722-bp insertion in the first intron of Bol018504 in the glossy mutant. Based on the FGENESH 2.6 prediction and sequence alignments, the PLN02869 domain, which controls fatty aldehyde decarbonylase activity, was absent from the Bol018504 gene of the 10Q-961 glossy mutant. We inferred that the inserted sequence in Bol018504 may result in the glossy cabbage mutant. This study represents the first step toward the characterization of cuticular wax biosynthesis in B. oleracea, and may contribute to the breeding of new cabbage varieties exhibiting a brilliant green phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Mu Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Honghao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhansheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Peitian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhenxian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Limei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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214
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Busta L, Hegebarth D, Kroc E, Jetter R. Changes in cuticular wax coverage and composition on developing Arabidopsis leaves are influenced by wax biosynthesis gene expression levels and trichome density. PLANTA 2017; 245:297-311. [PMID: 27730411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wax coverage on developing Arabidopsis leaf epidermis cells is constant and thus synchronized with cell expansion. Wax composition shifts from fatty acid to alkane dominance, mediated by CER6 expression. Epidermal cells bear a wax-sealed cuticle to hinder transpirational water loss. The amount and composition of the cuticular wax mixture may change as organs develop, to optimize the cuticle for specific functions during growth. Here, morphometrics, wax chemical profiling, and gene expression measurements were integrated to study developing Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and, thus, further our understanding of cuticular wax ontogeny. Before 5 days of age, cells at the leaf tip ceased dividing and began to expand, while cells at the leaf base switched from cycling to expansion at day 13, generating a cell age gradient along the leaf. We used this spatial age distribution together with leaves of different ages to determine that, as leaves developed, their wax compositions shifted from C24/C26 to C30/C32 and from fatty acid to alkane constituents. These compositional changes paralleled an increase in the expression of the elongase enzyme CER6 but not of alkane pathway enzymes, suggesting that CER6 transcriptional regulation is responsible for both chemical shifts. Leaves bore constant numbers of trichomes between 5 and 21 days of age and, thus, trichome density was higher on young leaves. During this time span, leaves of the trichome-less gl1 mutant had constant wax coverage, while wild-type leaf coverage was initially high and then decreased, suggesting that high trichome density leads to greater apparent coverage on young leaves. Conversely, wax coverage on pavement cells remained constant over time, indicating that wax accumulation is synchronized with cell expansion throughout leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Edward Kroc
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, 3182 Earth Sciences Building, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, 2125 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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215
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Jacq A, Pernot C, Martinez Y, Domergue F, Payré B, Jamet E, Burlat V, Pacquit VB. The Arabidopsis Lipid Transfer Protein 2 (AtLTP2) Is Involved in Cuticle-Cell Wall Interface Integrity and in Etiolated Hypocotyl Permeability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:263. [PMID: 28289427 PMCID: PMC5326792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) belong to a complex multigenic family implicated in diverse physiological processes. However, their function and mode of action remain unclear probably because of functional redundancy. Among the different roles proposed for nsLTPs, it has long been suggested that they could transport cuticular precursor across the cell wall during the formation of the cuticle, which constitutes the first physical barrier for plant interactions with their aerial environment. Here, we took advantage of the Arabidopsis thaliana etiolated hypocotyl model in which AtLTP2 was previously identified as the unique and abundant nsLTP member in the cell wall proteome, to investigate its function. AtLTP2 expression was restricted to epidermal cells of aerial organs, in agreement with the place of cuticle deposition. Furthermore, transient AtLTP2-TagRFP over-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells resulted in its localization to the cell wall, as expected, but surprisingly also to the plastids, indicating an original dual trafficking for a nsLTP. Remarkably, in etiolated hypocotyls, the atltp2-1 mutant displayed modifications in cuticle permeability together with a disorganized ultra-structure at the cuticle-cell wall interface completely recovered in complemented lines, whereas only slight differences in cuticular composition were observed. Thus, AtLTP2 may not play the historical purported nsLTP shuttling role across the cell wall, but we rather hypothesize that AtLTP2 could play a major structural role by maintaining the integrity of the adhesion between the mainly hydrophobic cuticle and the hydrophilic underlying cell wall. Altogether, these results gave new insights into nsLTP functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde Jacq
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Clémentine Pernot
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Martinez
- Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie, Fédération de Recherche FR3450–Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS Université de Bordeaux–INRA Bordeaux AquitaineVillenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Bruno Payré
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (CMEAB), Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, Toulouse III, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Valérie B. Pacquit
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
- *Correspondence: Valérie B. Pacquit,
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216
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Xue D, Zhang X, Lu X, Chen G, Chen ZH. Molecular and Evolutionary Mechanisms of Cuticular Wax for Plant Drought Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:621. [PMID: 28503179 PMCID: PMC5408081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax, the first protective layer of above ground tissues of many plant species, is a key evolutionary innovation in plants. Cuticular wax safeguards the evolution from certain green algae to flowering plants and the diversification of plant taxa during the eras of dry and adverse terrestrial living conditions and global climate changes. Cuticular wax plays significant roles in plant abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and has been implicated in defense mechanisms against excessive ultraviolet radiation, high temperature, bacterial and fungal pathogens, insects, high salinity, and low temperature. Drought, a major type of abiotic stress, poses huge threats to global food security and health of terrestrial ecosystem by limiting plant growth and crop productivity. The composition, biochemistry, structure, biosynthesis, and transport of plant cuticular wax have been reviewed extensively. However, the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of cuticular wax in plants in response to drought stress are still lacking. In this review, we focus on potential mechanisms, from evolutionary, molecular, and physiological aspects, that control cuticular wax and its roles in plant drought tolerance. We also raise key research questions and propose important directions to be resolved in the future, leading to potential applications of cuticular wax for water use efficiency in agricultural and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dawei Xue, Zhong-Hua Chen,
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xueli Lu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, RichmondNSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Dawei Xue, Zhong-Hua Chen,
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217
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Li P, Cao W, Fang H, Xu S, Yin S, Zhang Y, Lin D, Wang J, Chen Y, Xu C, Yang Z. Transcriptomic Profiling of the Maize ( Zea mays L.) Leaf Response to Abiotic Stresses at the Seedling Stage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:290. [PMID: 28298920 PMCID: PMC5331654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, heat, and cold, negatively affect maize (Zea mays L.) development and productivity. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of resistance to abiotic stresses in maize, RNA-seq was used for global transcriptome profiling of B73 seedling leaves exposed to drought, salinity, heat, and cold stress. A total of 5,330 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in differential comparisons between the control and each stressed sample, with 1,661, 2,019, 2,346, and 1,841 DEGs being identified in comparisons of the control with salinity, drought, heat, and cold stress, respectively. Functional annotations of DEGs suggested that the stress response was mediated by pathways involving hormone metabolism and signaling, transcription factors (TFs), very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid signaling, among others. Of the obtained DEGs (5,330), 167 genes are common to these four abiotic stresses, including 10 up-regulated TFs (five ERFs, two NACs, one ARF, one MYB, and one HD-ZIP) and two down-regulated TFs (one b-ZIP and one MYB-related), which suggested that common mechanisms may be initiated in response to different abiotic stresses in maize. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of maize leaf responses to abiotic stresses and could be useful for developing maize cultivars resistant to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chenwu Xu
- *Correspondence: Zefeng Yang, Chenwu Xu,
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218
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Xu X, Xiao L, Feng J, Chen N, Chen Y, Song B, Xue K, Shi S, Zhou Y, Jenks MA. Cuticle lipids on heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica Oliv. growing in riparian habitats differing in available soil moisture. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 158:318-330. [PMID: 27184005 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Populus euphratica is an important native tree found in arid regions from North Africa and South Europe to China, and is known to tolerate many forms of environmental stress, including drought. We describe cuticle waxes, cutin and cuticle permeability for the heteromorphic leaves of P. euphratica growing in two riparian habitats that differ in available soil moisture. Scanning electron microscopy revealed variation in epicuticular wax crystallization associated with leaf type and site. P. euphratica leaves are dominated by cuticular wax alkanes, primary-alcohols and fatty acids. The major cutin monomers were 10,16-diOH C16:0 acids. Broad-ovate leaves (associated with adult phase growth) produced 1.3- and 1.6-fold more waxes, and 2.1- and 0.9-fold more cutin monomers, than lanceolate leaves (associated with juvenile phase growth) at the wetter site and drier site, respectively. The alkane-synthesis-associated ECERIFERUM1 (CER1), as well as ABC transporter- and elongase-associated genes, were expressed at much higher levels at the drier than wetter sites, indicating their potential function in elevating leaf cuticle lipids in the dry site conditions. Higher cuticle lipid amounts were closely associated with lower cuticle permeability (both chlorophyll efflux and water loss). Our results implicate cuticle lipids as among the xeromorphic traits associated with P. euphratica adult-phase broad-ovate leaves. Results here provide useful information for protecting natural populations of P. euphratica and their associated ecosystems, and shed new light on the functional interaction of cuticle and leaf heterophylly in adaptation to more arid, limited-moisture environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jinchao Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China.
| | - Ningmei Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Buerbatu Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Kun Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Sha Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
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219
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Lea-Smith DJ, Ortiz-Suarez ML, Lenn T, Nürnberg DJ, Baers LL, Davey MP, Parolini L, Huber RG, Cotton CAR, Mastroianni G, Bombelli P, Ungerer P, Stevens TJ, Smith AG, Bond PJ, Mullineaux CW, Howe CJ. Hydrocarbons Are Essential for Optimal Cell Size, Division, and Growth of Cyanobacteria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1928-1940. [PMID: 27707888 PMCID: PMC5100757 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are intricately organized, incorporating an array of internal thylakoid membranes, the site of photosynthesis, into cells no larger than other bacteria. They also synthesize C15-C19 alkanes and alkenes, which results in substantial production of hydrocarbons in the environment. All sequenced cyanobacteria encode hydrocarbon biosynthesis pathways, suggesting an important, undefined physiological role for these compounds. Here, we demonstrate that hydrocarbon-deficient mutants of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 exhibit significant phenotypic differences from wild type, including enlarged cell size, reduced growth, and increased division defects. Photosynthetic rates were similar between strains, although a minor reduction in energy transfer between the soluble light harvesting phycobilisome complex and membrane-bound photosystems was observed. Hydrocarbons were shown to accumulate in thylakoid and cytoplasmic membranes. Modeling of membranes suggests these compounds aggregate in the center of the lipid bilayer, potentially promoting membrane flexibility and facilitating curvature. In vivo measurements confirmed that Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 mutants lacking hydrocarbons exhibit reduced thylakoid membrane curvature compared to wild type. We propose that hydrocarbons may have a role in inducing the flexibility in membranes required for optimal cell division, size, and growth, and efficient association of soluble and membrane bound proteins. The recent identification of C15-C17 alkanes and alkenes in microalgal species suggests hydrocarbons may serve a similar function in a broad range of photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lea-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.);
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.);
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.);
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.);
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.);
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.);
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Maite L Ortiz-Suarez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Tchern Lenn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Dennis J Nürnberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Laura L Baers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Matthew P Davey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Lucia Parolini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Roland G Huber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Charles A R Cotton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Giulia Mastroianni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Paolo Bombelli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Petra Ungerer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Tim J Stevens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Peter J Bond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
| | - Christopher J Howe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom (D.J.L.-S., L.L.B., C.A.R.C., P.B., C.J.H.)
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom (M.L.O.-S., P.J.B.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (T.L., D.J.N., G.M., P.U., C.W.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom (M.P.D., A.G.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom (L.P.)
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138671 (R.G.H., P.J.B.)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom (T.J.S.); and
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543 (P.J.B.)
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220
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Park CS, Go YS, Suh MC. Cuticular wax biosynthesis is positively regulated by WRINKLED4, an AP2/ERF-type transcription factor, in Arabidopsis stems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:257-270. [PMID: 27337244 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aerial surfaces of terrestrial plants are covered by a cuticular wax layer, which protects the plants from environmental stresses such as desiccation, high irradiance, and UV radiation. Cuticular wax deposition is regulated in an organ-specific manner; Arabidopsis stems have more than 10-fold higher wax loads than leaves. In this study, we found that WRINKLED4 (WRI4), encoding an AP2/ERF (ethylene-responsive factor) transcription factor (TF), is predominantly expressed in stem epidermis, is upregulated by salt stress, and is involved in activating cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis stems. WRI4 harbors a transcriptional activation domain at its N-terminus, and fluorescent signals from a WRI4:eYFP construct were localized to the nuclei of tobacco leaf protoplasts. Deposition of epicuticular wax crystals on stems was reduced in wri4-1 and wri4-3 knockout mutants. Total wax loads were reduced by ~28% in wri4 stems but were not altered in wri4 siliques or leaves compared to the wild type. The levels of 29-carbon long alkanes, ketones, and secondary alcohols, which are the most abundant components of stem waxes, were significantly reduced in wri4 stems relative to the wild type. A transactivation assay in tobacco protoplasts and a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that the expression of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase1 (LACS1), β-ketoacyl CoA reductase1 (KCR1), PASTICCINO2 (PAS2), trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase (ECR), and bifunctional wax synthase/acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD1) is positively regulated by direct binding of WRI4 to their promoters. Taken together, these results suggest that WRI4 is a transcriptional activator that specifically controls cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Song Park
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Young Sam Go
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
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221
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Tenenboim H, Brotman Y. Omic Relief for the Biotically Stressed: Metabolomics of Plant Biotic Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:781-791. [PMID: 27185334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of the way plants protect themselves against pathogen attack, or react upon such an attack, are realized by metabolites. The ambitious aim of metabolomics, namely the identification and annotation of the entire cellular metabolome, still poses a considerable challenge due to the high diversity of the metabolites in the cell. Recent advances in analytical methods and data analysis have resulted in improved sensitivity, accuracy, and capacity, allowing the analysis of several hundreds or even thousands of compounds within one sample. Investigators have only recently begun to acknowledge and harness the power of metabolomics to elucidate key questions in the study of plant biotic interactions; we review trends and developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezi Tenenboim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.
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222
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Biobased production of alkanes and alkenes through metabolic engineering of microorganisms. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 44:613-622. [PMID: 27565672 PMCID: PMC5408033 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Advancement in metabolic engineering of microorganisms has enabled bio-based production of a range of chemicals, and such engineered microorganism can be used for sustainable production leading to reduced carbon dioxide emission there. One area that has attained much interest is microbial hydrocarbon biosynthesis, and in particular, alkanes and alkenes are important high-value chemicals as they can be utilized for a broad range of industrial purposes as well as ‘drop-in’ biofuels. Some microorganisms have the ability to biosynthesize alkanes and alkenes naturally, but their production level is extremely low. Therefore, there have been various attempts to recruit other microbial cell factories for production of alkanes and alkenes by applying metabolic engineering strategies. Here we review different pathways and involved enzymes for alkane and alkene production and discuss bottlenecks and possible solutions to accomplish industrial level production of these chemicals by microbial fermentation.
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223
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Zhong Y, Cheng C, Jiang B, Jiang N, Zhang Y, Hu M, Zhong G. Digital Gene Expression Analysis of Ponkan Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in Response to Asia Citrus Psyllid-Vectored Huanglongbing Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071063. [PMID: 27384559 PMCID: PMC4964439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease, can be transmitted by psyllids and diseased budwoods. Although the final symptoms of the two main HLB transmission ways were similar and hard to distinguish, the host responses might be different. In this study, the global gene changes in leaves of ponkan (Citrus reticulata) mandarin trees following psyllid-transmission of HLB were analyzed at the early symptomatic stage (13 weeks post inoculation, wpi) and late symptomatic stage (26 wpi) using digital gene expression (DGE) profiling. At 13 wpi, 2452 genes were downregulated while only 604 genes were upregulated in HLB infected ponkan leaves but no pathway enrichment was identified. Gene function analysis showed impairment in defense at the early stage of infection. At late stage of 26 wpi, however, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in carbohydrate metabolism, plant defense, hormone signaling, secondary metabolism, transcription regulation were overwhelmingly upregulated, indicating that the defense reactions were eventually activated. The results indicated that HLB bacterial infection significantly influenced ponkan gene expression, and a delayed response of the host to the fast growing bacteria might be responsible for its failure in fighting against the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Chunzhen Cheng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Nonghui Jiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yongyan Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Minlun Hu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Guangyan Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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224
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Kondo S, Hori K, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Kobayashi A, Kato T, Yuno-Ohta N, Nobusawa T, Ohtaka K, Shimojima M, Ohta H. Primitive Extracellular Lipid Components on the Surface of the Charophytic Alga Klebsormidium flaccidum and Their Possible Biosynthetic Pathways as Deduced from the Genome Sequence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:952. [PMID: 27446179 PMCID: PMC4927632 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Klebsormidium flaccidum is a charophytic alga living in terrestrial and semiaquatic environments. K. flaccidum grows in various habitats, such as low-temperature areas and under desiccated conditions, because of its ability to tolerate harsh environments. Wax and cuticle polymers that contribute to the cuticle layer of plants are important for the survival of land plants, as they protect against those harsh environmental conditions and were probably critical for the transition from aquatic microorganism to land plants. Bryophytes, non-vascular land plants, have similar, but simpler, extracellular waxes and polyester backbones than those of vascular plants. The presence of waxes in terrestrial algae, especially in charophytes, which are the closest algae to land plants, could provide clues in elucidating the mechanism of land colonization by plants. Here, we compared genes involved in the lipid biosynthetic pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana to the K. flaccidum and the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genomes, and identified wax-related genes in both algae. A simple and easy extraction method was developed for the recovery of the surface lipids from K. flaccidum and C. reinhardtii. Although these algae have wax components, their surface lipids were largely different from those of land plants. We also investigated aliphatic substances in the cell wall fraction of K. flaccidum and C. reinhardtii. Many of the fatty acids were determined to be lipophilic monomers in K. flaccidum, and a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed that their possible binding mode was distinct from that of A. thaliana. Thus, we propose that K. flaccidum has a cuticle-like hydrophobic layer composed of lipids and glycoproteins, with a different composition from the cutin polymer typically found in land plant cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kondo
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Hori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sasaki-Sekimoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kobayashi
- The Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kato
- Advanced Course of Food and Nutrition, Nihon University Junior CollegeShizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Yuno-Ohta
- Advanced Course of Food and Nutrition, Nihon University Junior CollegeShizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nobusawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
| | - Kinuka Ohtaka
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyKanagawa, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
- The Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan
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225
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Petit J, Bres C, Mauxion JP, Tai FWJ, Martin LBB, Fich EA, Joubès J, Rose JKC, Domergue F, Rothan C. The Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase GPAT6 from Tomato Plays a Central Role in Fruit Cutin Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:894-913. [PMID: 27208295 PMCID: PMC4902622 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The thick cuticle covering and embedding the epidermal cells of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit acts not only as a protective barrier against pathogens and water loss but also influences quality traits such as brightness and postharvest shelf-life. In a recent study, we screened a mutant collection of the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom and isolated several glossy fruit mutants in which the abundance of cutin, the polyester component of the cuticle, was strongly reduced. We employed a newly developed mapping-by-sequencing strategy to identify the causal mutation underlying the cutin deficiency in a mutant thereafter named gpat6-a (for glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase6). To this end, a backcross population (BC1F2) segregating for the glossy trait was phenotyped. Individuals displaying either a wild-type or a glossy fruit trait were then pooled into bulked populations and submitted to whole-genome sequencing prior to mutation frequency analysis. This revealed that the causal point mutation in the gpat6-a mutant introduces a charged amino acid adjacent to the active site of a GPAT6 enzyme. We further showed that this mutation completely abolished the GPAT activity of the recombinant protein. The gpat6-a mutant showed perturbed pollen formation but, unlike a gpat6 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), was not male sterile. The most striking phenotype was observed in the mutant fruit, where cuticle thickness, composition, and properties were altered. RNA sequencing analysis highlighted the main processes and pathways that were affected by the mutation at the transcriptional level, which included those associated with lipid, secondary metabolite, and cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Petit
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 BFP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.P., C.B., J.-P.M., F.W.J.T., C.R.);Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.B.B.M., E.A.F., J.K.C.R.);Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.); andLaboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.)
| | - Cécile Bres
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 BFP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.P., C.B., J.-P.M., F.W.J.T., C.R.);Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.B.B.M., E.A.F., J.K.C.R.);Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.); andLaboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 BFP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.P., C.B., J.-P.M., F.W.J.T., C.R.);Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.B.B.M., E.A.F., J.K.C.R.);Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.); andLaboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.)
| | - Fabienne Wong Jun Tai
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 BFP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.P., C.B., J.-P.M., F.W.J.T., C.R.);Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.B.B.M., E.A.F., J.K.C.R.);Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.); andLaboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.)
| | - Laetitia B B Martin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 BFP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.P., C.B., J.-P.M., F.W.J.T., C.R.);Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.B.B.M., E.A.F., J.K.C.R.);Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.); andLaboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.)
| | - Eric A Fich
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 BFP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.P., C.B., J.-P.M., F.W.J.T., C.R.);Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.B.B.M., E.A.F., J.K.C.R.);Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.); andLaboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.)
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 BFP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.P., C.B., J.-P.M., F.W.J.T., C.R.);Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.B.B.M., E.A.F., J.K.C.R.);Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.); andLaboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.)
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 BFP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.P., C.B., J.-P.M., F.W.J.T., C.R.);Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.B.B.M., E.A.F., J.K.C.R.);Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.); andLaboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.)
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 BFP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.P., C.B., J.-P.M., F.W.J.T., C.R.);Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.B.B.M., E.A.F., J.K.C.R.);Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.); andLaboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.)
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 BFP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.P., C.B., J.-P.M., F.W.J.T., C.R.);Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.B.B.M., E.A.F., J.K.C.R.);Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.); andLaboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (J.J., F.D.)
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Sampangi-Ramaiah MH, Ravishankar KV, Seetharamaiah SK, Roy TK, Hunashikatti LR, Rekha A, Shilpa P. Barrier against water loss: relationship between epicuticular wax composition, gene expression and leaf water retention capacity in banana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:492-501. [PMID: 32480479 DOI: 10.1071/fp15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we examined 13 banana (Musa spp.) genotypes belonging to different genomic groups with respect to total leaf cuticular wax concentration, chemical composition, carbon chain length and their relationship with leaf water retention capacity (LWRC). A positive correlation between epicuticular wax content and LWRC clearly indicated that the cuticular wax plays an important role in maintaining banana leaf water content. The classification of hexane soluble cuticular wax components into different classes based on functional group and their association with LWRC showed that alcohol and ester compounds have a positive correlation. Further, the compounds with >C28 carbon chain length had a positive correlation with LWRC, indicating the role of longer carbon chain length in maintaining the water status of banana leaves. Also, the gene expression analysis showed higher expression of the wax biosynthetic genes FATB and KCS11 in higher wax load genotypes whereas lower expression was seen in low wax banana genotypes. Here, we report for the first time the compositional variations of cuticular wax in different banana genotypes, followed by their association with leaf water retention capacity. The results were also supported by variation in gene expression analysis of cuticular wax biosynthetic genes - FATB and KCS11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha H Sampangi-Ramaiah
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560089, India
| | - Kundapura V Ravishankar
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560089, India
| | - Shivashankar K Seetharamaiah
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560089, India
| | - Tapas K Roy
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560089, India
| | - Laxman R Hunashikatti
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560089, India
| | - Ajitha Rekha
- Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560089, India
| | - Pandurangaiah Shilpa
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560089, India
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227
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Wang M, Wang Y, Wu H, Xu J, Li T, Hegebarth D, Jetter R, Chen L, Wang Z. Three TaFAR genes function in the biosynthesis of primary alcohols and the response to abiotic stresses in Triticum aestivum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25008. [PMID: 27112792 PMCID: PMC4845010 DOI: 10.1038/srep25008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular waxes play crucial roles in protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. They are complex mixtures of very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives, including C20-C32 fatty alcohols. Here, we report the identification of 32 FAR-like genes and the detailed characterization of TaFAR2, TaFAR3 and TaFAR4, wax biosynthetic genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Heterologous expression of the three TaFARs in wild-type yeast and mutated yeast showed that TaFAR2, TaFAR3 and TaFAR4 were predominantly responsible for the accumulation of C18:0, C28:0 and C24:0 primary alcohols, respectively. Transgenic expression of the three TaFARs in tomato fruit and Arabidopsis cer4 mutant led to increased production of C22:0-C30:0 primary alcohols. GFP-fusion protein injection assay showed that the three encoded TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The transcriptional expression of the three TaFAR genes was induced by cold, salt, drought and ABA. Low air humidity led to increased expression of TaFAR genes and elevated wax accumulation in wheat leaves. Collectively, these data suggest that TaFAR2, TaFAR3 and TaFAR4 encode active alcohol-forming FARs involved in the synthesis of primary alcohol in wheat leaf and the response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Letian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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228
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Seifert F, Bössow S, Kumlehn J, Gnad H, Scholten S. Analysis of wheat microspore embryogenesis induction by transcriptome and small RNA sequencing using the highly responsive cultivar "Svilena". BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:97. [PMID: 27098368 PMCID: PMC4839079 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microspore embryogenesis describes a stress-induced reprogramming of immature male plant gametophytes to develop into embryo-like structures, which can be regenerated into doubled haploid plants after whole genome reduplication. This mechanism is of high interest for both research as well as plant breeding. The objective of this study was to characterize transcriptional changes and regulatory relationships in early stages of cold stress-induced wheat microspore embryogenesis by transcriptome and small RNA sequencing using a highly responsive cultivar. RESULTS Transcriptome and small RNA sequencing was performed in a staged time-course to analyze wheat microspore embryogenesis induction. The analyzed stages were freshly harvested, untreated uninucleate microspores and the two following stages from in vitro anther culture: directly after induction by cold-stress treatment and microspores undergoing the first nuclear divisions. A de novo transcriptome assembly resulted in 29,388 contigs distributing to 20,224 putative transcripts of which 9,305 are not covered by public wheat cDNAs. Differentially expressed transcripts and small RNAs were identified for the stage transitions highlighting various processes as well as specific genes to be involved in microspore embryogenesis induction. CONCLUSION This study establishes a comprehensive functional genomics resource for wheat microspore embryogenesis induction and initial understanding of molecular mechanisms involved. A large set of putative transcripts presumably specific for microspore embryogenesis induction as well as contributing processes and specific genes were identified. The results allow for a first insight in regulatory roles of small RNAs in the reprogramming of microspores towards an embryogenic cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Seifert
- />Developmental Biology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Bössow
- />Saaten-Union Biotec GmbH, Am Schwabenplan 6, 06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibnitz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben Germany
| | - Heike Gnad
- />Saaten-Union Biotec GmbH, Am Schwabenplan 6, 06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben Germany
| | - Stefan Scholten
- />Developmental Biology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
- />Institute for Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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229
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Xu Y, Wu H, Zhao M, Wu W, Xu Y, Gu D. Overexpression of the Transcription Factors GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 Differentially Regulates Wax and Cutin Biosynthesis, Alters Cuticle Properties, and Changes Leaf Phenotypes in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E587. [PMID: 27110768 PMCID: PMC4849042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SHINE (SHN/WIN) clade proteins, transcription factors of the plant-specific APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive element binding factor (AP2/ERF) family, have been proven to be involved in wax and cutin biosynthesis. Glycine max is an important economic crop, but its molecular mechanism of wax biosynthesis is rarely characterized. In this study, 10 homologs of Arabidopsis SHN genes were identified from soybean. These homologs were different in gene structures and organ expression patterns. Constitutive expression of each of the soybean SHN genes in Arabidopsis led to different leaf phenotypes, as well as different levels of glossiness on leaf surfaces. Overexpression of GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 in Arabidopsis exhibited 7.8-fold and 9.9-fold up-regulation of leaf cuticle wax productions, respectively. C31 and C29 alkanes contributed most to the increased wax contents. Total cutin contents of leaves were increased 11.4-fold in GmSHN1 overexpressors and 5.7-fold in GmSHN9 overexpressors, mainly through increasing C16:0 di-OH and dioic acids. GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 also altered leaf cuticle membrane ultrastructure and increased water loss rate in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Transcript levels of many wax and cutin biosynthesis and leaf development related genes were altered in GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 overexpressors. Overall, these results suggest that GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 may differentially regulate the leaf development process as well as wax and cutin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hanying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yinong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Dan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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230
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Paris F, Krzyżaniak Y, Gauvrit C, Jamois F, Domergue F, Joubès J, Ferrières V, Adrian M, Legentil L, Daire X, Trouvelot S. An ethoxylated surfactant enhances the penetration of the sulfated laminarin through leaf cuticle and stomata, leading to increased induced resistance against grapevine downy mildew. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 156:338-50. [PMID: 26456072 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Some β-1,3-glucans and particularly sulfated laminarin (PS3) are known as resistance inducers (RIs) in grapevine against the downy mildew. However, their efficacy in vineyard is still often too low, which might be caused by a limited penetration through the leaf cuticle following spray application. We used (14) C-sucrose uptake experiments with grapevine leaves in order to select a surfactant as saccharide penetration enhancer. Our results showed that although sucrose foliar uptake was low, it was strongly enhanced by Dehscofix CO125 (DE), a highly ethoxylated surfactant. Fluorescent saccharides were then produced and laser scanning microscopy was used to analyze their foliar diffusion pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana and grapevine. Interestingly, sucrose and PS3 were seemingly able to penetrate the leaf cuticle only when formulated with DE. Diffusion could preferentially occur via stomata, anticlinal cell walls and trichomes. In grapevine, PS3 penetration rate was much higher on the stomateous abaxial surface of the leaf than on the adaxial surface. Finally, using DE allowed a higher level of downy mildew control by PS3, which corroborated diffusion observations. Our results have practical consequences for the improvement of treatments with saccharidic inducers on grape. That is, formulation of such RIs plays a critical role for their cuticular diffusion and consequently their efficacy. Also, spray application should preferentially target the abaxial surface of the leaves in order to maximize their penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Paris
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Rennes, France
- Université européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Frank Jamois
- Laboratoires Goëmar, S.A.S.-Parc technopolitain Atalante, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5200, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5200, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Rennes, France
- Université européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Legentil
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Rennes, France
- Université européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Xavier Daire
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, France
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231
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Boureau L, How-Kit A, Teyssier E, Drevensek S, Rainieri M, Joubès J, Stammitti L, Pribat A, Bowler C, Hong Y, Gallusci P. A CURLY LEAF homologue controls both vegetative and reproductive development of tomato plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:485-501. [PMID: 26846417 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Enhancer of Zeste Polycomb group proteins, which are encoded by a small gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana, participate to the control of plant development. In the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), these proteins are encoded by three genes (SlEZ1, SlEZ2 and SlEZ3) that display specific expression profiles. Using a gene specific RNAi strategy, we demonstrate that repression of SlEZ2 correlates with a general reduction of H3K27me3 levels, indicating that SlEZ2 is part of an active PRC2 complex. Reduction of SlEZ2 gene expression impacts the vegetative development of tomato plants, consistent with SlEZ2 having retained at least some of the functions of the Arabidopsis CURLY LEAF (CLF) protein. Notwithstanding, we observed significant differences between transgenic SlEZ2 RNAi tomato plants and Arabidopsis clf mutants. First, we found that reduced SlEZ2 expression has dramatic effects on tomato fruit development and ripening, functions not described in Arabidopsis for the CLF protein. In addition, repression of SlEZ2 has no significant effect on the flowering time or the control of flower organ identity, in contrast to the Arabidopsis clf mutation. Taken together, our results are consistent with a diversification of the function of CLF orthologues in plants, and indicate that although partly conserved amongst plants, the function of EZ proteins need to be newly investigated for non-model plants because they might have been recruited to specific developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Boureau
- UMR BFP, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue E Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux - Hopital Haut Leveque, 5 Avenue Magellan, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - A How-Kit
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Foundation Jean Dausset - CEPH, 75010, Paris, France
| | - E Teyssier
- UMR BFP, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue E Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Grape Ecophysiology and Functional Biology Laboratory, ISVV, University of Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS50008, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cédex, France
| | - S Drevensek
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure CNRS UMR 8197INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRA, CNRS, Université, Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - M Rainieri
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure CNRS UMR 8197INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - J Joubès
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, CNRS, Bâtiment A3, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - L Stammitti
- UMR BFP, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue E Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Grape Ecophysiology and Functional Biology Laboratory, ISVV, University of Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS50008, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cédex, France
| | - A Pribat
- UMR BFP, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue E Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - C Bowler
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure CNRS UMR 8197INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Y Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China.
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - P Gallusci
- UMR BFP, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue E Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- Grape Ecophysiology and Functional Biology Laboratory, ISVV, University of Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS50008, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cédex, France.
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232
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Abstract
Pollen plays important roles in the life cycle of angiosperms plants. It acts as not only a biological protector of male sperms but also a communicator between the male and the female reproductive organs, facilitating pollination and fertilization. Pollen is produced within the anther, and covered by the specialized outer envelope, pollen wall. Although the morphology of pollen varies among different plant species, the pollen wall is mainly comprised of three layers: the pollen coat, the outer exine layer, and the inner intine layer. Except the intine layer, the other two layers are basically of lipidic nature. Particularly, the outer pollen wall layer, the exine, is a highly resistant biopolymer of phenylpropanoid and lipidic monomers covalently coupled by ether and ester linkages. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying pollen coat formation and exine patterning remain largely elusive. Herein, we summarize the current genetic, phenotypic and biochemical studies regarding to the pollen exine development and underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms mainly obtained from monocot rice (Oryza sativa) and dicot Arabidopsis thaliana, aiming to extend our understandings of plant male reproductive biology. Genes, enzymes/proteins and regulatory factors that appear to play conserved and diversified roles in lipid biosynthesis, transportation and modification during pollen exine formation, were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jianxin Shi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xijia Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
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233
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Leida C, Dal Rì A, Dalla Costa L, Gómez MD, Pompili V, Sonego P, Engelen K, Masuero D, Ríos G, Moser C. Insights into the Role of the Berry-Specific Ethylene Responsive Factor VviERF045. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1793. [PMID: 28018369 PMCID: PMC5146979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During grape ripening, numerous transcriptional and metabolic changes are required in order to obtain colored, sweet, and flavored berries. There is evidence that ethylene, together with other signals, plays an important role in triggering the onset of ripening. Here, we report the functional characterization of a berry-specific Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF), VviERF045, which is induced just before véraison and peaks at ripening. Phylogenetic analysis revealed it is close to the SHINE clade of ERFs, factors involved in the regulation of wax biosynthesis and cuticle morphology. Transgenic grapevines lines overexpressing VviERF045 were obtained, in vitro propagated, phenotypically characterized, and analyzed for the content of specific classes of metabolites. The effect of VviERF045 was correlated with the level of transgene expression, with high-expressing lines showing stunted growth, discolored and smaller leaves, and a lower level of chlorophylls and carotenoids. One line with intermediate expression, L15, was characterized at the transcriptomic level and showed 573 differentially expressed genes compared to wild type plants. Microscopy and gene expression analyses point toward a major role of VviERF045 in epidermis patterning by acting on waxes and cuticle. They also indicate that VviERF045 affects phenolic secondary metabolism and induces a reaction resembling a plant immune response with modulation of receptor like-kinases and pathogen related genes. These results suggest also a possible role of this transcription factor in berry ripening, likely related to changes in epidermis and cuticle of the berry, cell expansion, a decrease in photosynthetic capacity, and the activation of several defense related genes as well as from the phenylpropanoid metabolism. All these processes occur in the berry during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Leida
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carmen Leida,
| | - Antonio Dal Rì
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Maria D. Gómez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValencia, Spain
| | - Valerio Pompili
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Gabino Ríos
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasMoncada, Spain
| | - Claudio Moser
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
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Gravino M, Savatin DV, Macone A, De Lorenzo G. Ethylene production in Botrytis cinerea- and oligogalacturonide-induced immunity requires calcium-dependent protein kinases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:1073-86. [PMID: 26485342 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity against pathogens is achieved through rapid activation of defense responses that occur upon sensing of microbe- or damage-associated molecular patterns, respectively referred to as MAMPs and DAMPs. Oligogalacturonides (OGs), linear fragments derived from homogalacturonan hydrolysis by pathogen-secreted cell wall-degrading enzymes, and flg22, a 22-amino acid peptide derived from the bacterial flagellin, represent prototypical DAMPs and MAMPs, respectively. Both types of molecules induce protection against infections. In plants, like in animals, calcium is a second messenger that mediates responses to biotic stresses by activating calcium-binding proteins. Here we show that simultaneous loss of calcium-dependent protein kinases CPK5, CPK6 and CPK11 affects Arabidopsis thaliana basal as well as elicitor- induced resistance to the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, by affecting pathogen-induced ethylene production and accumulation of the ethylene biosynthetic enzymes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase 2 (ACS2) and 6 (ACS6). Moreover, ethylene signaling contributes to OG-triggered immunity activation, and lack of CPK5, CPK6 and CPK11 affects the duration of OG- and flg22-induced gene expression, indicating that these kinases are shared elements of both DAMP and MAMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gravino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'C. Darwin', Sapienza - Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Daniel Valentin Savatin
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'C. Darwin', Sapienza - Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza - Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'C. Darwin', Sapienza - Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
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235
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Lashbrooke J, Aharoni A, Costa F. Genome investigation suggests MdSHN3, an APETALA2-domain transcription factor gene, to be a positive regulator of apple fruit cuticle formation and an inhibitor of russet development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6579-89. [PMID: 26220084 PMCID: PMC4623677 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The outer epidermal layer of apple fruit is covered by a protective cuticle. Composed of a polymerized cutin matrix embedded with waxes, the cuticle is a natural waterproof barrier and protects against several abiotic and biotic stresses. In terms of apple production, the cuticle is essential to maintain long post-harvest storage, while severe failure of the cuticle can result in the formation of a disorder known as russet. Apple russet results from micro-cracking of the cuticle and the formation of a corky suberized layer. This is typically an undesirable consumer trait, and negatively impacts the post-harvest storage of apples. In order to identify genetic factors controlling cuticle biosynthesis (and thus preventing russet) in apple, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping survey was performed on a full-sib population. Two genomic regions located on chromosomes 2 and 15 that could be associated with russeting were identified. Apples with compromised cuticles were identified through a novel and high-throughput tensile analysis of the skin, while histological analysis confirmed cuticle failure in a subset of the progeny. Additional genomic investigation of the determined QTL regions identified a set of underlying genes involved in cuticle biosynthesis. Candidate gene expression profiling by quantitative real-time PCR on a subset of the progeny highlighted the specific expression pattern of a SHN1/WIN1 transcription factor gene (termed MdSHN3) on chromosome 15. Orthologues of SHN1/WIN1 have been previously shown to regulate cuticle formation in Arabidopsis, tomato, and barley. The MdSHN3 transcription factor gene displayed extremely low expression in lines with improper cuticle formation, suggesting it to be a fundamental regulator of cuticle biosynthesis in apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lashbrooke
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (Trento), Italy Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (Trento), Italy
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236
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Haus MJ, Kelsch RD, Jacobs TW. Application of Optical Topometry to Analysis of the Plant Epidermis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:946-59. [PMID: 26290539 PMCID: PMC4587452 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis regulates key physiological functions contributing to photosynthetic rate, plant productivity, and ecosystem stability. Yet, quantitative characterization of this interface between a plant and its aerial environment is laborious and destructive with current techniques, making large-scale characterization of epidermal cell parameters impractical. Here, we present our exploration of optical topometry (OT) for the analysis of plant organ surfaces. OT is a mature, confocal microscopy-based implementation of surface metrology that generates nanometer-scale digital characterizations of any surface. We report epidermal analyses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other species as well as dried herbarium specimens and fossilized plants. We evaluate the technology's analytical potential for identifying an array of epidermal characters, including cell type distributions, variation in cell morphology and stomatal depth, differentiation of herbarium specimens, and real-time deformations in living tissue following detachment. As applied to plant material, OT is very fast and nondestructive, yielding richly mineable data sets describing living tissues and rendering a variety of their characteristics accessible for statistical, quantitative genetic, and structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Haus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801
| | - Ryan D Kelsch
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801
| | - Thomas W Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801
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237
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Wang Y, Wang M, Sun Y, Hegebarth D, Li T, Jetter R, Wang Z. Molecular Characterization of TaFAR1 Involved in Primary Alcohol Biosynthesis of Cuticular Wax in Hexaploid Wheat. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26220905 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes are complex mixtures of very long chain (VLC) fatty acids and their derivatives in which primary alcohols are the most abundant components in the leaf surface of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, the genes involved in primary alcohol biosynthesis in wheat are still largely unknown. Here we identified, via a homology-based approach, the TaFAR1 gene belonging to the fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs) from wheat. Heterologous expression of TaFAR1 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cer4-3 mutant afforded production of C22 primary alcohol and C22-C24 primary alcohols, respectively, and transgenic expression of TaFAR1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv MicroTom leaves and fruits resulted in the accumulation of C26-C30 primary alcohols and C30-C34 primary alcohols, respectively. The TaFAR1 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaf protoplasts. Moreover, the TaFAR1 expression pattern across various organs correlated with the levels of primary alcohols accumulating in corresponding waxes, and with the presence of platelet-shaped epicuticular wax crystals formed by primary alcohols. A nullisomic-tetrasomic wheat line lacking TaFAR1 had significantly reduced levels of primary alcohols in its leaf blade and anther wax. TaFAR1 was located on chromosome 4AL and appeared to be highly conserved, with only one haplotype among 32 wheat cultivars. Finally, TaFAR1 expression was induced by drought and cold stress in an ABA-dependent manner. Taken together, our results show that TaFAR1 is an active enzyme forming primary alcohols destined for the wheat cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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238
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Liu D, Yang L, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Wang M, Zhuang X, Wu Q, Liu C, Liu S, Liu Y. Analysis of cuticular wax constituents and genes that contribute to the formation of 'glossy Newhall', a spontaneous bud mutant from the wild-type 'Newhall' navel orange. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:573-90. [PMID: 26177912 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) fruit surfaces contain substantial quantities of cuticular waxes, which have important eco-physiological roles, such as water retention and pathogen defense. The wax constituents of ripe navel orange have been studied in various reports, while the wax changes occurring during fruit development and the molecular mechanism underlying their biosynthesis/export have not been investigated. Recently, we reported a spontaneous bud mutant from the wild-type (WT) 'Newhall' Navel orange. This mutant displayed unusual glossy fruit peels and was named 'glossy Newhall' (MT). In this study, we compared the developmental profiles of the epicuticular and intracuticular waxes on the WT and MT fruit surfaces. The formation of epicuticular wax crystals on the navel orange surface was shown to be dependent on the accumulation of high amounts of aliphatic wax components with trace amounts of terpenoids. In sharp contrast, the underlying intracuticular wax layers have relatively low concentrations of aliphatic wax components but high concentrations of cyclic wax compounds, especially terpenoids at the late fruit developmental stages. Our work also showed that many genes that are involved in wax biosynthesis and export pathways were down-regulated in MT fruit peels, leading to a decrease in aliphatic wax component amounts and the loss of epicuticular wax crystals, ultimately causing the glossy phenotype of MT fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechun Liu
- Department of Pomology, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
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Wang W, Liu X, Gai X, Ren J, Liu X, Cai Y, Wang Q, Ren H. Cucumis sativus L. WAX2 Plays a Pivotal Role in Wax Biosynthesis, Influencing Pollen Fertility and Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1339-54. [PMID: 26023108 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes play an important part in protecting plant aerial organs from biotic and abiotic stresses. In previous studies, the biosynthetic pathway of cuticular waxes and relative functional genes has been researched and understood; however, little is known in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In this study, we cloned and characterized an AtWAX2 homolog, CsWAX2, in cucumber and found that it is highly expressed in the epidermis, where waxes are synthesized, while subcellular localization showed that CsWAX2 protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The transcriptional expression of CsWAX2 was found to be induced by low temperature, drought, salt stress and ABA, while the ectopic expression of CsWAX2 in an Arabidopsis wax2 mutant could partially complement the glossy stem phenotype. Abnormal expression of CsWAX2 in transgenic cucumbers specifically affected both very long chain (VLC) alkanes and cutin biosynthesis. Furthermore, transgenic cucumber plants of CsWAX2 showed significant changes in pollen viability and fruit resistance to water loss and pathogens compared with the wild type. Collectively, these results indicated that CsWAX2 plays a pivotal role in wax biosynthesis, influencing pollen fertility and the plant's response to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Bio-technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Bio-technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Xinshuang Gai
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Bio-technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Ren
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Bio-technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Bio-technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Yanling Cai
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Bio-technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Bio-technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Bio-technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
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240
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Liu Z, Xin M, Qin J, Peng H, Ni Z, Yao Y, Sun Q. Temporal transcriptome profiling reveals expression partitioning of homeologous genes contributing to heat and drought acclimation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:152. [PMID: 26092253 PMCID: PMC4474349 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally important crop. Heat, drought and their combination dramatically reduce wheat yield and quality, but the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat tolerance to extreme environments, especially stress combination, are largely unknown. As an allohexaploid, wheat consists of three closely related subgenomes (A, B, and D), and was reported to show improved tolerance to stress conditions compared to tetraploid. But so far very little is known about how wheat coordinates the expression of homeologous genes to cope with various environmental constraints on the whole-genome level. RESULTS To explore the transcriptional response of wheat to the individual and combined stress, we performed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of seedlings under normal condition and subjected to drought stress (DS), heat stress (HS) and their combination (HD) for 1 h and 6 h, and presented global gene expression reprograms in response to these three stresses. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of DS, HS and HD responsive genes revealed an overlap and complexity of functional pathways between each other. Moreover, 4,375 wheat transcription factors were identified on a whole-genome scale based on the released scaffold information by IWGSC, and 1,328 were responsive to stress treatments. Then, the regulatory network analysis of HSFs and DREBs implicated they were both involved in the regulation of DS, HS and HD response and indicated a cross-talk between heat and drought stress. Finally, approximately 68.4 % of homeologous genes were found to exhibit expression partitioning in response to DS, HS or HD, which was further confirmed by using quantitative RT-PCR and Nullisomic-Tetrasomic lines. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of wheat homeologs exhibited expression partitioning under normal and abiotic stresses, which possibly contributes to the wide adaptability and distribution of hexaploid wheat in response to various environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, NO.2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100193, China.
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, NO.2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100193, China.
| | - Jinxia Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, NO.2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100193, China.
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, NO.2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100193, China.
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, NO.2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100193, China.
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, NO.2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100193, China.
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, NO.2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100193, China.
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241
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Littlejohn GR, Mansfield JC, Parker D, Lind R, Perfect S, Seymour M, Smirnoff N, Love J, Moger J. In vivo chemical and structural analysis of plant cuticular waxes using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:18-28. [PMID: 25783412 PMCID: PMC4424026 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a ubiquitous, predominantly waxy layer on the aerial parts of higher plants that fulfils a number of essential physiological roles, including regulating evapotranspiration, light reflection, and heat tolerance, control of development, and providing an essential barrier between the organism and environmental agents such as chemicals or some pathogens. The structure and composition of the cuticle are closely associated but are typically investigated separately using a combination of structural imaging and biochemical analysis of extracted waxes. Recently, techniques that combine stain-free imaging and biochemical analysis, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microscopy and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy microscopy, have been used to investigate the cuticle, but the detection sensitivity is severely limited by the background signals from plant pigments. We present a new method for label-free, in vivo structural and biochemical analysis of plant cuticles based on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. As a proof of principle, we used SRS microscopy to analyze the cuticles from a variety of plants at different times in development. We demonstrate that the SRS virtually eliminates the background interference compared with coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy imaging and results in label-free, chemically specific confocal images of cuticle architecture with simultaneous characterization of cuticle composition. This innovative use of the SRS spectroscopy may find applications in agrochemical research and development or in studies of wax deposition during leaf development and, as such, represents an important step in the study of higher plant cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Littlejohn
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences (G.R.L., N.S., J.L.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences (J.C.M., J.M.), University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;Biodomain Technology Group, Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082 (D.P.); andSyngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom (R.L., S.P., M.S.)
| | - Jessica C Mansfield
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences (G.R.L., N.S., J.L.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences (J.C.M., J.M.), University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;Biodomain Technology Group, Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082 (D.P.); andSyngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom (R.L., S.P., M.S.)
| | - David Parker
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences (G.R.L., N.S., J.L.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences (J.C.M., J.M.), University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;Biodomain Technology Group, Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082 (D.P.); andSyngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom (R.L., S.P., M.S.)
| | - Rob Lind
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences (G.R.L., N.S., J.L.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences (J.C.M., J.M.), University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;Biodomain Technology Group, Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082 (D.P.); andSyngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom (R.L., S.P., M.S.)
| | - Sarah Perfect
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences (G.R.L., N.S., J.L.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences (J.C.M., J.M.), University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;Biodomain Technology Group, Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082 (D.P.); andSyngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom (R.L., S.P., M.S.)
| | - Mark Seymour
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences (G.R.L., N.S., J.L.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences (J.C.M., J.M.), University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;Biodomain Technology Group, Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082 (D.P.); andSyngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom (R.L., S.P., M.S.)
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences (G.R.L., N.S., J.L.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences (J.C.M., J.M.), University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;Biodomain Technology Group, Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082 (D.P.); andSyngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom (R.L., S.P., M.S.)
| | - John Love
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences (G.R.L., N.S., J.L.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences (J.C.M., J.M.), University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;Biodomain Technology Group, Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082 (D.P.); andSyngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom (R.L., S.P., M.S.)
| | - Julian Moger
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences (G.R.L., N.S., J.L.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences (J.C.M., J.M.), University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;Biodomain Technology Group, Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082 (D.P.); andSyngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom (R.L., S.P., M.S.)
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Guo Y, He Y, Guo N, Gao J, Ni Y. Variations of the Composition of the Leaf Cuticular Wax among Chinese Populations ofPlantago major. Chem Biodivers 2015; 12:627-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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243
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Lee SB, Suh MC. Advances in the understanding of cuticular waxes in Arabidopsis thaliana and crop species. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:557-72. [PMID: 25693495 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of plants are covered with a cuticle, a hydrophobic layer consisting of cutin polyester and cuticular waxes that protects them from various environmental stresses. Cuticular waxes mainly comprise very long chain fatty acids and their derivatives such as aldehydes, alkanes, secondary alcohols, ketones, primary alcohols, and wax esters that are also important raw materials for the production of lubricants, adhesives, cosmetics, and biofuels. The major function of cuticular waxes is to control non-stomatal water loss and gas exchange. In recent years, the in planta roles of many genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis have been characterized not only from model organisms like Arabidopsis thaliana and saltwater cress (Eutrema salsugineum), but also crop plants including maize, rice, wheat, tomato, petunia, Medicago sativa, Medicago truncatula, rapeseed, and Camelina sativa through genetic, biochemical, molecular, genomic, and cell biological approaches. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the biological functions of genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis, transport, and regulation of wax deposition from Arabidopsis and crop species, provide information on cuticular wax amounts and composition in various organs of nine representative plant species, and suggest the important issues that need to be investigated in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saet Buyl Lee
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Wang Y, Wang M, Sun Y, Wang Y, Li T, Chai G, Jiang W, Shan L, Li C, Xiao E, Wang Z. FAR5, a fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase, is involved in primary alcohol biosynthesis of the leaf blade cuticular wax in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1165-78. [PMID: 25468933 PMCID: PMC4438443 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A waxy cuticle that serves as a protective barrier against non-stomatal water loss and environmental damage coats the aerial surfaces of land plants. It comprises a cutin polymer matrix and waxes. Cuticular waxes are complex mixtures of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives. Results show that primary alcohols are the major components of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaf blade cuticular waxes. Here, the characterization of TaFAR5 from wheat cv Xinong 2718, which is allelic to TAA1b, an anther-specific gene, is reported. Evidence is presented for a new function for TaFAR5 in the biosynthesis of primary alcohols of leaf blade cuticular wax in wheat. Expression of TaFAR5 cDNA in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) led to production of C22:0 primary alcohol. The transgenic expression of TaFAR5 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv MicroTom leaves resulted in the accumulation of C26:0, C28:0, and C30:0 primary alcohols. TaFAR5 encodes an alcohol-forming fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase (FAR). Expression analysis revealed that TaFAR5 was expressed at high levels in the leaf blades, anthers, pistils, and seeds. Fully functional green fluorescent protein-tagged TaFAR5 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of primary alcohol biosynthesis. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the TaFAR5 protein possessed a molecular mass of 58.4kDa, and it was also shown that TaFAR5 transcript levels were regulated in response to drought, cold, and abscisic acid (ABA). Overall, these data suggest that TaFAR5 plays an important role in the synthesis of primary alcohols in wheat leaf blade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guaiqiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenhui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liwei Shan
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Enshi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Haslam TM, Haslam R, Thoraval D, Pascal S, Delude C, Domergue F, Fernández AM, Beaudoin F, Napier JA, Kunst L, Joubès J. ECERIFERUM2-LIKE proteins have unique biochemical and physiological functions in very-long-chain fatty acid elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:682-92. [PMID: 25596184 PMCID: PMC4348766 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The extension of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) for the synthesis of specialized apoplastic lipids requires unique biochemical machinery. Condensing enzymes catalyze the first reaction in fatty acid elongation and determine the chain length of fatty acids accepted and produced by the fatty acid elongation complex. Although necessary for the elongation of all VLCFAs, known condensing enzymes cannot efficiently synthesize VLCFAs longer than 28 carbons, despite the prevalence of C28 to C34 acyl lipids in cuticular wax and the pollen coat. The eceriferum2 (cer2) mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was previously shown to have a specific deficiency in cuticular waxes longer than 28 carbons, and heterologous expression of CER2 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) demonstrated that it can modify the acyl chain length produced by a condensing enzyme from 28 to 30 carbon atoms. Here, we report the physiological functions and biochemical specificities of the CER2 homologs CER2-LIKE1 and CER2-LIKE2 by mutant analysis and heterologous expression in yeast. We demonstrate that all three CER2-LIKEs function with the same small subset of condensing enzymes, and that they have different effects on the substrate specificity of the same condensing enzyme. Finally, we show that the changes in acyl chain length caused by each CER2-LIKE protein are of substantial importance for cuticle formation and pollen coat function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan M Haslam
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
| | - Richard Haslam
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
| | - Didier Thoraval
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
| | - Stéphanie Pascal
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
| | - Camille Delude
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
| | - Aurora Mañas Fernández
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
| | - Frédéric Beaudoin
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (T.M.H., A.M.F., L.K.);Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., F.B., J.A.N.);Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (D.T., S.P., C.D., F.D., J.J.)
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Xu C, Ren J, Liu X, Black K, Gai X, Wang Q, Ren H. Cucumber ECERIFERUM1 (CsCER1), which influences the cuticle properties and drought tolerance of cucumber, plays a key role in VLC alkanes biosynthesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:219-33. [PMID: 25539982 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants have a wax layer which covers their aerial parts to protect them from environmental stresses, such as drought, UV radiation, and pathogenic invasion. The wax biosynthesis has been well studied previously in Arabidopsis, but it still remains elusive in cucumber. Here, we isolated a CER1 homolog CsCER1 in cucumber, and we found that the expression of CsCER1 in the cucumber line 3401 which shows waxy fruit phenotype is much higher than that in the cucumber line 3413 which displays glossy fruit phenotype. Spatial and temporal expression analyses revealed that CsCER1 is specifically expressed in the epidermis where waxes are synthesized, and sub-cellular location showed that CsCER1 protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The expression of CsCER1 can be induced by low temperature, drought, salt stress and abscisic acid. In addition, abnormal expressions of CsCER1 in transgenic cucumber plants have dramatic effects on very-long-chain (VLC) alkanes biosynthesis, cuticle permeability, and drought resistance. Our data suggested that CsCER1 plays an important role in VLC alkanes biosynthesis in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Bio-technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zhou X, Li L, Xiang J, Gao G, Xu F, Liu A, Zhang X, Peng Y, Chen X, Wan X. OsGL1-3 is involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis and tolerance to water deficit in rice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e116676. [PMID: 25555239 PMCID: PMC4282203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular wax covers aerial organs of plants and functions as the outermost barrier against non-stomatal water loss. We reported here the functional characterization of the Glossy1(GL1)-homologous gene OsGL1-3 in rice using overexpression and RNAi transgenic rice plants. OsGL1-3 gene was ubiquitously expressed at different level in rice plants except root and its expression was up-regulated under ABA and PEG treatments. The transient expression of OsGL1-3–GFP fusion protein indicated that OsGL1-3 is mainly localized in the plasma membrane. Compared to the wild type, overexpression rice plants exhibited stunted growth, more wax crystallization on leaf surface, and significantly increased total cuticular wax load due to the prominent changes of C30–C32 aldehydes and C30 primary alcohols. While the RNAi knockdown mutant of OsGL1-3 exhibited no significant difference in plant height, but less wax crystallization and decreased total cuticular wax accumulation on leaf surface. All these evidences, together with the effects of OsGL1-3 on the expression of some wax synthesis related genes, suggest that OsGL1-3 is involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Overexpression of OsGL1-3 decreased chlorophyll leaching and water loss rate whereas increased tolerance to water deficit at both seedling and late-tillering stages, suggesting an important role of OsGL1-3 in drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Linzhi Li
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Guofu Gao
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Research Institute of Science and Technology Information, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Faxi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ailing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinbo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (XW)
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- State Key laboratory of Main Crop Germplasm Innovation, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (XW)
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248
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Hanano A, Bessoule JJ, Heitz T, Blée E. Involvement of the caleosin/peroxygenase RD20 in the control of cell death during Arabidopsis responses to pathogens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e991574. [PMID: 25830533 PMCID: PMC4622875 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.991574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Caleosins, mostly found in lipid droplets of seeds and leaves, are believed to play physiological roles through their enzymatic capacities to produce oxylipins. We recently identified the caleosin RD20 as a peroxygenase reducing endogenous fatty acid hydroperoxides into their corresponding alcohols. Such oxylipins confer tolerance to oxidative stress by decreasing reactive oxygen species accumulation and by minimizing cell death. RD20 expression being induced by pathogens, we have examined the mode of action of this caleosin in response to biotic stress. Plants overexpressing RD20 exhibited an alteration of their leaf cuticle wax components and an increased resistance to the fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Conversely, silencing RD20 led to an enhanced propagation of the fungus and to reduced severity of the damages caused by the inoculation of the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. We discuss these findings and propose that the major function of RD20 is to generate oxylipins modulating oxidative status and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Atomic Energy Commission of Syria; Damascus, Syria
| | - Jean-Jacques Bessoule
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire; Unité Mixte de Recherche Center National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux; Institut de la Recherche Agronomique; Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Heitz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Unité Propre de Recherche Center National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
| | - Elizabeth Blée
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Unité Propre de Recherche Center National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence to: Elizabeth Blée;
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Lee SB, Suh MC. Cuticular wax biosynthesis is up-regulated by the MYB94 transcription factor in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:48-60. [PMID: 25305760 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of all land plants are covered with hydrophobic cuticular wax layers that act as the first barrier against the environment. The MYB94 transcription factor gene is expressed in abundance in aerial organs and shows a higher expression in the stem epidermis than within the stem. When seedlings were subjected to various treatments, the expression of the MYB94 transcription factor gene was observed to increase approximately 9-fold under drought, 8-fold for ABA treatment and 4-fold for separate NaCl and mannitol treatments. MYB94 harbors the transcriptional activation domain at its C-terminus, and fluorescent signals from MYB94:enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) were observed in the nucleus of tobacco epidermis and in transgenic Arabidopsis roots. The total wax loads increased by approximately 2-fold in the leaves of the MYB94-overexpressing (MYB94 OX) lines, as compared with those of the wild type (WT). MYB94 activates the expression of WSD1, KCS2/DAISY, CER2, FAR3 and ECR genes by binding directly to their gene promoters. An increase in the accumulation of cuticular wax was observed to reduce the rate of cuticular transpiration in the leaves of MYB94 OX lines, under drought stress conditions. Taken together, a R2R3-type MYB94 transcription factor activates Arabidopsis cuticular wax biosynthesis and might be important in plant response to environmental stress, including drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saet Buyl Lee
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
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Alkan N, Friedlander G, Ment D, Prusky D, Fluhr R. Simultaneous transcriptome analysis of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and tomato fruit pathosystem reveals novel fungal pathogenicity and fruit defense strategies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:801-15. [PMID: 25377514 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides breaches the fruit cuticle but remains quiescent until fruit ripening signals a switch to necrotrophy, culminating in devastating anthracnose disease. There is a need to understand the distinct fungal arms strategy and the simultaneous fruit response. Transcriptome analysis of fungal-fruit interactions was carried out concurrently in the appressoria, quiescent and necrotrophic stages. Conidia germinating on unripe fruit cuticle showed stage-specific transcription that was accompanied by massive fruit defense responses. The subsequent quiescent stage showed the development of dendritic-like structures and swollen hyphae within the fruit epidermis. The quiescent fungal transcriptome was characterized by activation of chromatin remodeling genes and unsuspected environmental alkalization. Fruit response was portrayed by continued highly integrated massive up-regulation of defense genes. During cuticle infection of green or ripe fruit, fungi recapitulate the same developmental stages but with differing quiescent time spans. The necrotrophic stage showed a dramatic shift in fungal metabolism and up-regulation of pathogenicity factors. Fruit response to necrotrophy showed activation of the salicylic acid pathway, climaxing in cell death. Transcriptome analysis of C. gloeosporioides infection of fruit reveals its distinct stage-specific lifestyle and the concurrent changing fruit response, deepening our perception of the unfolding fungal-fruit arms and defenses race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Alkan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
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