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Xu Y, Wei Y, Long T, Wang R, Li Z, Yu C, Wu T, He M. Association between urinary metals levels and metabolic phenotypes in overweight and obese individuals. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126763. [PMID: 32957263 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that circulating metals from the natural environment are linked with cardiometabolic health. However, few studies examined the relationship between multiple metals exposure and metabolic phenotypes, especially in obese individuals. We conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the association between 23 urinary metals and metabolic phenotypes in 1392 overweight and obese individuals (592 males, 800 females, mean age 43.1 ± 9.8 years). Participants were classified as metabolically unhealthy if they had ≥2 of the following metabolic abnormalities: elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting blood glucose, elevated triglycerides, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Odds ratios (ORs) of unhealthy metabolic phenotypes for metal levels categorized into tertiles were assessed using logistic regression models. Five metals (barium, copper, iron, uranium, and zinc) were associated with unhealthy metabolic phenotypes in single-metal models, while in the multiple-metal model, only zinc and zinc-copper ratio remained significant. The ORs (95% CIs) comparing extreme tertiles were 2.57 (1.69, 3.89) for zinc and 1.68 (1.24, 2.27) for zinc-copper ratio after adjustment for confounders (both p-trends were <0.001). The numbers of metabolic abnormalities significantly increased with the levels of zinc and the zinc-copper ratio increased. Similar associations were observed with metabolic syndrome risk. High levels of urinary zinc were positively associated with elevated fasting blood glucose (p-trend < 0.001) and elevated triglycerides (p-trend = 0.003). The results suggest that urinary zinc and zinc-copper ratio are positively associated with increased risk of unhealthy metabolic phenotype. Further prospective studies with a larger sample size are required to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tengfei Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Caizheng Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Public Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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202
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Chen G, Du J, Jin H, Huang Y. Postural Tachycardia Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:474. [PMID: 32974246 PMCID: PMC7468430 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), characterized by chronic (≥6 months) orthostatic intolerance symptoms with a sustained and excessive heart rate increase while standing without postural hypotension, is common in children and adolescents. Despite the unclear pathogenesis of POTS, the present opinion is that POTS is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder that includes altered central blood volume, abnormal autonomic reflexes, "hyperadrenergic" status, damaged skeletal muscle pump activity, abnormal local vascular tension and vasoactive factor release, mast cell activation, iron insufficiency, and autoimmune dysfunction. A number of pediatric POTS patients are affected by more than one of these pathophysiological mechanisms. Therefore, individualized treatment strategies are initiated in the management of POTS, including basal non-pharmacological approaches (e.g., health education, the avoidance of triggers, exercise, or supplementation with water and salt) and special pharmacological therapies (e.g., oral rehydration salts, midodrine hydrochloride, and metoprolol). As such, the recent progress in the pathogenesis, management strategies, and therapeutic response predictors of pediatric POTS are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Research Unit of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Syncope and Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junbao Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, The Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Syncope and Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqian Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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203
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Gil-Betancur A, Mantilla-Gutierrez CY, Cardona-Arias JA. Effect of plateletpheresis on total platelet count and mean platelet volume: A meta-analysis. J Evid Based Med 2020; 13:206-214. [PMID: 32615026 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently, there are discrepancies in the reports on the extent of the reduction in platelet count after platelet donation by apheresis, and its impact on mean platelet volume (MPV). This study was conducted to meta-analyze the effect of plateletpheresis on platelet count and on mean platelet volume, based on studies published between 1980 and 2018. METHODS Medline-Pubmed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to December 31 2019. The PRISMA guidelines, reproducibility, and evaluation of the methodological quality were guaranteed. Heterogeneity was evaluated with DerSimonian-Laird's, publication bias with a Begg's test. Sensitivity analysis and cumulative meta-analysis were also conducted, as well as a forest plot. RESULTS Twenty-five studies with 3769 donors were systematized to analyze platelet count, and seven studies with 1176 donors to observe MPV. Most studies were published in India and the United States. There was a postprocedure reduction in both variables. The reduction in platelet count was 14.3 × 103 /μL (95% CI 11.4 to 17.1 × 103 ⁄μL). The reduction in MPV was 1.43 fL (95% CI 0.3 to 2.5 fL). The analysis of subgroups showed that, in the case of platelet count, the reduction is not statistically significant two weeks after donation. CONCLUSION Platelet donation by apheresis reduces platelet count and MPV in donors, which is detrimental to the purposes of the procedure; although the decrease is not clinically significant for the donor or the recipient. This demonstrates the need for subsequent studies to evaluate variables, such as donation frequency and donation intervals, should be considered to evaluate if the reported decrease is easily compensated, without adverse consequences for donors, or if modifications in donor selection criteria are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gil-Betancur
- Health and Sustainability Research Group, School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carmen Yulieth Mantilla-Gutierrez
- Bacteriologist and Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Medellín Luz Castro de Gutiérrez, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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204
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Basu U, Roy M, Chakravarty AR. Recent advances in the chemistry of iron-based chemotherapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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205
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Tiekou Lorinczova H, Fitzsimons O, Mursaleen L, Renshaw D, Begum G, Zariwala MG. Co-Administration of Iron and a Bioavailable Curcumin Supplement Increases Serum BDNF Levels in Healthy Adults. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E645. [PMID: 32707771 PMCID: PMC7463477 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is key for the maintenance of normal neuronal function and energy homeostasis and has been suggested to improve cognitive function, including learning and memory. Iron and the antioxidant curcumin have been shown to influence BDNF homeostasis. This 6-week, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of oral iron supplementation at low (18 mg) and high (65 mg) ferrous (FS) iron dosages, compared to a combination of these iron doses with a bioavailable formulated form of curcumin (HydroCurcTM; 500 mg) on BDNF levels in a healthy adult cohort of 155 male (26.42 years ± 0.55) and female (25.82 years ± 0.54) participants. Participants were randomly allocated to five different treatment groups: both iron and curcumin placebo (FS0+Plac), low dose iron and curcumin placebo (FS18+Plac), low dose iron and curcumin (FS18+Curc), high dose iron and curcumin placebo (FS65+Plac) and high dose iron and curcumin (FS65+Curc). Results showed a significant increase in BDNF over time (26%) in the FS18+Curc group (p = 0.024), and at end-point between FS18+Curc and FS18+Plac groups (35%, p = 0.042), demonstrating for the first time that the combination with curcumin, rather than iron supplementation alone, results in increased serum BDNF. The addition of curcumin to iron supplementation may therefore provide a novel approach to further enhance the benefits associated with increased BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Tiekou Lorinczova
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (H.T.L.); (O.F.); (L.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Owen Fitzsimons
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (H.T.L.); (O.F.); (L.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Leah Mursaleen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (H.T.L.); (O.F.); (L.M.); (G.B.)
- The Cure Parkinson’s Trust, 120 New Cavendish St, Fitzrovia, London W1W 6XX, UK
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory St, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK;
| | - Gulshanara Begum
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (H.T.L.); (O.F.); (L.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (H.T.L.); (O.F.); (L.M.); (G.B.)
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206
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TfR1 Extensively Regulates the Expression of Genes Associated with Ion Transport and Immunity. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:493-501. [PMID: 32681254 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), encoded by the TFRC gene, is the gatekeeper of cellular iron uptake for cells. A variety of molecular mechanisms are at work to tightly regulate TfR1 expression, and abnormal TfR1 expression has been associated with various diseases. In the current study, to determine the regulation pattern of TfR1, we cloned and overexpressed the human TFRC gene in HeLa cells. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to analyze the global transcript levels in overexpressed (OE) and normal control (NC) samples. A total of 1669 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between OE and NC. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was carried out to explore the functions of the DEGs. It was found that multiple DEGs were associated with ion transport and immunity. Moreover, the regulatory network was constructed on basis of DEGs associated with ion transport and immunity, highlighting that TFRC was the node gene of the network. These results together suggested that precisely controlled TfR1 expression might be not only essential for iron homeostasis, but also globally important for cell physiology, including ion transport and immunity.
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207
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Scricciolo A, Elli L, Doneda L, Bascunan KA, Branchi F, Ferretti F, Vecchi M, Roncoroni L. Efficacy of a High-Iron Dietary Intervention in Women with Celiac Disease and Iron Deficiency without Anemia: A Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072122. [PMID: 32708973 PMCID: PMC7400798 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim. Iron deficiency without anemia (IDWA) is a common finding in celiac disease (CD) and can also persist in case of good compliance and clinical response to a strict gluten-free diet (GFD). This scenario usually presents in CD women of child-bearing age in whom the imbalance between menstrual iron loss and inadequate iron intake from their diet plays the major role. A recommended approach to this condition is yet to be established. This study aimed to compare, in this subset of patients, the efficacy of a dietary approach consisting of an iron-rich diet against the traditional pharmacological oral-replacement therapy. Material and Methods. Between February and December 2016, consecutive CD female patients of child-bearing age as referred to our outpatient center with evidence of IDWA (ferritin <15 ng/mL or 15–20 ng/L with transferrin saturation <15%) were enrolled. After the completion of a 7-day weighed food intake recording to assess the usual iron dietary intake, the patients were randomized in two arms to receive a 12-week iron-rich diet (iron intake >20 mg/die) versus oral iron supplementation with ferrous sulfate (FS) (105 mg/day). Blood tests and dietary assessments were repeated at the end of treatment. The degree of compliance and tolerability to the treatments were assessed every month by means of specific questionnaires and symptoms evaluation. Results. A total of 22 women were enrolled and divided in the diet group (n = 10, age 37 ± 8 years) and in the FS group (n = 12, age 38 ± 10 years). The food intake records demonstrated an inadequate daily intake of iron in all the enrolled subjects. At the end of the treatments, ferritin levels were higher in the FS group (8.5 (5) versus 34 (30.8), p = 0.002). Compliance and tolerability were similar in both treatment groups (89% versus 87%, p = ns). Conclusions. These findings did not support any equivalent efficacy of an iron-rich diet compared to a FS supplementation in non-anemic iron-deficient women affected by CD. However, the diet appeared a well-tolerated approach, and adequate dietary instructions could effectively increase the daily iron consumption, suggesting a role in the long-term management of IDWA, especially in patients who do not tolerate pharmacological supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Scricciolo
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease-Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.E.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (M.V.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Elli
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease-Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.E.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (M.V.); (L.R.)
- Department of Pathophisiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Doneda
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Karla A Bascunan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Federica Branchi
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease-Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.E.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (M.V.); (L.R.)
- Department of Pathophisiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferretti
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease-Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.E.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (M.V.); (L.R.)
- Department of Pathophisiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease-Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.E.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (M.V.); (L.R.)
- Department of Pathophisiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Leda Roncoroni
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease-Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.E.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (M.V.); (L.R.)
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
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208
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Battaglia AM, Chirillo R, Aversa I, Sacco A, Costanzo F, Biamonte F. Ferroptosis and Cancer: Mitochondria Meet the "Iron Maiden" Cell Death. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061505. [PMID: 32575749 PMCID: PMC7349567 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new type of oxidative regulated cell death (RCD) driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. As major sites of iron utilization and master regulators of oxidative metabolism, mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, thus, play a role in this type of RCD. Ferroptosis is, indeed, associated with severe damage in mitochondrial morphology, bioenergetics, and metabolism. Furthermore, dysregulation of mitochondrial metabolism is considered a biochemical feature of neurodegenerative diseases linked to ferroptosis. Whether mitochondrial dysfunction can, per se, initiate ferroptosis and whether mitochondrial function in ferroptosis is context-dependent are still under debate. Cancer cells accumulate high levels of iron and ROS to promote their metabolic activity and growth. Of note, cancer cell metabolic rewiring is often associated with acquired sensitivity to ferroptosis. This strongly suggests that ferroptosis may act as an adaptive response to metabolic imbalance and, thus, may constitute a new promising way to eradicate malignant cells. Here, we review the current literature on the role of mitochondria in ferroptosis, and we discuss opportunities to potentially use mitochondria-mediated ferroptosis as a new strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Martina Battaglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.B.); (R.C.); (I.A.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Roberta Chirillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.B.); (R.C.); (I.A.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Ilenia Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.B.); (R.C.); (I.A.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Alessandro Sacco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.B.); (R.C.); (I.A.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.B.); (R.C.); (I.A.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
- Center of Interdepartmental Services (CIS), “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Flavia Biamonte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.M.B.); (R.C.); (I.A.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
- Research Centre of Biochemistry and advanced Molecular Biology, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0961-369-4105
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Lertsuwan K, Nammultriputtar K, Nanthawuttiphan S, Tannop N, Teerapornpuntakit J, Thongbunchoo J, Charoenphandhu N. Differential effects of Fe2+ and Fe3+ on osteoblasts and the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3, deferiprone and extracellular calcium on osteoblast viability under iron-overloaded conditions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234009. [PMID: 32470038 PMCID: PMC7259719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the potential contributing factors for iron overload-induced osteoporosis is the iron toxicity on bone forming cells, osteoblasts. In this study, the comparative effects of Fe3+ and Fe2+ on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization were studied in UMR-106 osteoblast cells by using ferric ammonium citrate and ferrous ammonium sulfate as Fe3+ and Fe2+ donors, respectively. Effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and iron chelator deferiprone on iron uptake ability of osteoblasts were examined, and the potential protective ability of 1,25(OH)2D3, deferiprone and extracellular calcium treatment in osteoblast cell survival under iron overload was also elucidated. The differential effects of Fe3+ and Fe2+ on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in osteoblasts were also compared. Our results showed that both iron species suppressed alkaline phosphatase gene expression and mineralization with the stronger effects from Fe3+ than Fe2+. 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly increased the intracellular iron but minimally affected osteoblast cell survival under iron overload. Deferiprone markedly decreased intracellular iron in osteoblasts, but it could not recover iron-induced osteoblast cell death. Interestingly, extracellular calcium was able to rescue osteoblasts from iron-induced osteoblast cell death. Additionally, both iron species could induce ROS production and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in osteoblasts with the stronger effects from Fe3+. In conclusions, Fe3+ and Fe2+ differentially compromised the osteoblast functions and viability, which can be alleviated by an increase in extracellular ionized calcium, but not 1,25(OH)2D3 or iron chelator deferiprone. This study has provided the invaluable information for therapeutic design targeting specific iron specie(s) in iron overload-induced osteoporosis. Moreover, an increase in extracellular calcium could be beneficial for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornkamon Lertsuwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ketsaraporn Nammultriputtar
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Natnicha Tannop
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Jirawan Thongbunchoo
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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210
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Mou Y, Zhang Y, Wu J, Hu B, Zhang C, Duan C, Li B. The Landscape of Iron Metabolism-Related and Methylated Genes in the Prognosis Prediction of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:788. [PMID: 32528886 PMCID: PMC7256878 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is characteristics of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The prognosis of ccRCC was dismay with immense diversity. Iron metabolism disturbance is a common phenomenon in ccRCC. The purpose of our study is to identify and validate the candidate prognostic gene signature of iron metabolism and methylation closely related to the poor prognosis of ccRCC through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Methods: The prognostic iron metabolism-related genes were screened according to the overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the TCGA database. We built a prognostic model using risk score method to predict OS, each ccRCC patient's risk score was calculated, and the resulting score can divide these patients into two categories according to the cut-point risk score. The prognostic significance of the hub genes was further evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was implemented to evaluate the impact of each variable on OS. Furthermore, the prediction power of the 25 gene signatures has been validated using an independent ccRCC cohort from the GEO database. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified the characteristics of hub related oncogenes. Finally, we utilize Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to investigate the co-expression network based on these DEGs. Results: In this study, we identified and validated 25 iron metabolism-related and methylated genes as the prognostic signatures, which differentiated ccRCC patients into high and low risk subgroups. The KM analysis showed that the survival rate of the high-risk patients was significantly lower than that of the low-risk patients. The risk score calculated with 25 gene signatures could largely predict OS and DFS for 1, 3, and 5 years in patients with ccRCC. Conclusions: Taken together, we identified the key iron metabolism-related and methylated genes for ccRCC through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. This study provides a reliable and robust gene signature for the prognostic predictor of ccRCC patients and maybe provides a promising treatment strategy for this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Mou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinchun Wu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Busheng Hu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaojun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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211
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Regulation of Iron Homeostasis and Related Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6062094. [PMID: 32454791 PMCID: PMC7212278 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6062094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the organ for iron storage and regulation; it senses circulating iron concentrations in the body through the BMP-SMAD pathway and regulates the iron intake from food and erythrocyte recovery into the bloodstream by secreting hepcidin. Under iron deficiency, hypoxia, and hemorrhage, the liver reduces the expression of hepcidin to ensure the erythropoiesis but increases the excretion of hepcidin during infection and inflammation to reduce the usage of iron by pathogens. Excessive iron causes system iron overload; it accumulates in never system and damages neurocyte leading to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's syndrome. When some gene mutations affect the perception of iron and iron regulation ability in the liver, then they decrease the expression of hepcidin, causing hereditary diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis. This review summarizes the source and utilization of iron in the body, the liver regulates systemic iron homeostasis by sensing the circulating iron concentration, and the expression of hepcidin regulated by various signaling pathways, thereby understanding the pathogenesis of iron-related diseases.
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212
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Ye Q, Chen W, Huang H, Tang Y, Wang W, Meng F, Wang H, Zheng Y. Iron and zinc ions, potent weapons against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5213-5227. [PMID: 32303820 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacteria are becoming an increasingly widespread problem in the clinical setting. The current pipeline of antibiotics cannot provide satisfactory options for clinicians, which brought increasing attention to the development and application of non-traditional antimicrobial substances as alternatives. Metal ions, such as iron and zinc ions, have been widely applied to inhibit pathogens through different mechanisms, including synergistic action with different metabolic enzymes, regulation of efflux pumps, and inhibition of biofilm formation. Compared with traditional metal oxide nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) display stronger bactericidal effect because of their smaller ion particle sizes and higher surface energies. The combined utilization of metal NPs (nanoparticles) and antibiotics paves a new way to enhance antimicrobial efficacy and reduce the incidence of drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the physiological roles and bactericidal mechanisms of iron and zinc ions, present the recent progress in the research on the joint use of metal NPs with different antibiotics, and highlight the promising prospects of metal NPs as antimicrobial agents for tackling multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ye
- College of Biotechnology and pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211806, China.,Intensive Care Unit, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 211816, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuqing Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Weixiao Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Fanrong Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yishan Zheng
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China.
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213
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Babitt JL, Sitara D. Crosstalk between fibroblast growth factor 23, iron, erythropoietin, and inflammation in kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 28:304-310. [PMID: 31145704 PMCID: PMC6693648 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent research has revealed that regulation of the bone-secreted hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is not limited to classical mineral factors. Specifically, bidirectional relationships have been described between FGF23 production and anemia, iron status, and inflammation. Here, we will review the latest published articles on the crosstalk between FGF23 and the aforementioned nonclassical factors. RECENT FINDINGS It has been recently reported that erythropoietin, iron deficiency, and inflammation increase FGF23 production and metabolism. Moreover, FGF23 promotes anemia and regulates inflammatory responses. These findings are particularly important in the setting of chronic kidney disease which is characterized by elevated FGF23 levels and several associated comorbidities. SUMMARY Regulation of FGF23 is complex and involves many bone and renal factors. More recently, erythropoietin, iron deficiency, and inflammation have been also shown to affect FGF23 transcription and cleavage. Importantly, FGF23 has emerged as a regulator of erythropoiesis, iron metabolism, and inflammation. These findings provide novel and important insights into the pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic kidney disease and may present new opportunities for therapeutic clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L Babitt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Despina Sitara
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry.,Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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214
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Morgan J, Bell R, Jones AL. Endogenous doesn't always mean innocuous: a scoping review of iron toxicity by inhalation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:107-136. [PMID: 32106786 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1731896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is a leading risk factor for the global burden of disease. One possible pathway of particulate matter (PM)-induced toxicity is through iron (Fe), the most abundant metal in the atmosphere. The aim of the review was to consider the complexity of Fe-mediated toxicity following inhalation exposure focusing on the chemical and surface reactivity of Fe as a transition metal and possible pathways of toxicity via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as considerations of size, morphology, and source of PM. A broad term search of 4 databases identified 2189 journal articles and reports examining exposure to Fe via inhalation in the past 10 years. These were sequentially analyzed by title, abstract and full-text to identify 87 articles publishing results on the toxicity of Fe-containing PM by inhalation or instillation to the respiratory system. The remaining 87 papers were examined to summarize research dealing with in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies involving PM containing Fe or iron oxide following inhalation or instillation. The major findings from these investigations are summarized and tabulated. Epidemiological studies showed that exposure to Fe oxide is correlated with an increased incidence of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and several respiratory diseases. Iron PM was found to induce inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo and to translocate to remote locations including the brain following inhalation. A potential pathway for the PM-containing Fe-mediated toxicity by inhalation is via the generation of ROS which leads to lipid peroxidation and DNA and protein oxidation. Our recommendations include an expansion of epidemiological, in vivo and in vitro studies, integrating research improvements outlined in this review, such as the method of particle preparation, cell line type, and animal model, to enhance our understanding of the complex biological interactions of these particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Morgan
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Robin Bell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Alison L Jones
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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215
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Witt B, Schaumlöffel D, Schwerdtle T. Subcellular Localization of Copper-Cellular Bioimaging with Focus on Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072341. [PMID: 32231018 PMCID: PMC7178132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential trace element, copper plays a pivotal role in physiological body functions. In fact, dysregulated copper homeostasis has been clearly linked to neurological disorders including Wilson and Alzheimer’s disease. Such neurodegenerative diseases are associated with progressive loss of neurons and thus impaired brain functions. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Characterization of the element species and their subcellular localization is of great importance to uncover cellular mechanisms. Recent research activities focus on the question of how copper contributes to the pathological findings. Cellular bioimaging of copper is an essential key to accomplish this objective. Besides information on the spatial distribution and chemical properties of copper, other essential trace elements can be localized in parallel. Highly sensitive and high spatial resolution techniques such as LA-ICP-MS, TEM-EDS, S-XRF and NanoSIMS are required for elemental mapping on subcellular level. This review summarizes state-of-the-art techniques in the field of bioimaging. Their strengths and limitations will be discussed with particular focus on potential applications for the elucidation of copper-related diseases. Based on such investigations, further information on cellular processes and mechanisms can be derived under physiological and pathological conditions. Bioimaging studies might enable the clarification of the role of copper in the context of neurodegenerative diseases and provide an important basis to develop therapeutic strategies for reduction or even prevention of copper-related disorders and their pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Witt
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3320-088-5241
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour/E2S UPPA, 64000 Pau, France;
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
- TraceAge—DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
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216
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Forciniti S, Greco L, Grizzi F, Malesci A, Laghi L. Iron Metabolism in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2257. [PMID: 32214052 PMCID: PMC7139548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is indispensable for cell metabolism of both normal and cancer cells. In the latter, several disruptions of its metabolism occur at the steps of tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. Noticeably, cancer cells require a large amount of iron, and exhibit a strong dependence on it for their proliferation. Numerous iron metabolism-related proteins and signaling pathways are altered by iron in malignancies, displaying the pivotal role of iron in cancer. Iron homeostasis is regulated at several levels, from absorption by enterocytes to recycling by macrophages and storage in hepatocytes. Mutations in HFE gene alter iron homeostasis leading to hereditary hemochromatosis and to an increased cancer risk because the accumulation of iron induces oxidative DNA damage and free radical activity. Additionally, the iron capability to modulate immune responses is pivotal in cancer progression. Macrophages show an iron release phenotype and potentially deliver iron to cancer cells, resulting in tumor promotion. Overall, alterations in iron metabolism are among the metabolic and immunological hallmarks of cancer, and further studies are required to dissect how perturbations of this element relate to tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Forciniti
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Department of Gastroenterology—Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (S.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Luana Greco
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Department of Gastroenterology—Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (S.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alberto Malesci
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Department of Gastroenterology, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Department of Gastroenterology—Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (S.F.); (L.G.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
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217
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Wunderer F, Traeger L, Sigurslid HH, Meybohm P, Bloch DB, Malhotra R. The role of hepcidin and iron homeostasis in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104664. [PMID: 31991168 PMCID: PMC7066581 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major burden on global health and a leading cause of death worldwide. The pathophysiology of this chronic disease is complex, involving inflammation, lipoprotein oxidation and accumulation, plaque formation, and calcification. In 1981, Dr. Jerome Sullivan formulated the 'Iron Hypothesis', suggesting that higher levels of stored iron promote cardiovascular diseases, whereas iron deficiency may have an atheroprotective effect. This hypothesis has stimulated research focused on clarifying the role of iron in the development of atherosclerosis. However, preclinical and clinical studies have produced contradictory results and the observation that patients with hemochromatosis do not appear to have an increased risk of atherosclerosis seemed incongruous with Sullivan's initial hypothesis. The 'paradox' of systemic iron overload not being accompanied by an increased risk for atherosclerosis led to a refinement of the iron hypothesis focusing on intracellular macrophage iron. More recent in vitro and animal studies have elucidated the complex signaling pathways regulating iron, with a particular focus on hepcidin, the master regulator of body iron homeostasis. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is the major pathway that is required for induction of hepcidin expression in response to increasing levels of iron. Strong links between iron homeostasis, BMP signaling, inflammation and atherosclerosis have been established in both mechanistic and human studies. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of iron homeostasis and hepcidin in the development of atherosclerosis and discusses the BMP-hepcidin-ferroportin axis as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wunderer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Traeger
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Haakon H. Sigurslid
- Cardiovascular Research Center and the Cardiology Division of the Department of medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Donald B. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center and the Cardiology Division of the Department of medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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218
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DUAN L, YIN X, MENG H, FANG X, MIN J, WANG F. [Progress on epigenetic regulation of iron homeostasis]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2020; 49:58-70. [PMID: 32621410 PMCID: PMC8800797 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.02.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis plays an important role for the maintenance of human health. It is known that iron metabolism is tightly regulated by several key genes, including divalent metal transport-1(DMT1), transferrin receptor 1(TFR1), transferrin receptor 2(TFR2), ferroportin(FPN), hepcidin(HAMP), hemojuvelin(HJV) and Ferritin H. Recently, it is reported that DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA (miRNA) epigenetically regulated iron homeostasis. Among these epigenetic regulators, DNA hypermethylation of the promoter region of FPN, TFR2, HAMP, HJV and bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) genes result in inhibitory effect on the expression of these iron-related gene. In addition, histone deacetylase (HADC) suppresses HAMP gene expression. On the contrary, HADC inhibitor upregulates HAMP gene expression. Additional reports showed that miRNA can also modulate iron absorption, transport, storage and utilization via downregulation of DMT1, FPN, TFR1, TFR2, Ferritin H and other genes. It is noteworthy that some key epigenetic regulatory enzymes, such as DNA demethylase TET2 and histone lysine demethylase JmjC KDMs, require iron for the enzymatic activities. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of DNA methylation, histone acetylation and miRNA in regulating iron metabolism and also discuss the future research directions.
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219
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Renal accumulation of prooxidant mineral elements and CKD in domestic cats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3160. [PMID: 32081923 PMCID: PMC7035273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Felids have a high incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), for which the most common renal lesion is chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN). CIN can be induced by tissue oxidative stress, which is determined by the cellular balance of pro- and anti-oxidant metabolites. Fish-flavoured foods are more often fed to cats than dogs, and such foods tend to have higher arsenic content. Arsenic is a pro-oxidant metallic element. We propose that renal accumulation of pro-oxidant elements such as arsenic and depletion of anti-oxidant elements such as zinc, underpin the high incidence of CIN in domestic cats. Total arsenic and other redox-reactive metal elements were measured in kidneys (after acid-digestion) and urine (both by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) of domestic cats (kidneys, n = 56; urine, n = 21), domestic dogs (kidneys, n = 54; urine, n = 28) and non-domesticated Scottish Wildcats (kidneys, n = 17). Renal lesions were graded by severity of CIN. In our randomly sampled population, CIN was more prevalent in domestic cat versus domestic dog (51%, n = 32 of 62 cats; 15%, 11 of 70 dogs were positive for CIN, respectively). CIN was absent from all Scottish wildcats. Tissue and urinary (corrected for creatinine) arsenic content was higher in domestic cats, relative to domestic dogs and wildcats. Urine arsenic was higher in domestic cats and dogs with CIN. Arsenobetaine, an organic and relatively harmless species of arsenic, was the primary form of arsenic found in pet foods. In summary, the kidneys of domestic cats appear to have greater levels of pro-oxidant trace elements, as compared to dogs and wildcats. Since there was no difference in renal arsenic levels in cats with or without CIN, renal arsenic accumulation does not appear a primary driver of excess CIN in cats. Given clear differences in renal handling of pro vs. anti-oxidant minerals between cats and dogs, further in vivo balance studies are warranted. These may then inform species-specific guidelines for trace element incorporation into commercial diets.
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220
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Mohammed LJ, Omer KM. Dual functional highly luminescence B, N Co-doped carbon nanodots as nanothermometer and Fe 3+/Fe 2+ sensor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3028. [PMID: 32080282 PMCID: PMC7033239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual functional fluorescence nanosensors have many potential applications in biology and medicine. Monitoring temperature with higher precision at localized small length scales or in a nanocavity is a necessity in various applications. As well as the detection of biologically interesting metal ions using low-cost and sensitive approach is of great importance in bioanalysis. In this paper, we describe the preparation of dual-function highly fluorescent B, N-co-doped carbon nanodots (CDs) that work as chemical and thermal sensors. The CDs emit blue fluorescence peaked at 450 nm and exhibit up to 70% photoluminescence quantum yield with showing excitation-independent fluorescence. We also show that water-soluble CDs display temperature-dependent fluorescence and can serve as highly sensitive and reliable nanothermometers with a thermo-sensitivity 1.8% °C-1, and wide range thermo-sensing between 0-90 °C with excellent recovery. Moreover, the fluorescence emission of CDs are selectively quenched after the addition of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions while show no quenching with adding other common metal cations and anions. The fluorescence emission shows a good linear correlation with concentration of Fe2+ and Fe3+ (R2 = 0.9908 for Fe2+ and R2 = 0.9892 for Fe3+) with a detection limit of of 80.0 ± 0.5 nM for Fe2+ and 110.0 ± 0.5 nM for Fe3+. Considering the high quantum yield and selectivity, CDs are exploited to design a nanoprobe towards iron detection in a biological sample. The fluorimetric assay is used to detect Fe2+ in iron capsules and total iron in serum samples successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazo Jazaa Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qliasan St, Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Khalid M Omer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qliasan St, Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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221
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Meghdadi S, Khodaverdian N, Amirnasr A, French PJ, van Royen ME, Wiemer EA, Amirnasr M. A new carboxamide probe as On-Off fluorescent and colorimetric sensor for Fe3+ and application in detecting intracellular Fe3+ ion in living cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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222
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Yan N, Zhang J. Iron Metabolism, Ferroptosis, and the Links With Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1443. [PMID: 32063824 PMCID: PMC7000453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential transition metal for numerous biologic processes in mammals. Iron metabolism is regulated via several coordination mechanisms including absorption, utilization, recycling, and storage. Iron dyshomeostasis can result in intracellular iron retention, thereby damaging cells, tissues, and organs through free oxygen radical generation. Numerous studies have shown that brain iron overload is involved in the pathological mechanism of neurodegenerative disease including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Ferroptosis, a newly defined iron-dependent form of cell death, which is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other forms of cell death, may provide us a new viewpoint. Here, we set out to summarize the current knowledge of iron metabolism and ferroptosis, and review the contributions of iron and ferroptosis to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - JunJian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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223
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Ponikowska M, Matusiak L, Kasztura M, Jankowska EA, Szepietowski JC. Deranged Iron Status Evidenced by Iron Deficiency Characterizes Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Dermatology 2020; 236:52-58. [PMID: 31927542 DOI: 10.1159/000505184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proinflammatory activation and autoimmune processes underlie the pathophysiology of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Iron deficiency (ID) is frequently present in inflammation-mediated chronic diseases, irrespective of anemia. OBJECTIVES We aimed to characterize iron status in patients with HS. METHODS Serum concentrations of ferritin, transferrin saturation (Tsat), soluble transferrin receptor and hepcidin were assessed as the biomarkers of iron status in 74 patients with HS and 44 healthy subjects. ID was defined as ferritin <100 µg/L or ferritin 100-299 µg/L with Tsat <20% (following the definition used in the other studies in chronic disease). RESULTS Compared with controls, patients with HS demonstrated a deranged iron status as evidenced by decreased levels of ferritin (91 ± 87 vs. 157 ± 99 µg/L), Tsat (21.5 ± 10.8 vs. 42.2 ± 11.7%) and hepcidin (31.3 ± 25.9 vs. 44.2 ± 22.0 ng/mL) (all p < 0.05 vs. controls). There was also a trend toward higher values of soluble transferrin receptor (1.23 ± 0.35 vs. 1.12 ± 0.19 mg/L) (p = 0.09 vs. controls). Disease severity (assessed with the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Index and the 3-degree Hurley scale) did not differentiate iron status biomarkers. ID was present in 75% of HS patients, and its prevalence was not related with disease severity (Hurley I/II/III - 82 vs. 73 vs. 67%). In HS, none of the iron status biomarkers correlated with the levels of interleukin-6 (a marker of proinflammatory activation). CONCLUSIONS The majority of HS patients demonstrate derangements in iron status typical of ID. These abnormalities are neither related to proinflammatory activation nor associated with disease severity. Whether it may have a therapeutic impact needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Ponikowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland,
| | - Lukasz Matusiak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Kasztura
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa A Jankowska
- Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.,Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, University Clinical Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek C Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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224
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Fakharzadeh S, Argani H, Dadashzadeh S, Kalanaky S, Mohammadi Torbati P, Nazaran MH, Basiri A. BCc1 Nanomedicine Therapeutic Effects in Streptozotocin and High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Kidney Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:1179-1188. [PMID: 32368111 PMCID: PMC7173843 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s240757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One common feature of chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD), is the disruption of iron metabolism and increase in labile iron pool, which can result in excessive production of harmful oxidative stress. The proper management of iron metabolism in this situation can be a valuable tool to ameliorate pathological events. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the previous studies, the anti-neoplastic effects of BCc1, a nanochelating-based nanomedicine with iron-chelating property, were demonstrated in cell culture, animal models and clinical trials. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of BCc1 in animal model of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), induced by streptozotocin injection (35 mg/kg) and high-fat diet consumption, were evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that BCc1 significantly decreased HOMA-IR index, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, malondialdehyde and 8-isoprostane. In addition, it reduced urinary albumin excretion rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio in comparison to DKD control rats. This nanomedicine had no negative impact on liver iron content, hemoglobin level, red blood cell count, hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume, while it significantly decreased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase compared to DKD control group. Moreover, the histopathological assessment indicated that lesser glomerular basement membrane and wrinkling, mesangial matrix expansion and pathological changes in proximal cortical tubules were seen in the kidney samples of BCc1-treated rats. CONCLUSION In conclusion, BCc1 as an iron-chelating agent shows promising impacts in DKD animal model, which can ameliorate biochemical and pathological events of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saideh Fakharzadeh
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Argani
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Dadashzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Kalanaky
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Mohammadi Torbati
- Department of Pathology, Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Nazaran
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
- Correspondence: Mohammad Hassan Nazaran Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran Tel/Fax +98 21 88992123 Email
| | - Abbas Basiri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Abbas Basiri Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tel/Fax +98 21 22567222 Email
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225
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Sousa L, Oliveira MM, Pessôa MTC, Barbosa LA. Iron overload: Effects on cellular biochemistry. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 504:180-189. [PMID: 31790701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for human life. However, it is a pro-oxidant agent capable of reacting with hydrogen peroxide. An iron overload can cause cellular changes, such as damage to the plasma membrane leading to cell death. Effects of iron overload in cellular biochemical processes include modulating membrane enzymes, such as the Na, K-ATPase, impairing the ionic transport and inducing irreversible damage to cellular homeostasis. To avoid such damage, cells have an antioxidant system that acts in an integrated manner to prevent oxidative stress. In addition, the cells contain proteins responsible for iron transport and storage, preventing its reaction with other substances during absorption. Moreover, iron is associated with cellular events coordinated by iron-responsive proteins (IRPs) that regulate several cellular functions, including a process of cell death called ferroptosis. This review will address the biochemical aspects of iron overload at the cellular level and its effects on important cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilismara Sousa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio C Pessôa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro A Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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226
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Abstract
Iron is an essential element that is indispensable for life. The delicate physiological body iron balance is maintained by both systemic and cellular regulatory mechanisms. The iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin assures maintenance of adequate systemic iron levels and is regulated by circulating and stored iron levels, inflammation and erythropoiesis. The kidney has an important role in preventing iron loss from the body by means of reabsorption. Cellular iron levels are dependent on iron import, storage, utilization and export, which are mainly regulated by the iron response element-iron regulatory protein (IRE-IRP) system. In the kidney, iron transport mechanisms independent of the IRE-IRP system have been identified, suggesting additional mechanisms for iron handling in this organ. Yet, knowledge gaps on renal iron handling remain in terms of redundancy in transport mechanisms, the roles of the different tubular segments and related regulatory processes. Disturbances in cellular and systemic iron balance are recognized as causes and consequences of kidney injury. Consequently, iron metabolism has become a focus for novel therapeutic interventions for acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, which has fuelled interest in the molecular mechanisms of renal iron handling and renal injury, as well as the complex dynamics between systemic and local cellular iron regulation.
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227
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Ponikowska M, Szepietowski JC. Is iron deficiency involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin disorders? POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.3450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential microelement in the human body due to its role in hematopoiesis, involvement in energetic processes, synthesis and decomposition of lipids, proteins and nuclear acids. Iron deficiency (ID) is common in healthy populations and also frequently coincides with natural course of chronic diseases. The former is typically present when the overall iron body storages are exhausted (absolute ID), most often due to insufficient iron supply, malabsorption or increased blood loss and coincides with anemia. The latter is a result of defected iron metabolism and reflects a condition, when despite adequate iron stores in the body, iron itself is trapped in the reticuloendothelial system, becoming unavailable for the metabolic processes. It typically occurs in the presence proinflammtory activation in chronic conditions such as chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disorders, malignancies and heart failure.
To date there are very few publications concerning the potential role of ID in chronic dermatological disorders. We have recently found that patients with psoriasis demonstrate pattern of ID which can be characterized by negative tissue iron balance with depleted iron stores in the body. Interestingly, presence of ID was not related to the severity of psoriasis, but rather determined by patients low body mass index. We are currently investigating the hypothesis that derangements in iron metabolism resulting in ID can be also present in hidradenitis suppurativa – the other chronic dermatologic disease associated with inflammatory and autoimmune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Ponikowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology,Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek C. Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology,Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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228
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Petronek MS, Spitz DR, Buettner GR, Allen BG. Linking Cancer Metabolic Dysfunction and Genetic Instability through the Lens of Iron Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081077. [PMID: 31366108 PMCID: PMC6721799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element that plays a fundamental role in a wide range of cellular functions, including cellular proliferation, DNA synthesis, as well as DNA damage and repair. Because of these connections, iron has been strongly implicated in cancer development. Cancer cells frequently have changes in the expression of iron regulatory proteins. For example, cancer cells frequently upregulate transferrin (increasing uptake of iron) and down regulate ferroportin (decreasing efflux of intracellular iron). These changes increase the steady-state level of intracellular redox active iron, known as the labile iron pool (LIP). The LIP typically contains approximately 2% intracellular iron, which primarily exists as ferrous iron (Fe2+). The LIP can readily contribute to oxidative distress within the cell through Fe2+-dioxygen and Fenton chemistries, generating the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (HO•). Due to the reactive nature of the LIP, it can contribute to increased DNA damage. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells results in increased steady-state levels of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide along with other downstream reactive oxygen species. The increased presence of H2O2 and O2•- can increase the LIP, contributing to increased mitochondrial uptake of iron as well as genetic instability. Thus, iron metabolism and labile iron pools may play a central role connecting the genetic mutational theories of cancer to the metabolic theories of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Petronek
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Free Radical Metabolism and Imaging Program, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Free Radical Metabolism and Imaging Program, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Free Radical Metabolism and Imaging Program, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Bryan G Allen
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Free Radical Metabolism and Imaging Program, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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229
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Wang J, Wang S, Sun P, Cao F, Li H, Sun J, Peng M, Liu W, Shi P. Iron depletion participates in the suppression of cell proliferation induced by lipin1 overexpression. Metallomics 2019; 10:1307-1314. [PMID: 30141807 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00077h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipin1 participates in numerous cellular processes, including in the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and as a co-transcriptional regulator. Iron is also essential in various critical biological processes. Previous studies have shown that compared to normal tissue cells, lipin1 expression and iron metabolism are abnormal in cancer cells. However, the involvement of lipin1 in the regulation of iron metabolism is unknown. In this study, we compared the contents of eight metal ions (potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, iron and copper) in human hepatoma carcinoma BEL7402 control cells as well as stable cells overexpressing lipin1 by using ICP-AES. Our results showed that only intracellular iron content was significantly decreased by lipin1 overexpression. Meanwhile, we observed that lipin1 overexpression could inhibit cell proliferation, similar to iron chelator deferoxamine. Western blotting showed that the up-regulation of p53-p21-p27 elicited cell cycle G0/G1 arrest in the stable cells overexpressing lipin1. Conversely, after lipin1 was down regulated with siRNA, we found that cell proliferation was promoted, accompanied by an increase in iron content, and the downregulation of p53 and p21. Our data indicate that lipin1 overexpression may cause reduction of intracellular iron content, which could activate the p53-p21-p27 signaling pathways, leading to cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in the hepatic carcinoma cells. Subsequently, we identified the putative cause for the decrease of the intracellular iron content induced by lipin1 overexpression. Our results suggested that the intracellular iron reduction was due to the increase in the expression of ferroportin, an iron export protein in the stable cells overexpressing lipin1. In contrast, after transfection with lipin1 siRNA, the decreased expression of ferroportin contributed to an increase in the iron content in BEL7402 cells. It was further confirmed that the intracellular iron content was increased after ferroportin was knocked down by siRNA in BEL7402 cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that lipin1 participates in the regulation of iron metabolism in human hepatic carcinoma cells. This suggests that lipin1 may play an important protective role in inhibiting the development of cancer through the reduction of iron content in tumors, which further demonstrates that iron reduction could be a potential strategy of cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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230
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Stamenkovic A, Pierce GN, Ravandi A. Phospholipid oxidation products in ferroptotic myocardial cell death. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H156-H163. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00076.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is an important component of the pathophysiology of any disease. Myocardial disease is no exception. Understanding how and why cells die, particularly in the heart where cardiomyocyte regeneration is limited at best, becomes a critical area of study. Ferroptosis is a recently described form of nonapoptotic cell death. It is an iron-mediated form of cell death that occurs because of accumulation of lipid peroxidation products. Reactive oxygen species and iron-mediated phospholipid peroxidation is a hallmark of ferroptosis. To date, ferroptosis has been shown to be involved in cell death associated with Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and kidney degradation. Myocardial reperfusion injury is characterized by iron deposition as well as reactive oxygen species production. These conditions, therefore, favor the induction of ferroptosis. Currently there is no available treatment for reperfusion injury, which accounts for up to 50% of the final infarct size. This review will summarize the evidence that ferroptosis can induce cardiomyocyte death following reperfusion injury and the potential for this knowledge to open new therapeutic approaches for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stamenkovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital, and Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Grant N. Pierce
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital, and Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital, and Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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231
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Live-Cell Imaging of Physiologically Relevant Metal Ions Using Genetically Encoded FRET-Based Probes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050492. [PMID: 31121936 PMCID: PMC6562680 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential biochemical reactions and processes within living organisms are coupled to subcellular fluctuations of metal ions. Disturbances in cellular metal ion homeostasis are frequently associated with pathological alterations, including neurotoxicity causing neurodegeneration, as well as metabolic disorders or cancer. Considering these important aspects of the cellular metal ion homeostasis in health and disease, measurements of subcellular ion signals are of broad scientific interest. The investigation of the cellular ion homeostasis using classical biochemical methods is quite difficult, often even not feasible or requires large cell numbers. Here, we report of genetically encoded fluorescent probes that enable the visualization of metal ion dynamics within individual living cells and their organelles with high temporal and spatial resolution. Generally, these probes consist of specific ion binding domains fused to fluorescent protein(s), altering their fluorescent properties upon ion binding. This review focuses on the functionality and potential of these genetically encoded fluorescent tools which enable monitoring (sub)cellular concentrations of alkali metals such as K+, alkaline earth metals including Mg2+ and Ca2+, and transition metals including Cu+/Cu2+ and Zn2+. Moreover, we discuss possible approaches for the development and application of novel metal ion biosensors for Fe2+/Fe3+, Mn2+ and Na+.
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232
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Paterek A, Mackiewicz U, Mączewski M. Iron and the heart: A paradigm shift from systemic to cardiomyocyte abnormalities. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21613-21629. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Paterek
- Department of Clinical Physiology Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education Warsaw Poland
| | - Urszula Mackiewicz
- Department of Clinical Physiology Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education Warsaw Poland
| | - Michał Mączewski
- Department of Clinical Physiology Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education Warsaw Poland
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233
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Sun P, Wang S, Wang J, Sun J, Peng M, Shi P. The involvement of iron in chemerin induced cell cycle arrest in human hepatic carcinoma SMMC7721 cells. Metallomics 2019; 10:838-845. [PMID: 29872820 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin exhibits a tumor-inhibitory role in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the effect of chemerin on essential metal elements in hepatic cells remains unclear. In our study, the contents of six important metal ions, including potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron and zinc, were detected in human hepatoma SMMC7721 and immortal hepatic QSG7701 cells by ICP-AES. The data showed that chemerin only decreases the content of intracellular iron in SMMC7721 cells. The reduction was due to the blockage of iron entry through the decrease in the mRNA levels of divalent metal transporter 1, iron regulatory proteins and transferrin receptors. Furthermore, the reduction of the cellular iron content induced alterations of p53-p27-p21 signaling to arrest the cell cycle at S phase in SMMC7721 cells treated by chemerin. Conversely, iron addition led to recovery from the inhibitory effect of chemerin on SMMC7721 cells. The results suggest that chemerin plays an important role in inhibiting the cell proliferation of hepatocellular carcinomas by interfering with cellular iron homeostasis in this type of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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234
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New Insights into the Hepcidin-Ferroportin Axis and Iron Homeostasis in iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes from Friedreich's Ataxia Patient. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7623023. [PMID: 31049138 PMCID: PMC6458886 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7623023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis in the cardiac tissue as well as the involvement of the hepcidin-ferroportin (HAMP-FPN) axis in this process and in cardiac functionality are not fully understood. Imbalance of iron homeostasis occurs in several cardiac diseases, including iron-overload cardiomyopathies such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA, OMIM no. 229300), a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder. Exploiting the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology and the iPSC capacity to differentiate into specific cell types, we derived cardiomyocytes of a FRDA patient and of a healthy control subject in order to study the cardiac iron homeostasis and the HAMP-FPN axis. Both CTR and FRDA iPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes express cardiac differentiation markers; in addition, FRDA cardiomyocytes maintain the FRDA-like phenotype. We found that FRDA cardiomyocytes show an increase in the protein expression of HAMP and FPN. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis revealed for the first time an unexpected nuclear localization of FPN in both CTR and FRDA cardiomyocytes. However, the amount of the nuclear FPN was less in FRDA cardiomyocytes than in controls. These and other data suggest that iron handling and the HAMP-FPN axis regulation in FRDA cardiac cells are hampered and that FPN may have new, still not fully understood, functions. These findings underline the complexity of the cardiac iron homeostasis.
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235
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Wang C, Canali S, Bayer A, Dev S, Agarwal A, Babitt JL. Iron, erythropoietin, and inflammation regulate hepcidin in Bmp2-deficient mice, but serum iron fails to induce hepcidin in Bmp6-deficient mice. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:240-248. [PMID: 30478858 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD signaling pathway is a key transcriptional regulator of hepcidin in response to tissue iron stores, serum iron, erythropoietic drive and inflammation to increase the iron supply when needed for erythropoiesis, but to prevent the toxicity of iron excess. Recently, BMP2 was reported to play a non-redundant role in hepcidin regulation in addition to BMP6. Here, we used a newly validated BMP2 ELISA assay and mice with a global or endothelial conditional knockout (CKO) of Bmp2 or Bmp6 to examine how BMP2 is regulated and functionally contributes to hepcidin regulation by its major stimuli. Erythropoietin (EPO) did not influence BMP2 expression in control mice, and still suppressed hepcidin in Bmp2 CKO mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduced BMP2 expression in control mice, but still induced hepcidin in Bmp2 CKO mice. Chronic dietary iron loading that increased liver iron induced BMP2 expression, whereas acute oral iron gavage that increased serum iron without influencing liver iron did not impact BMP2. However, hepcidin was still induced by both iron loading methods in Bmp2 CKO mice, although the degree of hepcidin induction was blunted relative to control mice. Conversely, acute oral iron gavage failed to induce hepcidin in Bmp6 -/- or CKO mice. Thus, BMP2 has at least a partially redundant role in hepcidin regulation by serum iron, tissue iron, inflammation and erythropoietic drive. In contrast, BMP6 is absolutely required for hepcidin regulation by serum iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Yu Wang
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Susanna Canali
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Abraham Bayer
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Som Dev
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Aneesh Agarwal
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jodie L. Babitt
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
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236
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Muñoz Alférez MJ, Muñoz-García A, Moreno-Fernández J, López-Aliaga I, Díaz-Castro J. Fermented goat milk consumption improves cardiovascular health during anemia recovery. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:473-481. [PMID: 30014470 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in several fundamental processes, including erythropoiesis, cellular metabolism, and in cardiovascular disease. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the physiology of and recovery from Fe deficiency by studying how fermented milk consumption affects vascular biomarkers during Fe repletion. RESULTS The deleterious cardiovascular biomarkers cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator 1 total, metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), sE-selectin, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) decreased after fermented goat milk consumption in groups of fed animals either with normal Fe or Fe overload with respect to rats fed with fermented cow milk. The beneficial cardiovascular biomarkers caveolin-1 and adiponectin were higher in both control and anemic rats fed fermented goat milk either with normal Fe or Fe overload with respect to fermented cow milk. Anemia decreased TIMP-1 in rats fed fermented goat milk with Fe overload, whereas there was increased CTGF and MCP-1 in animals fed fermented cow milk with either normal or Fe overload. In addition, Fe overload increased VEGF. CONCLUSION Fermented goat milk consumption improves hematological status and promotes beneficial metabolic responses, which may attenuate cardiovascular risk factors during anemia recovery and iron overload to lessen the inflammatory response, macrophages activation and atherosclerosis development. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª José Muñoz Alférez
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz-García
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreno-Fernández
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-Aliaga
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Díaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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237
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From small deferiprone to macromolecular micelles: Self-assembly enhances iron chelation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 533:375-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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238
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Mon EE, Wei FY, Ahmad RNR, Yamamoto T, Moroishi T, Tomizawa K. Regulation of mitochondrial iron homeostasis by sideroflexin 2. J Physiol Sci 2018; 69:359-373. [PMID: 30570704 PMCID: PMC6373408 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial iron is indispensable for heme biosynthesis and iron–sulfur cluster assembly. Several mitochondrial transmembrane proteins have been implicated to function in the biosynthesis of heme and iron–sulfur clusters by transporting reaction intermediates. However, several mitochondrial proteins related to iron metabolism remain uncharacterized. Here, we show that human sideroflexin 2 (SFXN2), a member of the SFXN protein family, is involved in mitochondrial iron metabolism. SFXN2 is an evolutionarily conserved protein that localized to mitochondria via its transmembrane domain. SFXN2-knockout (KO) cells had an increased mitochondrial iron content, which was associated with decreases in the heme content and heme-dependent enzyme activities. By contrast, the activities of iron–sulfur cluster-dependent enzymes were unchanged in SFXN2-KO cells. Moreover, abnormal iron metabolism impaired mitochondrial respiration in SFXN2-KO cells and accelerated iron-mediated death of these cells. Our findings demonstrate that SFXN2 functions in mitochondrial iron metabolism by regulating heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Ei Mon
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Raja Norazireen Raja Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Neutron Therapy Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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239
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Iron chelating properties of Eltrombopag: Investigating its role in thalassemia-induced osteoporosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208102. [PMID: 30507954 PMCID: PMC6277068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic blood transfusions are responsible to cause iron overload, which leads to several complications to end organs and osteoporosis. Iron chelation is needed to remove iron excess and to contain bone-mass loss. Deferasirox is the most recent oral iron chelator that prevents transfusion related iron overload complications. Recently Eltrombopag (ELT) iron chelating properties are emerging. ELT is an agonist at Thrombopoietin receptor, used in treatment of thrombocytopenia. We tested ELT and Deferasirox in iron overloaded osteoclasts from thalassemic patients and donors measuring intracellular iron, TRAP expression and osteoclast activity. We confirmed ELT iron chelation capacity also in bone tissue and a synergic effect when used with Deferasirox. Moreover, having demonstrated its effects on osteoclast activity, we suggest for the first time that ELT could ameliorate bone tissue’s health reducing bone mass loss.
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240
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Mercadante CJ, Prajapati M, Parmar JH, Conboy HL, Dash ME, Pettiglio MA, Herrera C, Bu JT, Stopa EG, Mendes P, Bartnikas TB. Gastrointestinal iron excretion and reversal of iron excess in a mouse model of inherited iron excess. Haematologica 2018; 104:678-689. [PMID: 30409795 PMCID: PMC6442972 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.198382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm in the field of mammalian iron biology states that body iron levels are determined by dietary iron absorption, not by iron excretion. Iron absorption is a highly regulated process influenced by iron levels and other factors. Iron excretion is believed to occur at a basal rate irrespective of iron levels and is associated with processes such as turnover of intestinal epithelium, blood loss, and exfoliation of dead skin. Here we explore iron excretion in a mouse model of iron excess due to inherited transferrin deficiency. Iron excess in this model is attributed to impaired regulation of iron absorption leading to excessive dietary iron uptake. Pharmacological correction of transferrin deficiency not only normalized iron absorption rates and halted progression of iron excess but also reversed body iron excess. Transferrin treatment did not alter the half-life of 59Fe in mutant mice. 59Fe-based studies indicated that most iron was excreted via the gastrointestinal tract and suggested that iron-loaded mutant mice had increased rates of iron excretion. Direct measurement of urinary iron levels agreed with 59Fe-based predictions that urinary iron levels were increased in untreated mutant mice. Fecal ferritin levels were also increased in mutant mice relative to wild-type mice. Overall, these data suggest that mice have a significant capacity for iron excretion. We propose that further investigation into iron excretion is warranted in this and other models of perturbed iron homeostasis, as pharmacological targeting of iron excretion may represent a novel means of treatment for diseases of iron excess.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milankumar Prajapati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jignesh H Parmar
- Center for Quantitative Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Heather L Conboy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Miriam E Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Michael A Pettiglio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Julia T Bu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Edward G Stopa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Pedro Mendes
- Center for Quantitative Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Thomas B Bartnikas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
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241
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Abstract
The liver orchestrates systemic iron balance by producing and secreting hepcidin. Known as the iron hormone, hepcidin induces degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin to control iron entry into the bloodstream from dietary sources, iron recycling macrophages, and body stores. Under physiologic conditions, hepcidin production is reduced by iron deficiency and erythropoietic drive to increase the iron supply when needed to support red blood cell production and other essential functions. Conversely, hepcidin production is induced by iron loading and inflammation to prevent the toxicity of iron excess and limit its availability to pathogens. The inability to appropriately regulate hepcidin production in response to these physiologic cues underlies genetic disorders of iron overload and deficiency, including hereditary hemochromatosis and iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. Moreover, excess hepcidin suppression in the setting of ineffective erythropoiesis contributes to iron-loading anemias such as β-thalassemia, whereas excess hepcidin induction contributes to iron-restricted erythropoiesis and anemia in chronic inflammatory diseases. These diseases have provided key insights into understanding the mechanisms by which the liver senses plasma and tissue iron levels, the iron demand of erythrocyte precursors, and the presence of potential pathogens and, importantly, how these various signals are integrated to appropriately regulate hepcidin production. This review will focus on recent insights into how the liver senses body iron levels and coordinates this with other signals to regulate hepcidin production and systemic iron homeostasis.
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242
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Gut Microbiota and Iron: The Crucial Actors in Health and Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040098. [PMID: 30301142 PMCID: PMC6315993 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is a highly ample metal on planet earth (~35% of the Earth’s mass) and is particularly essential for most life forms, including from bacteria to mammals. Nonetheless, iron deficiency is highly prevalent in developing countries, and oral administration of this metal is so far the most effective treatment for human beings. Notably, the excessive amount of unabsorbed iron leave unappreciated side effects at the highly interactive host–microbe interface of the human gastrointestinal tract. Recent advances in elucidating the molecular basis of interactions between iron and gut microbiota shed new light(s) on the health and pathogenesis of intestinal inflammatory diseases. We here aim to present the dynamic modulation of intestinal microbiota by iron availability, and conversely, the influence on dietary iron absorption in the gut. The central part of this review is intended to summarize our current understanding about the effects of luminal iron on host–microbe interactions in the context of human health and disease.
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243
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Fabiano A, Brilli E, Mattii L, Testai L, Moscato S, Citi V, Tarantino G, Zambito Y. Ex Vivo and in Vivo Study of Sucrosomial ® Iron Intestinal Absorption and Bioavailability. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092722. [PMID: 30213039 PMCID: PMC6165425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to demonstrate that Sideral® RM (SRM, Sucrosomial® Raw Material Iron) is transported across the excised intestine via a biological mechanism, and to investigate the effect that this transport route may produce on oral iron absorption, which is expected to reduce the gastrointestinal (GI) side effects caused by the bioavailability of non-absorbed iron. Excised rat intestine was exposed to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled SRM in Ussing chambers followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy to look for the presence of fluorescein-tagged vesicles of the FITC-labeled SRM. To identify FITC-labeled SRM internalizing cells, an immunofluorescence analysis for macrophages and M cells was performed using specific antibodies. Microscopy analysis revealed the presence of fluorescein positive particulate structures in tissues treated with FITC-labeled SRM. These structures do not disintegrate during transit, and concentrate in macrophage cells. Iron bioavailability was assessed by determining the time-course of Fe3+ plasma levels. As references, iron contents in liver, spleen, and bone marrow were determined in healthy rats treated by gavage with SRM or ferric pyrophosphate salt (FP). SRM significantly increased both area under the curve (AUC) and clearance maxima (Cmax) compared to FP, thus increasing iron bioavailability (AUCrel = 1.8). This led to increased iron availability in the bone marrow at 5 h after single dose gavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fabiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Letizia Mattii
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stefania Moscato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Valentina Citi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Ylenia Zambito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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244
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Wang T, Xiang P, Ha JH, Wang X, Doguer C, Flores SRL, Kang YJ, Collins JF. Copper supplementation reverses dietary iron overload-induced pathologies in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 59:56-63. [PMID: 29960117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary iron overload in rodents impairs growth and causes cardiac hypertrophy, serum and tissue copper depletion, depression of serum ceruloplasmin (Cp) activity and anemia. Notably, increasing dietary copper content to ~25-fold above requirements prevents the development of these physiological perturbations. Whether copper supplementation can reverse these high-iron-related abnormalities has, however, not been established. The current investigation was thus undertaken to test the hypothesis that supplemental copper will mitigate negative outcomes associated with dietary iron loading. Weanling mice were thus fed AIN-93G-based diets with high (>100-fold in excess) or adequate (~80 ppm) iron content. To establish the optimal experimental conditions, we first defined the time course of iron loading, and assessed the impact of supplemental copper (provided in drinking water) on the development of high-iron-related pathologies. Copper supplementation (20 mg/L) for the last 3 weeks of a 7-week high-iron feeding period reversed the anemia, normalized serum copper levels and Cp activity, and restored tissue copper concentrations. Growth rates, cardiac copper concentrations and heart size, however, were only partially normalized by copper supplementation. Furthermore, high dietary iron intake reduced intestinal 64Cu absorption (~60%) from a transport solution provided to mice by oral, intragastric gavage. Copper supplementation of iron-loaded mice enhanced intestinal 64Cu transport, thus allowing sufficient assimilation of dietary copper to correct many of the noted high-iron-related physiological perturbations. We therefore conclude that high- iron intake increases the requirement for dietary copper (to overcome the inhibition of intestinal copper absorption).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ping Xiang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caglar Doguer
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shireen R L Flores
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yujian James Kang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - James F Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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245
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Iron loading, alcohol and mortality: A prospective study. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1262-1268. [PMID: 29803668 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The relationship between total body iron and cardiovascular disease remains controversial and information absent in black sub-Saharan Africans in whom alcohol consumption tends to be high. The level of total body iron is tightly regulated, however this regulation is compromised by high alcohol intake causing iron loading. The aim of this study is to investigate total body iron, as represented by serum ferritin, and its interaction with measures of alcohol intake in predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. METHODS We followed health outcomes for a median of 9.22 years in 877 randomly selected HIV negative African women (mean age: 50.4 years). RESULTS One hundred and five deaths occurred of which 40 were cardiovascular related. Ferritin averaged 84.0 (5th to 95th percentile interval, 7.5-533.3) ng/ml and due to the augmenting effect of inflammation, lowered to 75.3 (6.9-523.2) ng/ml after excluding 271 participants with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (above 8 mg/l). CRP increased by quartiles of ferritin in the total group (P trend = 0.002), but this relationship was absent after excluding the 271 participants with high CRP values (P trend = 0.10). Ferritin, gamma-glutamyl transferase and carbohydrate deficient transferrin (all P < 0.0001) were higher in drinkers compared to non-drinkers, but CRP was similar (P = 0.77). In multivariable-adjusted analyses, ferritin predicted both all-cause (hazard ratio, 2.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.62-2.68; P < 0.0001) and cardiovascular (1.94; 1.29-2.92; P = 0.002) mortality. In participants with CRP levels below or equal to 8 mg/l, the significant relationship remained between ferritin and all-cause (2.51; 1.81-3.49; P < 0.0001) and cardiovascular mortality (2.34; 1.45-3.76; P = 0.0005). In fully adjusted models, interactions existed between ferritin and gamma-glutamyl transferase, self-reported alcohol use and carbohydrate deficient transferrin in predicting all-cause (P ≤ 0.012) and cardiovascular mortality (P ≤ 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Iron loading in African women predicted all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and the intake of alcohol seems mechanistically implicated.
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246
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Xiao L, Luo G, Tang Y, Yao P. Quercetin and iron metabolism: What we know and what we need to know. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:190-203. [PMID: 29432835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a life-supporting micronutrient that is required in the human diet, and is essential for maintaining physiological homeostasis. Properly harnessing a redox-active metal such as iron is a great challenge for cells and organisms because an excess of highly reactive iron catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species and can lead to cell and tissue damage. Quercetin is a typical flavonoid that is commonly found in fruits and vegetables and has versatile biological effects. From a classical viewpoint, owing to its unique chemical characteristics, quercetin has long been associated with iron metabolism only in the context of its iron-chelating and ROS-scavenging activities. However, within the field of human iron biology, expanding concepts of the roles of quercetin are flourishing, and great strides are being made in understanding the interactions between quercetin and iron. This progress highlights the varied roles of quercetin in iron metabolism, which involve much more than iron chelation alone. A review of these studies provides an ideal context to summarize recent progress and discuss compelling evidence for therapeutic opportunities that could arise from a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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247
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First biochemical and crystallographic characterization of a fast-performing ferritin from a marine invertebrate. Biochem J 2017; 474:4193-4206. [PMID: 29127253 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, a multimeric cage-like enzyme, is integral to iron metabolism across all phyla through the sequestration and storage of iron through efficient ferroxidase activity. While ferritin sequences from ∼900 species have been identified, crystal structures from only 50 species have been reported, the majority from bacterial origin. We recently isolated a secreted ferritin from the marine invertebrate Chaetopterus sp. (parchment tube worm), which resides in muddy coastal seafloors. Here, we present the first ferritin from a marine invertebrate to be crystallized and its biochemical characterization. The initial ferroxidase reaction rate of recombinant Chaetopterus ferritin (ChF) is 8-fold faster than that of recombinant human heavy-chain ferritin (HuHF). To our knowledge, this protein exhibits the fastest catalytic performance ever described for a ferritin variant. In addition to the high-velocity ferroxidase activity, ChF is unique in that it is secreted by Chaetopterus in a bioluminescent mucus. Previous work has linked the availability of Fe2+ to this long-lived bioluminescence, suggesting a potential function for the secreted ferritin. Comparative biochemical analyses indicated that both ChF and HuHF showed similar behavior toward changes in pH, temperature, and salt concentration. Comparison of their crystal structures shows no significant differences in the catalytic sites. Notable differences were found in the residues that line both 3-fold and 4-fold pores, potentially leading to increased flexibility, reduced steric hindrance, or a more efficient pathway for Fe2+ transportation to the ferroxidase site. These suggested residues could contribute to the understanding of iron translocation through the ferritin shell to the ferroxidase site.
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248
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Zhao M, Li MY, Gao XF, Jia SJ, Gao KQ, Zhou Y, Zhang HH, Huang Y, Wang J, Wu HJ, Lu QJ. Downregulation of BDH2 modulates iron homeostasis and promotes DNA demethylation in CD4 + T cells of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2017; 187:113-121. [PMID: 29113828 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA hypomethylation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we investigated whether 3-hydroxy butyrate dehydrogenase 2 (BDH2), a modulator of intracellular iron homeostasis, was involved in regulating DNA hypomethylation and hyper-hydroxymethylation in lupus CD4+ T cells. Our results showed that BDH2 expression was decreased, intracellular iron was increased, global DNA hydroxymethylation level was elevated, while methylation level was reduced in lupus CD4+ T cells compared with healthy controls. The decreased BDH2 contributed to DNA hyper-hydroxymethylation and hypomethylation via increasing intracellular iron in CD4+ T cells, which led to overexpression of immune related genes. Moreover, we showed that BDH2 was the target gene of miR-21. miR-21 promoted DNA demethylation in CD4+ T cells through inhibiting BDH2 expression. Our data demonstrated that the dysregulation of iron homeostasis in CD4+ T cells induced by BDH2 deficiency contributes to DNA demethylation and self-reactive T cells in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
| | - Meng-Ying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Su-Jie Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ke-Qin Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hui-Hui Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hai-Jing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Qian-Jin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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249
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Canali S, Wang CY, Zumbrennen-Bullough KB, Bayer A, Babitt JL. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 controls iron homeostasis in mice independent of Bmp6. Am J Hematol 2017; 92:1204-1213. [PMID: 28815688 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a key iron regulatory hormone that controls expression of the iron exporter ferroportin to increase the iron supply when needed to support erythropoiesis and other essential functions, but to prevent the toxicity of iron excess. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD signaling pathway, through the ligand BMP6 and the co-receptor hemojuvelin, is a central regulator of hepcidin transcription in the liver in response to iron. Here, we show that dietary iron loading has a residual ability to induce Smad signaling and hepcidin expression in Bmp6-/- mice, effects that are blocked by a neutralizing BMP2/4 antibody. Moreover, BMP2/4 antibody inhibits hepcidin expression and induces iron loading in wildtype mice, whereas a BMP4 antibody has no effect. Bmp2 mRNA is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells of the liver, where its baseline expression is higher, but its induction by iron is less robust than Bmp6. Mice with a conditional ablation of Bmp2 in endothelial cells exhibit hepcidin deficiency, serum iron overload, and tissue iron loading in liver, pancreas and heart, with reduced spleen iron. Together, these data demonstrate that in addition to BMP6, endothelial cell BMP2 has a non-redundant role in hepcidin regulation by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Canali
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Chia-Yu Wang
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly B. Zumbrennen-Bullough
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Abraham Bayer
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jodie L. Babitt
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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